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Title Exploring the Relationship of Urban Density and Human Security Exploring the Relationship of Urban Density and Human Title Security: Studying Asian Megacities of Mumbai,Ahmedabad and Tokyo( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Sukanya Misra Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2014-09-24 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k18583 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University Exploring the Relationship of Urban Density and Human Security: Studying Asian Megacities of Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Tokyo Sukanya Misra Exploring the Relationship of Urban Density and Human Security: Studying Asian Megacities of Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Tokyo 都市密度と人間の安全保障の関係に関する研究－ アジア・メガシティのムンバイ，アーメダバード，東京を対象として Sukanya Misra Exploring the Relationship of Urban Density and Human Security: Studying Asian Megacities of Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Tokyo 都市密度と人間の安全保障の関係に関する研究－ アジア・メガシティのムンバイ，アーメダバード，東京を対象として By, Sukanya Misra Under the Guidance of, Prof. Teruyuki Monnai Doctorate Dissertation September 2014 Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University For Ma and Baba; ~ You are my idols, my teachers and the wind beneath my wings ~ Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards my advisor, Prof. Teruyuki Monnai for his valuable guidance and instrumental support. His mentorship and enthusiasm have stimulated me to pursue this dissertation with vigour and conviction. The guidance received from my reviewers, Prof. Takada and Prof. Kanki have been invaluable, for which I thank them wholeheartedly. I am also thankful to all the faculty members of the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University for their constructive criticism which has helped to augment the quality of this dissertation. I am indebted to the reviewers who reviewed my papers and provided sharp remarks for improvement as well as encouraging words of appreciation. The Monbukagakusho Scholarship made it possible for me to carry out this research by supporting my stay in Japan. This experience has enriched me incomparably. I am also thankful to “Kyoto University Global COE Program-Global Center for Education and Research on Human Security Engineering for Asian Megacities” for supporting this research through structured courses and funding the site visits. My heartfelt gratitude is due for all the members of Monnai Laboratory, who have been my family for the last three years, with special thanks to Prof. Moriyama who has helped me in a professional as well as personal capacity. My husband Nitin has been my constant support both as a colleague and a friend. I thank him for the immense effort and time that he has devoted for my research. This dissertation is as much his as it is mine. My professors from IIT Kharagpur; Prof. B. K. Sengupta and Prof. Joy Sen have always found the time to advise and encourage me. I thank them for continuing to be my teachers and well-wishers. I acknowledge the help of MMRDA, BMC, AMC and AUDA, most notably, Mr. Daftardar, and Mrs. Neela Munshi. I would also like to thank Mr. K. Ghorpade, Mr. Swaminathan and Mr. Shirish Patel who have been very generous in sharing their valuable time and resources with me. The success of the field study was dependent on the assistance I received from the State Bank of India, especially from Mr. Rajpurkar. Their warm hospitality and keen interest in my work was very humbling. iii This thesis is built on hope, inspiration and strength provided by my family and friends. I would like to thank my parents and my parents-in-law for their encouragement and faith. I would also like to recognise the support I received from Shankha, Shubhro, Namrata, Sravya, Diti, Shankari, Chinmay, Tuhin, Indranil, Sunil, Mrittika, Raj, Laura, Manami, and the many others in Kyoto and overseas who have extended to me their love and friendship. Finally, I would like to thank my late grandparents and my loving grandmother, for their blessings. iv Table of Contents Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………. i Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………. iii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………...…..….…………… xiii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………..…………………… xv List of Equations ……..……………………………………………………..…………………… xviii Abbreviations ……………………………………………………...…………….……….…..……. xix Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………...…….…... xxi Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Background ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Global Trends of Urbanization.......................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Issues of Urbanization in Developing Countries ................................................ 5 1.3 Aim of the Research .......................................................................................... 11 1.4 Research Terminology ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Definition of Urban Density............................................................................ 11 1.4.2 Definition of Human Security ......................................................................... 12 1.5 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 12 1.6 Research Structure and Methodology ............................................................... 12 1.7 Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................... 14 1.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 15 References ................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2: Methodology for formulating Development Indicators to Measure Human Security 2.1 What is Human Security?..................................................................................... 21 v 2.2 A brief History of Human Security and the United Nations ……………………………… 21 2.3 Evaluating Human Security ……………………………………………………………………………… 22 2.3.1 Commodity based evaluation of Human Security............................................ 22 2.3.2 Utility based evaluation of Human Security .................................................... 22 2.3.3 Capability based evaluation of Human Security .............................................. 23 2.4 Human Security and Development……………………………………………………………………24 2.5 Methodology for building measures of Human Security……………………………………25 2.5.1 Established Methods for the selection of Capabilities for measurement ......... 25 2.5.2 Constructing Development Indicators............................................................. 26 2.6 Study of International Development Indicators ………………………………………………. 27 2.6.1 United Nations (UN) Human Security Indicators ............................................. 27 2.6.2 UN Human Development Index ...................................................................... 28 2.6.3 UN Millennium Development Goals................................................................ 29 2.6.4 UN Urban Development Indicators ................................................................. 30 2.6.5 World Bank Good Governance Indicators ....................................................... 30 2.6.6 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ........................................................... 30 2.7 Study of Normative assumptions – Theories of Human Needs………………………… 31 2.7.1 The Max-Neef Model of Human-Scale Development (1989) ........................... 31 2.7.2 Nussbaum's formulation ................................................................................ 32 2.7.3 Other theories of Human Needs. .................................................................... 33 2.8 Assimilating International Development Indicators and Normative Theories of Human Needs for formulating Development Indicators ……….………. 35 2.9 Development Indicators (DI) for Assessing Human Security ……………………………. 36 2.9.1 Scale of measurement .................................................................................... 37 2.9.2 Quantities of measurement ............................................................................ 40 2.10 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40 References ………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….. 41 vi Chapter 3: Methodology for formulating Urban Density Measures 3.1 Definition of Urban Density ............................................................................... 45 3.2 What creates Urban Density? ............................................................................ 45 3.3 Urban Density Gradient Models ........................................................................ 46 3.4 Negative Exponential Density Functions ............................................................ 47 3.4.1 Colin Clark, 1951 ............................................................................................ 47 3.4.2 J. Tanner, 1961 .............................................................................................. 48 3.4.3 Y. Aynvarg, 1969 ........................................................................................... 48 3.4.4 B. Newling, 1969 ............................................................................................ 49 3.4.5 Richard Muth, 1961, 1969 .............................................................................
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