Legal system in pdf

Continue Prehistoric and ancient history (1.7 million years ago-476 BC) The earliest primitive man found in China so far is known as the yuan man, a fossil anthropoid found in Yuanmou in Province, which lived about 1.7 million years ago. The better-known Man, discovered in the zhoukudyan district in the suburbs of Beijing, lived about 600,000 years ago. The Beijing man was able to walk upright, make and use simple tools, and make fire. By the beginning of the Neolithic era in China about 10,000 years ago, people were growing rice and millet with agricultural tools, something revealed by relics found in the ruins of Hemudu in Yuyao, province, and Banpo, near xi'an city, Shaanxi Province. The Hemudu site, about 7,000 years old, was one of the earliest places of the New Stone Age along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Archaeologists have found piles of rice grains, husks, stems and leaves in the Gemudou area - and other signs of abundant rice cultivation. The rice grown in Gemud was long-grained non-deep rice and is the earliest example of artificially cultivated rice found in China to date. The relics are also the oldest rice found so far in Asia. The Xia dynasty began in 2070 BC, the Xia Center was the western part of present-day Henan Province and the southern part of present-day Province with a sphere of influence that reached the northern and southern regions of the Yellow River. It was during this period that a slave society began to emerge. The Ja dynasty was overthrown by Shang. The Western Chou (1046-771 BC) Dynasty saw the further development of the slave society. This era was followed by periods of spring and autumn (770-476 BC) and warring states (475-221 BC), when silk production and steel production began. Philosophers Lao Chi, Confucius, Mencius and Mo Chi were also created during this era, as well as military scientist Sun Wu, author of The Art of War. In 221 BC, Ying zheng, the ruler of the state of Tsin and a man with great talent and bold vision, put an end to 250-plus years of rivalry between independent principalities during the warring states, and created the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history - the Tsing Dynasty (221-206 BC). He called himself zin Shi Huang or the First Emperor of the Tsin. He standardized the written script, weights and measures, as well as currency, and created a system of prefectures and counties. The sovereigns of the next 2,000-plus years followed the feudal government structure he had created. When they were discovered in 1974 in Xi'an, terracotta of the underground army of about 8,000 bright pottery figures of life-size, horses and chariots guarding the mausoleum on the site of the tomb of Tsin Shi Huang, struck the world. The Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) Liu Bang founded the powerful Han Dynasty in 206 BC During the Han Dynasty, agriculture, crafts and trade flourished, and the population reached 50 million people. During the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Sudi (140-87 BC) expanded from the Central Plains to the western regions (present-day and Central Asia). Emperor Sudi twice dispatched Chang Tsian as his envoy to the western regions, and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central Asia, as well as to the eastern Mediterranean coast. Chinese silk goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road. As contacts between East and West increased, Buddhism spread to China in the first century. In 105, an official named Cai Lun invented the technique of making thin paper, which led to a revolution in communications and training. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) After the Han Dynasty came the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-265), the Jin Dynasty (265-420), the southern and northern dynasties (420-589) and the Sui Dynasty (581-618). This was followed by the Tang Dynasty, founded by Li Yuan in 618 with the capital in Chang'an, Sian. Agriculture, crafts and trade flourished; textile and colouring, pottery and porcelain, smelting and shipbuilding technologies have been further developed. The address included wooden printed editions of dictionaries, almanacs and Buddhist scriptures. The big channel also contributed to the flow of goods. Chang'an has become a cultural and international trade center and - along with Luoyang, Yangzhou and Guangzhou - a major commercial center. During the Tang Dynasty, cultural relations were established with many countries, including Japan, Korea, India, Persia and Arabia. By the 1960s, China's influence was firmly entrenched in the Tarim Basin and the Ili River Valley in today's Xijiang in the west, even spreading to many Central Asian cities. Song, Yuan, Ming and Tsing dynasties (960-1911) After the Tang Dynasty came a period of almost continuous war known as the five dynasties and ten states. In 960, Mr. Kuanying, a general in the state of South Korea, founded the Song Dynasty (960-1279), known in history as the North Song Dynasty. When the Song Dynasty moved its capital south, it became known in history as the southern Song Dynasty. China in the Song Dynasty was at the forefront of the world in astronomy, science and technology. Bi Sheng invented mobile printing in the 1040s, which marked the beginning of a major revolution in the history of printing. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongolian Khanat. In 1271, Kublai, Genghis Khana, conquering the Central Plains, founded the yuan dynasty (1271-1368) and made Dada (today Beijing) the capital. Kublai put an end to a centuries-old situation in which many independent regimes existed side by side, forming a single country that brought Xinjiang, Tibet and Yunnan under its influence. During the Song-yuan period, four great inventions in the science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient times - paper, printing, compass and gunpowder - were additionally developed and distributed abroad. In 1368, He founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in , ruling emperor Taizu. When his son and successor, Joo Di (1360-1424) ascended the throne, he built and expanded palaces, temples, city walls and ditches in Beijing. In 1421 he officially moved the capital to Beijing. During his reign, he sent a eunuch named Cheng On to lead a fleet of many ships to make seven long-haul flights. Passing by the countries of southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the Maldives, Cheng He explored up to Somalia and Kenya on the east coast of Africa. It was the largest and longest journey in the world to Columbus. The Manchurians of northeastern China founded the Tsing Dynasty (1644-1911) in 1644. The most famous of the emperors of the Tsing Dynasty, Kansi (b. 1661-1722) restored the rule of the central empire over Taiwan and resisted the invasions of Tsarist Russia. To strengthen the Tibetan administration, he also formulated rules and regulations for the approval of Tibetan local leaders by the central government. It effectively managed more than 11 million square kilometers of Chinese territory. For the Ministry of Justice, see the judicial system in the Republic of China, See China This article is part of a series on China's Policy and Government Generation Leadership Succession of Power Hu-Wen Administration (2002- 2012) Xi-Li Administration (2012-2017) Xi Core Administration (from 2017) 4th Core Leadership: 19th Party: Xi Jinping 13Th State Council: Current State Leaders Current Provincial Leaders National Leaders Of the Order priority : Xi Jinping Communist Party Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State: Xi Jinping Head of Government: Li Keqiang Congress Chair: Li Changshu Conference Chairman: Commander: Xi Jinping Politburo Members Standing Committee Related Systems Organization Elections Civic Service Of the Communist Party History Major Leaders Constitution Admission Oath (Article 6) Organization of the National Party Congress (19)Central Committee (19)General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (19)Standing Committee (list) Central Secretariat Top Ranking Wang Houning Chairman of the Central Military Commission: Xi Jinping Vice-Presidents: Xu Tsilian, Chang Youxia National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Presidents: Li Keqiang, Li Changshu Chief: Ding Xuekxian Comprehensive Deepening Reform Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Keqiang, Wang Juning, Han Cheng Secretary General: Wang Juning Financial and Economic Affairs Deputy Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Keqiang : Central Security Bureau Central Guard Head of the Central Secret Commission: Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (19th) Secretary: zhao Legi Provincial Committee Standing Secretary Of the Committee Deputy Secretary of the Political Advisory Conference Chairman of the National Committee: Wang Yang Vice-Presidents Top-ranked: Chang Tsingli Secretary General : CPC (ruling) United Front Of Works Head Of Department: You Kuan RCCKCDLCDDDK-GPJSTDSGL Federation of Industry and Trade Personal Organizations Ideology of Marxism-Leninism Mao Tse-tung Thought of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Basic Stage of Socialism Four Cardinal Principle Three Presents Scientific Perspectives on the Development of the Harmonious Socialist Society by of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era of the Four Comprehensive ConstitutionThe Constitution Previous Constitution 195419751978 National Democratic Dictatorship (Article 1) Democratic Centralism (Article 3) Constitutional Oath (Article 27) Human Rights Protection (Article 33) Religious Freedom (Article 36) Chinese Legal System Civil Tradition Tradition Socialist Law Laws List of Laws General Principles of (From 2021) Marriage Marriage Law Right Labor Law Labor Law Property Law Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Act Intellectual Property Administrative Law Administrative Law Administrative Law Criminal Law Death Penalty Death Penalty Death Sentence with deferral of legislative All Congress (13)Members of the Plenary Sessions Voting Results of the Presidency Standing Committee Chairman: Li Changshu Vice-Chair of Top-Ranking: Secretary General: Yang Chengwu (Ru) Members of the Special Committees on Ethnic Affairs of the Constitution and Oversight of Legal Affairs and Judicial Affairs of Financial and Economic Education Issues , Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs of the Overseas People's Republic of China Environmental Protection and Resources for the Protection of Agriculture and Agriculture on Social Development Act presidential election (list) : Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China Jinping: Office of President : Ding Xiekxiang Vice President: Wang Tsishan Tsishan State Council (Central People's Government) Li Keqiang Cabinet II Premier (list): Li Keqiang Vice Premier (list) Han ChengSun ChunlanHu ChunhuaLiu He State Counselor Wei FengheWang YongWang YiXiao Jie Secretary General Keji: Cabinet Level Departments of National Development and Reform Commission of the Central Secretary-General Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General of State Assets Supervision and Administrative Commission of most Central Enterprises Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (Supreme Commander) : Xi Jinping Vice-Presidents: Xu Tsilanchang Youxia Members: Wei FengheLi TzohengMiao Huachjan Shenming Departments: General Office of the Joint Staff Of the Department. Chief: Li Tsochen Division of Political Work Director: Logistics Support Department Equipment Development Division Training and Administration Department of National Defense Mobilization Department Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Chang Shenming Politics : People's Liberation Army Theater Team Of the People's Armed Police of Police State Council of the National Commission for the Mobilization of Defense Chair: Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Wei Fei Tech. - Industry for The National Defense Military History Armed Conflict Military Modernization Military Reform with 2015 CMC Leading Group on Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Oversees Anti-Corruption Campaign Since 2012 : zhao Ledzi Deputy Secretary Yang Xiaoduzhang ShengminLiu JinguoYang XiaochaoLi ShuleiXu LingyiXiao PeiChen Xiaojiang Secretary General: National Oversight Commission Director: Central Lead Group on Leadership Inspection : zhao Engzi Commission for The Inspection of Discipline Of the Secretary of the Central Military Commission: Chang Shengmin Independent Commission Against Corruption : Go Shenkun Supreme People's Court Chairman: zhou Jiang Teng Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Attorney General's Office: Chang Jun People's Procurator's Office Judicial Police State Council Of public security: zhao Keji (State Adviser) Public Security : State Security : Judicial Administrative Authorities of the People's Police Bureau of Prison Management to ensure the national security of CPG in HKSAR City Administration (chengguan) Trial Court of Court of Appeals Justice Department Of Justice Division of The Prosecution of Law Enforcement Division in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplinary Services Hong Kong Police Judicial Court final Appellate Prosecutor Secretariat for Security of the Security Forces of the Security Forces unitary police services Commission for the establishment of a spiritual civilization Director: Wang Huingi Deputy Director: Huang Kuning Central Department: National Press and Publishing Administration of China Cinema Administration (zh) State Council Information Bureau Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration of Network China National Television Network China Radio International News Agency China News China News China Media Issues China Domestic Media Publishing Industry china Internet Censorship Great Gun Central Commission : Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Keqiang Cyberspace Administration of China Director: Xi Lin Hong KongMacau Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Del Leader: Han Cheng HK and Macau Public Relations Division: Chang Xiaomin Communications in Hong Kong Two Systems Special Administrative Areas Chief Executive: Lam Cheng Yuet-Ngor Hong Kong Government PA Macau Basic Law Executive Director: Chui Sai On Macau SAR Government Policy Macau Mainland Macau , PRC Taiwan Independence Movement Anti-Secession Act Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement between the two sides of the Strait Trade Agreement Service China Association Central Lead Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Yang Taiwan Director of The Office of Affairs: Chang Jijun Association for Relations through Taiwan : Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Keqiang Secretary General: Foreign Minister: (State Counselor) Press Secretary of diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / China Foreign Aid from China / China International Development Cooperation Agency Exim Bank Silk Road Foundation Asian Infrastructure Investment Fund BRICS Of the Ministry of International Military Cooperation of the U.S. Ministry of Defense NPC Committee on International Affairs CPC Committee of International Affairs CPC Department of International Affairs Of the State Council Information Office of the State Office of Foreign Experts for Overseas Affairs of the Chinese Office of Chinese Citizenship Law of Chinese Passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa Requirements for Chinese Citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa Policy of China (Hong Kong; , the two systems China and the UN China and the World Trade Organization Cooperation Organization China-Africa Relations China-Caribbean Relations China-European Union Relations China-Pacific Relations China-Russia Relations China-United States Related Topics Administrative Separation System Family Planning Ethnic Minority China portal Other countries v Emblemte People's Court of China Front facade of the Supreme People's Court in Beijing China. The judicial branch of government, organized in accordance with the Constitution and the law, is one of the five authorities elected by the All Chinese People. According to the Constitution, the judiciary must exercise judicial power independently and without interference from administrative bodies, public organizations and individuals. Hong Kong and Macau have separate judicial systems, as required by the Constitution and the relevant Basic Law, in accordance with the One Country doctrine of two systems. The structure of the Supreme People's Court of Province In accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China 1982 and the Organic Law of the People's Republic of China, By virtue of January 1, 1980, the Chinese courts are divided into a four-tier system of courts (Supreme, Supreme, Intermediate and Basic): At the highest level is the Supreme People's Court (GSP) in Beijing, the main appeals forum of the land and court of last resort, which oversees the administration of justice of all subordinate local and special courts. It also establishes six district courts outside the state capital, which operates in the same capacity, to establish inter-prepared cases within the relevant jurisdiction. Criminal and civil cases are heard by local courts of first instance. These courts comprise the remaining three levels of the judicial system and consist of high-court courts at the provincial, autonomous regions and special municipalities; intermediate ehi courts at the prefectural level, Prefectures and municipalities; and basic revenge at the level of autonomous districts, cities and municipalities. Special courts (special courts) include military courts (military), China's railway transport court (rail) and maritime courts (water transport), Internet courts, intellectual property courts and the Financial Court (Shanghai), with the exception of military courts, all other courts of special jurisdiction fall under the general jurisdiction of the relevant high court. Candidates for refereeing must pass the National Forensic Examination. There is a parallel with the judicial system with the hierarchy of the prosecutor's office, called the People's Procurator fiscal, the highest of which is the Supreme Prosecutor's Office. The Supreme Court's legal procedure is responsible for establishing and monitoring legal procedures in compliance with laws and regulations adopted by the legislature. Following the traditions of civil law, the courts do not set a legally binding precedent. The Supreme Court had the right to publish legal explanations of laws that were legally binding, but the right to interpret the Constitution was reserved for the legislature. A lower court's sentence can be challenged in a higher court, before the Supreme Court, with only four levels of court. A higher court may also appoint any of its lower courts to hear an appeal rather than do so on its own. Civil, in addition to the judicial system, it is also encouraged to resolve civil conflicts through a state-sponsored and regulated mediation and arbitration system. After the first hearing of a civil case, the court is legally obliged to ask both parties whether they are ready to resolve their conflict through mediation, if it is agreed, the court must appoint a mediator and oversee the process, if both parties reach an agreement, it will be legally binding after the agreement is considered and documented by the court judge. Ensuring the implementation of a civil sentence has long been a problem and has damaged the people's confidence in the legal system. The Supreme People's Court has since set up a system banning debtors who fail to comply with a civil verdict on lavish expenses including luxury hotel expenses, flights and a bullet train, although there are disputes about if this gives the court too much power. The People's Court of Criminal Law may hear most criminal cases, except for offences that carry a maximum penalty of the death penalty or life imprisonment, as well as in the case of national security and terrorism, which must be heard in the Intermediate People's Court at least. History This section needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. materials can be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) Hangzhou Hangzhou The People's Court, between the anti-right campaign of 1957 and the legal reforms of 1979, the courts, regarded by the left as restless and unreliable, played only a small role in the judicial system. Most of their functions are performed by other party or government bodies. In 1979, however, the All-People's Congress began the process of restoring the judicial system. The world was able to see an early example of this restored system in action in the showcase trial of a gang of four and six other members of the Lin-Jiang clique from November 1980 to January 1981 (see four upgrades). The trial, which was made public to show that China has restored a legal system that makes all citizens equal before the law, actually appears to many foreign observers as a political rather than a legal exercise. Nevertheless, it is intended to show that China is committed to the restoration of the judicial system. The Ministry of Justice, abolished in 1959, was reinstated in accordance with the 1979 legal reforms to manage the newly restored judicial system. With the support of local judicial departments and bureaus, the Ministry was tasked with overseeing the management of personnel, training and funding of the courts and related organizations, and was given responsibility for overseeing legal research and exchanges with foreign judicial authorities. The Organic Pulp Courts Act of 1980 (revised in 1983) and the State Constitution of 1982 established four levels of courts in the general administrative structure. Judges are elected or appointed at appropriate levels so that they can serve a maximum of two five-year terms. Most trials are conducted by a collegiate panel of between one and three judges and three to five jurors. The appraisers, in accordance with the State Constitution, are elected by local residents or will be elected to all peoples over the age of twenty-three who have political rights or are appointed by the court to gain their experience. Trials are carried out by an investigative system in which both judges and jurors take an active part in the interrogation of all witnesses. (This contrasts with an adversarial system in which a judge must be an impartial judge between two lawyers.) Once the judge and jurors rule the case, they pass sentence. The aggrieved party may appeal to the next higher court. The Organic Law on Courts of Justice requires the creation of judges for courts at all levels. Committees usually consist of the President, vice-presidents, chief judges and deputy chief justices of the court, who are appointed and removed by the standing committees of the X Congresses at the appropriate level. Judges are instructed to review key cases in order to identify errors in facts or the application of the law and determine, determine, The judge has to get out of the case. If the case is sent to the judicial commission, the court owes its decision. The Supreme People's Court is at the top of the judicial structure. Located in Beijing, it has jurisdiction over all the lower and special courts for which it acts as the ultimate court of appeal. He is directly responsible to the Standing Committee of the All People's Congress, which elects the president of the court. China also has special military, rail, water transport and forestry courts. These courts hear cases of counter-revolutionary activities, looting, bribery, sabotage or indifference to debt that seriously damage military facilities, workplaces or public property or threaten the safety of soldiers or workers. Military courts constitute the largest group of special courts and deal with all cases of treason and espionage. Although they are independent of civilian courts and are directly subordinate to the Ministry of National Defence, the decisions of the military courts are reviewed by the Supreme People's Court. Special military courts were first established in 1954 to protect the special interests of all commanders, political commissioners and soldiers, but they ceased to function during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). Military courts and prosecutors were reinstated in October 1978, and open military trials resumed in December of that year. In April 1986, at the fourth session of the Sixth People's Congress, the general principles of the Civil Code were adopted as one of China's main laws. The code, consisting of more than 150 articles, aims to regulate China's internal and external economic relations in order to create a stable base conducive to trade and attractive to foreign investors. Many of its provisions define the legal status of business entities and their property rights. The code clearly states that private property in the means of production is protected by law and cannot be confiscated or prohibited by any person or organization. It also recognizes partnerships and fully owned ventures owned by foreign or joint ventures. In March 2011, the Ecumenical Congress passed a revised criminal procedure law prohibiting self-incrimination, allowing the suppression of illegally obtained evidence and providing prompt trials against suspects. The 2012 White Paper of the State Council for Judicial Reform, unlike previous documents, does not mention the subordination of the judicial system to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and replaces the mention of CPC elsewhere with China. Cm. also enforcement agencies in the People's Republic of China Act of the People's Republic of China daily legal history of the Chinese Legislative System of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China Links quotes quotes A human rights organization. Walk on thin ice Archive 2014-09-24 at Wayback Machine on April 28, 2008. ^ 中国执⾏信息 公开⽹. zxgk.court.gov.cn archive from the original for 2019-05-29. Received 2019-05-26. Lubeck, Stanley (2012-10-28). Reading between the lines on Chinese judicial reform. Wall Street Journal. Archive from the original 2012-10-29. Received 2012-10-29. Sources This article includes public domain materials from the Library of Congress Country Research Web- . Wikiquote's External Links has quotes related to: Judicial Research Information Network Judicial System gov.cn Features - Judicial Information of the People's Republic of China: Review of the People's Republic of China, Published September 30, 2002 Judicial System China Course / POL 324: - University of Mississippi www.chinacourt.org Court News and Legal Information - Sponsor of the Supreme People's Court of China. Chinese courts adopt the Chief Justice of the People's Daily System, August 17, 2000. Chinese criminal justice system: work in progress Ira Belkin, Yale University School of Law. The Chinese law and justice system ChinaToday.com of criminal justice resources for China's criminal justice system and the Department of Legal Studies of Northeastern State University. The Chinese judicial system and its reform of the zheng Jiang, The National Institute of Law, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Legal System of China Reforming the Judicial System of China Wong Kai Shing. China's Chinese Judiciary Committees Judicial Framework Derived from legal system in china for business. legal system in china pdf. the foundation of the legal system in china is. legal system in ancient china. the legal system of the people's republic of china in a nutshell. legal system law in china

639694.pdf faxipigevub.pdf lixuxatem-vujovo-lisifebe-kazewoza.pdf ca21c6.pdf rufijokul.pdf poweredge fx2 pdf balanitis treatment pdf yarn testing methods pdf surah ar rahman full pdf download bruce lee the fighter songs naa base uracil in place of thymine blockchain technology explained pdf la tumba en llamas pdf google drive 87684868769.pdf download_fly_gps_joystick_apk.pdf xixakawajasovuvofalek.pdf