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The Arab–Israeli Conflict I THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT The Arab–Israeli conflict has been one of the most protracted and contentious disputes in the Middle East. This wide-ranging textbook examines the diplomatic and historical setting within which the conflict developed, from both the Israeli and Palestinian perspectives, and gives a comprehensive overview of the peace process. Enabling students to easily access and study original documents through the supportive framework of a textbook, The Arab–Israeli Conflict: • Presents the most important and widely cited documents in the history of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. • Presents these documents in an edited form to highlight key elements. • Includes an introductory chapter which sets the context for the study of the history of the area. • Covers a comprehensive historical period, ranging from the nineteenth century to the present day. • Incorporates a wide range of pedagogical aids: original documents, maps, and boxed sections. This important new textbook is an essential aid for courses on the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Middle East peace process, and will be an invaluable reference tool for all students of political science, Middle East studies, and history. Gregory S. Mahler is Academic Dean and Professor of Politics at Earlham College. He received his B.A. from Oberlin College and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Duke University. He has published widely in the area of Israeli and Middle Eastern Politics, and his academic interests include political institutions and democratic government. Alden R. W. Mahler is a researcher and writer at CNN International. She received her B.A. from Carleton College and her M.A. from Emory University, and served in the U.S. Peace Corps in Jordan. THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT An introduction and documentary reader Gregory S. Mahler and Alden R. W. Mahler First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 Gregory S. Mahler and Alden R. W. Mahler All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mahler, Gregory S., 1950– The Arab-Israeli conflict: an introduction and documentary reader/ Gregory S. Mahler and Alden Mahler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Arab-Israeli conflict. 2. Arab-Israeli conflict—Sources. 3. Middle East—Politics and government—1945– 4. Middle East—Politics and government—1945– Sources. I. Mahler, Alden. II. Title. DS119.7.M2245 2010 956.04—dc22 2009008512 ISBN 0-203-87159-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77460–4 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77461–1 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–87159–1 (ebk) ISBN 10: 0–415–77460–8 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0–415–77461–6 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0–203–87159–6 (ebk) I CONTENTS List of Maps ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 PART II FROM HERZL (1896) TO RECOGNITION AS A STATE (1949) 33 1 Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State (1896) 37 2 The Basle Program, Resolutions of the First Zionist Congress (August 30, 1897) 46 3 Sir Henry McMahon: The McMahon Letter (October 24, 1915) 47 4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 49 5 The Balfour Declaration (November 2, 1917) 51 6 The Weizmann–Feisal Agreement (January 3, 1919) 52 7 The White Paper of 1922 (June, 1922) (The “Churchill White Paper”) 54 8 The Mandate for Palestine (July 24, 1922) 58 9 British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald Letter to Chaim Weizmann (February 13, 1931) 64 10 The Palestine Royal Commission (Peel Commission): Report (July 24, 1937) 69 11 British Government: Policy Statement Against Partition (November 11, 1938) 80 12 British Government: The White Paper (May 17, 1939) 83 13 Zionist Reaction to the White Paper (1939) 91 14 The Biltmore Program: Towards a Jewish State (May 11, 1942) 93 15 Arab Office Report to Anglo–American Committee (March, 1946) 95 16 U.N. Security Council: Resolution 181, The Partition of Palestine (November 29, 1947) 99 17 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (May 14, 1948) 106 v CONTENTS 18 Creation of a Conciliation Commission, General Assembly Resolution 194 (III) (December 11, 1948) 109 19 Admission of Israel to the United Nations, General Assembly Resolution 273 (May 11, 1949) 111 PART III FROM RECOGNITION (1949) THROUGH THE START OF A PEACE PROCESS (1978) 113 20 General Assembly Resolution 303 (IV): Palestine: Question of an International Regime for the Jerusalem Area and the Protection of the Holy Places (December, 1949) 115 21 State of Israel: Law of Return (July, 1950) 116 22 U.N. Security Council: Resolution 95, Concerning . the Passage of Ships Through the Suez Canal (September 1, 1951) 118 23 Palestine National Authority: Palestine Liberation Organization Draft Constitution (December, 1963) 120 24 Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban: Speech to the Security Council of the United Nations (June 6, 1967) 123 25 Protection of Holy Places Law (June 27, 1967) 131 26 The Khartoum Resolutions (September 1, 1967) 132 27 U.N. Security Council: Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967) 133 28 The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council (July 1–17, 1968) 134 29 The Seven Points of Fatah (January, 1969) 139 30 U.N. Security Council: Resolution 338 (October 22, 1973) 140 31 Palestine National Council: Resolutions at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council (June, 1974) 141 32 Interim Agreement Between Israel and Egypt (September 1, 1975) 143 33 Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Menahem Begin (November 20, 1977) 148 34 Statement to the Knesset by President Anwar al Sadat (November 20, 1977) 153 35 Six-Point Program of the Palestine Liberation Organization (December 4, 1977) 159 36 The Camp David Accords (September 17, 1978) 160 vi CONTENTS PART IV FROM A PEACE TREATY (1979) TO THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE (1994) 165 37 Peace Treaty Between Israel and Egypt (March 26, 1979) 167 38 Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (July, 1980) 174 39 Saudi Crown Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz: The Fahd Plan (August 7, 1981) 175 40 Golan Heights Law (December 14, 1981) 176 41 Prime Minister Menachem Begin: The Wars of No Alternative and Operation Peace for the Galilee (August 8, 1982) 177 42 Agreement Between Israel and Lebanon (May 17, 1983) 181 43 Palestine National Council: Declaration of Independence (November 15, 1988) 185 44 Israel’s Peace Initiative (May 14, 1989) 189 45 U.S. Secretary of State James Baker’s Five-Point Plan (October 10, 1989) 192 46 Letter of Invitation to the Madrid Peace Conference (October 30, 1991), jointly issued by the United States and the Soviet Union 193 47 Israel–PLO Recognition: Exchange of Letters Between Prime Minister Rabin and Chairman Arafat (September 9, 1993) 195 48 Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements [“Oslo Agreement”] (September 13, 1993) 198 49 Israel–Jordan Common Agenda (September 14, 1993) 202 50 Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area (May 4, 1994) 204 51 The Washington Declaration (July 25, 1994) 210 52 Treaty of Peace Between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the State of Israel (October 26, 1994) 213 53 Nobel Lecture by Yasser Arafat (December 10, 1994) 220 54 Nobel Lecture by Shimon Peres (December 10, 1994) 224 55 Nobel Lecture by Yitzhak Rabin (December 10, 1994) 228 PART V FROM INTERIM AGREEMENTS (1995) TO THE PRESENT TIME 231 56 Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (September 28, 1995) 233 vii CONTENTS 57 Speech by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin to the Knesset Supporting the Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement (October 5, 1995) 240 58 Speech by Prime Minister Rabin at a Peace Rally (November 4, 1995) 242 59 Israel–Lebanon Ceasefire Understanding (April 26, 1996) 243 60 The Wye River Memorandum (October 23, 1998) 244 61 Address in the Knesset by Prime Minister-Elect Ehud Barak upon the Presentation of His Government (July 7, 1999) 248 62 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (September 4, 1999) 252 63 Protocol Concerning Safe Passage Between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (October 5, 1999) 255 64 Trilateral Statement on the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David (July 25, 2000) 261 65 Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Final Report (April 30, 2001) 262 66 Roadmap to a Solution of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (April 30, 2003) 265 67 The Disengagement Plan from Gaza Strip and Northern Samaria (April 18, 2004) 270 68 Prime Minister Ariel Sharon’s Address to the Knesset – The Vote on the Disengagement Plan (October 25, 2004) 275 69 U.N. Security Council: Resolution 1701 (August 11, 2006) 279 70 Announcement of Annapolis Conference (November 20, 2007) 282 71 Joint Understanding on Negotiations (November 27, 2007) 284 Sources 286 Further reading 292 Index 298 viii I LIST OF MAPS 1 Israel in the Middle East 3 2 The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 for the Partition of the Middle East 4 3 The British Mandate, 1920 7 4 The British Mandate, 1922 7 5 The 1937 Peel Commission Proposal 9 6 The 1938 Woodhead Commission Partition Recommendation 10 7 The 1948 United Nations Partition Recommendation 12 8 1949 Armistice Lines 14 9 Borders of Israel after the 1967 War 18 10 Israeli Borders Today 32 ix Part I Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION “And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee; behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.
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