322 BC Chandragupta conquers America reaches its peak. northern India to establish the 622 Muhammad's hejira, his move Mauryan Ennpire. from Mecca to Medina. The Islamic 264 BC The between calendar dates from this year. Rome and begins. 626 The T'ang dynasty, under the 257 BC The Indian King Asoka emperor Tai-tsung, revives Chinese renounces warfare and embraces art and religion. Buddhism. 632 Death of Muhammad. 241 BC Conscripted Roman farmers 641 Islamic armies conquer Egypt arrive home to find themselves and attack the rest of North Africa. landless. 6 4 5 B u d d h i s m r e a c h e s Ti b e t . 221 BC China is united by the first 650 Rise of the Huari civilization in emperor, Shih Huang-ti. The Great the Andes. Wall is soon begun. 651 Islam conquers Persia. 202 BC The Han dynasty is 661 The Sunni and Shi'a branches of established in China. Islam split. 146 BC Rome destroys Carthage 692 The Dome of the Rock is built In 73 BC Spartacus leads a slave revolt Jerusalem - the first great Islamic against Rome. building. 49 BC Julius Caesar stages a military 700 The rise of Ghana's empire in coup; Roman empire period. West Africa. AD 23 The Chinese capital Changan 732 Muslim forces are finally turned is sacked by nomadic invaders. back in France. AD 30 Jesus Christ is executed. 750 Destruction of the Teotihuacan AD 46 St Paul begins his missionary civilization. journeys. 800 Charlemagne sets himself up as AD 50 The rise of the African empire Holy Roman Emperor. of .Axum. 850 Collapse of the Mayans. 105 Paper is discovered in China 853 China prints the first book. 132 The Jews rebel against Rome; 900 Maori people sail from Tahiti and many are forced into exile. settle in Aotearoa (New Zealand). 150 Buddhism reaches China. 912 The Norse Vikings conquer the 184 The revolt of the Yellow Turbans north of France, which becomes in China lasts 30 years. Normandy. 200 The writing of the Indian classics, 963 Rise of the Toltecs. the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. 1054 The Greek Orthodox Church in 220 China's Han dynasty falls. Constantinople splits from Rome. 300 Bantu peoples settle in South 1055 Turkish groups conquer Muslim Africa. Baghdad. 320 The Gupta dynasty in India is 1076 Ghana falls to invasion. founded. 1095 Pope Urban II calls the First 324 Constantine makes Christianity Crusade. the official religion of the Roman 1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem, Empire. massacring Jews and Muslims alike. 325 Axum destroys the Kushan 1200 Rise of the empire of Mali. capital Meroe. 1215 Genghis Khan's Mongols ravage 410 Visigoths sack Rome. Peking. 425 Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade 1260 Kublai Khan becomes Chinese England. emperor. 451 Huns under Attila are defeated in 1300 The Yoruba city state of Ife rises Gaul but then sack Italy. to prominence. And the Italian 455 Vandals sack Rome. Renaissance begins to blossom. 476 Odoacer announces there will be 1315 Famine hits Europe. no more Roman emperors. 1324 Kankan Musa, emperor of Mali, 520 Mathematic revolution in India: makes a pilgrimage to Mecca. Aryabhata and Varamihara invent the 1325 The Aztecs establish their decimal system. capital Tenochtitlan. 600 The Mavan civilization In Central 1341-53 The Black Death wioes out millions in Asia and Europe. 1788 Arrival of the first British convict 1368 Yuan-chang becomes the settlers in Australia. first Ming emperor of China. 1789 Revolution in France. 1415 The Portuguese make their first 1791 French King Louis XVI is conquest in Africa. executed; France is at war with 1425 The Shona king Mutota virtually all European powers. abandons Great Zimbabwe and 1796 British conquer Ceylon. begins to extend his empire. 1799 Napoleon's coup d'etat 1438 Pachacuti Inca leads a series of 1804 The murder of Tasmanian conquests to forge the Inca empire. Aboriginals begins. 1453 The Ottoman Turks conquer 1807 The slave trade is abolished in Constantinople. the British Empire. 1455 The Pope gives his approval to 1808 Argentina tiecomes the first the slave trade. South American country to win 1492 Columbus strikes land in the independence from Spain. Bahamas and Caribbean. 1814 First permanent white 1496 Vasco da Gama sails to India settlement in New Zealand. and back to Portugal. 1815 The final defeat of Napoleon at 1500 Peak of the Benin empire in Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna West Africa. reimposes monarchy. 1502 Montezuma II becomes Aztec 1818 Britain's East India Company emperor. becomes the effective ruler of India. 1505 The Portuguese seize East Shaka establishes a Zulu empire. African ports. 1821 The fall of Lima to revolutionary 1510 The Portuguese begin shipping forces and the declaration of African slaves to Americas. Mexico's independence. The Maori 1517 Martin Luther challenges civil wars begin. Church orthodoxy. 1822 Brazil gains independence from 1519 Invasion of Aztec Mexico by the Portugal. Liberia is set up as a Spanish. country for freed slaves. 1526 Babur invades India to set up 1836 South African Boers set out on the Mughal empire. their Great Trek north to escape 1533 The Spanish conquer the Inca British domination. capital Cuzco. 1840 Britain annexes New Zealand. 1533 Death of Kabir Nanak, founder 1842 Copper and gold are of Sikhism. discovered in Australia. The First 1546 The Mali empire is destroyed by Opium War takes place between Songhay. Britain and China. 1606 French settlers establish 1846 US conquers half of Mexico. Quebec. 1848 The Year of Revolutions in 1619 Dutch take over the East Indies Europe: the middle classes win a (Indonesia). stake in political power. Marx and 1620 The Pilgrim Parents arrive in Engels publish The Communist New England. Manifesto. 1644 Suicide of last Ming emperor as 1854 Civil war in China ends with 20 rebels take Peking. million dead. 1649 British King Charles I is 1857 Indians rebel against British rule executed after a civil war. but are suppressed after over a 1652 Dutch settlers arrive in South year's fighting - India formally Africa. becomes a British colony. 1653 The Taj Mahal is completed. 1860 France begins to build an 1663 The Ottoman army is defeated empire in West Africa. at Vienna. 18W The abolition of slavery in the 1715 Death of Louis XIV, France's US after a four-year civil war. Western 'Sun King'. powers forcibly open up Japan to 1 7 3 9 T h e P e r s i a n s s a c k D e l h i . trade; Japan launches into its 1776 US Declaration of miraculous modernization. Independence from Britain. 1867 Canada's federal constitution

139 defuses tension between its British released. and French communities. 1928 Agriculture is collectivized in the 1868 The Meiji restoration of the Soviet Union. Emperor in Japan. 1929 The Wall Street Crash prompts 1871 Germany is united under the the Great Depression. Prussian king and becomes Europe's 1932 Thousands of peasant trade most powerful nation. unionists are shot in El Salvador. 1878 The European powers carve up 1 9 3 3 H i t l e r b e c o m e s C h a n c e l l o r o f Africa between them at the Congress Germany - and sets up his first of Berlin; Belgium's King Leopold is concentration camps. Roosevelt's given Congo as a personal colony. New Deal combats depression with 1890 The Lakota Indians are crushed public works in the US. by the US army at Wounded Knee. 1934 China's Communists live to 1893 New Zealand women win the fight another day by virtue of the vote. Long March. Nicaraguan rebel leader 1898 Abyssinia defeats Italian Sandino is murdered by General colonizers at Adowa. Herzl calls for a Somoza. Jewish national home. 1935 Stalin's Terror begins. Italy 1899 Britain starts the Boer War in conquers Abyssinia (Ethiopia). A South Africa. wave of strikes in Africa against colonial labor conditions. End of the And a slightly fuller version of the Chaco War between Bolivia and 20th century... Paraguay, which killed 100,000. 1900 The Boxer Rebellion of the 1936 Somoza seizes power in Chinese against the Western powers. Nicaragua. The Left comes to power 1901 The unification of Australia. in Spain and Franco rebels: the 1905 Japan defeats Czarist Russia, Spanish Civil War begins. Germany which is threatened at home by occupies the Rhineland. revolution. Einstein publishes his 1937 Japan invades China. Leftists Special Theory of Relativity. flock to defend the Republican cause 1910 South African independence in Spain. entrenches white power. The Mexican 1938 Germany occupies Austria. Revolution begins. Britain and France hand over 1911 Nationalist revolution in China: Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to the last emperor quits. Germany in a peace agreement at 1914-18 First World War. Munich. 1915 c 1,000,000 Armenians killed by 1939 Franco wins the Spanish Civil Ottoman Turks. War and sets up a Fascist state. 1917 Revolution in Russia: at first 1939-45 Second World War. liberal democratic then the 1940 The exiled Leon Trotsky is Boisheviks assume power in the murdered in Mexico by Stalin's name of the working class. agents. 1918 Socialist revolution is 1942 The Warsaw Ghetto is attacked suppressed in Germany. a n d t h o u s a n d s o f J e w s s e n t t o 1920 The League of Nations is concentration camps. Gandhi and established. The first radio Congress launch the 'Quit India' broadcasts take place. campaign. 1922 Mussolini and his fascists come 1944 Famine in Bengal kills three to power in Italy. million: Churchill directs grain 1923 Power in Southern Rhodesia is elsewhere to help the war effort. The given to white settlers. Bretton Woods Conference starts to 1924 Lenin dies; Stalin beats Trotsky plan the financial architecture of the to the succession. post-War world. 1926 Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill unite China then turn on their meet at Yalta to carve up the post- Communist allies. Britain has a War world. The United Nations, World General Strike. Bank and IMF are established. 1927 The first talkino oictures am

1 A n independence from France; and Common Market. Independence for Lebanon win independence from Ghana under Nkrumah and for France. Malaya. 1946 Civil war between Nationalists 1958 Algeria explodes as settlers and Communists erupts in China. Ho support French rule. De Gaulle offers Chi Minh's Communists win elections all African colonies independence or in the north of Vietnam. autonomy under France: only Guinea 1947 India and Pakistan win opts for independence. independence from Britain: 8.5 1959 Castro's rebels topple the million become refugees dictator Batista in Cuba. The Dalai and 400,000 die in inter-communal Lama flees Tibet. Mao launches the violence. The US offers aid to Europe Great Leap Forward in China. in the Marshall Plan - but declares a 1960 French Congo, Chad, Central crusade against Communism. Rebel African Republic, Togo and leader U Aung San is assassinated in Madagascar gain independence from Burma just before independence. France; Nigeria from Britain. 1948 Gandhi is shot dead by a Hindu Lumumba wins independence for extremist. Palestine descends into Congo from Belgium but is deposed civil war; Jews declare the new state by Mobutu. Ceylon's Sirimavo of Israel. Independence for Ceylon Bandaranaike becomes the world's (now Sri Lanka). Afrikaner first woman prime minister. Nationalists institutionalize apartheid 1961 In Congo Lumumba is in South Africa. The UN adopts the murdered and UN Secretary-General Declaration of Human Rights. Dag Hammarskjold dies in a plane 1949 Mao Zedong's Communists crash. US invasion of Cuba's Bay of triumph in China. Independence for Pigs; Castro embraces Communism. Indonesia and Laos. Germany Tanganyika (now Tanzania) wins becomes two countries. East and independence from Britain under West. Nyerere. 1950 The Korean War begins as the 1^2 Algeria, Rwanda, Burundi, North captures Seoul and the UN Uganda and Trinidad & Tobago gain involves foreign troops. Jordan independence. Nelson Mandela is annexes the Palestinian West Bank. jailed in South Africa. US and USSR China seizes Tibet. dice with nuclear war over missiles in 1952 The Mau Mau step up the battle Cuba. to drive the British out of Kenya. 1963 The Organization of African 1953 The Korean War ends; two Unity is formed. Kenya becomes million died. Soviet tanks crush an independent under Kenyatta. US uprising in East Germany. President Kennedy is shot dead. 1954 Nasser becomes Egypt's leader. 1964 The Palestine Liberation Vietnam's Communist rebels defeat Organization is formed. The US the French at Dien Bien Phu then outlaws racial discrimination. Malawi take Hanoi. The CIA deposes and Zambia win independence. President Arbenz of Guatemala; a 1965 Indonesia's General Suharto military regime takes over. seizes power: 700,000 leftists and 1955 The Non-Aligned Movement is comm.unity workers are murdered. formed in Bandung, Indonesia. South US planes bomb North Vietnam. Africa's ANC adopts the Freedom Singapore secedes from Malaysia. Charter. Sudan wins independence. Rhodesia declares independence to US blacks boycott segregated buses, retain white power. inspired by Rosa Parks. 1966 Mao launches the Cultural 1956 Tunisian independence. Nasser Revolution. Botswana and Lesotho takes over the Suez Canal; Britain win independence. and France seize it back but are 1967 Civil war in Nigeria over Biafran forced to hand it over to the UN. secession. Israel wins the Six Day Hungary's revolt against Soviet rule is War against the Arabs and captures brutally put down. Sinai, Gaza, West Bank and •iQCn Qiv Piirr>r>oan natinnQ form thp iciri lO'slcim AKrvrininolo \*iln

141 citizenship in Australia. genocide revealed. The Sandinista 1968 Vietcong launch Tet Offensive; revolution ousts the Nicaraguan protest at US war in Vietnam all over dictator Somoza. Soviet troops install the world. In US, Martin Luther King a new government in Afghanistan. is shot dead. French students and Zimbabwe has black majority rule. workers take to the streets. Soviet 1980 Iran and Iraq go to war. tanks crush the Prague Spring in 1981 Belize wins independence. Czechoslovakia. Egypt's President Sadat and 1969 British troops are sent into Bangladesh's President Ziaur Northern Ireland. Four million face Rahman are assassinated. Hundreds starvation in Biafra. of thousands in western Europe 1970 Biafra surrenders in Nigeria. demonstrate against nuclear Intensive US bombing in Laos; Nixon weapons. The Solidarity union leads sends troops into Cambodia. Fiji and resistance in Communist Poland. Tonga gain independence. 1982 Britain and Argentina go to war 1971 Bangladesh declares over the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. independence from Pakistan. Israel invades Lebanon and holds the Genocide ensues as Pakistani forces south. US-backed 'contras' invade hit back but India helps the new Sandinista Nicaragua. nation into being. China takes 1983 Leftist Grenadan leader Maurice Taiwan's seat at the UN. Bahrain wins Bishop is murdered in a coup: US independence. troops depose the new government. 1973 The last US combat troops M e x i c o ' s d e b t c r i s i s t h r e a t e n s withdraw from Vietnam. Lebanon Western banks. plunges into civil war. Elected Marxist 1984 Indian leader Indira Gandhi is President Salvador Allende is shot dead. US transnational Union murdered in a CIA-backed coup in Carbide's chemical leak at Bhopal is Chile; massive repression follows. the worst industrial accident in Egypt and Syria attack Israel but are history. Half a million die in famine in defeated. Arab producers raise oil Ethiopia. prices by 70 per cent, sending shock 1985 Reformer Mikhail Gorbachev waves through the world economy. takes over in the Soviet Union. The 1974 Ethiopian Emperor Haile Greenpeace boat Rainbow Warner is Selassie is deposed. India joins the blown up by French agents. nuclear bomb club. US President 1986 Yoweri Museveni wins power in Nixon resigns in disgrace. Uganda. Philippine President Marcos 1975 The extreme-Maoist Khmer is ousted by people power; as is Rouge take over in Cambodia. 'Baby Doc' Duvalier in Haiti. The Vietnam is reunited as the North's Chernobyl explosion is the world's forces take over the South. worst nuclear accident. 'Colored' Mozambique, Papua New Guinea win people and Indians are given the vote independence. India's Indira Gandhi in South Africa; Africans are not. becomes repressive after resistance 1987 Burkina Faso's inspirational to mass sterilization. Morocco l e a d e r T h o m a s S a n k a r a i s m u r d e r e d . annexes Western Sahara. Indonesia The USSR and US sign the first-ever seizes East Timor. t.reaty to cut nuclear weapons. 1976 In South Africa, mass protest Thousands of Chinese students against apartheid led by demand more democracy. schoolchildren in Soweto. Mao 1988 Soviet troops withdraw from Zedong dies. Afghanistan. Benazir Bhutto of 1978 War between Ethiopia and Pakistan becomes the first female Somalia. Israel and Egypt sign a leader of an Islamic country. The Iran- peace treaty. Deng Xiaoping emerges Iraq war ends. Yasser Arafat as China's leader. recognizes Israel. 1979 The Shah of Iran is deposed; 1989 Paraguay's dictator Stroessner Ayatollah Khomeini leads a strict is deposed. Chinese students and Islamic state. Cambodia is invaded workers occupy Tiananmen Square bv Vietnam and the Khmer Rouoe cppkinn mnrfi Hpmnnrarv hnt are

■ t A O brutally crushed by tanks. Agreement. 500,000 Tutsis are Communist states in east Europe murdered by the majority Hutus in crumble one by one: Hungary, East Rwanda in a homfying genocide; Germany, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and rebel Tutsi forces take over and two Romania. million Hutus become refugees. 1990 Namibia wins independence Nelson Mandela is elected President from South Africa. ANC leader of South Africa. Nelson Mandela is released from 1995 The World Trade Organization prison after 28 years. The USSR (WTO) comes into being. A US- disintegrates as Latvia, Estonia, brokered peace deal splits Bosnia Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Moldova, into Serb and Muslim/Croat parts. Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia all 1996 The Afghan capital Kabul falls declare independence. East Germans to the extremist Taliban: women are vote for a reunited Germany. Iraq banned from working. i n v a d e s K u w a i t . 1997 The dictator Mobutu is deposed 1991 Iraqi forces are driven out of after 32 years in Zaire/Congo. The Kuwait by US-led UN forces. Georgia Thai, Indonesian and South Korean and Azerbaijan declare independence economies all collapse - but are from USSR. The Soviet Union is bailed out by the IMF. The Ottawa disbanded and Boris Yeltsin becomes Treaty banning landmines is signed Russian leader. Tigray-based rebels after a long campaign. win power in Ethiopia. Croatia and 1998 Indonesian dictator Suharto is Slovenia declare independence from ousted after 32 years of power. Yugoslavia; war breaks out. Extreme weather conditions 1992 Islamic fundamentalists take to worldwide are blamed on global arms in Algeria after an election they warming. Agreement is reached on would win is cancelled. The an International Criminal Court and Australian High Court recognizes former Chilean dictator Pinochet is Aboriginals' prior ownership of land. arrested in Britain. DR Congo Long civil wars end in El Salvador descends into a civil war involving six and Mozambique. Bosnia declares of its neighbors. independence from Yugoslavia; 1999 Nigeria embraces democracy. 'ethnic cleansing' of Muslims by N ATO b o m b s S e r b i a o v e r e t h n i c Serbs begins. The Earth Summit in cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo. Rio is hamstrung by US negativity. Eritrea and Ethiopia fight a long and 1993 Eritrea wins independence bitter border war. East Timor votes from Ethiopia after two decades of for independence but Indonesian armed struggle. militias take their revenge in a killing 1994 The Zapatista uprising in spree. A watershed anti-globalization Chiapas, Mexico, protests the new protest scuppers the WTO meeting North American Free Trade in Seattle.

Bibliography Pelican History of the Worid, J M Roberts (Penguin, 1988). A Women's History of the World, Rosalind Miles (Michael Joseph, 1988). Green History of the World, Clive Ponting (Penguin 1993). Progress and Barbarism: the World in the 20th Century, Clive Ponting (Chatto & Windus 1998). The Age of Revolution, Eric Hobsbawm (Vintage 1996). The Age of Extremes, Eric Hobsbawm (Vintage 1996). Afhca in History, Basil Davidson (Penguin 1984). A Short History of the World. HG Wells (Penouin 1922/1965).

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