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“Global Christianity: Trends in Mission and the Relationship with Non-Western Missionaries

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“Global Christianity: Trends in Mission and the Relationship with Non-Western Missionaries “Global Christianity: Trends in Mission and the Relationship with Non-Western Missionaries Working Cross-Culturally in Thailand” By JOSEPH PAUL CHARLES A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER of THEOLOGY at the SOUTH AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY In OCTOBER 2009 SUPERVISOR: Dr Frank Jabini The opinions expressed in this [thesis/dissertation] do not necessarily reflect the views of the South African Theological Seminary. DECLARATION I hereby acknowledge that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted to any academic institution for degree purposes. JOSEPH PAUL CHARLES 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTS The first word of thanks is to my family, then to My colleagues - Elizabeth Stewart, Sami Westerholm, Colleen Hale and Carol Steedman who serve together presently with World Wide Evangelization for Christ Mission (Wec) Thailand, New Hills Tribe Mission - for practical guidance. Professor Seyi Ladele Amosun and Dr Denise Saravanakumar (University of Cape Town), who are members of the researcher’s home church; even though serving in different a fields of expertise, their enthusiasm to help was highly appreciated. To Dan Callahan who sacrificially did a good job on the grammatical editing, and assisted in writing proper English. To Rudo Ngara (Pet Project, University of Western Cape) for guidance and counsel in the academic writing process. To all the non- western missionaries working in Thailand and mission organizations who gave their time and share their experiences for this research. And finally, a warm thank you to my supervisor, Dr Frank Jabini, whose expertise was central in completing the final thesis document. JOSEPH PAUL CHARLES OCTOBER 2009 3 ABSTRACT The church in the West, in the modern era of missions, has played the lead role in sending out missionaries and working cross-culturally. At the same time, growth of Christianity in the West has been showing a steady decline, which will have a major impact in the numbers of missionaries coming from the West in the future. The purpose of this study was three-fold. The first purpose was to document the growth of the church in non-western countries compared to the decline of the church in western countries. This includes the reality that more missionaries from non- western regions of the world (and non-traditionally missionary sending countries in the west) are starting to work cross-culturally in missions. The second purpose was to determine how mission organizations were adapting to the changes in global Christianity. The third purpose of this study focused on the growth of the church in Thailand, including the contributions and challenges of non-western missionaries in cross-cultural missions, specifically those working in Thailand. The proposed study attempted to find answers to the new trends in global missions. In the research mission organizations and non-western workers, especially those working in Thailand was contacted and interviewed to determine the situation application. They were encouraged to share their personal experiences in relation to the contributions and challenges that they faced. A biblical and theological perspectives investigation was also undertaken to establish how such have had an influence on the non-western missionaries’ work in Thailand. The changes in global Christianity were found had a limited influence how the majority of mission organizations function, as well as the increase of non- missionaries working cross culturally. Evidence suggested that non-western missionaries working cross culturally had little support from individuals and churches in their sending countries. Most non-western missionaries in Thailand still experienced a rewarding ministry regardless of challenges they experienced. Recommendations at the end of the research were made, to assisted mission organizations and non-western missionaries in identifying the needs created in global Christianity today as well as identifying ways to address these issues. 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. 3 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1 Mission ..................................................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Global Christianity .................................................................................... 13 1.1.3 Non-Western missionaries ....................................................................... 17 1.1.4 Cross cultural work ................................................................................... 19 1.1.5 History Thailand ....................................................................................... 20 1.1.6 Motivation for Research ........................................................................... 22 1.2 Research Problem .......................................................................................... 22 1.3 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................... 23 1.4 Design and Methodology ................................................................................ 24 1.4.1 The Research Design ............................................................................... 24 1.4.2 Methodology for Chapter 2 and 3: Theological Perspectives on Mission and Literature Review ....................................................................................... 25 1.4.3 Methodology for Chapter 4: Empirical Research ...................................... 25 1.4.4 Methodology for Chapter 5: Summary and Recommendations ................ 26 1.5 Structure of the Study ..................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2: Bible Base - Theological Perspectives on Mission ......................... 28 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Mission Central to the Bible Message............................................................. 28 2.2 Mission in the Old Testament ......................................................................... 31 2.3 Reflections on Mission in the New Testament ................................................ 34 2.4 Goal of Mission ............................................................................................... 36 2.5 Importance of Spreading the Gospel .............................................................. 39 2.6 Gisbertus Voetius: Reflections on Protestant Theology of Mission ................. 41 2.7 Different Missionary Approaches .................................................................... 42 Chapter 3: Literature Review .................................................................................... 45 3.1 History and the development of Christianity in Thailand ................................. 45 3.2 Factors influencing communication the Gospel in Thailand ............................ 56 3.2.2 World Religions and Worldviews .............................................................. 60 3.2.3 Contextualization ...................................................................................... 65 6 3.3 The Costs of Christian Service ....................................................................... 68 3.4 Modern Apprehension .................................................................................... 72 3.4.1 Purpose of the Church ............................................................................. 72 3.4.2 New Trends in Missions ........................................................................... 74 3.4.3 Partnership in Mission .............................................................................. 75 3.4.5 Short-Term Mission Work ......................................................................... 79 3.4.6 Training and Missions .............................................................................. 81 3.5 Global Developments and Non-Western Missions in Thailand ....................... 84 3.5.1 Evangelical Christians .............................................................................. 85 3.5.2 Cross-Cultural Mission ............................................................................. 87 3.5.3 Colonialism ............................................................................................... 88 3.5.4 Challenges of Missionaries ...................................................................... 89 3.5.5 Dialogue ................................................................................................... 91 3.5.6 Buddhism in Thailand ............................................................................... 92 3.5.7 Communication the Gospel ...................................................................... 93 3.5.8 Learning a Foreign Language .................................................................. 93 3.5.9 Summary:
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