DOCSLIB.ORG

Linux Administration I//System and Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Version 4.0 Linux Administration I System and Users $ echo tux tux $ ls hallo.c hallo.o $ /bin/su - Password: tuxcademy – Linux and Open Source learning materials for everyone www.tuxcademy.org [email protected] ⋅ This training manual is designed to correspond to the objectives of the LPI-101 (LPIC-1, version 4.0) certification exam promulgated by the Linux Professional Institute. Further details are available in Appendix B. The Linux Professional Institute does not endorse specific exam preparation materials or tech- niques. For details, refer to [email protected]. The tuxcademy project aims to supply freely available high-quality training materials on Linux and Open Source topics – for self-study, school, higher and continuing education and professional training. Please visit http://www.tuxcademy.org/! Do contact us with questions or suggestions. Linux Administration I System and Users Revision: adm1:067839db3bb6bd7f:2015-08-08 adm1:33e55eeadba676a3:2015-08-08 1–13, B adm1:HWye5vypKrdhKjDySGhqPI © 2015 Linup Front GmbH Darmstadt, Germany © 2015 tuxcademy (Anselm Lingnau) Darmstadt, Germany http://www.tuxcademy.org [email protected] ⋅ Linux penguin “Tux” © Larry Ewing (CC-BY licence) All representations and information contained in this document have been com- piled to the best of our knowledge and carefully tested. However, mistakes cannot be ruled out completely. To the extent of applicable law, the authors and the tux- cademy project assume no responsibility or liability resulting in any way from the use of this material or parts of it or from any violation of the rights of third parties. Reproduction of trade marks, service marks and similar monikers in this docu- ment, even if not specially marked, does not imply the stipulation that these may be freely usable according to trade mark protection laws. All trade marks are used without a warranty of free usability and may be registered trade marks of third parties. This document is published under the “Creative Commons-BY-SA 4.0 Interna- tional” licence. You may copy and distribute it and make it publically available as long as the following conditions are met: Attribution You must make clear that this document is a product of the tux- cademy project. Share-Alike You may alter, remix, extend, or translate this document or modify or build on it in other ways, as long as you make your contributions available under the same licence as the original. Further information and the full legal license grant may be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Authors: Thomas Erker, Anselm Lingnau Technical Editor: Anselm Lingnau [email protected] ⟨ ⟩ English Translation: Anselm Lingnau Typeset in Palatino, Optima and DejaVu Sans Mono Contents 1 System Administration 13 1.1 Introductory Remarks . 14 1.2 The Privileged root Account . 14 1.3 Obtaining Administrator Privileges . 16 1.4 Distribution-specific Administrative Tools . 18 2 User Administration 21 2.1 Basics . 22 2.1.1 Why Users? . 22 2.1.2 Users and Groups . 23 2.1.3 People and Pseudo-Users . 25 2.2 User and Group Information. 25 2.2.1 The /etc/passwd File . 25 2.2.2 The /etc/shadow File . 28 2.2.3 The /etc/group File . 30 2.2.4 The /etc/gshadow File . 31 2.2.5 The getent Command . .$ . echo. tux. 32 2.3 Managing User Accounts and Group Informationtux . 32 2.3.1 Creating User Accounts . .$ . ls. 33 2.3.2 The passwd Command . .hallo.c. 34 2.3.3 Deleting User Accounts . .hallo.o. 36 2.3.4 Changing User Accounts and Group$ /bin/su Assignment - . 36 2.3.5 Changing User Information Directly—vipw . 37 2.3.6 Creating, Changing and DeletingPassword: Groups . 37 3 Access Control 41 3.1 The Linux Access Control System . 42 3.2 Access Control For Files And Directories . 42 3.2.1 The Basics . 42 3.2.2 Inspecting and Changing Access Permissions. 43 3.2.3 Specifying File Owners and Groups—chown and chgrp . 44 3.2.4 The umask . 45 3.3 Access Control Lists (ACLs) . 47 3.4 Process Ownership . 47 3.5 Special Permissions for Executable Files . 47 3.6 Special Permissions for Directories . 48 3.7 File Attributes . 50 4 Process Management 53 4.1 What Is A Process? . 54 4.2 Process States . 55 4.3 Process Information—ps . 56 4.4 Processes in a Tree—pstree . 57 4.5 Controlling Processes—kill and killall . 58 4.6 pgrep and pkill . 59 4.7 Process Priorities—nice and renice . 61 4 Contents 4.8 Further Process Management Commands—nohup and top . 61 5 Hardware 63 5.1 Fundamentals . 64 5.2 Linux and PCI (Express) . 65 5.2.1 USB. 67 5.3 Peripherals . 69 5.3.1 Overview . 69 5.3.2 Devices and Drivers . 70 5.3.3 The /sys Directory . 72 5.3.4 udev . 73 5.3.5 Device Integration and D-Bus . 74 6 Hard Disks (and Other Secondary Storage) 77 6.1 Fundamentals . 78 6.2 Bus Systems for Mass Storage . 78 6.3 Partitioning . 81 6.3.1 Fundamentals . 81 6.3.2 The Traditional Method (MBR) . 82 6.3.3 The Modern Method (GPT) . 83 6.4 Linux and Mass Storage . 84 6.5 Partitioning Disks. 86 6.5.1 Fundamentals . 86 6.5.2 Partitioning Disks Using fdisk . 88 6.5.3 Formatting Disks using GNU parted . 91 6.5.4 gdisk . 92 6.5.5 More Partitioning Tools . 93 6.6 Loop Devices and kpartx . 93 6.7 The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) . 95 7 File Systems: Care and Feeding 99 7.1 Creating a Linux File System . 100 7.1.1 Overview . 100 7.1.2 The ext File Systems . 102 7.1.3 ReiserFS . 110 7.1.4 XFS . 111 7.1.5 Btrfs . 113 7.1.6 Even More File Systems . 114 7.1.7 Swap space . 115 7.2 Mounting File Systems . 116 7.2.1 Basics . 116 7.2.2 The mount Command . 116 7.2.3 Labels and UUIDs . 118 7.3 The dd Command . 120 7.4 Disk Quotas . 121 7.4.1 Basics . 121 7.4.2 User Quotas (ext and XFS) . 121 7.4.3 Group Quotas (ext and XFS) . 123 8 Booting Linux 127 8.1 Fundamentals . 128 8.2 GRUB Legacy . 131 8.2.1 GRUB Basics . 131 8.2.2 GRUB Legacy Configuration. 132 8.2.3 GRUB Legacy Installation . 133 8.2.4 GRUB 2 . 134 8.2.5 Security Advice . 135 5 8.3 Kernel Parameters . 135 8.4 System Startup Problems . 137 8.4.1 Troubleshooting . 137 8.4.2 Typical Problems . 137 8.4.3 Rescue systems and Live Distributions . 139 9 System-V Init and the Init Process 141 9.1 The Init Process . 142 9.2 System-V Init . 142 9.3 Upstart . 148 9.4 Shutting Down the System . 150 10 Systemd 155 10.1 Overview. 156 10.2 Unit Files . 157 10.3 Unit Types . 161 10.4 Dependencies . 162 10.5 Targets. 164 10.6 The systemctl Command . 166 10.7 Installing Units. 169 11 Dynamic (AKA Shared) Libraries 171 11.1 Compiling and Installing Software . 172 11.2 Dynamic Libraries In Practice . 174 11.3 Installing and Locating Dynamic Libraries . 176 11.4 Dynamic Library Versioning . 177 12 Software Package Management Using Debian Tools 181 12.1 Overview. 182 12.2 The Basis: dpkg . 182 12.2.1 Debian Packages . 182 12.2.2 Package Installation . 183 12.2.3 Deleting Packages . 184 12.2.4 Debian Packages and Source Code . 185 12.2.5 Package Information. 185 12.2.6 Package Verification . 188 12.3 Debian Package Management: The Next Generation . 189 12.3.1 APT . 189 12.3.2 Package Installation Using apt-get . 189 12.3.3 Information About Packages . 191 12.3.4 aptitude . 192 12.4 Debian Package Integrity . 194 12.5 The debconf Infrastructure . 195 12.6 alien: Software From Different Worlds . 196 13 Package Management with RPM and YUM 199 13.1 Introduction. 200 13.2 Package Management Using rpm. 201 13.2.1 Installation and Update . 201 13.2.2 Deinstalling Packages . 201 13.2.3 Database and Package Queries . 202 13.2.4 Package Verification . 204 13.2.5 The rpm2cpio Program . 204 13.3 YUM . 205 13.3.1 Overview . 205 13.3.2 Package Repositories . 205 13.3.3 Installing and Removing Packages Using YUM . 206 13.3.4 Information About Packages . 208 13.3.5 Downloading Packages. 210 6 Contents A Sample Solutions 211 B LPIC-1 Certification 219 B.1 Overview. 219 B.2 Exam LPI-101 . 219 B.3 Exam LPI-102 . 220 B.4 LPI Objectives In This Manual . 221 C Command Index 229 Index 233 List of Tables 3.1 The most important file attributes . 50 5.1 USB standards . ..
Recommended publications
  • Version 7.8-Systemd

    Version 7.8-Systemd

    Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites
  • Oracle Solaris Security for Developers Guide • September 2010 Contents

    Oracle Solaris Security for Developers Guide • September 2010 Contents

    Oracle® Solaris Security for Developers Guide Part No: 816–4863–16 September 2010 Copyright © 2004, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related software documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are “commercial computer software” or “commercial technical data” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms setforth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle America, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.
  • Open Directory Administration for Version 10.5 Leopard Second Edition

    Open Directory Administration for Version 10.5 Leopard Second Edition

    Mac OS X Server Open Directory Administration For Version 10.5 Leopard Second Edition Apple Inc. © 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. The owner or authorized user of a valid copy of Mac OS X Server software may reproduce this publication for the purpose of learning to use such software. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes, such as selling copies of this publication or for providing paid-for support services. Every effort has been made to make sure that the information in this manual is correct. Apple Inc., is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. Apple 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino CA 95014-2084 www.apple.com The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Apple, the Apple logo, iCal, iChat, Leopard, Mac, Macintosh, QuickTime, Xgrid, and Xserve are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Finder is a trademark of Apple Inc. Adobe and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Other company and product names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products.
  • Deploying-Zones-11Gr2-Supercluster

    Deploying-Zones-11Gr2-Supercluster

    An Oracle Technical White Paper November 2012 Best Practices for Deploying Oracle Solaris Zones with Oracle Database 11g on SPARC SuperCluster Best Practices for Deploying Oracle Solaris Zones with Oracle Database 11g on SPARC SuperCluster Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 SPARC SuperCluster Technologies for Database Consolidation ....... 2 SPARC T4-4 Domains in the SPARC SuperCluster ...................... 3 Database Services Within the SPARC SuperCluster ..................... 3 Database Consolidation on the SPARC SuperCluster ................... 4 Oracle Solaris Zones on the SPARC SuperCluster ........................ 4 Best Practices for Deploying Oracle Database 11g Using Oracle Solaris Zones .................................................................................... 6 Choosing the Number of Database Domains ................................. 6 Oracle Solaris Zones ..................................................................... 7 ZFS File System .......................................................................... 11 Zone Deployment Using the ssc_exavm Tool ............................ 11 Operating System Tunable Parameters ....................................... 12 Database Grid Configuration ....................................................... 14 Oracle RAC Configuration ........................................................... 19 Securing the Databases in SPARC SuperCluster ........................ 20 Example Database Consolidation Scenarios
  • UNIX System Services Z/OS Version 1 Release 7 Implementation

    UNIX System Services Z/OS Version 1 Release 7 Implementation

    Front cover UNIX System Services z/OS Version 1 Release 7 Implementation z/OS UNIX overview z/OS UNIX setup z/OS UNIX usage Paul Rogers Theodore Antoff Patrick Bruinsma Paul-Robert Hering Lutz Kühner Neil O’Connor Lívio Sousa ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization UNIX System Services z/OS Version 1 Release 7 Implementation March 2006 SG24-7035-01 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page xiii. Second Edition (March 2006) This edition applies to Version 1 Release 7 of z/OS (5637-A01), and Version 1, Release 7 of z/OS.e (5655-G52), and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2003, 2006. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . xiii Trademarks . xiv Preface . .xv The team that wrote this redbook. .xv Become a published author . xvi Comments welcome. xvii Chapter 1. UNIX overview. 1 1.1 UNIX fundamentals . 2 1.1.1 UNIX objectives . 2 1.1.2 What people like about UNIX . 2 1.1.3 What people don’t like about UNIX . 3 1.1.4 UNIX operating system . 3 1.1.5 UNIX file system . 4 1.1.6 Parameter files . 6 1.1.7 Daemons. 6 1.1.8 Accessing UNIX . 6 1.1.9 UNIX standards. 7 1.1.10 MVS and UNIX functional comparison . 8 1.2 z/OS UNIX System Services fundamentals .
  • Version 20160304-Systemd

    Version 20160304-Systemd

    Linux From Scratch Version 20160304-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 20160304-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2016 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2016, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 20160304-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book ...................................................................................................................
  • Apple File System Reference

    Apple File System Reference

    Apple File System Reference Developer Contents About Apple File System 7 General-Purpose Types 9 paddr_t .................................................. 9 prange_t ................................................. 9 uuid_t ................................................... 9 Objects 10 obj_phys_t ................................................ 10 Supporting Data Types ........................................... 11 Object Identifier Constants ......................................... 12 Object Type Masks ............................................. 13 Object Types ................................................ 14 Object Type Flags .............................................. 20 EFI Jumpstart 22 Booting from an Apple File System Partition ................................. 22 nx_efi_jumpstart_t ........................................... 24 Partition UUIDs ............................................... 25 Container 26 Mounting an Apple File System Partition ................................... 26 nx_superblock_t ............................................. 27 Container Flags ............................................... 36 Optional Container Feature Flags ...................................... 37 Read-Only Compatible Container Feature Flags ............................... 38 Incompatible Container Feature Flags .................................... 38 Block and Container Sizes .......................................... 39 nx_counter_id_t ............................................. 39 checkpoint_mapping_t ........................................
  • Z/OS V2R2 Network File System Guide and Reference Contents

    Z/OS V2R2 Network File System Guide and Reference Contents

    z/OS Network File System Guide and Reference Version 2 Release 2 SC23-6883-01 This edition applies to Version 2 Release 2 of z/OS® (5650-ZOS) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This edition replaces SC23-6883-00. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1991, 2015. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. © Copyright IBM Corp. 1991, 2015 iii iv z/OS V2R2 Network File System Guide and Reference Contents Figures ...............xi Tested servers for the z/OS NFS client .....16 || z/OS NFS client restrictions ........17 Tables ...............xiii WebNFS support ............17 NFS versions with TCP/IP protocols ......18 Internet Protocol version 6 .........19 About this document ........xvii User-specified port range support .......20 Required product knowledge ........xvii Dynamic addressing ...........20 Where to find more information .......xvii 64-bit exploitation ............21 Access to documents ..........xvii Data transfer and conversion ........21 z/OS information ..........xviii Native ASCII support ..........21 Access to softcopy documents on CD-ROM and DVD collections and the Internet ......xix Chapter 2. Creating z/OS conventional How to look up message explanations with LookAt ..............xix MVS data sets ...........23 How to read syntax diagrams ........xx Overriding data set creation attributes .....23 Related protocol specifications .......xxii Preparing to create an MVS file........23 The z/OS
  • Oracle Minicluster S7-2 Security Guide

    Oracle Minicluster S7-2 Security Guide

    Oracle MiniCluster S7-2 Security Guide Part No: E69475-12 March 2021 Oracle MiniCluster S7-2 Security Guide Part No: E69475-12 Copyright © 2018, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs) and Oracle computer documentation or other Oracle data delivered to or accessed by U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" or "commercial computer software documentation" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, reproduction, duplication, release, display, disclosure, modification, preparation of derivative works, and/or adaptation of i) Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs), ii) Oracle computer documentation and/or iii) other Oracle data, is subject to the rights and limitations specified in the license contained in the applicable contract.
  • Mac OS X Server User Management for Version 10.4 Or Later Second Edition

    Mac OS X Server User Management for Version 10.4 Or Later Second Edition

    Mac OS X Server User Management For Version 10.4 or Later Second Edition K Apple Computer, Inc. Apple, the Apple logo, AirPort, AppleShare, AppleTalk, © 2006 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. FireWire, iBook, Keychain, LaserWriter, Mac, Mac OS, Macintosh, PowerBook, and QuickTime are trademarks The owner or authorized user of a valid copy of of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other Mac OS X Server software may reproduce this countries. Extensions Manager, Finder, and SuperDrive publication for the purpose of learning to use such are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. software. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes, such as selling Adobe and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems copies of this publication or for providing paid-for Incorporated. support services. Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are Every effort has been made to ensure that the trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer, Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Inc., is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and Apple other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open 1 Infinite Loop Company, Ltd. Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 408-996-1010 Other company and product names mentioned herein www.apple.com are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a commercial purposes without the prior written consent recommendation.
  • UNIX System Servicesplanning

    UNIX System Servicesplanning

    z/OS Version 2 Release 3 UNIX System Services Planning IBM GA32-0884-30 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 409. This edition applies to Version 2 Release 3 of z/OS (5650-ZOS) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Last updated: 2019-03-26 © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1996, 2018. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents List of Figures...................................................................................................... xv List of Tables......................................................................................................xvii About this document...........................................................................................xix Using this document..................................................................................................................................xix z/OS information........................................................................................................................................xix Discussion list.......................................................................................................................................xix How to send your comments to IBM.....................................................................xxi If you have a technical problem................................................................................................................xxi
  • Technical Overview

    Technical Overview

    9 Product Documentation Likewise Enterprise Technical Overview IN THIS DOCUMENT Abstract • Authenticating Users This overview describes how Likewise joins non-Windows computers to • Authorizing Users and Groups Active Directory, authenticates users, authorizes users and groups for Managing Users and Groups • access to resources, stores Unix and Linux user information in Active • Applying Group Policies Directory, and manages Linux and Unix computers with group policies. The • Software Components and overview also outlines Likewise's two operating modes, its use of cells, and Architecture its software components and processes. Copyright © 2008 Likewise Software. All rights reserved. 1 Product Documentation Likewise Enterprise: Technical Overview The information contained in this document represents the current view of Likewise Software on the issues discussed as of the date of publication. Because Likewise Software must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Likewise, and Likewise Software cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information presented after the date of publication. These documents are for informational purposes only. LIKEWISE SOFTWARE MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Likewise Software. Likewise may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Likewise, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.