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Linux Administration I//System and Users Version 4.0 Linux Administration I System and Users $ echo tux tux $ ls hallo.c hallo.o $ /bin/su - Password: tuxcademy – Linux and Open Source learning materials for everyone www.tuxcademy.org [email protected] ⋅ This training manual is designed to correspond to the objectives of the LPI-101 (LPIC-1, version 4.0) certification exam promulgated by the Linux Professional Institute. Further details are available in Appendix B. The Linux Professional Institute does not endorse specific exam preparation materials or tech- niques. For details, refer to [email protected]. The tuxcademy project aims to supply freely available high-quality training materials on Linux and Open Source topics – for self-study, school, higher and continuing education and professional training. Please visit http://www.tuxcademy.org/! Do contact us with questions or suggestions. Linux Administration I System and Users Revision: adm1:067839db3bb6bd7f:2015-08-08 adm1:33e55eeadba676a3:2015-08-08 1–13, B adm1:HWye5vypKrdhKjDySGhqPI © 2015 Linup Front GmbH Darmstadt, Germany © 2015 tuxcademy (Anselm Lingnau) Darmstadt, Germany http://www.tuxcademy.org [email protected] ⋅ Linux penguin “Tux” © Larry Ewing (CC-BY licence) All representations and information contained in this document have been com- piled to the best of our knowledge and carefully tested. However, mistakes cannot be ruled out completely. To the extent of applicable law, the authors and the tux- cademy project assume no responsibility or liability resulting in any way from the use of this material or parts of it or from any violation of the rights of third parties. Reproduction of trade marks, service marks and similar monikers in this docu- ment, even if not specially marked, does not imply the stipulation that these may be freely usable according to trade mark protection laws. All trade marks are used without a warranty of free usability and may be registered trade marks of third parties. This document is published under the “Creative Commons-BY-SA 4.0 Interna- tional” licence. You may copy and distribute it and make it publically available as long as the following conditions are met: Attribution You must make clear that this document is a product of the tux- cademy project. Share-Alike You may alter, remix, extend, or translate this document or modify or build on it in other ways, as long as you make your contributions available under the same licence as the original. Further information and the full legal license grant may be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Authors: Thomas Erker, Anselm Lingnau Technical Editor: Anselm Lingnau [email protected] ⟨ ⟩ English Translation: Anselm Lingnau Typeset in Palatino, Optima and DejaVu Sans Mono Contents 1 System Administration 13 1.1 Introductory Remarks . 14 1.2 The Privileged root Account . 14 1.3 Obtaining Administrator Privileges . 16 1.4 Distribution-specific Administrative Tools . 18 2 User Administration 21 2.1 Basics . 22 2.1.1 Why Users? . 22 2.1.2 Users and Groups . 23 2.1.3 People and Pseudo-Users . 25 2.2 User and Group Information. 25 2.2.1 The /etc/passwd File . 25 2.2.2 The /etc/shadow File . 28 2.2.3 The /etc/group File . 30 2.2.4 The /etc/gshadow File . 31 2.2.5 The getent Command . .$ . echo. tux. 32 2.3 Managing User Accounts and Group Informationtux . 32 2.3.1 Creating User Accounts . .$ . ls. 33 2.3.2 The passwd Command . .hallo.c. 34 2.3.3 Deleting User Accounts . .hallo.o. 36 2.3.4 Changing User Accounts and Group$ /bin/su Assignment - . 36 2.3.5 Changing User Information Directly—vipw . 37 2.3.6 Creating, Changing and DeletingPassword: Groups . 37 3 Access Control 41 3.1 The Linux Access Control System . 42 3.2 Access Control For Files And Directories . 42 3.2.1 The Basics . 42 3.2.2 Inspecting and Changing Access Permissions. 43 3.2.3 Specifying File Owners and Groups—chown and chgrp . 44 3.2.4 The umask . 45 3.3 Access Control Lists (ACLs) . 47 3.4 Process Ownership . 47 3.5 Special Permissions for Executable Files . 47 3.6 Special Permissions for Directories . 48 3.7 File Attributes . 50 4 Process Management 53 4.1 What Is A Process? . 54 4.2 Process States . 55 4.3 Process Information—ps . 56 4.4 Processes in a Tree—pstree . 57 4.5 Controlling Processes—kill and killall . 58 4.6 pgrep and pkill . 59 4.7 Process Priorities—nice and renice . 61 4 Contents 4.8 Further Process Management Commands—nohup and top . 61 5 Hardware 63 5.1 Fundamentals . 64 5.2 Linux and PCI (Express) . 65 5.2.1 USB. 67 5.3 Peripherals . 69 5.3.1 Overview . 69 5.3.2 Devices and Drivers . 70 5.3.3 The /sys Directory . 72 5.3.4 udev . 73 5.3.5 Device Integration and D-Bus . 74 6 Hard Disks (and Other Secondary Storage) 77 6.1 Fundamentals . 78 6.2 Bus Systems for Mass Storage . 78 6.3 Partitioning . 81 6.3.1 Fundamentals . 81 6.3.2 The Traditional Method (MBR) . 82 6.3.3 The Modern Method (GPT) . 83 6.4 Linux and Mass Storage . 84 6.5 Partitioning Disks. 86 6.5.1 Fundamentals . 86 6.5.2 Partitioning Disks Using fdisk . 88 6.5.3 Formatting Disks using GNU parted . 91 6.5.4 gdisk . 92 6.5.5 More Partitioning Tools . 93 6.6 Loop Devices and kpartx . 93 6.7 The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) . 95 7 File Systems: Care and Feeding 99 7.1 Creating a Linux File System . 100 7.1.1 Overview . 100 7.1.2 The ext File Systems . 102 7.1.3 ReiserFS . 110 7.1.4 XFS . 111 7.1.5 Btrfs . 113 7.1.6 Even More File Systems . 114 7.1.7 Swap space . 115 7.2 Mounting File Systems . 116 7.2.1 Basics . 116 7.2.2 The mount Command . 116 7.2.3 Labels and UUIDs . 118 7.3 The dd Command . 120 7.4 Disk Quotas . 121 7.4.1 Basics . 121 7.4.2 User Quotas (ext and XFS) . 121 7.4.3 Group Quotas (ext and XFS) . 123 8 Booting Linux 127 8.1 Fundamentals . 128 8.2 GRUB Legacy . 131 8.2.1 GRUB Basics . 131 8.2.2 GRUB Legacy Configuration. 132 8.2.3 GRUB Legacy Installation . 133 8.2.4 GRUB 2 . 134 8.2.5 Security Advice . 135 5 8.3 Kernel Parameters . 135 8.4 System Startup Problems . 137 8.4.1 Troubleshooting . 137 8.4.2 Typical Problems . 137 8.4.3 Rescue systems and Live Distributions . 139 9 System-V Init and the Init Process 141 9.1 The Init Process . 142 9.2 System-V Init . 142 9.3 Upstart . 148 9.4 Shutting Down the System . 150 10 Systemd 155 10.1 Overview. 156 10.2 Unit Files . 157 10.3 Unit Types . 161 10.4 Dependencies . 162 10.5 Targets. 164 10.6 The systemctl Command . 166 10.7 Installing Units. 169 11 Dynamic (AKA Shared) Libraries 171 11.1 Compiling and Installing Software . 172 11.2 Dynamic Libraries In Practice . 174 11.3 Installing and Locating Dynamic Libraries . 176 11.4 Dynamic Library Versioning . 177 12 Software Package Management Using Debian Tools 181 12.1 Overview. 182 12.2 The Basis: dpkg . 182 12.2.1 Debian Packages . 182 12.2.2 Package Installation . 183 12.2.3 Deleting Packages . 184 12.2.4 Debian Packages and Source Code . 185 12.2.5 Package Information. 185 12.2.6 Package Verification . 188 12.3 Debian Package Management: The Next Generation . 189 12.3.1 APT . 189 12.3.2 Package Installation Using apt-get . 189 12.3.3 Information About Packages . 191 12.3.4 aptitude . 192 12.4 Debian Package Integrity . 194 12.5 The debconf Infrastructure . 195 12.6 alien: Software From Different Worlds . 196 13 Package Management with RPM and YUM 199 13.1 Introduction. 200 13.2 Package Management Using rpm. 201 13.2.1 Installation and Update . 201 13.2.2 Deinstalling Packages . 201 13.2.3 Database and Package Queries . 202 13.2.4 Package Verification . 204 13.2.5 The rpm2cpio Program . 204 13.3 YUM . 205 13.3.1 Overview . 205 13.3.2 Package Repositories . 205 13.3.3 Installing and Removing Packages Using YUM . 206 13.3.4 Information About Packages . 208 13.3.5 Downloading Packages. 210 6 Contents A Sample Solutions 211 B LPIC-1 Certification 219 B.1 Overview. 219 B.2 Exam LPI-101 . 219 B.3 Exam LPI-102 . 220 B.4 LPI Objectives In This Manual . 221 C Command Index 229 Index 233 List of Tables 3.1 The most important file attributes . 50 5.1 USB standards . ..
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