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In This Edition: Page Page Dangerous Animals– Part 3 2 The Violin 18 The Geelong Club 3 Lifeline 20 Alcoa Point Henry Smelter 4 The Tasmanian Tiger 22 World Population Day 6 Slim Dusty 24 The Place to Be 7 Brothers Grimm 26 Fantasy AFL 8 The Portable Lighter 28 Hubert Opperman 10 Prime Ministers Word Search 29 The Birman Cat 12 Poseidon 30 International Harvester 13 150 Years Ago 31 Puffing Billy 14 Then… & Now 32 The Lady Nelson 16

PART THREE

THE MOSQUITO The mosquito is the most dangerous creature in the world! It is responsible for killing two to three million people every year. Not only do these pest carry malaria, they can also spread West Nile virus, yellow fever, elephantiasis, and dengue fever. Although mosquitoes are at their most dangerous in Africa, North America, and Asia, you can find them all over the world. After the female mosquito comes into contact with an infectious disease, it lands on a person and injects its saliva into the skin, spreading the disease. The best way to avoid mosquitoes is to use a combative spray or lotion on your skin. At night, mosquito nets and light-coloured clothing will also help protect you against this most lethal animal.

THE SCORPION The third deadliest animal in the world is the scorpion (snakes come in second). Out of all the different types of scorpions, 25 varieties are considered dangerous. The scorpion is responsible for between 800 and 2000 annual fatalities throughout the world. Scorpions can be found most often in Africa, Central Asia, and America. These critters have a stinger at the end of their tails which contains deadly venom. Normally this venom will paralyse a scorpion‟s prey, supplying it with food. However, an unsuspecting human may also become a victim as the scorpion endeavours to flee from danger. Scorpions are most active at night, so if you are out camping in an area known for scorpions you should shake out your shoes, clothing and bedding before using them.

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74 Brougham Street, Geelong

The history of the Geelong Club dates back 130 years when Geelong was still a thriving wool port. In 1881, 76 of Geelong’s most elite businessmen de- cided to form the club as a retreat from the stress of the busy work routine. Since then, the Geelong Club has been providing members with a place to meet, relax, enjoy fine dining and be assured of great company and friendly surroundings.

The Geelong Club is an exclusive gentlemen’s club located on the Corio Bay waterfront. It boasts 3 large private function rooms with the largest being able to hold up to 160 patrons—ideal for weddings. A large walled garden area provides an ideal setting for outdoor functions, wedding photos, or just a nice place for drinks before a meal. Catering is offered, but other catering services are allowed for special occasions.

As stated, it is an exclusive gentleman’s club so therefore it isn't suitable for everyone. There are three ways to become a member. First, and perhaps the easiest way is by recommendation from a current member. The second is by recommendation from a previous gentlemen’s club for which you have a membership. Thirdly, if

you are new to the region or just looking to join your first gentlemen’s club you can request an interview with a panel of current members who, at the completion of the interview will take your request to the rest of the members.

The Geelong Club building was constructed For more information visit the website: in 1889 in the Queen Anne style. It’s http://www.thegeelongclub.com.au location places it beside the car-park entrance to the Westfield Shopping Centre. 3

The Point Henry Smelter is located in the Geelong suburb of Moolap. The plant was constructed in 1960 by the Cavalier Construction Company. Actual production commenced in 1962, but the smelter was not running to its full potential until April 4, 1963. The chief source of aluminium is bauxite ore. (See box– Aluminium) Before being shipped to the Point Henry Smelter, alumina (aluminium- Aluminium oxide) is extracted from bauxite at Aluminium is the most abundant an alumina refinery in Western metal in the Earth's crust, and the Australia. Aluminium smelting is the third most abundant element, after process of extracting aluminium from oxygen and silicon. It makes up the alumina, generally by the Hall- about 8% by weight of the Earth's Héroult process*. solid surface. Aluminium is too A smelter is made up of a large reactive chemically to occur in number of pots and steel containers nature as a free metal. Instead, it lined with carbon. This is where the is found combined in over electrolysis takes place. Smelting is 270 different minerals. The chief run as a batch process, where the source of aluminium is bauxite ore. aluminium metal is deposited at the bottom of the pots and then periodically drained off. Power must be constantly available. Even a short breakdown in power supply could lead to the metal solidifying in the pots, requiring expensive repairs.

*The Hall–Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of aluminium. It involves dissolving alumina in molten cryolite, and electrolysing the molten salt bath to obtain pure aluminium metal. 4 Aluminium production requires massive amounts of electricity. The initial electricity supply to the smelter was a 220kv transmission line from the Geelong Terminal Power Station direct to the smelter. When production started, the maximum power demand was 39.76mw. By October 1964 it was up to 76.6mw, which was more than the entire Geelong region’s demand for electricity. By 1969 it had increased to 140mw. Finally on March 20, 1969 Alcoa signed up with the Anglesea Power Station which bought the capacity up to 150mw. The smelter is connected to the Anglesea Power Station via 30km of high voltage transmission line. However, the worldwide demand for aluminium was on the increase! The current power demand of the Point Henry Smelter is 360mw, of which approximately 40 per cent is supplied at Anglesea. The Point Henry Smelter along with the Alcoa Smelter at Portland use 18—25 per cent of Victoria’s entire electricity production. Today there are around 1000 people employed by the Point Henry Smelter, and the plant produces around 185,000 tonnes of aluminium per year. The Loy Yang B Power Station (in the Latrobe Valley) has signed a contract with the Alcoa smelters operators to supply both the Point Henry and the Portland Smelters until 2036.

Information for this article was gathered through Wikipedia and the Alcoa website.

Aerial view of the Point Henry Smelter 5 WORLD POPULATION DAY July 11 About 40 years ago world leaders declared July 11 as World Population Day, upholding the basic human right of individuals to freely and responsibly decide the number and timing of their children. Instituted in 1989 as an offshoot of the Day of Five Billion dated July 11, 1987, the United Nations earmarked World Population Day to increase world awareness of population issues. Importance of family planning, gender equality, poverty, maternal health, sexual and reproductive health and human rights are some population-related issues that have a serious impact on the world’s development and environment.

Some interesting facts about Geelong’s population

Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor, W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on October 10, 1838. There was already a church, hotel, store and wool store, 82 houses, and the town population was 545. Gold was discovered in nearby Ballarat in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid 1850s. Geelong was proclaimed a city in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state, and saw the population grow to over 100,000 by the mid 1960s. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, as the manufacturing sector has declined. Redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs. Geelong now has an urban population of about 170,000 people (with about 220,000 people living in the City of Greater Geelong)* and a population growth rate higher than the national average, Geelong is the second largest city in Victoria, and is the largest regional centre in the state. It is the 12th largest city in Australia.

*The census taken next month will confirm accurate figures. 6 THE PLACE TO BE

I must admit i live on the best land with its crystal blue waters and pure white sand i know im a true blue aussie because i know i hate the pest named the mozzie. we also have the worlds most prime beef but if that don't tickle your fancy you always can take a trip to the breath-taking Great Barrier Reef. so if your thinking about coming to visit this great land in one big flock i must say you should visit our centre and see our big rock so don't waste any time, get out of bed and come visit the birth place of the famous person named ned. it don't matter if your from the city or the country. i wont push but im telling you theres nothing quite like camping out in our bush coz it dont matter where you came from or where you went theres nothing better then pitching a tent and saying “dear could you fetch me another cold beer” it don't matter if you come rain, shine or thunder i swear to you the no place like down under...

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Fantasy sports were first established in America in the late 1960’s. There were many attempts to build fantasy Australian Football Leagues based on the American draft style where users in a league must draft a player into their team, making that player unavailable to other users in that league. The most successful Australian Football League style was based on the British competitions where teams have a salary cap, therefore giving users access to any player in the AFL. The first major fantasy competition in Australia was established by Fairfax’s Age newspaper. The competition ran for 4 years in the mid 1990’s and each AFL player was given a rating of 1-10 based on their performance the previous week. All players’ results were published in the Age newspaper which took up several pages at the back of the newspaper. Team selection and trading were available by cutting out a section of the paper and mailing it to the Age’s Office. In 1994 the first online fantasy league was created by a South Australian man named Mark Braithwaite. The league was named the Internet Fantasy Football League. This was a private roster style league with a $20 registration fee. Players’ scores were solely based on how many goals and behinds they scored in a match. A small cash prize was awarded to the winner at the end of the season. In 2001, Virtual Sports ran two public leagues—one named Dream Team and the other Round by Round. Dream Team ran for the whole year and offered no team changes, whereas Round by Round was a weekly game where you choose a new team each week. Each league was made up of a 30 man squad and scores were based on the players’ performances. In 2002, Virtual Sports won a contract to be the first official AFL Dream Team. Teams were made up of a 36 man squad with no trading. The scoring system is the same system used today with points being awarded for kicks, marks, handballs, goals and more. The weekly highest scoring team would win a Playstation 2 and the years’ highest scoring team would win 2 tickets to 4 sporting events including airfares and accommodation. In 2003, Dream Team amassed 27,920 entries. That year there was only one yearly league which had a mid season draft. Also new was the introduction of players being available only in positions they play in the AFL for example backman, midfielder, forward or ruckman. There was also a new head to head private

8 league where one team would compete against another team with the winner being declared the highest scorer. The overall winner for the year received 4 tickets to the AFL grand final along with airfares and accommodation and also an Xbox. In 2004 there was almost double the entries from the 2003 season with 48,532 people registering and now playing for a $10,000 cash prize for the overall winner. There was also a change to trading with trades being available after rounds 7 and 15. By 2005 Dream Team was increasingly popular with nearly 3 times as many registered entries than 2004 with 131,254. One big change though, was the introduction of weekly trades, where players could make 2 trades a week with a maximum of 20 trades for the year. In the next few years Dream Team would remain relatively unchanged, until 2011 saw the introduction of byes forcing a change to team squads and trading. Supercoach– competition for Dream Team! In 2006, Virtual Sports signed a deal to launch a fantasy league on behalf of the Herald Sun newspaper which would be known as Supercoach. Supercoach is similar to Dream Team but has a separate scoring system based on highly respected Champion Data stats. For example a players could lose points for a clanger kick or a free kick against, but could gain points for marking a ball kicked by the opposition or making a tackle.

Although run by the Herald Sun in Victoria, the game can also be accessed through online newspapers in Adelaide, Perth, Tasmania and Queensland. It is also available here in Geelong through the Geelong Advertiser. Supercoach has greatly surpassed Dream Team as Australia’s leading fantasy AFL website having had 372,916 participants in 2011 as opposed to Dream Teams 277,857. 2011 is a big year for Supercoach with the introduction of the Gold Coast Suns and consequently the introduction of byes. With the new team came an upgrade in squads, with there now being a 33-man squad and 24 trades a season. Supercoach now has round byes where teams do not compete against one another in rounds 4,5,6,16 and 19 due to 3 AFL teams all having byes on those rounds. The weekly prize for the highest scoring team is $1,000 and the major prize for the highest scoring team at the end of the year is $50,000. How is your team doing this year?

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Sir Hubert Ferdinand Opperman was born on May 29, 1904 at Rochester, in northern Victoria. He is of British–German decent. His father worked as a butcher, miner, timber-cutter and coach driver. Hubert learned as a child to plough with six horses and to ride bareback. He attended several schools and delivered telegrams by bicycle. Hubert started riding bikes when he was 8 years old, and kept going right up until he was 90 years old when his wife Mavys, fearing for his health and safety, forced him to stop riding. In 1921 when Hubert was 17 years old he entered a cycling race and finished in third place. The prize was a racing bike by Malvern Star Cycles, a cycle shop in the suburb of Malvern in Melbourne. The owner of the shop was so impressed with the performance of Opperman he gave him a job. Opperman went on to have an illustrious cycling career. In 1924 at the age of 20 he won the Australian Road Cycling title, as well as in 1926, 1927 and 1929. In 1928 he won the prestigious Bol d`Or 24 hour classic at a 500m velodrome in Paris. Both his bikes had been sabotaged by having the chains filed down so that they soon failed. His manager had to find him a replacement bike quickly and „Oppy‟ ended up with his interpreter‟s bike, which had heavy mudguards and wheels and upturned handlebars. Opperman was out of the race for about an hour but was determined to win, riding the bike for 17 hours without dismounting. He won the race to the cheers of 50,000 French citizens yelling “allez Oppy” (“Come on Oppy!”). He received a heroes welcome home when he returned to Melbourne later that year. Opperman was voted Europe‟s most popular sports- man in 1928 by more than 500,000 readers of the French sporting journal L`Auto, ahead of their own tennis champion Henri Cochet. He won the Blue Riband for riding the fastest time three times in the famous Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic. In the prestigious Goulburn to Sydney Classic he twice won from scratch, and three times was the fastest rider. In 1931 Hubert Opperman became the world‟s greatest endurance cyclist when he won the 1931 non-stop Paris -Brest-Paris tour (726 miles, 1166km) breaking all 10 previous records over the distance in the time of 49 hours 23 minutes. After this win he was idolised in the French press as well as by the French public. In 1940 Opperman set more than 100 distance records in a 24 hour cycling marathon at a Sydney Velodrome. Many of these were not broken until decades later. Opperman ended his cycling career when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. After the war Opperman joined the Liberal Party of Australia and settled in Geelong. In 1949 he was elected to the Parliament of Australia for the Victorian electorate of Corio. He served in parliament for 17 years and was regularly seen riding his bike to his city office. Hubert became the Government Whip in 1955 before being appointed Minister for Shipping and Transport, a cabinet position, in 1960. Between December 1963 and December 1966 he was Minister for Immigration. He oversaw the relaxation of conditions for the entry of people of mixed descent and a widening of eligibility criteria for entry by well-qualified people into Australia. After his retirement from politics in 1967 he was appointed as Australia's first High Commissioner to Malta, where he remained for 5 years. Opperman was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1953, and was made a knight bachelor in 1968. In 1991 he attended the centenary celebrations of the Paris-Brest-Paris race and received the Gold Medal of the City of Paris. Sir Hubert Opperman‟s legacy is commemorated every year with the Opperman All Day Trial, an Audax (cycling) ride held annually in early November where teams of three or more cyclists ride a minimum of 360km in 24 hours. The City of Knox, in Melbourne, where Oppy spent the last years of his life, has dedicated and named several trails and cycling paths around the municipality after famous races which Opperman won. They have also dedicated an annual bicycle event, „The Oppy Family Fun Ride‟, after him. The fun ride is part of the annual Knox Festival held each March. Hubert died on May 24, 1996 of a heart attack at the age of 91, while he was on his exercise bike in his home in Wantirna. His trusty Malvern Star bicycle was donated to the museum in Rochester. Oppy’s Bistro at the Norlane Hotel is named after the famous Australian cyclist.

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The Birman is a domestic cat breed. Also called the "Sacred Cat of Burma," it is not to be confused with the Burmese, which is a separate breed. The Birman has medium-long hair, a pale coloured body and darker points with deep blue eyes. Even though the cat is pointed, the paws have white gloves. While there is no clear record of the origin of Birmans, one legend is that the Birman cat originated in Burma where they were kept by temple priests in Northern Burma in Mount Lugh. Other legends describe pairs of cats being a reward for helping defend a temple, or being smuggled out of Burma by a member of the Vanderbilt family. The first traces of historical Birmans go back to a Mme Leotardi in the city of Nice in France. Birmans were almost wiped out as a breed during WW II. Only two cats were alive in Europe by the end of the war— a pair named Orloff and Xenia de Kaabaa. The foundation of the breed in post-war France were the offspring from this pair. They had to be heavily out-crossed with long-hair breeds such as Persians and Siamese to rebuild the Birman breed. By the early 1950s, pure Birman litters were once again being produced. The restored breed was recognised in Britain in 1965 and by the CFA in 1966. Appearance Birmans have semi-long, silky hair, and relatively small ears compared to other cat types along with a Roman nose. The Birman's coat is unusual due to the white 'gloves' on each paw. They are one of the few cat breeds with a colour-point coat that has fingers and toes in pure white colour. A spot of white in another area is a fault in a Birman cat. Gloves are symmetrical in all four feet. Another notable feature is their blue eyes which remain blue throughout their life. Birman Kittens All Birmans are born white and start developing their colours at the age of 1 week if they have a dark colour (such as seal-point) or at the age of 14 days or more, if they have a clear colour (such as lilac-point). The first part which develops the colour are the points of the ears, nose and tail. The real colour is complete at 2 years old and after a wintry season.

12 The International Harvester Company of America was formed in 1902 by the merger of five leading American agricultural machinery manufac- turers. An Australian subsidiary was established in 1904 to manage Australian distribution and sales. International Harvester later established its own Australian manufacturing works, producing agricultural equipment and later tractors. The International Harvester Company of Australia opened their factory at a site in Geelong on May 22, 1939. Despite being built to manufacture farm machinery, the start of World War II in 1939 changed the focus of the plant. Instead of making and assembling farm machinery, they made and assembled military items such as motor trucks, gas masks, torpedo bombers, service rifles, howitzers, and machine guns. After the war in 1948 an automotive section was added, and in 1950 the manufacture of trucks components began at the plant. The North Shore plant employed 1,900 workers by 1958 compared to the 150 employed on the factory’s opening in 1939. The numbers of employees declined over time. Eventually, the company announced in 1982 that the North Shore plant would close due to increased overseas competition and reduced tariffs on imported goods. Today the site of the International Harvester factory is occupied by the Midway Woodchip Mill.

The Geelong International Harvester Plant was located on the corner of The Esplanade and Corio Quay Road in North Shore. 13

Puffing Billy is Australia’s favourite steam train and one of the finest preserved steam railways in the world. This century-old steam train continues to run on it’s original mountain track in the magnificent Dandenong Ranges, 40 km east of Melbourne. HISTORY The Puffing Billy Railway is a narrow gauge (2 ft 6 in) heritage railway in the Dandenong Ranges near Melbourne. The primary starting point is located at Belgrave station and ends at Gembrook. Stops in between include Menzies Creek, Emerald, Lakeside and Cockatoo. The line was opened in 1900 to serve the local farming and Puffing Billy at the Belgrave station. timber community and originally ran from upper Ferntree Gully. Today the former line between Upper Ferntree Gully and Belgrave is serviced by Melbourne suburban electric trains, while the line beyond Belgrave has been re-opened by the Puffing Billy Preservation Society. The preservation Society was formed to keep the train running indefinitely and aims to preserve the railway line as near as possible to how it was in the first three decades of it’s existence, A popular service is the Belgrave to Emerald or Lakeside run. Prices are: but with particular emphasis on the early 1920s. Adult return $38 Child return $19 VOLUNTEERS Family return $77 Without the input of up to 700 volun- On weekdays and especially week- teers who put themselves on rosters for a ends or public holidays, passengers wide list of duties, the line would not be are encouraged to arrive at least 30 economical to run. Although there are minutes before their departure to also paid staff such as drivers, the volun- avoid disappointment. teers are involved in almost all aspects of running the train including manning For further details Ph: 9754 6800 14 stations, selling tickets, maintain- ing the track and trains, driving and other safe-working duties such as acting as firemen and guards on the trains and signal- men at some stations. Many of these roles involve being trained for positions of responsibility. In line with the policy of repre- senting the 1900-1930 era, the roles carried out by the volun- teers use traditional Victorian Railway titles such as Station- Puffing Billy on the Monbulk trestle bridge in Master, Booking Clerk, Porter, the Dandenong Ranges Conductor, Fireman, Guard, Sig- nalman and Stewards. OPERATION Today the railway operates daily (except for Christmas Day) as a popular tourist activity over 24 km of track with original steam engines, true to the 1900s era. All have been restored or are being restored to represent different eras in their development. The railway also has a number of other steam locomotives from various sources, either in static display in it’s museum or in operating condition. The railway museum is at Menzies Creek. None of these locomotives are power- ful or fast enough to run on regular services, however they can occasionally be seen on special trains and at events such as Thomas the Tank Engine days.

The Great Train Race The Great Train Race is one of the longest running 'Fun Runs' on the Australian running calendar– now 30 years strong. The race isn’t simply a race amongst the competitors… the exciting challenge is competing against the steam locomotive—Puffing Billy, over 13.2 km through the hills and fern gullies of the picturesque Dandenong Ranges from Belgrave to Emerald Lake Park. The race is organised by Puffing Billy Railway volunteers and all proceeds go towards the maintenance of Puffing Billy’s family of locomotives. The next race is scheduled for Sunday, May 6, 2012.

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The Lady Nelson was named in honour of the wife of Horatio Nelson, England's naval hero, and was built on the Thames in Greater London, England in 1799. She was designed with a sliding keel (centre board), a device invented by Captain John Schank of the Royal Navy. On completion she was selected for exploration services in the Colony of New South Wales and sailed for Port Jackson on March 18, 1800 under the

command of Lieutenant James Grant. A brig of 60 tons, she carried a crew comprising the commander, two mates and twelve seaman. As she left the River Thames sailors on nearby ships ridiculed her because of her size and shape, calling her, as she sailed past, 'His Majesty's Tinderbox'. At Portsmouth on February 9, 1800 she was fitted with four brass carriage guns, three to four pounders, in addition to the two guns already on board. Because of the heavy load she was carrying she was very low in the water, having only 0.8m (2’9”) freeboard amidships. After James Grant arrived in Sydney he was joined by John Murray as first mate. The Lady Nelson was then commissioned to conduct surveys of Jervis Bay, Westernport Bay and the Hunter A modern replica of the Lady Nelson was built in 1987 and took part in the Tall Ships Festival in River in 1801. Upon his return to Sydney, Grant resigned his Sydney. It is currently based in Hobart. command, and in September 1801 Governor King appointed Murray as acting lieutenant and John Murray was born in Edinburgh and commander of the Lady Nelson. began his naval career as an able seaman in In October Murray took instructions 1789. He served as a midshipman in the to Lieutenant-Governor Joseph Polyphemus from 1794-97; as mate in the Foveaux on Norfolk Island, and on Apollo from May to December 1797, as his return was ordered to complete second master and pilot of the Blazer from Grant's exploration of the south January to July 1798 and as mate of the coast. Porpoise from October 1798 to November 1800. He set out for the Kent Group in In November 1800 he arrived in New South Bass Strait on November 12 but Wales on the Porpoise and shortly thereafter mistook his destination and actually was assigned as mate to Lieutenant James reached the Furneaux Islands. After Grant on the Lady Nelson. returning to the Kent Group he 16 steered through the passage separating The area of Geelong and the Bellarine the main islands, named Murray's Peninsula was originally occupied by the Passage, and then began a survey of Wathaurong indigenous Aboriginal tribe. Western Port, which he reached in The first non-Aboriginal person recorded December. On January 4, 1802 he as visiting the region was Lt. John sighted Port Phillip but found the Murray, while in commanded the brig entrance dangerous and decided to Lady Nelson. survey it later. He charted the east coast of King Island, then returned to Port Phillip on January 31, 1802, anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads.

The next day he sent a small boat with six men through the Rip to investigate further. Led by John Bowen they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on February 4. On reporting favourable conditions, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on February 14, and did not leave until March 12. During this time Murray named various landmarks: Arthur's Seat, Swan Island, Point Paterson and Point Palmer. On March 8 he claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King (after Philip Gidley King, the current Governor of New South Wales) but King later renamed it Port Phillip Bay. Upon return to Sydney the Lady Nelson was in urgent need of maintenance. After hasty work was completed she departed A modern replica of the Lady Nelson was built in 1987 and took part in the Tall Ships Festival in Sydney on July 22, accompanying Matthew Flinders in his boat, Sydney. It is currently based in Hobart. the Investigator on further explorations of the northern Australian coastline. However, upon reaching the Cumberland Isles (today near the Queensland city of Mackay) the Lady Nelson was leaking badly and had to turn back to Sydney for major repairs. The ship was sent on many more expeditions, including to Norfolk Island and New Zealand. It sailed in Australian waters during the governorships of King, Bligh, Macquarie and Brisbane. Its final voyage started in February 1825, when it was sent to Koepang (on the Island of Timor) to bring back buffaloes for food. Several months passed before it was learned it had been captured by Malay pirates off Bada Island, north-east of Timor. On September 22, 1825, The Sydney Gazette reported: “The Lady Nelson, brig, has been most unfortunately cut off at Timor by Malay privateers and all the crew sacrificed, except the Captain. The little 60- ton ship contributed more to the exploration and settlement [of Australia] than any other. She served in the colony for a quarter of a century.” 17 The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of the type of music played upon its strings. The word violin comes from the Middle Latin word vitula, meaning stringed instrument. The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in 16th century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th century. While violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by old masters, great numbers of instruments have been mass-produced from cottage industries in places such as Saxony and Bohemia in Germany, and Mirecourt in France. Thus, the violin has become accessible to music-lovers worldwide. History The earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. (E.g. The Hebrew harp and the Greek lyre). Turk and Mongolian horsemen from Inner Asia were probably the world’s earliest fiddlers. Their two-stringed upright fiddles were strung with horsehair strings, played with horsehair bows, and often feature a carved horse’s head at the end of the neck. The violins, violas, and cellos we play today have bows that are still strung with horsehair, a legacy of the nomads. It is believed that these nomadic instruments eventually spread to China, India, the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East. The violin in its present form, however, emerged in early 16th century northern Italy, where the port towns of Venice and Genoa maintained extensive ties to Central Asia through the trade routes of the silk road. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, was in the Epitome Musical by James de Fer, published in Lyon (France) in 1556. By this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The oldest documented violin to have four strings, like the modern violin, was in c.1555 by Andrea Amati. (Other violins, documented significantly earlier, only had three strings and were called violetta). The violin immedi-

18 ately became very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, illustrated by the fact that the French King Charles IX ordered Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560. The oldest surviving violin (dated inside) is from this set, and is known as the Charles IX, made in Cremona c.1560. Significant changes occurred in the construction of the violin in the 18th century, particularly in the length and angle of the neck, as well as receiving a heavier bass bar. The majority of old instruments have undergone these modifications, and hence are in a significantly different state than when they left the hands of their makers, doubtless with differences in sound and response. But these instruments in their present condition set the standard for perfection in violin craftsmanship and sound, and violin makers all over the world try to come as close to this ideal as possible. To this day, instruments from the so-called Golden Age of violin making (1600-1800), especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri, are the most sought-after instruments by both collectors and performers. (see box below) The most expensive violins (elite violins are given personal names)

"Ex-Vieuxtemps" (in 2008) Guarneri del Gesu -US$3,900,000 "The Hammer" (in 2007) Antonio Stradivari -US$3,544,000 "Solomon Ex-Lambert" (in 2007) Antonio Stradivari -US$2,728,000 "Lady Tennant" (in 2005) Antonio Stradivari -US$2,032,000 "The Red Mendelssohn" (in 1990) Antonio Stradivari -US$1,686,700 "Kreutzer Strad" (in 1998) Antonio Stradivari -US$1,580,000 "Taft" (in 2000) Antonio Stradivari -US$1,326,000

Why did violins made by Antonio Stadivari have such a magnificent rich tone, and become so desired? It is known that the area around Cremona, Italy during the time Stadivari lived there experienced a prolonged cold snap (1645-1715). It has been suggested that this has enhanced the musical qualities of the wood used by Ex-Vieuxtemps Stadivari to make his violins.

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Geelong Region PO Box 210 Geelong. Vic. 3220 Phone: (03)5222 2255 Fax: (03)5224 2220 www.geelonglifeline.org.au Email: [email protected]

Emergency Services are important services provided to the community

Below is a list of helpful phone numbers. Emergency Services Ph: 000 Child Protection 1800 076 599 AH: 131278 Geelong Hospital 5226 7111 Emergency Poisons Info. Centre Ph: 131126 Suicide Helpline 1300 651 251

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Ph: 131114 (24 hours)

Lifeline Geelong primarily provides the community with an accessible, confidential and anonymous 24 hour crisis telephone counselling, information and referral service.. Other services include:

Training courses to become a Lifeline volunteer telephone counsellor offered twice yearly.

Short term personal counselling on a donation basis

Living works suicide awareness and skills training (ASIST)

Workshops in the areas of communication skills, self esteem and conflict resolution. Affordable items through Lifeline Retail Shops.. Support Lifeline Donate,

Volunteer,

Get Involved

James St. Geelong City, 5/2a Gordon Ave, Geelong West 133 High St, Belmont Village Walk, Drysdale 29 Murray St, Colac Or Phone Warehouse on 5223 3754 Crisis Support

Suicide Prevention

Mental Health Support

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The Tasmanian Tiger (also know as the Thylacine or Tasmanian Wolf) was originally native to Australia and New Guinea. It became extinct from mainland Australia and New Guinea about 2,000 years ago and was only found in Tasmania when European explorers discovered it in the 1600s. Sadly, these fascinating animals were hunted into extinction by local famers and bounty hunters. Earliest evidence of the Thylacine‟s existence comes from Australian Aborigines who depicted this strange animal in rock paintings all over Australia. However, the first European explorer to refer to it was the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who sailed by the island now known as Tasmania in 1642. In his journal he records seeing footprints of wild beasts “with claws like a tiger.” Much later in 1792, French explorers provided the first official reported sighting of “tigers cats.” Early aboriginal rock-art featuring the The Thylacine was only scientifically Thylacine —from Kakadu National Park classified by Europeans in 1808. in the Northern Territory Getting to Know the Tiger The thylacine was a nocturnal hunter, spending the daylight hours in small caves or hollow tree trunks in a nest of twigs, bark or fern fronds. It tended to retreat to the hills and forest for shelter during the day and hunted on the open grasslands at night. Early observers noted that the animal was typically shy and secretive, with awareness of the presence of humans and generally avoiding contact, though it occasionally showed inquisitive traits. At the time, much stigma existed in regard to its "fierce" nature, however this is likely to be due to its perceived threat to agriculture. There is evidence for at least some year-round breeding (cull records show joeys discovered in the pouch at all times of the year), although the peak breeding season was in winter and spring. They would produce up to four cubs per litter (typically two or three), carrying the young in The thylacine was one of only a pouch for up to three months and two marsupials to have a protecting them until they were at least half pouch in both sexes (the other adult size. Early pouch young were hairless being the water opossum). and blind, but they had their eyes open and The male thylacine had a were fully furred by the time they left the pouch that acted as a protec- pouch. After leaving the pouch, and until they were developed enough to assist, the tive sheath, covering the juveniles would remain in the lair while their male's external reproductive mother hunted. Thylacines were only once organs while he ran through bred successfully in captivity, at Melbourne thick brush. Zoo in 1899. Their life expectancy in the wild 22 is estimated to have been 5 to 7 years, although captive specimens survived up to 9 years. The thylacine was exclusively carnivorous. Its stomach was muscular with an ability to distend to allow the animal to eat large amounts of food at one time. Prey included kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, birds and small animals such as potoroos and possums. Extinction of the Tasmanian Tiger “ Benjamin”—The last captive Tasma- nian Tiger died on September 7, 1936. Unfortunately the Thylacine was regarded as a pest by early settlers after finding evidence of them killing livestock including sheep and chickens. This resulted in the Van Diemen‟s Land Company and later the Tasmanian Government offering bounties on the heads of dead Tassie Tigers. The bounty offered was £1 per tiger and 10 shillings for pups. In all the Tasmanian government paid for 2,184 bounties, however many more tigers were thought to have been killed without bounties being claimed.

The last known wild Tasmanian Tiger was killed by a famer called Wilf Batty when he shot it outside his henhouse in 1930. The last living tiger in captivity died in 1936 in Hobart Zoo. This thylacine, named Benjamin (but most likely a female), features in the last known motion picture footage of a living specimen—62 seconds taken in 1933 by naturalist David Fleay. It shows Benjamin pacing backwards and forwards in his/her enclosure. Is the Tasmanian Tiger Really Extinct? Many people believe that the Thylacine is still alive Bounty hunter with his and living in the wilds of Tasmania. There have been Tasmanian Tiger trophy in 1869 numerous unconfirmed sightings of the animal over the last 70 years. A number of films and pictures have been taken of these myste- rious animals, however none of the photographic evidence has been of sufficient quality to confirm its continued existence. Over the last 20 years large rewards have been offered to prove the existence of Thylacine. In 2005 the Australian news magazine—The Bulletin, offered a $1.25 million reward for the safe capture of a live Thylacine, and more recently a Tasmanian tour operator called Stewart Malcolm offered a reward of $1.75 million. People continue to believe in the existence of The Australian Rare Fauna Tasmanian Tigers living wild in Tasmania Research Association reports today. Who knows, you might be the first having 3,800 sightings on file person to find one... from mainland Australia since the 1936 extinction date.

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David Gordon Kirkpatrick was born on June 13, 1927 in Kempsey, NSW, the son of a cattle farmer. Kirkpatrick adopted the stage name “Slim Dusty” in 1938 at 11 years of age. His earliest musical influences included Jimmie Rodgers. In 1945, Dusty wrote When the Rain Tumbles Down in July and released his first record that year at the age of 18. In 1946, he signed his first recording contract. In 1951, Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean and with her help achieved great success around Australia. In 1954, the two launched a full time business career, including the Slim Dusty Travelling Show. McKean was Dusty’s wife and manager for over 50 years. Together the couple had two children—Anne Kirkpatrick and David Kirkpatrick who are also accomplished singer-songwriters. McKean wrote several of Dusty’s most popular songs, including: Walk a Country Mile, Indian Pacific, Kelly’s Offsider, The Angel of Goulburn Hill, and The Biggest Disappointment. Although he was an accomplished writer of songs, Dusty used the talents of other song writers including Mack Cormack, Gordon Parsons, Stan Coster and Kelly Dixon who were typically short on formal education but big on personal experience of the Australian bush. Drawing on his own travels in addition to the personal experiences of the writers he employed, over a span of decades Dusty chronicled the stories of a rapidly changing post-war Australian nation. Nevertheless, in the 1950s the arrival of rock and roll music saw major metropolitan music radio stations abandon support for country artists, and despite record sales in the multi-millions, Dusty was rarely heard on-air outside regional centres in Australia. In 1957 Dusty had his biggest hit— A Pub with No Beer.* It proved to be the biggest-selling record by an Australian up to that time, the first Australian single to go gold, and the first and only 78rpm record to be awarded a gold disc. In 1959 and 1960 Dutch and German cover versions of the song became number one hits in Belgium, Austria and Germany. Over the course of his career, Slim collected more gold and platinum albums than any other Australian artist. In 1964 saw the establishment of the annual Slim Dusty round-Australia tour, *Interestingly the ‘pub with no beer’ is a real place, in Taylors Arm, not far from Kempsey where Slim was born. 24 48,280 kilometres (30,000 mi) long, a journey that went on for ten months. This regular event was the subject of a feature film, The Slim Dusty Movie in 1984. Dusty not only recorded songs written by himself and other fellow Australian performers, but also recorded classic Australian poems by Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson with new tunes, to call attention to the old ‘Bush Ballads.’ An example is The Man from Snowy River by Paterson. In 1970, Dusty was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to music. In 1973 he won Best Single at the inaugural Country Music Awards of Australia at the Tamworth Country Music Festival (McKean won Song of the Year as writer of Lights on the Hills). In all, Dusty won a record 35 “Golden Guitars” over his career. Dusty recorded and released his one-hundredth album, Looking Forward, Look- ing Back in 2000. All 100 albums had been recorded with the same record label, EMI, making Dusty the very first music artist in the world to record 100 albums with the same label. He was then given the honour of singing Waltzing Matilda in the Closing Ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, with the whole stadium singing along with him. Slim Dusty died at home in St Ives, NSW on September 19, 2003, age 76, after a protracted battle with cancer. Thousands gathered at St. Andrew’s Cathedral, Sydney on September 26, 2003 at a State Funeral attended by the Prime Minister. Anglican Dean of Sydney, Phillip Jensen’s tribute included leading the congregation of family, statesman, fans and musicians in the singing of A Pub with No Beer. At the time of his death, Dusty had been working on his 106th album for EMI. The album Columbia Lane – the Last Sessions debuted at number five in the Australian album charts and number one on the country charts on March 8, 2004. It went gold after being on sale for less than two weeks. In 2004, Tamworth hosted the “Concert for Slim” as a memorial tribute featuring more than 30 Australian musical artists including Paul Kelly, Keith Urban, Lee Kernaghan and Kasey Chambers. EMI Record’s Australian sales of Sim Dusty surpassed 7 million in 2007. Slim Dusty with his wife Joy McKean and his 2002 Golden Guitar award.

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A beautiful young woman accepts a shiny red apple from an elderly disguised woman... A princess pricks her finger with a sewing needle... A little girl goes to visit her grandmother in the woods... And two hungry children follow a trail of breadcrumbs to a strange house in the forest... Yes, these stories are well-known to generations of young children. But where did they come from? Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm were born on January 4, 1785 and February 24, 1786 respectively, in the town of Hanau, near Frankfurt in Germany. They were among a family of nine children born to Philipp and Dorothea Grimm. Sadly, only six of their nine children survived infancy. The Grimm family lived in the countryside between 1790-96 while the father was employed by the Prince of Hessen as a jurist and bailiff. When the eldest brother Jacob was Grimms Most Popular Stories 11 years old, their father died and the Rapunzel family moved into a cramped urban Hansel and Gretel residence. Two years later, the children‟s Cinderella grandfather also died, leaving their mother Little Red Riding Hood to struggle to support them in reduced Sleeping Beauty circumstances. Despite this, Jacob and Snow White Wilhelm both studied law at the University of Marburg. There they were inspired by Rumpelstiltskin one of their professors who awakened in The Princess and the Pea the brothers an interest in stories from the The Frog Prince past. Puss in Boots The Brothers Grimm began collecting folk tales around 1806 in response to a wave of awakened interest in German folklore. By 1810 the Grimm‟s had produced a manuscript collection of several dozen tales, which they had recorded by inviting storytellers to their home and transcribing what they heard. Although they were said to have collected tales from peasants, many of their informants were middle-class or aristocratic, recounting tales they had heard from their servants. In their collaboration, Jacob did more of the research, while Wilhelm, less sturdy, put the work into a literary form that would appeal to children. The Grimm brothers were devout Christians. As a result, a number of the tales had to be “purified” for little children; the original

26 form of many of the stories being quite gruesome. Children’s and Household Tales Finally, after 6 years of work, in 1812 the broth- ers published their first volume of fairy tales entitled: Children‟s and Household Tales. The book consisted of a collection of 86 German fairy tales. A second volume was added to the first in 1814 with an additional 70 tales, bringing the total number to 156. A second edition of Children‟s and Household Tales followed in 1819-1822, expanded to 170 tales. Five more editions were issued during the brother‟s life- times, in which stories were added or subtracted. The seventh edition of 1857 contained some 211 tales. At times the tales were criticized for being insufficiently German. Thus they changed a fairy to an „enchantress‟ or „wise woman,‟ every prince to „a king‟s son,‟ and every princess to „a king‟s daughter.‟ The brothers also published the small edition, containing a selection of 50 stories expressly designed for children. Ten printings of the small edition were issued between 1825 and 1858. Today, the various collections are generally known in English as “Grimm‟s Fairy Tales.” Other Pursuits In 1816 Jacob became a librarian in Kassel, where Wilhelm was already employed. In addition, Jacob also carried out academic work in philology (the study of how the sounds in words shift over time). He was also a lawyer—his legal work, “German Legal Antiquities” in 1828, made a valuable testimony to the origin and meaning of many legal and historical idioms and symbolisms. Later in life both brothers began to compile the first German dictionary. Sadly, Wilhelm died on December 16, 1859 not long after the process was started. Jacob, who was able to complete the letters A, B, C and E, died on September 20, 1863 before completing the processing of the letter F and “fruit.” However, it was their collection of delight- ful children stories that has stood the test of time, many now made into full-length animated movies, as well as TV shows and live plays.

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Who will ever forget the intense labour required by Tom Hanks in the 2000 film Cast Away to get a fire started on his deserted island. Yet, when returned to civilisation, he starts a flame with the flick of his thumb using a lighter. How easy it is to take these clever inventions for granted! A portable lighter consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable fluid or pressurized liquid gas, a means of ignition, and some provision for extinguishing the flame. The first lighters were invented in the 16th century and were converted flintlock pistols that used gunpowder. Later, in 1823, a German chemist named Johann Döbereiner invented Döbereiner‟s Lamp. This lighter Döbereiner’s Lamp worked by a reaction of hydrogen to a platinum a. glass cylinder sponge, which gave off a great amount of heat. The b. open bottle device was very large and highly dangerous and fell out c. wire of production by the end of the 19th century. d. zinc e. stopcock The patenting of Ferrocerium (often misidentified as f. nozzle flint) by Carl von Welsbach in 1903 made modern g. platinum sponge lighters possible. When scratched, it produced a large spark which was responsible for lighting the fuel in lighters, and was suitably inexpensive for use in disposable items. Using Carl von Welsbach‟s „flint‟, the Ronson company was able to devise a practical and easy-to-use lighter. In 1910 Ronson released the first Pist-O-Liter followed in 1913 with the “Wonderlite.” The Zippo Manufacturing Company was founded by Marc Casals in 1933. The Zippo was noted for its reliability, “life time warranty,” and was marketed as “wind-proof.” Most early Zippos used naphtha as a fuel source, however, in the 1950s there was a switch in fuel choice from naphtha to butane, as butane allowed for a controllable flame and had fewer odour problems. This also led to the use of the Piezo Ignition spark, which replaced the need for a flint wheel. A further development in lighters came in 1998 when Bic introduced a child-safety feature, a metal shield over the flint wheel. Although cheap and disposable, portable lighters (along with the invention of safety matches) have changed the modern world in a major way. A Zippo Lighter

28 Australian Prime Ministers Word Search I U I P J B K N I T R U C N H O J D J D N N O O E C G G E O R G E R E I D A O O T D T H I E N O J N P N O S C T E L L T H A N U H S I R O F U U I B C C P B O L T N N E A R A O L R C N L J A T Y H H L U U M W H A K N O N E E U E I E O I A T I P F C T U O S E I B M E E A D A K A S S E R F E S R A W I Y V O E S N M D G W N H E R K W L S E S A B I E U N C D S A I A I T O P E L H E O N R M U K R E S E G F L H H B W N H M U M Y J D D C T R A E D C R L T D E W I L L I A M M C M A H O N N R F U A R I H D T L E Y J P Y C L E L B D D O G H R E F H A M A L C O L M F R A S E R G F T T D B H A W R U R I C N R E A G W R E R S E R E O Y I L H O N O A E S I G N P T W A I R A O R U E O B G L D D M T I L S R M F I C E E N G P A L H E U D B O H H S H H E I I N L I N A N R R N C E O H A M U E E O N S H A I R G S E H H U A E C G O R E G L R Z H O R A E C H N D O K H T M C L L T W H J I E W F U T L E A N I J N A S F A I T O G E E R L D O P P O J N C H R I S W A T S O N A S M Edmund Barton Joseph Lyons John Gorton Alfred Deakin Earle Page William McMahon Chris Watson Robert Menzies Gough Whitlam George Reid Arthur Fadden Malcolm Fraser Andrew Fisher John Curtin Robert Hawke Joseph Cook Francis Forde Paul Keating William Hughes Ben Chifley John Howard Stanley Bruce Harold Holt Kevin Rudd James Scullin John McEwen Julia Gillard 29

Poseidon was the god of the sea, storms, and earthquakes in Greek mythology. The equivalent Roman god of the sea was Neptune. Statue of Poseidon in Poseidon was worshipped as a major Copenhagen Port god in ancient Greece. In Athens, he was second only to Athena in importance, while in Corinth and many other cities he was the chief god of the people. Poseidon was a son of Cronus and Rhea. In most accounts he is swallowed by Cronus at birth but is later saved along with his other brothers and sisters by Zeus. However in some versions of the story he is not eaten by Cronus but is saved by his mother Rhea, who conceals him among a flock of lambs and pretends to give birth to a colt, which she gives to Cronus to devour. Eventually Poseidon was integrated into the Olympian gods as the brother of Zeus and Hades. According to a single reference in the Iliad, when the world was divided by lot into three, Zeus received the sky, Hades the u nderworld and Poseidon the sea. In the Odyssey, the home of Poseidon is in Aegae. When in a gracious mood, Poseidon is seen creating new islands and offering calm seas. However, when offended or ignored, he supposedly struck the ground with his trident and caused chaotic springs, earthquakes, drownings and shipwrecks. Sailors prayed to Poseidon for a safe voyage, sometimes drowning horses as a sacrifice. According to a fragmentary papyrus, even Alexander the Great paused at the Syrian seashore before the battle of Issus, and resorted to prayers, "invoking Poseidon the sea-god, for whom he ordered a four-horse chariot to be cast into the waves." Like most other Greek gods, Poseidon is described as living an immoral lifestyle and having many offspring. Among his affairs, Poseidon had relations with Medusa on the floor of a temple dedicated to Athena. Enraged, Athena changed Medusa into a monster. Such was typical of life among the mythological Greek gods.

30 Geelong– 150 years ago this month “LARCENY. James Egan pleaded "Not Guilty" to stealing a hat, and some other articles of clothing, from, the Carlow Hotel. This was a most trumpery case, in which the hat was not identified by Mr. Towle or Mr. Maxwell, the principal witnesses; and his Honour directed the jury to acquit the prisoner. Mr. Aspinall, who prosecuted for the Crown, said that he would never have put such a case to the jury but that the two witnesses, Towle and Maxwell, had positively identified the hat at the Police-office; and he was quite surprised to find them that morning swear they could not identify it.

STEALING SHEEPSKINS. Matthew Doncaster pleaded "Not Guilty" to stealing a quantity of sheepskins, the property of Mr. Corrigan. William Negus, butcher, who had been committed along with the prisoner on the same charge, was called up and discharged. Mr. Negus was subsequently called as a witness, and proved that he bought the skins from the prisoner. The jury returned a verdict of "Guilty" and the prisoner was sentenced to six months' imprisonment.”

(The Argus: Saturday, July 20, 1861 p.6)

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future brochures within the Geelong area please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

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1866

E. de Balk. Alfred Deakin Prime Ministerial Library Market Square—Corner of Moorabool Street and Little Malop Street In the initial town survey, this area was reserved as a town square. Within a short period of time how- ever, it became a produce market. In 1857 the Austin Clock Tower was built standing 60 feet (18m) high. An internal staircase allowed a person to wind the clockworks at the top once a week. The tower was demolished in 1923. The current Market Square Shopping Centre was opened in 1985.

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