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The MENARA Booklet for Academia (Eds.) Sala Cristina Cristina & Quero Jordi the MENARA Booklet For Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala (Eds.) Academia MENARA the booklet for the MENARA booklet for Academia Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala (Eds.) © 2019 CIDOB Editors: Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala CIDOB Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona Tel.: 933 026 495 www.cidob.org [email protected] Print: Book-Print S.A. ISBN 978-84-92511-65-5 Legal Deposit: B 6223-2019 Design and layout: Joan Antoni Balcells Barcelona, February 2019 Cover image Textile merchant. Omar Chatriwala https://www.flickr.com/photos/omarsc/4306058366/in/photolist-7yvF8C-oJJsWE-GvBCcx- oJJEeu-oHtBVG-6Zny4t-ougXhs-oLuBSr-oJKD2h-b6p5DX-6ZrA1E-9vpUrq-4cJNUQ-9xPwaZ- ougN99-9opbHC-6Znyw2-6ZnzeV-b6p5re-oLuE5n-ougXcB-vK353-dpNbER-myEcPM- 8HGgYT-myEcQD-myFspN-GgexGw-edexJD-6FqkiW-oLLrHa-6ZryfU-oHu696-255B1LJ- 2e5uAPU-dtax4p-8K9Hr2-myFtcj-SC1VV9-TpmNDR-T1yesk-SBZW6S-TcXWQn-TcSVP4- SY1LuC-SY3SZh-27qJw9G-25p1Zn5-RVpx4S-JRCkE8 Foreword ..................................................................................................................... 4 Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala Notes on contributors ............................................................................................... 5 Re-conceptualizing orders in the MENA region ..................................................... 7 Eduard Soler i Lecha, Silvia Colombo, Lorenzo Kamel & Jordi Quero Hybridization of domestic order-making in the contemporary MENA region ........................................................................ 26 Rasmus A. Boserup & Silvia Colombo Armed conflicts and the erosion of the state: The cases of Iraq, Libya, Yemen and Syria ........................................................................................... 38 Virginie Collombier (ed.) et al. Religion and politics: Religious diversity, political fragmentation and geopolitical tensions in the MENA region ..................................................... 49 Hamza Meddeb, Silvia Colombo, Katerina Dalacoura, Lorenzo Kamel & Olivier Roy Material factors for the MENA region: Energy trends ......................................... 60 Emanuela Menichetti, Abdelghani El Gharras & Sohbet Karbuz Embeddedness of the MENA in economic globalization processes ................. 67 Eckart Woertz & Irene Martínez Material factors for the MENA region: Data sources, trends and drivers ......... 78 Martin Keulertz, Mark Mulligan, Eckart Woertz, Emanuela Menichetti & Sven Biscop The mirage of regionalism in the Middle East and North Africa post-2011 ...... 83 Raffaella Del Sarto & Eduard Soler i Lecha The governance of migration and border controls in the European-North African context ................................................................. 89 Jean-Pierre Cassarino & Raffaella A. Del Sarto The implications of the Syrian War for new regional orders in the Middle East .................................................................................................... 97 Rami G. Khouri ANNEX 1. Analysis of the MENARA fact-finding missions ................................ 106 Mustafa Kaymaz, Anna Busquets & Eduard Soler i Lecha the MENARA booklets for Academia The MENARA Booklets are a series of publications, created under the MENARA Project framework, which provide insights on the Middle East and North Africa regional order. These Booklets translate scholarly-sound- ed research into helpful insights for practitioners, including humanitarian agencies; development agencies and NGOs; the private sector; and aca- demia. In each of the four Booklets you may find a compendium of articles and extracts covering the most pressing issues for your field of expertise. The MENARA Booklet for Academia provides you state-of-the-art and thoughtful analysis which may enrich your research and teaching on Mid- dle East affairs. This Booklet is designed for teachers and students not devoted to Area Studies of the region but still interested in its reality and how this relates to their fields of expertise. It includes our researchers’ main ideas on topics like the impact of the so-called Arab Spring in the region; ongoing changes for societies and political institutions; peace and conflict dynamics and their effects over economy; and the shifting role of foreign actors. All these, read together, would offer a comprehensive picture of the most critical elements to better understand what it is happening in the region since 2011. Under the framework of the MENARA Project, fourteen research insti- tutions have been carrying out fieldwork in the last three years to improve our understanding of the Middle East and North Africa amid a shifting context. It has studied the geopolitical order in the making, identified the driving forces behind it, shed light on bottom-up dynamics and assessed the implications of these processes on the EU and its policies towards the region. All in all, analysis and ideas from fact-finding missions, interviews, stakeholders meetings and focus groups come together to offer you a valuable outcome. The extracts presented in this compilation have been modified and adapted by the editors. For the sake of accessibility, we have rid every bibliographic reference and footnote included in the original versions of the articles. For those interested in them, please check the full original ver- sions at www.menaraproject.eu. Some other minor editing changes have been introduced to make the document fully coherent (such as changes in names and number of sections and subsections or the elimination of some graphs and infographics). We have tried to respect each author’s contribu- tions, trying to be as less intrusive as possible. We hope that The MENARA Booklet for Academia is useful and enjoy- able for you. The editors 4 Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala (Eds.) Notes on contributors Sven Biscop is Director of the Europe in the World Programme at the Egmont - Royal Institute for International Relations in Brussels. Rasmus Boserup is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for Interna- tional Studies (DIIS). Anna Busquets is Information Manager at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). Jean-Pierre Cassarino is is Senior Research Fellow at the European Neigh- bourhood Policy Chair of the College of Europe (Natolin Campus). Maria-Louise Clausen is a Post-doc researcher in International Security at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). Virginie Collombier is Part-time Professor at the European University In- stitute (EUI). Silvia Colombo is Senior Fellow at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Kataerina Dalacoura is Associate Professor in the Department of Interna- tional Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Sci- ence (LSE), London. Raffaella A. Del Sarto is Associate Professor of Middle East Studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS Europe) and Part-time Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre, European Uni- versity Institute (EUI). Abdelghani El Gharras is the Senior Energy Analyst of the Renewable En- ergy and Electricity Division at the Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’En- ergie (OME), Paris. Hiba Hassan is a Yemen specialist with over 12 years of experience in ana- lyzing political and security developments. Lorenzo Kamel is Senior Fellow at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Sohbet Karbuz is Director of the Hydrocarbons Division at the Observa- toire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME), Paris. Mustafa Kaymaz is Research Assistant at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). Martin Keulertz is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB). Jan Pêt Khorto is the co-founder and board-member of the Syrian Cultural Institute in Denmark. Rami G. Khouri is Visiting Professor of media studies, journalist in residence, and Senior Public Policy Fellow at the American University of Beirut (AUB). Helle Malmvig is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). Irene Martínez is Researcher at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). 5 the MENARA booklets for Academia Hamza Meddeb is Research Fellow in the Middle East Directions Pro- gramme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), European University Institute (EUI). Emanuela Menichetti is Director, Renewable Energy Division, L’Observa- toire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME). Mark Mulligan is Reader in Geography at King’s College London and Se- nior Fellow of UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Jordi Quero is Researcher at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). Olivier Roy is Joint Chair at the RSCAS and Social and Political Science (SPS) Department of the European University Institute (EUI). Cristina Sala is Researcher at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). Eduard Soler i Lecha is Senior Research Fellow at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs) and the Scientific Coordinator of the MENARA Project. Eckart Woertz is Senior Research Fellow at CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). 6 Jordi Quero & Cristina Sala (Eds.) Re-conceptualizing orders in the MENA region EDUARD SOLER I LECHA, SILVIA COLOMBO, LORENZO KAMEL, & JOR- DI QUERO (EDS.) MENARA Methodology and Concept Papers, No. 1. WHAT IS A REGION? UNDERSTANDING A CHALLENGING NOTION The definition of what a region is and what it is not, and who is part of a set region and who is not, is of paramount importance for a project such as MENARA that will be studying “regional dynamics,” “regional orders,” “regional powers” and “regional security complexes.” There is no standard definition of what a
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