EDITORIAL BOARD REPRESENTATIVES OF L ANDCARE RESEARCH Dr D. Choquenot Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Dr M.-C. Larivière Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF U NIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson c/- Bio-Protection and Ecology Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF MUSEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF O VERSEAS I NSTITUTIONS Dr M. J. Fletcher Director of the Collections NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit Forest Road, Orange NSW 2800, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 61 Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) B. A. Holloway 7 Tropicana Drive, Mt Roskill, Auckland 1041, New Zealand [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2007 4 Holloway (2007): Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2007 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Holloway, B. A. Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) / B. A. Holloway – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2007. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no. 61). ISBN 0-478-09395-7 I. Title II. Series UDC 595.764.2 Suggested citation: Holloway, B. A. 2007. Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 61, 254 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the author using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. M~ori text by H. Jacob, Auckland. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Date of publication 21 November 2007 Front cover: Male Geodorcus ithaginis (Illustrator: D. W. Helmore). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract number C09X0501. Fauna of New Zealand 61 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Lucanidae Illustration / Whakaahua: Male Paralissotes reticulatus Stag beetles (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: D. W. Helmore). The Lucanidae is a small diverse family distributed world- wide, with about 110 genera and about 1300 described species. The New Zealand lucanid fauna comprises 39 Ng~ p§tara whai rei species of which 35 are endemic and belong in 5 endemic genera, and 4 are foreign, 3 being from Australia and 1 He wh~nau iti, otir~ he wh~nau wh~rahi, a ng~i Lucanidae, originating from Taiwan. Two of the Australian species are kitea ai puta noa i te ao. He ~hua 110 ng~ puninga, 1300 known to be breeding in New Zealand, but it is very un- pea ia nei ng~ momo. I Aotearoa nei, e 39 ng~ momo likely that the third Australian species and the one from lucanid, e 35 o ‘nei kei t‘nei whenua anahe e kitea ana, nÇ Taiwan are established here. roto anÇ i ng~ puninga e 5 nÇ konei taketake ake. E 4, he When first described and until almost the end of last r~waho, ~, e toru o ‘r~ nÇ Ahitereiria, kotahi nÇ Taiwan. O century most of the New Zealand species were assigned to ng~ momo o Ahitereiria, e rua e mÇhiotia ana kei te the Australian genera Ceratognathus and Lissotes, and to whakaputa uri i Aotearoa, engari ko t‘r~ atu o Ç Ahitereiria, the mainly northern hemisphere genus Dorcus, because of me tÇ Taiwan, karekau pea. superficial morphological similarities. However, in the late I te w~ i whakaahuatia tuatahitia ai ‘nei ng~rara, ~ taka 1990s comparative studies of the male and female genitalia rawa mai ki te paunga o t‘r~ rautau, i meatia te nuinga o and elytral surface structures indicated that the New ng~ momo o Aotearoa kia taka ki raro i a ng~i Ceratognathus Zealand species were not congeneric with the Australian me Lissotes, he puninga nÇ Ahitereiria, me ng~i Dorcus, species nor with those in Dorcus so 3 new genera, he puninga kitea nuitia ai i te tuakoi raki. I p‘nei ai n~ te Geodorcus, Holloceratognathus and Paralissotes were Çrite o ng~ hanga ki ‘r~ ina kirimoko noa te titiro. Otir~, i established for some of the species and the remainder were ng~ tau whakamutunga o ng~ 1990, ka tã ‘tahi rangahau placed in the reinstated New Zealand genus Mitophyllus. whakatairiterite i ng~ hemahema o ng~ toa me ng~ uha, tae These 4 genera encompass 34 of the 35 endemic species. atu ki ng~ kahu parirau, ~, kitea ana i reira ehara kau ana nÇ The remaining species is in Dendroblax, a particularly aua puninga ng~ momo o Aotearoa. N~ kon~, ka hangaia interesting genus because it belongs in the very small ‘tahi puninga hou e 3, ko Geodorcus, ko subfamily Lampriminae found only in the southern Holloceratognathus me Paralissotes, ~, ka whakaarahia hemisphere. Geodorcus and Paralissotes belong in the large, ake anÇ a Mitophyllus, he puninga nÇ Aotearoa. O ng~ worldwide subfamily Lucaninae and Holloceratognathus momo e 35 nÇ Aotearoa taketake ake, e 34 kei ‘nei puninga and Mitophyllus are in Aesalinae, a much smaller subfamily e wh~. Ko t‘r~ atu momo, nÇ te puninga Dendroblax. Ko represented in both hemispheres. The New Zealand genera te mea k‘ o t‘r~ puninga, nÇ t‘tahi wh~nau iti tino are not morphologically very close to others in their pakupaku ko Lampriminae te ingoa, kitea ai i te tuakoi subfamilies. tonga anahe. Ko Geodorcus r~ua ko Paralissotes, nÇ ng~i (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Holloway (2007): Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) In some parts of the world, especially in the northern Lucaninae, he wh~nau iti nui tonu, kei ng~ tÇpito katoa o hemisphere and tropics, the family includes large te ao. Ko ng~i Holloceratognathus r~ua ko Mitophyllus, spectacular species, easily recognised as stag beetles by nÇ te wh~nau iti pakupaku Aesalinae, kei ng~ tuakoi e rua the long tusk-like or antler-like mandibles of males. Many o te ao. Heoi anÇ, k~ore ng~ momo o Aotearoa i te tino people living in these areas are familiar with them because Çrite ~-hanga nei ki ‘r~ atu o ng~ uri o Ç r~tou wh~nau iti. on hot summer evenings they often fly to lights and enter I ‘tahi moka o te ao, p‘r~ i te tuakoi raki me ng~ houses. Consequently stag beetles have become an takiw~ p~rãrã, he rahi tonu ‘tahi o ng~ hu~nga o te wh~nau. important part of the folklore and artistry of some European He m~m~ te tautohu i a r~tou, i te mea he m~rama te kite countries, and in parts of Asia they may even be kept as atu i ng~ waha ko te rei, ko te pihiringa r~nei te rite ki te pets. The endemic New Zealand stag beetles by comparison titiro atu. E mÇhio pai ana ng~ iwi k~inga ki ‘nei pepeke i are inconspicuous and rather cryptic, most spending their te mea i ng~ pÇ mahana o te raumati kua whakawaia e ng~ entire lives in native habitats and having to be searched for rama i rÇ whare, kua tomo atu ki roto. Me te aha, kua to be seen. They are neither brightly coloured nor shiny, noho mai ng~ p§tara rei nei ki ng~ pakiwaitara, ki ng~ mahi instead have dullish brown or black integument, sometimes toi o ‘tahi o ng~ iwi o âropi. Waihoki, i ‘tahi takiw~ o with tufts or patches of yellowish or brown scales or hairs. }hia, t‘r~ tonu ka whakamÇkaitia. Heoi anÇ, ko ng~ momo The genus Geodorcus has the largest specimens, some taketake ake o Aotearoa nei, me uaua ka kitea, ka mutu, he males measuring 44 mm in length including mandibles and kirihuna anÇ hoki. Ko te nuinga, ka noho wh~iti ki Ç r~tou about 34 mm excluding mandibles, but the maximum length k~inga noho m~ori, ~, m~ te ~ta rapu rawa e kitea ai. K~ore of males in the other genera is about 20 mm. The overall i muramura ng~ tae, k~ore hoki i mÇhinuhinu – he parauri, length of females is usually much less than that of males of he pango te kiri m~rÇ, me Çna anÇ wekuweku, Çna anÇ the same species mainly because their mandibles are shorter. ~pure unahi, huruhuru r~nei he kÇwhai, he parauri pea te All the species of Geodorcus and Paralissotes and females tae. Kei te puninga Geodorcus ng~ mea rahi rawa, ko ‘tahi of 1 species of Mitophyllus are unable to fly because their o ng~ toa ka tupu kia 44 mm te roa ina uru mai te waha ki wings are reduced to vestiges, but the other New Zealand te inenga, ki te kore, ka 34 mm te roa. Engari i ‘r~ atu lucanids have fully functional wings. puninga, ka 20 mm noa te roa. Ka poto noa ake ng~ uwha Fully winged adults of a few species of Mitophyllus are i ng~ toa o te momo kotahi, i te mea he poto ake ng~ waha. occasionally found out in the open in the vicinity of houses Katoa ng~ momo o Geodorcus me Paralissotes, tae atu ki and well away from forests.