Index 203

INDEX

A Ahmad Khatib al-Minankabawi, 19, 24, , 60 42, 46, 63 abangan religion, 197 Ahmad Khatib Sambas, 43 Abas bin Abd al-Rahman (Haji), 27 Ahmad Nasir Ismail, 199 Abas bin Muhammad Taha, 26, 41 Ahmad Sanusi Abas Taha, al-Imam, 43 maintaining kitab writing, 66 Abd Allah al-Zawawi, 38, 40, 43, 44 publications, 68 whether representing Mazhariyya Ahmadiyya, 21 order, 46 Ahmadiyya-Rashidiyya, 21, 29 Abdul Bari, 9 al-Fatani, 20 Abdul Hadi Awan, 179 Ahmad bin Muhammad Zayn, 19 (Haji), 128 essential principles on mystical Abdul Munir Mulkhan, 163 instruction, 22 (Haji), 127 inner and outer sciences of , 23 Abdul Kalam Azad, 3, 5, 10 Akbar Tanjung, 163, 195 Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, 184 al-Arqam, 189 , 88 Al-Ishlah, 108, 113 accession to power, 87 Al-Izzah, 108 critical of MUI, 172 al-Khairiyah Base Camp, 144 election as President, 163 al-Halabi, Mustafa al-Babi, 20 impeachment, 194 Al-Hilal, Urdu journal, 10 Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat, 39, 40 al-Imam, 55 Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, 178, 179, 185, 198 critique of tariqa sufism, 17–50 Abu Bakar Hamzah, 19, 25 questions on suluk, 27 Abu’l-A’la Maududi, 6 Sayyid foundation exposed, 35–44 Abu’l-Hasan Ali Nadwi, 7 significance of, 24–30 Adabiyah School, 127 tariqa pursued, 30–35 Adil, 159, 160 Utusan Melayu exchanges, 35–44 ahkam al-awqaf (pious foundations), Al-Khairiyah, foundation of, 93 76 al-Khazin, Qur’anic commentary, 37 Ahmad bin Muhammad Zayn al-Fatani, Al-Ma’unah Brotherhood, 188 19 al-Munir, 55 (Haji), 62, 128 al-Qushayri, Qur’anic commentary, 37 Ahmad ibn Idris, 22 Alamsyah Ratu Prawiranegara, 98

203

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influence in Mathla’ul Anwar, 105 civil wars, 181 involvment in Mathla’ul Anwar, 101, Comite Permoesjawaratan Menoelis 102 al-Qur’an dengan Hoeroep Latijn, Supervisory Board of Golkar, 103 69 Alhamzer Manatad Limbong, 184 Coordination Council of Indonesian Aligarh Anglo-Oriental College, 4 Muslim Works (BKAMI), 97 Ambalat, dispute over, 172 Congress Party, founding of, 4 Amir of India, 10 Crusaders, 146 Anderson, Benedict, 17 Cragg, Kenneth, 4 Angkatan Muda Partai Golkar, 195 As Gym, 171 D Asas Tunggal, 144 dakwah, management, 121 Ashaari bin Muhammad (), 190, Dandarawi, Shaykh Muhammad, 20 198 Dar al-Fikr, 67 Association of the of India, 5, 9 Dar al-Ifta, 83 Azad, Adbul Kalam, 3, 5, 10 Dawam Rahardjo, 165, 173 Deoband school, 5 B Deobandis, 8 Badan Koordinasi Amal Muslimin Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, (Coordination Council (Indonesian Islamic Missionary of Indonesian Muslim Works, Council, DDII), 108 BKAMI), 97 , 172, 173 Bali bombing, 150, 183 Diniyah School (School of Religion), Banten 128 drinking holy water, 192 Divine Argument, 163 peasant revolt, 187 divine law (sharia), 2 Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmand, 3 dukun, belief in, 197 Barelwis, 8 dukun santet hysteria, 199 Berita Nahdlatoel Oelama, 160 Dutch Ethical Policy, 127 bomoh, belief in, 197 Dutch Government policy, building of Buletin , 149 modern schools, 55, 93, 127 Bureau for Religious Affairs, 161 E C , NU’s stronghold, 169 Caliph, religious authority in Islam, 2 Ellen, Roy, 197 Castells, Manuel, 142 Empat Sahabat, Kelantan, 198 Center for the Study of Islam and Education and Management System Society, 136 (EMIS), 137 Central Madrasah (Madrasah Pusat), 95 Egypt, 12, 81–85 Central , 59 Code of Procedure, 83 Christianity, Church as religious Ministry of Interior, 83 authority, 1 Muhammad Ali, 82 Christmas celebrations, 121 Napoleonic invasion of, 82

11 Varieties_Religious Index 204 4/6/10, 8:25 AM Index 205

Ordinance of (1897), 83 I Sharia Court Ordinance, 83 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, 75 Ibrahim Libya, 192 F Ihya al-Sunna, 145 Farangi Mahall, 9 Ihsan Jampes, maintaining kitab Farzana Shaikh, 4 writing, 66 Fathur Rohman al-Ghozi, 199 ijtihad (legal reasoning), 57 Fatwa ilmu kebal, 196 anti-liberal, 170 Imam Bukhari, of, 62 between state and society, 75 Imam Mahdi, 199 deliberation, 89 Imam Samudra, 183, 185 issuance by , 87 India non-binding, 81 Nationalist Muslims, 5 Forum Komunikasi Ahl al-Sunnah wal- situation of Muslims after WWII, 4 Jama’ah, 139 Indian Union, 9 Indonesia, 85–88 G self determination, 85 Gandhi, 9 Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI), Geertz, Clifford, 60, 148, 197 171 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 178 Indonesian National Research Institute Gerakan Usaha Pembaharuan (LIPI), 165 Pendidikan Islam (Islamic Institute for Arabic Studies (LIPIA), Education Reform Endeavour 166 Movement, GUPPI), 99 Intergovernmental Group on Indonesia, Golkar, participation in Majelis Fatwa, 106 164 Gresik, 171 invulnerability magic, 191–96 Gulf War, outbreak, 143 Iqbal Schook, 41 Irsyad Djuwaeli, 94, 97 H election as general chairman, 101 hajj, 121 election as general secretary of Hadith (Traditions), 2 Mathla’ul Anwar, 100 literature, 57 leadership of, 101 Hadrami, 47 opposition to leadership, 106–09 connections with, 47 resistance from various groups, 108 halqa, 151 rise of, 99–101 Haji Abas bin Muhammad Taha, 25 support of Golkar, 105 Harakah, 189 Islam Hasjim Asj’ari, 61, 161 conservative, fear of, 160 , 64 God’s commands, exoteric or Pesantren Tebuireng, 63 esoteric, 2 Heri Golun, 198 leadership, 58 Hijaz Railway, 41 legal reasoning (ijtihad), 57 Hizbut Tahrir, 166, 170 tradition and modernity, 54–72

11 Varieties_Religious Index 205 4/6/10, 8:25 AM 206 Index

Islam Bergerak, 55 K Islam Tunggal, 166 Kaptein, Nico (Dr), 177 Islamic community, political and kaum , 60 economic interest, role of, 124 Keddie, Nikki R., 74 Islamic of Council of Indonesia, 161 Khalil Bangkalan, 62, 63 Islamic Heritage, 135 Khilafat Movement, 5 Islamic League Party (Partai Sarekat launch of, 10 Islam, PSI), 96 khittah (Basic Guidelines) Islamic missionary, Matula’ul Anwar, creation of, 98 94 newly formalized, 104 Islamic reform Khwaja Kamal al-Din, madrasah, 127–28 The Ideal Prophet, 60 modernization of Indonesia, 126–37 kiais, traditionalist, 163–64 Islamic reformism, 56 , 132 Islamic religious boarding school, 117 Kongsi Tiga Shipping Line, 66 Islamic school, quality, 133 Kraus, Werner, 19 Islamic State Universities, 165 kretek, 65 Islamic teachings, propagation, 116 Ismail Rayalong, 194 L Lahore Resolution, 6 J Laskar Jihad, 139, 145 Ja’afar Umar Thalib, 143, 144, 148 arranged marriages, 185 Jackson, Sherman, 76 establishment, 146, 147 , 104 Laskar Jihad Online, 149 Jakarta Islamic University, 172 Laskar Muhahidin Indonesia, 149 Jama’ati Islamdi of Maududi, 7 Laskar Pembela Islam, 149 Jamiatul Khair (Association for the leaders, religio-political, 9–12 Good), 128 Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dan Japanese Occupation, 161 Bahasa Arab (Institute for the Japenda (Directorate of Religious Study of Islam and Arabic, LIPIA), Education), 130 143 Jawi tradition, 20 Liberal Islam Network, 165 Jawi ulama, 62 M close-knit community, 184 Madina Pact, 5 oath of loyalty, 185 madrasah, 2, 126–37 preparation for simultaneous attacks, curriculum, 130 182 expansion of system, 128–29 Jemaah Tabligh, 170 mapping, 132–36 jihad, Moluccas, 147 number of, 126 jihadist activism, 139–53 private, 131 judges (qadi), administration of divine secularizing, 129–32 law, 3 Madrasah Aliyah Keagamaan (MAK), 131

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Madrasah Aliyah Program Khusus Maududi, 4, 7, 9 (MAPK), 131 , growing number of pilgrims, Madrasah Nahdatul Watan, 65 121 Madrasah Negeri, 130 Megawati Sukarnoputri, 120 Madrasah Tsanawiyah, 112 Melucci, Alberto, 142 Madrasah Wajib Belajar, 95 Memali, Malaysia, 192 Mahfudz Termas, 62, 64 Milner, Anthony, view on Mahmud Sukri al-Alusi, 44 Utusan Melayu, 36 Mahmud Termas, 62 Ministry of Religious Affairs, 70, 126, Mahmud Yunus, 137 131 Majelis Fatwa (Religious Advisory administration of pesantren, 167 Board), 101 supervision of madrasahs, 132 Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), 87 misguided innovation, 30 fatwas of, 87, 121 modernity criticism against, 172 impact on religious authority, 117–19 majelis zikir, 168 process of, 119 Malaysia, Interal Security Act, 192 modernists, 3 Malino Agreement, 149 Mohammad Amin, 100 Maluku Hari Ini, 149 Mohamad Asik (Haji), 192 Mas Adipati Tjokornegoro, 58 Banten, 192 Mas Mansoer, 65 Mohd Eunos Abdullah, 36 Masjumi, 86 Moluccan Muslims, 146 Masyarakat Madani, 165 Moluccas Mathla’ul Anwar, 94–98 civil war, 181 (1985) Congress, 102 jihad, 147 adoption of Pancasila, 99, 102 Morocco, role of ulama, 74 association with Golkar, 105 Muchith Muzadi, 170 association with Wahhabi, 98 Mughal empire, 3 Branch Madrasahs, 95 Muhammad Abduh, 83 Central Madrasah, 95 Muhammad Ali, 5, 9, 82 complaints about politization, 107 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, 6, 11 creation of Supervisory Board, 106 Muhammad Arifin Ilham, 168 declaration of political independence, Muhammad Assad, 6 103 Muhammad bin Aqil bin Yahya, 25 Firm Declaration, 108 Muhammad Iqbal, 6, 9 as form of religious authority, 109 Muhammad Jamil (Tengku), 37 Islamic missionary, 94 Muhammad Mawlana Ali, Muhammad founders, 96 and the Prophet, 60 last years of New Order, 93–113 Muhammad Said bin Jamal al-Din al- leadership of Irsyad Djuwaeli, 101–06 Linggi, 21 meeting at Cikaliung, 104 Muhammad Salih al-Zawawi, 39 support from Saudi Arabia, 112 Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi, 83 support of Jakarta Charter, 104 Muhammad Shafi’, 9, 11

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Muhammadiyah, 61, 118, 157 Nationalist party (PNI), 174 founding of, 85 Netherland Indies, religious authority publication, 159 among Muslims in, 57 Muhsin Mahdi, 35 New Order, constraints of, 120 Muna/Mina jadida, 123 Nurcholish Majid, 165 Murid al-Yaqin, 43 Muslim Abdurrahman (Kiyai), 97 O Muslim Brothers, 168 Oetoesan Hindia, 58 Muslim League, 5, 6 Office for Native Affairs, 26 Muslim reformists, 128 OSVIA (Training School for Native Muslims Civil Servants), 58 Indian subcontinent, 3 Ottoman Empire, role of ulama, 74 Moluccas, 146 Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 20, 50 P Musyawarah Nasional (National Pakistan, first constitution, 3 Consultation), 120 Pancasila Mutiny (1857), 4 acceptance by , 162 mystical orders, 186 adoption of, 85 Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian N Communist Party, PKI), 96 Nafsirin Hadi, 97, 98 Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Nahdlatul Tujar, 66 Development Party, PPP), 99 Nahdlatul Ulama, 8, 118, 157 Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 179 ahkam of, 86 Pasukan Berani Mati, 196 commitment to Shafi’i tradition, 85 Pax Britannica, establishment of, 4 confirmation of authority, 159 Pendidikan Guru Agama (PGA), 137 congress, 161 People’s Assembly (Majelis debates with , 173 Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR), discussion about suicide, 182 103 disputes with Muhammadiyah, 129 Persatuan Islam (Persis), 128 favouring free speech, 170 reformists, 68 Hasjim Asj’ari, 158 Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Petri), 128 Musyawarah Nasional, 120 Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh (PUSA), split from Masyumi, 162 128 Nahid Abdurrahman, 100 PERSIS, 85 Naqshbandis, 8 Pesantren Ihya al-Sunna, 144 practice of intense concentration, 49 Pesantren Lu’lu wal Marjan, 136 naqshbandiyya, 25 Pesantren of Cisaat, 68 National Education System, 131 Pesantren Denanyar, 64 National Ulama Council, 170, 173 Pesantren Jampes, 67 see also Majelis Ulama Indonesia Pesantren Tebuireng, 63 political authority, 174 pesantren-based education, decline of, Nationalist Muslims, India, 5 93

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, advantages of, 117 religious education, management, 121 Piagam Jakarta (Jakarta Charter), 104 religious factor, importance of, 181 Pijnappel, J., 56 religious fanaticism, 139 political mobilization, 145 religious institutions political parties, religious authority, 168 informal local leaders, struggle for Pondok Modern, 129 authority, 115–24 Poso, civil war, 181 modernity, impact of, 117–19 , 60 religious methodology, accessibility of, prohibited food and drinks, 123 78 (Partai Keadilan Religious Teacher Training (Pendidikan Sejahtera, PKS), 168, 169 Guru Agama, PGA), 99 Proudfoot, Ian, 35 Rinkes, D.A., 59 Roff, William, The Origins of Malay Q Nationalism, 24 Quraish Shihab, 169 Rois Aam, 161 Qur’an, 2 rural society, authority of ulama, 116 rational interpretation, 110 Rumi, spread of, 56

R S Raden Asnawi, 64 Sabili, 168 Raden Mas Tjokroamiseno, 58 Sahal Mahfudz (Kiai), 163 Rahmah El-Yunusi, 128 Salaf al-Salih, 135 Raja of Kelantan, 21 salafi activism, centres of, 145 Rashid Rida, 18, 25 salafi community, resort to violence, 147 discomfort of al-Imam veterans, 50 Salafi dakwah movement, 140–45 member of Khalidiyya, 48 salafi fighters, 148, 149 reformists, end of 19th century, 77 Salafi madrasah, 135 religio-political leaders, rise of, 9–12 salafi movement religion, differences in understanding, attraction of, 141 122 rapid expansion, 143 religiosity, upsurge of, 133 religious activities organized religious authority systematically, 141 definition, 1 signs of expansion, 141 evolution, 8–12 small tight-knit communities, 142 impact of reformasi, 162–67 Salafis, political mobilization, 139–53 new, 167–76 Salafiyya movement, 18 official, 171–73 Salim bin Sumayr, 19 redefinition in Southeast Asia, 1–12 Sarekat Islam, 58, 96, 186, 198 historical context, 4–8 catalyst, 187 role and identity, 73–90 Kartodirdjo, 187 shifts in, 157–76 Saudi Arabia view on supernatural, 177–200 fatwas from, 169 religious continuity, influences, 180 salafi movement, 140

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South Thailand, violence, 193 South Africa, 79–81 Sayf al-Din al-Yamani, 25 Cape Town, 80 Sayyid, connections with, 47 Deobandism, 80 Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi, 3, 12 Muslim Judicial Council (MJC), 79, Sayyid Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam, 60 80 Sayyid Qutb, 6 State Institute of Islamic Studies, 131 Sayyid ’Uthman, 20, 24, 40, 44, 187 State Islamic Higher Education Sunan Gunung Jati, 198 Institutes, 171 Sekber Golkar, 97 South Asia Selim III (Sultan), 74 Muslim community Sekolah Islam, 133, 134 decisions for future of, 12 Sekolah Menengah Umum (SMU), Southeast Asia 134 Muslims Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya redefinition of religious authority, (The Joint Secretariat of 1–12 Functional Groups, Sekber supernatural, 177–200 Golkar), 97 Sufi saint, 2 Shaikh Faaik Gamieldien, 79 Sufism, 27 sharia, 2 receeding into background, 8 discourse, 89 reference by al-Fatani, 21 Shaykh Muhammad Dandarawi, 20 traditionalist elite, undermining of, Shaykh Muhammad Salim al-Kalali, 25 47 Shaykh Sulayman Zuhdi, 43 Sultan, religious authority in Islam, 2 Shaykh Tahir Jalal al-Din, 25, 28 suluk Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin, 127 definition, 27 Sheikul Islam, 191 problems of, 27–30 Thailand, 190 swearing of an oath, functions, 186 Siam-fatwa, 31 symbiosis mutualis, 116 Sidi Ahmad al-Dandarawi, 22 Sidi ’Ali al-Khawass, 22 Sidi Muhammad Salih, 22, 39 T silat group, Malaysia, 188 , 145 Siraj al-talibin, 67, 68 Tablighi Jama’at, 7 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 8 Taman Pengetahuan, (The Garden of Snouck Hurgronje, 39, 40, 182 Knowledge), 41 interest in Sufi orders, 50 , 132 observation on mystical brotherhood, Tarich Agama Islam, 59 186 tariqa sufism, critique of, 17–50 work of, 18 tarjih, use of, 87 Sobero, Guillermo, 184 tawajjuh, 29 social evils, religious factor, 180 problems of, 27–30 socio-religious institutions, 117 Tengku Muhammad Jamil, 37 Soros, George, 178 Thaher Djalaluddin, 62

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Thailand, importance of oat, 190 Uwes Abu Bakar (Kiyai), 97 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 58 Uyek Abdoellah, 69 traditionalist intellectual generation, 164–67 V traditionalists, 3 van Bruinessen, Martin, 18 Traditions (Hadith), 2 study of Khalidiyya in Sumatra, 19 Tubagus Djajakusuma, 188 volkscholen, 127 Tarekat Hikmatullah Abadan, 194 The Religion of Java, 197 W Wahab Chasbullah, 61, 63 U background of, 64 ulama relations with nationalists, 65 authority, 88 Wahhabbism, 8 authority in rural society, 116 reconstituted, 140 changing Netherland Indies, 60–61 Wahid Sahari, 105 changing role in early 20th century, appointment as chairman, 112 54–72 Wan Mohd Shaghir Abdullah, 19 connecting to modernity, 61 Word War II, after, situation of continued development of Muslims in India, 4 community, 69 early twentieth authority, 158–61 Y effective way of defining Islam, 69 Yemen, foreign, 168, 169 fatwas from, 169 institutionalization of authority, 78 Yusuf Alamsyah, election as general involvement in politics, 6 chairman of Central Perguruan, 107 Javanese, 159 Yusuf Qaradawi, 169 master of religious sciences, 2 modern Muslim societies, in, 75 Z role of, 89 Zabidi Mohamed, 189 use of modern media, 69 Zainuddin Labai El-Yunusi, 128 senior, ambivalence of, 167–76 zakat, collection of, 121 Ulil Abshar Abdallah, 165, 166 zakat foundations, 125 University of Azhar, 84 Zia-ul-Haq, 12 Ustad Ashaari bin Muhammad, 190 Zionist Utusan Melayu, 41 Zionists, 146, 178 exchanges with al-Imam, 35–44 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 12

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