FRUITS OF THE AMAZONIAN FOREST. PART II: SAPOTACEAE

Marc G. M. VAN ROOSMALEN1, Olímpia Maria da Cruz Gomes GARCIA1

ABSTRACT — Descriptions and line drawings of fruits and seeds from 153 woody species of the family Sapotaceae occurring in Amazonia are presented, along with their preferred habitat, distribution, habit and seed dispersal. Key words: Amazonia; Sapotaceae; fruits; morphology; ecology; seed dispersal. Frutos da Floresta Amazônica. Parte II: Sapotaceae RESUMO — Descrições e desenhos de frutos e sementes de 153 espécies da família Sapotaceae na Amazônia Legal são apresentadas, com informações sobre o hábito, habitat, distribuição geográfica e dispersão de sementes de cada espécie. Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Sapotaceae; frutos; morfologia; ecologia; dispersão de sementes.

INTRODUCTION Simple descriptions of leaves and inflo­ rescences are included which may add This is the second contribution to to identification of the fruits in the field. a series of articles in which we pretend to "describe and illustrate the fruits of METHODS all woody plants occurring in the The descriptions and drawings of Amazonian forest. The first article fruits and seeds are based on plant treating the fruits of the family material from various herbariums, Myristicaceae was published in De­ most importantly of the National In­ cember 1996 (Van Roosmalen et ah, stitute for Amazon Research (INPA), 1996). It is estimated that at least Manaus, Brazil, the University of 10,000 species of trees, shrubs, lianas, Utrecht, Holland, the University of twiners and hemi-epiphytes occur in Paramaribo, Suriname, and the collec­ lowland Amazonia, five times as many tion of fruits preserved, either dry or as have been included in the Field in spirit, FAAor glycerol, kept by the Guide to the Fruits of the Guianan first author at INPA. Flora (Van Roosmalen, 1985). With respect to the taxonomy, Each contribution contains de­ the authors follow the specialist on the tailed descriptions of fruits and seeds, Sapotaceae, Dr. T.D. Pennington, who and information on geographical dis­ revised the family in 1990. Descrip­ tribution, habit, preferred habitat, seed tions of leaves, inflorescences and dispersal and seed predation. More­ flowers are generally taken from his over, when data on zoochory and feed­ revision and from the Field Guide to ing habits are available, the animals the Fruits of the Guianan Flora (Van are mentioned which are involved in Roosmalen, 1985). seed dispersal, seed predation and For representative collections seedling browsing of the plant species. examined for these descriptions we

1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araujo, 1756 - Aleixo, 69083 Manaus, AM. e-mail [email protected] refer to both authors mentioned here. ternate and distichous, sometimes op­ References for the collections used for posite or verticillate, simple, entire, illustrating the fruits and seeds are with large caducous stipules in all spe­ given in the legends of each plate. cies of Ecclinusa and Chromolucuma, The main collecting areas in the leaving an obvious scar. Inflorescences vicinity of Manaus were: Rio Tarumã- fasciculate, axillary, ramiflorous or Açú, the Anavilhanas Archipelago, cauliflorous, often being densely clus­ Marchantaria Island, the cattle ranches tered on twigs, branches or trunk, or where the WWF/Smithsonian/INPA occasionally several arranged along project is taking place (80 km north of short leafless axillary shoots; flowers Manaus), the Adolfo Ducke Forest bisexual or unisexual (the plant mono­ Reserve (AM-010, km 25), and the ecious or dioecious), small, regular, 3- Rio Cuieiras Nature Reserve (BR-174, 6(-7)-merous, the calyx with a single km 33-37). Among the more distant whorl of (4-)5(-6) free, imbricate se­ areas where fruits were collected, are: pals (as in most Pouteria spp.), or with Rio Tefé, Rio Juruá, Rio Urucu, Rio 6-12 spirally arranged sepals (as in Negro, Rio Jauaperi, Rio Cauaburi (Pico Pouteria section Aneulucuma), or da Neblina National Park), Rio biseriate, consisting of 2 whorls, each Abacaxis, Rio Maués-Açú, Rio Ma­ with (2-)3-4 sepals (as in Manilkara); deira, Rio Aripuanã, and Rio Uraricuera petals more or less connate, (Maracá Island). Illustrations of fruits cyathiform or shortly tubular, usually were made preferably from fresh mate­ with included stamens (as in most rial or from fruits collected fresh and Pouteria spp.), or with widely spread­ preserved in FAA, 70% ethanol, 10% ing lobes (rotate) and exserted stamens formol or 50% glycerol. (as in Pradosia); ovary superior, 1-15- locular with uniovulate loculi, but re­ Many hitherto unpublished data duced to 3,2 or 1 locule in many are included from fieldwork carried Pouteria spp. (Diploõn has 1 locule out by the first author on the ecology with 2 basal ovules); styles 1. Fruit a of primates and other vertebrates in berry with an undifferentiated en- Suriname (1976-1979), French Guiana docarp, or, as in Pradosia, a drupe (1983-1985) and Brazil (1987-). with a cartilaginous endocarp, glo­ All illustrations of fruits and bose, ovoid, obovoid, or ellipsoid, the seeds are drawn natural size (1:1). small-fruited species often with a soft For a glossary of botanical pericarp, the larger-fruited species of­ terms, please refer to the appendix ten with a leathery and hard pericarp, published in Van Roosmalen et al. with the innermost 1-3 mm surround­ (1996). For abbreviations, please refer ing the seed being a succulent sweet to the introduction of Van Roosmalen watery jelly, the fleshy part always etal. (1996). edible and sweet-tasting, the pericarp SAPOTACEAE A.L. de Jussieu indehiscent (only dehiscent in some Leaves spirally arranged, or al­ ChrysophyUum spp.); seeds 1-several, very distinctive, the family character­ {Alouatta), capuchin monkeys istic being the smooth shining brown {Cebus), titi monkeys {Callicebus), the testa contrasting with the conspicuous small seeds also dispersed by small pale rough scar (hilum) by which the monkeys such as night monkeys seed is attached to the rest of the fruit, {Aotus), squirrel monkeys {Saimiri), the seed shape, position of the scar, lion tamarins {Leontopithecus), tama- and extent of the scar provide useful rins {Saguinus and Callimico), mar­ taxonomic characters; many species mosets {Callithrix), and pygmy mar­ have strongly laterally compressed mosets {Cebuella), furthermore coatis seeds (e.g., Chrysophyllum spp., {Nasua), kinkajous {Potos), marsupi­ Manilkara spp.), or broadly ellipsoid als {Didelphis and Caluromys), fish seeds with a narrow or broad adaxial (some igapo and várzea species might scar (many Pouteria spp.), or broadly be dispersed by fish), tortoises ellipsoid, subglobose or obovoid seeds {Geochelone), and bats (only some with a small or large basal or basi-ven- soft skinned, sweet fruited species tral scar {Diploòn, some with a seed easily removed from the Chrysophyllum spp.). pericarp); predation of the immature Notes. Small to large trees, with seeds of almost all Sapotaceae is com­ a cylindrical bole (in all Manilkara mon in parakeets, parrots, and ma­ spp.) or fluted bole (as in many caws, and very common in pithecine Pouteria spp.), the base of the trunk monkeys, such as bearded sakis often buttressed, the bark rarely {Chiropotes), sakis {Pithecia), and smooth, often fissured or scaling, with uacaries {Cacajao), often leaving very white, rarely yellow, rather thick, few seeds to mature and to be dis­ sticky or at least milky latex in trunk, persed. branches and young fruit; pollination Chromolucuma Ducke by bats (as in Manilkara spp.), small bees and other insects (in Pouteria Leaves spirally arranged, stipules spp.), and flies and maybe larger ver­ present, large, leaving a conspicuous tebrates (such as Caluromys) in scar. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate; Pradosia spp.; seed dispersal, at least sepals 5. Fruit containing one seed, in the small-fruited species with a soft testa dull and rough, scar broad pericarp, by birds (cotingids, toucans, adaxial covering up to two thirds of guans) , and monkeys (the family is the seed. probably the most important food-sup­ Notes. Trees with yellow latex. plier for most of the 16 genera of Neo­ Distribution. Two species in tropical primates), the smaller and South America. larger seeds swallowed and Chromolucuma baehniana Monachino endochorically dispersed by spider Leaves sericeous below, with 13- monkeys {Ateies), woolly spider mon­ 26 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles keys {Br achy teles), woolly monkeys 2-6-flowered, axillary and below the {Lagothrix), howling monkeys leaves; pedicels 0.5-0.9 cm long; flow- ers unisexual. Fruit velvety-chestnut comm.); periodically flooded forest when young. along riversides, and dry evergreen Notes. Tree to 30 m high, trunk forest over white sand. diameter to 70 cm, buttresses to 3 m Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, high, bole fluted, with scaling Pará), Colombia, Venezuela reddishbrown bark; dry evergreen for­ (Amazonas). est over white sand, also along creeks. Chrysophyllum Linnaeus Distribution. Brazil (NW Leaves spirally arranged, or al­ Amazonas: Pico da Neblina National ternate and distichous. Inflorescences Park), Guyana, Venezuela axillary, ramiflorous or cauliflorous; (Amazonas). flowers unisexual or bisexual, fascicu­ Chromolucuma rubriflora Ducke late, rarely solitary, calyx a single abiurana-do-chavascal, abiurana- whorl of (4-)5(-6) sepals, sometimes grande-de-igapó, majá, sapota-brava (Β) accrescent in fruit. Fruit a 1- to many- Pl.l,fig.l seeded berry, sometimes dehiscent; Leaves glabrous, with 17-40 seeds laterally compressed, with a nar­ pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles row adaxial scar, sometimes extending many-flowered, below the leaves; around the base of the seed, or not lat­ pedicels 1.5-3.7 cm long; flowers uni­ erally compressed and then the scar sexual. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, broader, basi-ventral or adaxial, testa 5.5 χ 4.5 cm, to 8 cm long, rounded at smooth and shining, or rough and then base and apex, smooth or rugose (when adherent to the pulp. immature dried strongly and irregularly Notes. Trees or shrubs. ribbed and furrowed), ferrugineous Distribution. Pantropical genus brown shortly velutinous, becoming with ca. 43 species in the Neotropics. subglabrous at maturity; seed ellipsoid, Chrysophyllum section 1. sometimes 2-seeded and then plano­ Chrysophyllum convex, 2.5-5.5 cm long, or 3.5 χ 2.9 χ Leaves spaced, usually alternate 2.0 cm, rounded at base and apex, apex and distichous. Fascicles mostly axil­ with stout prickle, testa caniculately lary; flowers bisexual; sepals not furrowed, scar 3.5 χ 2.7 cm. accrescent in fruit. Seed not or only Notes. Tree to 30 m high, trunk rarely laterally compressed, usually diameter to 40 cm, buttressed; immature with a broad basi-ventral or adaxial seeds were seen eaten by Humboldt's scar, testa smooth, shining, free from black-headed uacaris (Cacajao pericarp. melanocephalus melanocephalus) along Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacquin R. Cauaburí (Pico da Neblina National subsp. auratum (Miquel) Pennington Park, Brazil)(Boubli, 1997), mature fruits were seen eaten and the seeds dis­ sururuburuen(A); pinto-boletri persed by woolly monkeys {Lagothrix (S); rosada-brava, abiurana-batinga lagotricha lagotricha) along R. (B) PL 1, fig. 2 Apaporis, Colombia (Defler, pers. Leaves golden sericeous below, with (8-)10-16(-25) pairs of secondary copious latex in pericarp. veins. Fascicles (2-)5-15(-25)-flow- Notes. Tree to 25 m high with ered; pedicels (0.2-)0.3 cm long; se­ fluted bole; seasonal semi-evergreen pals 5 ; fruits solitary or in pairs on forest, pioneer vegetation, high mixed 0.4-0.5 cm long pedicels. Fruit ellip­ wallaba forest, and dry Mora forest. soid, 2-2.5 χ 1.5-2 cm, smooth, gla­ Distribution. Brazil (Pará), brous, at first green to yellow, even­ Guianas, Venezuela. tually reddish to purplish-black, shin­ Chrysophyllum cainito Linnaeus ing; pericarp fleshy, sweet-tasting; seeds 1, slightly to strongly laterally sterappel, starápra (S); caimito compressed, scar usually heartshaped, (B) PI. 1, fig. 3 basi-ventral, about half the length of Leaves golden(- ferrugineous) the seed. sericeous below, with 14-26 pairs of Notes. Tree to 35 m high, trunk secondary veins. Fascicles dense, 5- diameter to 65 cm, with small rounded 20(-30)-flowered; pedicels 0.6-1.2 cm buttresses and fluted bole, slash pink long; sepals (4-)5(-6), sometimes per­ or reddish, exuding copious sticky sistent in fruit, red-sericeous. Fruit white latex; in Suriname, the author broadly ellipsoid to globose, to 7.5 (- saw the mature fruits being eaten and 12) χ 6.5 (-8) cm, green to purplish, the seeds dispersed by golden-handed apex and base obtuse to rounded, tamarins {Saguinus midas midas), red smooth, glabrous; pulp white, translu­ howling monkeys {Alouatta seniculus) cent, sweet-tasting; seeds 3-10 (some and black spider monkeys {Ateies abortive), 1-1.8 cm long, usually lat­ paniscus), whereas the immature seeds erally compressed, brown, with a were heavily predated upon by black smooth shining testa, scar adaxial, 0.6- bearded sakis {Chiropotes satanas 1.3 cm long, always more than half the chiropotes); lowland tropical length of the seed, about equalling the rainforest, montane and cloud forest, along riverbanks and sometimes in width of the seed, often with a small flooded forest (igapó). rounded beak near the apex; cross sec­ Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Amapá, tion of fruit shows stellately arranged Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia, locules, hence the name 'starapple'. Guianas, Peru, and Venezuela. Notes. Tree to 15(-25) m high, Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacquin with eventually slightly fluted bole, subsp. nitidum (G.F.W. Meyer) the bark deeply and narrowly fissured; Pennington lowland, riverine and montane forest. kokeritiballi (A) Distribution. Widely cultivated Leaves glabrous below, with (8- and naturalized throughout Central )10-16(-25) pairs of secondary veins. and South America, probably native Fascicles (2-)5-15(-25)-flowered; only in the Greater Antilles. pedicels (0.2-)0.3-0.7(-1) cm long; se­ Chrysophyllum section 2. pals (4-)5. Fruit violet when ripe, with Villocuspis A. de Candolle PI. 1. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chromolucuma rubriflora, a. smooth fruit; b. verrucose fruit; c. seed, frontal view; d. other seed type, lateral and frontal view (Boubli 86; Boubli 100; Defler 242). 2. Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. auratum, a. young fruit; b. mature fruit; c. seed, frontal and lateral view (Bruijn 1389). 3. C. cainito, a. fruit; b. cross section of fruit χ lA; c. seed, frontal and lateral view (Pennington & Poveda 11454). Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ laterally compressed seeds, scar usu­ tichous. Fascicles axillary; flowers bi­ ally narrow, extending along the sexual, only unisexual in C. adaxial face and around the base, testa sparsiflorum; sepals not accrescent in smooth, shining, free from pericarp. fruit. Seed not laterally compressed, scar Chrysophyllum bombycinum broad, adaxial or basi-ventral, testa Pennington smooth, shining, free from pericarp. coquirana (B) PI. 2, fig. 2 Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum Leaves tightly clustered, very Klotzsch ex Miquel in Martius big, with 25-30 pairs of secondary abiurana, mangabarana (B) PI. 2, veins. Fascicles ramiflorous on older branches, 1-20-flowered; flowers bi­ fig. 1 sexual; sepals 5, accrescent and thick­ Leaves at first pale sericeous ened in fruit, to 1.2 cm long; pedicels below, glabrescent, with 11-16 pairs of 0.5-1 cm long. Fruit globose or obo- secondary veins. Fascicles 2-6-flow- void, ca. 4 χ 3.5 cm, apex truncate or ered, sepals (4-)5, in fruit 0.15 cm rounded, base tapered, yellow to or­ long; pedicels 0.15-0.5 cm, in fruit ange, smooth, glabrous; seeds several, 0.5-1.0 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid or obo- ca. 2 cm long, strongly laterally com­ void, to 3.0 χ 2.2 cm, apex rounded, pressed, scar ca. 0.15 cm wide. apiculate, base rounded or slightly ta­ Notes. Tree to 25 m high, with pered, smooth, glabrous, maturing yel­ cylindrical bole, no buttresses; terra- low; pericarp fleshy; seed solitary, el­ firme forest, usually on white sand. lipsoid, plano-convex, 1.3 cm long to Distribution. Brazil (W 2.0 χ 1.2 cm, testa smooth, shining, Amazonas), Peru (Loreto). very hard and woody, scar broad, cov­ Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum ering the adaxial face, 1.1-2.0 χ 0.8- (Pierre) Baehni subsp. balata 0.9 cm. (Ducke) Pennington Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 75 abiurana, balata, coquirana, cm diam., bark containing white milky ucuquirana-brava (B) PI. 2, fig. 3 latex; terra-firme lowland rain and sa­ Leaves very large, appressed fer- vanna forest. rugineous or silvery puberulous below, Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil with 15-21 pairs of secondary veins. (Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia), Fascicles 10-20-flowered; flowers bi­ Guyana, Venezuela. sexual; sepals 5, rounded, in fruit strongly accrescent and thickened Chrysophyllum Section 3. Ragala (woody), two smaller sepals to 1 χ 1.2 (Pierre) Pennington cm, three larger ones to 1.5 χ 1.8 cm; Leaves spaced or clustered at the fruiting pedicels to 0.2 cm long. Fruit shoot apex, spirally arranged. Fas­ subglobose, to 3 χ 4 cm, apex truncate cicles ramiflorous; flowers bisexual or or depressed, base rounded or truncate, unisexual; sepals usually accrescent in yellow to pale brown, woody, longitu­ fruit. Fruit with moderately to strongly dinally striate, with sunken prickle, smooth, glabrous or brown-sericeous; feeding frequently on the ripe fruits of seeds 4-5, 1.4-2.5 cm long, laterally this subspecies and these monkeys compressed, scar 0.1-0.15 cm wide. seemed to be the principal seed dis­ Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 60 perses; terra -firme lowland forest and cm diam., sometimes with narrow hill forest on brown sand. twisted buttresses, bark greyish, fis­ Distribution. Brazil (Amapá), sured, with abundant white or cream- Guianas, S Venezuela. colored latex; commonly found in peri­ Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum odically flooded forest (várzea), but also (Pierre) Baehni subsp. spurium in terra-firme forest; the tree is the (Ducke) Pennington source of an inferior 'balata' (rubber). abiu, balata-brava, ucuquirana- Distribution. Am. Colombia, brava, coquirana-brava (B) PL 3, fig. 1 Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), Guyana, Leaves medium-sized, glabrous, Am. Peru, Am. Venezuela. with 10-16 pairs of secondary veins, Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum petiole 2-4 cm long. Fascicles 10-20- (Pierre) Baehni subsp. flowered; flowers bisexual; sepals 5, sanguinolentum rounded, in fruit weakly accrescent, barataballi (A); swit'anini (S); less than 1 cm long, not or weakly switi-amini (P); balata, ucuquirana thickened, three sepals coalescent, 0.3- verdadeira (Β) PI. 2, fig. 4 0.5 χ 0.8-1.2 cm, two smaller ones Leaves glabrous, with 8-10 pairs 0.2-0.3 χ 0.6-0.7 cm; fruits on wartlike of secondary veins, petioles less than outgrowths on leafless branches and 2 cm long. Fascicles 10-20-flowered; twigs , pedicels stout, 0.3-0.5 cm long. flowers bisexual; sepals 5, rounded, in Fruit obovoid, 5 χ 3.5 to 8.5 χ 7.3 cm, fruit weakly accrescent, less than 1 cm yellowish to brown, with light brown long, not or weakly thickened; fruiting indumentum, apex sunken with minute pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm long. Fruit glo­ prickle, longitudinally striate to ob­ bose or ovoid, 4 χ 5 to 6 χ 7 cm, pale scurely ribbed; seeds 2-5, 1.8 χ 1 χ 0.7 brown, brown-sericeous, epicarp hard, cm to 2.7 χ 1.3-1.5 χ 1 cm, glossy finally 5-valved dehiscent, pulp tough, brown-black, scar linear, to 2.1 cm long, pale greenish-cream, edible, sweet- extending to 0.7 cm around the base. tasting; seeds 4-5, ca. 1.8 χ 1 χ 0.7 cm. Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 50 Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 60 cm diam. with small buttresses, the cm diam., with steep, stout, simple slash exudes copious thick white or buttresses to 75 cm high, trunk some­ yellowish latex; immature seeds are times fluted, bark reddish or rusty- seen eaten by parrots and pithecine brown, scaly, slash pink to red, exud­ monkeys {Pithecia pithecia ing copious sticky white latex; in the chrysocephala and Chiropotes satanas past, the latex was employed as a sub­ chiropotes), the black bearded sakis stitute for rubber; in French Guiana heavily predating on the young seeds (R. Arouany), the author saw black from June to November in the vicin­ spider monkeys {Ateies paniscus) ity of Manaus, Amazonas, whereas PI. 2. Figs. 1-4. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum sparsiβorum, a. young and mature fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Steyermark 60975). 2. C. bombycinum, a. fruit; b. seed (Gentry & Aronson 25302). 3. C. sanguinolentum subsp. balata, infructescence (Van Roosmalen 47). 4. C. sanguinolentum subsp. sanguinolentum, a. fruiting calyx from below; b. infructescence, the mature fruits dehiscing (Van Roosmalen 2320). PI. 3. Fig. 1. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. spurium, a. young infructescence; b. young fruit from below; c. young fruit; d. fruit from below; e. seed, frontal and lateral view; f. mature fruit; g. mature fruit; h. mature fruit (Peres 513, 471, 473). capuchin monkeys {Cebus albifrons) densely rufous-villose, the pubescence were observed eating the ripe pulp of easily falling off, the pericarp ca. 0.7 this subspecies, dominating the forest cm thick, hard-woody; fruits weighing on the lower slopes of the Pico da on average 55 grams; seeds 5, often a Neblina (Boubli, pers. comm.); in the few abortive, ovoid or ellipsoid, mod­ R. Urucu region (Amazonas, Brazil), erately laterally compressed, 1.7-2.5 χ Geoffroy's woolly monkeys 1-1.4 χ 0.7-1 cm, obtuse, lightbrown, (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) are re­ shining, irregularly grooved, scar nar­ ported to feed on mature fruits, dis­ rowly oblong or linear, 1.2-2.4 χ 0.2- persing the seeds endochorically, but 0.4 cm, extending around the base; also predating on the immature seeds seeds weighing on average 2 grams. (Peres, 1994), whereas capuchin mon­ Notes. Tree to 28 m high and 43 keys (Cebus apella) and buffy sakis cm diam., slash exuding white latex; (Pithecia albicans) were seen eating the golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia ripe fruits, and buffy sakis also the im­ chrysocephala) predate on the imma­ mature seeds (Peres, pers. comm.); ripe ture seeds north of Manaus, Amazonas fruits weigh 85-102 grams; frequently (Setz, 1993); in the R. Urucú region, present in periodically flooded lowland Brazilian Amazon, Geoffroy's woolly forest (várzea), but also in terra-firme, monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana), savanna and montane forest. buffy sakis (Pithecia albicans), and Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Amazona parrots were seen feeding on Amazonas), Am. Colombia, Am. Peru, the immature pulp and seeds, whereas S. Venezuela. tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and Chrysophyllum ucuquirana-branca white-fronted capuchins (Cebus (Aubréville & Pellegrin) Pennington albifrons) fed on the mature pulp balata -brava, coquirana-branca, (Peres, 1994); terra-firme lowland for­ coquirana-rocha (B) PL 4, fig. 1 est, also on sandy soil. Leaves large, densely clustered Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas), at the shoot apex, spirally arranged, Venezuela (Amazonas). densely and persistently ferrugineous Chrysophyllum section 4. Prieurella tomentose mixed with short crisped (Pierre) Pennington hairs below, with 17-18 pairs of sec­ Leaves nearly always clustered ondary veins. Fascicles many-flow­ at the shoot apex, spirally arranged. ered, flowers (sub)sessile, unisexual; Fascicles ramiflorous or cauliflorous; sepals 5,0.5 cm long, densely villose, flowers unisexual, sepals not accrescent in fruit accrescent, three larger ones in fruit. Fruit with moderately to rounded, to 1.7-2 χ 1.8-2.2 cm, two strongly laterally compressed seeds, scar smaller ones 0.6-0.9 χ 1-1.2 cm, thick- usually narrow, adaxial, testa rough, not coriaceous, glabrescent; fruits sessile, shining, adherent to the pulp. clustered below leaves on old branches Chrysophyllum amazônicam and twigs. Fruit subglobose, 3.8 χ 4.7 Pennington to 5.5 χ 6.0 cm, apex depressed, abiu-da-mata, abiurana-massa- randuba (Β) PL 4, fig. 2 Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Leaves glabrous, with 10-13(-16) Amazonas, Pará), Am. Colombia and pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles Peru, S Venezuela. ramiflorous, 5-many-flowered; Chrysophyllum cuneifolium pedicels 0.5-0.8 cm long, in fruit ca. (Rudge) A. de Candolle 1.2 cm long, stout; fruiting calyx 5- kwatabobi, atakamara (S); merous, sepals 0.2 χ 0.3 cm, apex wilapele (P) PL 4, fig. 3 rounded. Fruit obliquely obovoid Leaves with 12-19 pairs of sec­ (when 1-seeded), 3x2 cm, or obscurely ondary veins. Fascicles cauliflorous on 2-3-lobed ellipsoid (when 2-3-seeded), trunk and ramiflorous, many-flowered; 3.5 χ 3.7 χ 3 cm to 4.5 χ 3.8 χ 3.5 cm, pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm, in fruit 1.5-2 cm apex rounded, base rounded to acute, long; fruiting calyx lobes 4-5, re­ greenish-brown to yellow to orange curved, 0.3-0.5 cm long. Fruit ellip­ brown, smelling after almond, smooth, soid, obovoid or obconical, 2.8-4 χ glabrous, covered with conspicuous pale 2.5-3.2 cm, sometimes to 5 χ 4 cm, lenticels, prickle oblique; ripe fruits apex rounded or obtuse, apiculate, weigh on average 7.5 grams (n=7); base tapered, mature yellowish to or­ seeds 1-2(-4), laterally compressed ellip­ ange, smooth, glabrous or with some soid, to 2.6 χ 1.5 χ 0.9 cm, testa not golden-yellow residual indumentum; shining, adherent to pulp, scar narrow, seeds (3-)4-5, ellipsoid, 1.9-2.5 cm 2.1 χ 0.2-0.3 cm, extending most of the long, laterally compressed, brown, length of the seed. testa not shining, adherent to the pulp, Notes. Tree to 45 m high and 54 scar extending most of the length of cm diam., with up to 2 m high but­ the seed, 0.15-0.2 cm wide. tresses and fissured bark; in Colombia Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 30 (R. Apaporis), ripe pulp seen eaten by cm diam., bark greyish-brown and Humboldt's woolly monkeys scaling, slash exuding white latex, but­ (Lagothrix lagotricha lagotricha) and tresses inconspicuous; tree flowering seeds dispersed endochorically and fruiting on the trunk from ground (Defler, pers. comm.); crops super­ level to crown; wet lowland forest and abundant, one tree produced 10,700 savanna forest, often along riverbanks. mature fruits (Defler, pers. comm.); in Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, the R. Urucu region, Amazonas, Bra­ Amazonas, Pará), Fr. Guiana, zil, tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) Suriname. fed on ripe pulp (Peres, pers. comm.); Chrysophyllum manaosense immature seeds were seen eaten by (Aubréville) Pennington PL 5, fig. 1 pithecine monkeys (Chiropotes Leaves with 16-32 pairs of sec­ satanas chiropotes and Pithecia ondary veins. Fascicles on branches pithecia chrysocephala) north of and on trunk from ground level to Manaus, Amazonas (Frazão, 1992; crown, 5-15-flowered; pedicels 0.4-1 Setz, 1993); terra-firme lowland forest cm, in fruit to 2(-4) cm long; fruiting and savanna forest on sandy soil. calyx (4-)5-merous, 0.2-0.5 cm long, la lc

PI. 4. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum ucuquirana-branca, a. infructescence; b. fruit from below; c. cross section of fruit; d. seed, frontal and lateral view (Van Roosmalen 50; Peres 259). 2. C. amazonicum, a. infructescence; b. 2-seeded fruit; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 28, 29, 30). 3. C. cuneifolium, a. fruit; b. cross section of fruit; c. seed (Peres 596). corolla lobes 5, persistent in fruit, 0.2- subglobose, broadly ellipsoid or ob­ 0.3 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid or broadly long-ellipsoid, usually rounded at apex obovoid, 2.5-4.2 χ 2.5-3.5 cm, apex and base, to 4.5 χ 5-6 cm, maturing rounded to truncate, apiculate, base yellow to orange, epicarp hard, almost obtuse, smooth, golden-brown smooth and puberulous to glabrous, to velutinous, maturing yellow to orange; verrucose or echinate-muricate, pulp seeds 2-5,2.2-2.6 χ 1.0-1.5 cm, later­ white or yellowish, sweet-tasting; ally compressed, apex rounded, base seeds 1-5, ellipsoid, slightly to acute, testa rough, adherent to the strongly laterally compressed, 2.3-2.7 pulp, dull brown, scar adaxial and χ 1.6-1.8 χ 1.1 cm, testa brownish, basal, extending most of the length of dull, smooth, adherent to the pulp; scar the seed, 0.1-0.15 cm wide. narrow, extending most of the length Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 45 of the seed, 2-2.3 χ 0.15-0.4 cm. cm diam., sometimes with buttresses, Notes. Tree to 40 m high and bark reddish, shallowly fissured, latex 120 cm diam., with a cylindrical bole white; mature pulp seen eaten by and steep branched, to 2 m high but­ golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia tresses; bark reddish brown, finely chrysocephala) north of Manaus, vertically cracked or shallowly fis­ dropping the seeds intact (Setz, 1993), sured, scaling; slash pink or cream, and by red-cap moustached tamarins exuding little yellow or white latex; in (Saguinus mystax pileatus) in the R. Suriname, golden-handed tamarins Urucú region, Amazonas, Brazil, swal­ (Saguinus midas midas) fed on the lowing the seeds and pulp and dispers­ mature pulp, dropping the seeds intact; ing the seeds endochorically (Peres, in Brazil (R. Urucu region), 1993); mixed wallaba (Eperua falcata) Geoffroy's woolly monkeys forest and terra-firme forest on white (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) and tufted sand or clay. capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, were seen feeding on the mature pulp, Pará), Am. Colombia and Peru, swallowing and dispersing the seeds Suriname. endochorically (Peres, 1994), and Pionites parrots feeding on ripe fruits Chrysophyllum prieuriiA. de Candolle (Peres, pers comm.); north of Manaus, abiurana, abiú, mocambo, golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia castanha-vermelha, massaranduba (B); chrysocephala) were seen predating pepre-bortri, kwatabobi (S); malobi, on the immature seeds (Setz, 1993), pepeboiti (P) PL 5, fig. 2 and black spider monkeys (Ateies Leaves with 7-14 pairs of sec­ paniscus) and Guianan brown capu­ ondary veins, rufous-brown sericeous chins (Cebus apella apella) feeding on below. Fascicles ramiflorous, 5-15- mature pulp, dispersing the seeds flowered; sepals 5, persistent in fruit, endochorically; in Colombia (R. 0.2 cm long; pedicels 0.5-1 cm, in fruit Apaporis), Humboldt's woolly mon­ to 3 cm long, firm, brown. Fruit keys (Lagothrix I. lagotricha) fed on the immature green, and ripe orange were seen feeding on the ripe pulp, fruits (Defler, pers. comm.); terra- swallowing the seeds and dispersing firme rainforest on clay or sand, also them endochorically (Peres, 1994.); found in savanna forest on white sand. terra- firme rainforest. Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, Distribution. Brazil (Central Amazonas, Pará), Colombia, Guianas, Amazonas). Peru, Venezuela. Chrysophyllum eximium Ducke Chrysophyllum section 5. cuquirana, guajara-rana, Aneuchrysophyllum Engler massaranduba-rana (B) PI. 6, fig. 1 Leaves spaced or clustered at the Leaves with 7-12 pairs of sec­ shoot apex, spirally arranged. Fas­ ondary veins, with a dense persistent cicles axillary or on the smaller golden or ferrugineous indumentum branches; flowers bisexual or uni­ below. Fascicles ramiflorous, born just sexual, sepals not accrescent in fruit. below the leaves, 5-10-flowered; Fruit with strongly laterally com­ pedicels 0.1-0.5 cm, in fruit 0.2-0.5 cm pressed seeds with a narrow adaxial long; sepals 5, persistent in fruit. Fruit scar, and a smooth, shining testa, not ovoid or subglobose, 4.5-7 χ 5-6 cm, adherent to the pulp. apex slightly depressed or obtusely acuminate over 1 cm, base truncate, Chrysophyllum durifructum the pedicel somewhat sunken, green to (Rodrigues) Pennington PI. 5, fig. 3 yellow, eventually brown, epicarp Leaves with 12-16 pairs of sec­ hard, 1.3-1.5 cm thick, smooth, gla­ ondary veins. Fascicles axillary or be­ brous; seeds 2-5, to 3.5 χ 1.3 χ 1.0 cm. low the leaves, few-flowered; pedicels Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 35 0.5-1 cm long, in fruit stout, 0.7 χ 1.3 cm diam., slash exuding white latex; cm, somewhat sunken in base of fruit. in French Guiana (Arouany River), Fruit subglobose, 5-6.5 χ 5.2 cm, red-faced black spider monkeys green, epicarp hard, somewhat rough, (Ateiespaniscus) were seen feeding on glabrous; seeds up to 5, often 2 or 3 the ripe fruits and exclusively dispers­ abortive, 3.3-4.3 χ 1.5-1.7 χ 0.9 cm, ing the large seeds, in Suriname, both with an abaxial keel at base and apex, Guianan brown capuchins (Cebus lightbrown glossy, scar 2.3-3.3 χ 0.3- apella apella) and red-faced black spi­ 0.6 cm, dull. der monkeys (Ateies paniscus) were Notes. Tree to 28 m high and 50 seen feeding on the mature pulp, the cm diam., trunk cylindrical, bark thick, spider monkeys being locally the only scaling, slash exuding scant white la­ and exclusive dispersal agents for this tex; north of Manaus, black bearded species, whereas black bearded sakis sakis (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) pre­ were seen predating on the immature dated on the immature seeds over seeds (Frazão, 1992), whereas in the more than a 4-month period (Van R. Urucú region, Geoffroy's woolly Roosmalen, 1981, 1985, 1988); low­ monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) land rainforest, sometimes on periodi- PI. 5. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum manaosense, a. fruit; b. seed; c. fruiting ca­ lyx from below (Setz 204, 206; Peres 805, 643). 2. C. prieurii, a. fruit; b. fruit, longitudinal section showing three seeds; seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 21). 3.C. durifructum, a. fruit; b. cross section of fruit; c. seed, frontal and lateral view (Frazào 250, 341; Peres 618). cally flooded land. young, (sub)globose when mature, Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, 2.3-4.0 χ 2.0-3.5 cm, apex and base Amazonas), Suriname. rounded, yellow, apiculate, often with Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. a brown circular patch at the apex ca. pachycarpum Pires & Pennington 0.4 cm diam., epicarp thin leathery, abiú-branco, guajara (B) PL 6, fig. 2 smooth, glabrous, pulp fleshy, firm, Leaves with (8-)13-20 pairs of sweet-tasting; seeds to 5, 1.3-1.5 χ 0.8 secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and χ 0.7 cm, scar extending most of the ramiflorous below the leaves, 2-10- length of the seed, 0.1 cm wide. flowered; pedicels 0.2-0.6 cm long. Notes. Tree to 45 m high and 90 Fruit ovoid, subglobose or obovoid, cm diam., sometimes with to 1.5 m 3.5-5 cm long, apex acute to rounded high buttresses, that extend out to 3(- or truncate, base rounded or truncate, 10) m , bark greyish to redbrown, fis­ yellow, epicarp thick, smooth or ir­ sured or scaling, slash light orange, regularly and coarsely tuberculate, gla­ exuding white latex; in Am. Colombia brous; seeds several, 1.4-2.5 cm long, (R. Apaporis), Humboldt's woolly scar extending most of the length of monkeys {Lagothrix lagotricha the seed and sometimes along the lagotricha) were seen feeding on the base, 0.15-0.3 cm wide. ripe fruits, dispersing the seeds via the gut, while depleting a particular tree Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 80 with a huge crop over 3 or more days cm diam., bole cylindrical, when old (which is unusual for woolly with small buttresses, slash cream, monkeys)(Defler, pers. comm.), in W exuding little white latex; lowland Brazil (Pico da Neblina National rainforest. Park), Humboldt's black-headed Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, uacaries (Cacajao m. melanocephalus) Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Bolivia, were seen feeding on the mature pulp, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. dropping the seeds (Boubli, 1997), and Chrysophyllum pomiferum (Eyma) north of Manaus, golden-faced saki Pennington monkeys (Pithecia pithecia abiurana (B); limonaballi, chrysocephala)(Setz, 1993) and black paripiballi (A); laurierkers (SD); bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas kimboto (S); boesisoke, monkisoki (P) chiropotes)(Frazão, 1992) predated on PL 6, fig. 3 the immature seeds, whereas in Leaves with 7-10 pairs of sec­ Suriname (Voltzberg/Raleighvallen ondary veins. Fascicles axillary and Nature Reserve), black bearded sakis ramiflorous, below the leaves, 3-10- (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) were flowered, flowers unisexual; fruiting seen feeding both on the immature sepals 5, broadly ovate, 0.2-0.3 cm seeds and the mature pulp (Van long; pedicels 0.1-0.2 cm, in fruit 0.3 Roosmalen etal., 1988), and red howl­ cm long and 0.4 cm thick, fruits soli­ ing monkeys (Alouatta s. seniculus) tary or in pairs. Fruit obovoid when and red-faced black spider monkeys PI. 6. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum eximium, a. young fruits; b. mature fruit; c. fruit partly opened by monkeys showing two seeds; d. cross section of fruit; e. seed, lateal and frontal view; f. larger seed, lateral view (Van Roosmalen 3359). 2. C. lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Liesner & Gonzalez 11125; Williams 12911). 3. C. pomiferum, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. cross section of fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Frazão 250; Defler 94, 100, 273; Peres 789). (Ateiespaniscus) frequently consumed Fruit a berry; seeds 1, with a small the ripe fruits, during November and broad basal or basi-ventral scar. December, dispersing endochorically Notes. Trees; one species in large quantities of seeds; lowland rain South America. and savanna forest over clay or sand, Diploõn cuspidatum (Hoehne) along creeks, on forested slopes and in Cronquist mountain savanna forest on granite. batinga-roxa, abiurana-seca (B) Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, PL 7, fig. 2 Pará, Roraima), Colombia, Guianas, Leaves with 17-20 pairs of sec­ Peru, Venezuela. ondary veins. Fascicles 3-10-flowered; Chrysophyllum venezuelanense flowers bisexual, sepals 4-5; pedicels (Pierre) Pennington 0.4-0.5 cm long. Fruit broadly ellip­ guajara, sorva-do-Peru (B); soid or globose, 1.8-2 cm long, apex zolive (FrG) Pi. 7, Fig. 1 and base rounded, maturing reddish to Leaves with 8-12(-16) pairs of black, epicarp tough, smooth, gla­ secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and brous, pulp thin, fibrous-fleshy, adher­ in the axils of fallen leaves, 3-10-flow- ent to the seed; seed broadly ellipsoid, ered, flowers unisexual; sepals 5,0.2- ca. 1.5 cm long, rounded at apex and 0.4 cm long; pedicels 0.2-0.7 cm long. base, testa smooth, shining, scar cor­ Fruit ovoid or globose, 4.5-5.5 χ 4.5-5.5 date, ca. 0.7 χ 0.5 cm, rough. cm, apex rounded, base truncate or de­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 pressed, greyish or pale brown when dry, cm diam., with a slightly fluted bole smooth, covered with innumerous scale­ and buttresses, bark reddish-brown, like small lenticels, glabrous; seeds to 5, scaling, slash exuding white latex; 2.5-3 cm long, scar extending the length mature pulp together with seed swal­ of the seed, 0.2-0.4 cm wide. lowed by monkeys and birds (Hoehne, Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 50 1933); lowland terra-firme rainforest. cm diam., already flowering and fruit­ Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, ing when 3-4 m high, sometimes with Pará, Rondônia), Guyana (component small buttresses; wet lowland of Ocotea rodiaei dominated rainforest, also in more seasonal for­ rainforest), Am. Peru, Venezuela. est types and in montane rainforest Ecclinusa Martius and cloud forest. Leaves spirally arranged, usually Distribution. Brazil (introduced loosely clustered at the shoot apex. and possibly naturalized), Colombia, Ec­ Inflorescences axillary or in the axils uador, French Guiana, Peru, Ν Venezuela. of fallen leaves; flowers sessile, usu­ Diploon Cronquist ally unisexual; sepals (4-)5. Fruit a Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ thin-walled berry, often constricted tichous, or weakly spirally arranged. between the seeds; seeds 1 to several, Inflorescences fasciculate, axillary and globose or ellipsoid, sometimes below the leaves; ovary 1-locular. slightly laterally compressed or shaped like the segment of an orange, testa Ecclinusa dumetorum (Baehni) smooth, shining, and thin, scar adaxial Pennington PI. 7, fig. 4 and nearly always extending around Leaves coriaceous, with 6-9 the base of the seed, usually narrow. pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles 2- Notes. Trees, rarely shrubs, with 5-flowered, axillary and ramiflorous; 11 species in the Neotropics. flowers bisexual, sepals 5. Fruit ellip­ Ecclinusa bullata Pennington soid, ca. 1.7 cm long, apex and base coquirana-de-pelo (B) PI. 7, fig. 3 rounded, epicarp yellow, thin, smooth, subglabrous, pulp fleshy; seeds 1, el­ Leaves with 20-26 pairs of sec­ lipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, ondary veins, coriaceous, strongly bul- ca. 1.3 cm long, rounded at apex and late, densely pubescent below mixed base, scar extending around the base with erect two-branched hairs. Fas­ of the seed, ca. 0.2 cm wide. cicles ramiflorous, 5-15-flowered; flowers unisexual, sepals 5, persistent Notes. Shrub to 3 m high; sand­ in fruit; fruits sessile. Fruit depressed stone savannas on table mountains globose, 2.2 χ 4 cm to globose, 5-6 cm (tepuis). in diam., apex rounded and sunken, Distribution. C Suriname (only base truncate or sunken, maturing found on Tafelberg). tawny-orange, epicarp thick, smooth, Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma golden-brown and densely long- bartaballi (A); batambali (S,P); velutinous; seeds to 5, laterally com­ abiurana-abiú/bacurí/cajú, bacurí, pressed, to 2.3-2.4 χ 1.2 χ 1.0 cm, light caucherama (Β) PI. 7, fig. 5 brown, rounded at apex and base, scar Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, extending around the base of the seed, with (12-)14-30 pairs of secondary 0.3-0.5 cm wide, widening toward base. veins. Fascicles mostly axillary, 4-6- Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 50 flowered; flowers unisexual, sepals 5; cm diam., without buttresses, bole cy­ fruits sessile. Fruit subglobose, 2.7-2.9 lindrical, bark rather smooth, brown, χ 2.1-2.4 cm, sometimes to 3.5 cm diam., apex and base truncate or slash soft, exuding abundant white la­ rounded, epicarp yellow to brownish- tex; in the R. Urucú region, Geoffroy's orange, thin, contracting between the woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha seeds on drying, smooth, brown- or cana) were seen feeding on the ripe grey-puberulous, pulp fleshy; seeds (1- pulp, dispersing the seeds )2-4(-5), narrowly ellipsoid, 1.1-1.8 endochorically (Peres, 1994), whereas, cm long to ca. 2.6 χ 1.3 χ 1.1 cm, in Pico da Neblina National Park, rounded at apex and base, sometimes Humboldt's black-headed uacaries slightly laterally compressed, scar ex­ (Cacajao m. melanocephalus) pre­ tending around the base of the seed, dated on the immature seeds (Boubli, 0.2-0.3 cm wide in several-seeded 1997); high terra-firme rainforest. fruits, up to 0.9 cm wide in single- Distribution. Brazil (W. seeded fruits. Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas). Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 (Geochelone denticulata); high cm diam., bole cylindrical, bark red­ rainforest and riverine forest on non- dish-brown to dull grey-brown, flooded land, also found in semi-decidu­ smooth or scaling in small rectangu­ ous forest, rocksavannas, savanna forest lar pieces, slash pale brown, exuding and mountain savanna forest on baux­ copious white latex; in the R. Urucú ite or granite. region, Amazonas, Brazil, ripe fruits Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, were frequently eaten by buffy sakis Pará, Roraima), Guianas, Venezuela. (Pithecia albicans), tufted brown ca­ Ecclinusa lanceolata (Martius & puchin monkeys (Cebus apella), Eichler) Pierre Geoffroy's woolly monkeys coquirana braba do igapó, (Lagothrix lagotricha cana), red-cap abiurana (B) PI. 7, fig. 6 moustached tamarins (Saguinus Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, mystax pileatus) and Avila-Pires with 20-33 pairs of secondary veins. saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus Fascicles axillary and ramiflorous, 5- fuscicollis avilapiresi) (Peres, 1991, 10-flowered; flowers unisexual, sepals 1993, 1994), in terra firme forest north five, 0.25-0.4 cm long, circular, persis­ of Manaus, black bearded sakis tent in fruit; fruits sessile on wartlike (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) outgrowths. Fruit transversely ellip­ (Frazão, 1992) and golden-faced sakis soid to globose, 2.5 χ 3.3 χ 2.5 cm to (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) 3.4-3.8 χ 3-3.2 cm, sometimes up to (Setz, 1993) were seen predating on 5-6 cm diam., apex rounded or obtuse, the immature seeds, in Suriname apiculate, base truncate, epicarp or­ (Voltzberg/Raleighvallen Nature Re­ ange-yellow, thick coriaceous, smooth, serve) this species was a preferred minutely puberulous to glabrous, me- fruit for 6 of the 8 primates, the ripe socarp rather spongy, pulp white, pulp being eaten by golden-handed sweet-tasting; seeds 4-5, broadly ellip­ tamarins (Saguinus midas midas), soid or shaped like the segment of an Guianan brown capuchin monkeys orange, 2.3 χ 1.5 χ 1 cm, sometimes (Cebus apella apella), white-faced to 3 cm long, scar extending around sakis (Pithecia pithecia pithecia), red the base of the seed, 0.5-0.9 cm wide. howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 50 seniculus) and red-faced black spider cm diam., without buttresses, bole cy­ monkeys (Ateies paniscus), the imma­ lindrical, bark dark brown or blackish, ture seeds being heavily predated upon strongly dappled, slash cream to or­ by black bearded sakis (Chiropotes ange, exuding copious sticky white la­ satanas chiropotes) and parrots (Van tex; in Amazonas, Brazil (R. Urucú Roosmalen, 1981, 1985, 1988); the region), tufted capuchin monkeys seeds of this species are endochorically (Cebus apella) were seen feeding on dispersed by spider, woolly, howling, the mature fruits (Peres, pers. comm.), tufted and brown capuchin monkeys, and north of Manaus, black bearded and by yellow-footed tortoises sakis (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) PI. 7. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Chrysophyllum venezuelanen.se, fruit opened longitudinally showing two seeds (Pennington 10669). 2. Diploon cuspidatum, a. seed from below showing the basal cordate scar; b. seed, lateral view (Hatschbach 19595). 3. Ecclinusa bullala, a. young fruit from below; b. young fruit, lateral view; c. mature fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Boubli 57; Peres 522). 4. E. dumetorum, seed, lateral and frontal view (Maguire 24412). 5. E. guianensis, a. fruit; b. seed from 1-seeded fruit, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 2453). 6. E. lanceolaia, a. fruit; b. fruiting calyx; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Frazào VII; Peres 434, 466). were seen predating on the immature Fascicles 4-6-flowered, ramiflorous on seeds (Frazão, 1992); terra-firme and the smaller branches, and cauliflorous; periodically flooded lowland sepals 5. Fruit subglobose, ca. 2 cm rainforest. long, apex and base rounded, con­ Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, stricted between the seeds, maturing Amazonas, Rondônia), Colombia, Fr. red, epicarp thin, glabrous, smooth; Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela. seeds 1-4, ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 cm long, Ecclinusa lancifolia (Martius & apex and base rounded. Eichler) Eyma PI. 8, fíg. 1 Notes. Tree to 15 m high, slash Leaves slender, lanceolate, coria­ exuding white latex; white sand sa­ ceous, glabrous, with 25-40 pairs of vanna forest, sometimes abundant in secondary veins giving a striate ap­ dry evergreen wallaba (Eperua falcata pearance as in some Manilkara and and E. grandiflora dominated) forest. Micropholis species. Fascicles 3-4- Distribution. Guyana, Suriname. flowered, fruiting sepals 4-5, 0.4 cm Ecclinusa ramijlora Martius long; fruits sessile. Fruit globose or coquirana-brava (grande)(B); transversely ellipsoid, to 4 χ 5 χ 4 cm, doekali (S) PI. 8, fig. 3 constricted between the seeds when 2- Leaves coriaceous, tomentose or or 3-seeded, epicarp greenish, matur­ pubescent below, with 16-30 pairs of ing bright orange, thin, irregularly sul- secondary veins. Fascicles mostly cate, appressed puberulous to ramiflorous, 5-10-flowered; fruits subglabrous; seeds 1-3, broadly ellip­ sessile, solitary on wart-like out­ soid to subglobose, not laterally com­ growths of 1 cm diam.; flowers uni­ pressed, 1-1.2 cm long, base and apex sexual, sepals 4-5, persistent in fruit, rounded, scar extending around the triangular, 0.2-0.3 χ 0.2-0.3 cm. Fruit base of the seed, 0.2-0.4 cm wide. obovoid or (sub)globose, 2.3-3.3 χ Notes. Shrub or small tree to 6 2.2-3.6 cm to 3.8-4.5 χ 3.4-4.1 cm, m, bark with milky latex; in Pico da sometimes to 5.2 cm diam., apex Neblina National Park, Brazil, along rounded or depressed, prickle sunken, the R. Cauaburi, Humboldt's black- base often constricted over up to 0.4 headed uacaries (Cacajao m, cm, maturing yellow to orange or red, melanocephalus) were seen predating epicarp rather thin coriaceous, tending on the immature seeds (Boubli, 1997); to contract between the seeds when permanently black-water flooded for­ dried, smooth, densely brown pubes­ est (igapó). cent to velutinous, indumentum easily Distribution. Brazil (C and W to remove, pulp tasting after apple; Amazonas). seeds 1-2(-5), ellipsoid, 1.8-2.7 χ 1.1- Ecclinusa psilophylla Sandwith 1.5 χ 0.9-1.2 cm, laterally compressed barata (A) PI. 8, fig. 2 or shaped like the segment of an or­ Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ange, blackbrown, shining, scar ex­ with 10-14 pairs of secondary veins. tending around the base of the seed, PI. 8. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. I. Ecclinusa lancifolia, a. 3-secded fruit; b. 2-secded fruit; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Boubli 70). 2. E. psilophylla, fruit (Tutin 258). 3. E. rami- flora, a, b , c. young fruit; d, e. fruit; f. 4- and 5-mcrous fruiting calyx; g. seed, lateral, frontal, and basal view; h. other seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 10, 60, 61, 63). 0.3-0.6 cm wide, dull; fruits weighing scar adaxial, the length of the seed, 138 grams (n=6), seeds 7 grams. narrow or broad. Notes. Tree to 40 m high and Notes. Trees or shrubs; four spe­ 100 cm diam., bole cylindrical with cies in the Neotropics. low buttresses, bark blackish-grey to Elaeoluma glabrescens (Martius & reddish-brown, scaling, with conspicu­ Eichler) Aubréville ous dapple marks, slash yellow to abiurana, jarai, lombrigueira, pinkish-brown exuding abundant white pau-de-rato (B) PI. 9, fig. 1 or cream-colored latex; in Brazil, Leaves with (6-)9-12(-14) pairs Amazonas, north of Manaus, the imma­ of secondary veins. Fascicles 3-25- ture seeds were eaten by golden-faced flowered, axillary and below the sakis (Pithecia pithecia leaves; sepals 5, infundibular, 0.25-0.4 chrysocephala)($Qtz, 1993) and black cm long, in fruit 0.5 cm long; pedicels bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas 0.3-1.2 cm long. Fruit broadly ellip­ chiropotes) (Frazão, 1992), and in the R. soid, to 2.5(-3) χ 2.1 cm, rounded at Urucú region, Amazonas, Ávila Pires both ends, apex with stout, to 0.2 cm saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus long prickle, epicarp green to brown fuscicollis avilapiresi) and red-cap or red, soft, smooth (shrinking when moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax dry), glabrous; seed ellipsoid, 1.3-1.6 pileatus) together, tufted capuchins χ 1.1 cm, plano-convex, light brown, (Cebus apella), and Geoffroy's woolly with an irregular projecting fringe monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) around the edge of the scar, scar 0.8- were seen feeding on the mature pulp 1.1 cm wide, verrucose. (Peres, 1993,1994), whereas only capu­ Notes. Tree to 25 m, sometimes chins and woolly monkeys swallowed to 38 m high and 60 cm diam., slash and dispersed the seeds of this species; exuding copious sticky white latex; lowland rain forest and seasonal ever­ entire fruits were found in the stom­ green forest, always on non-flooded achs of 'tambaqui' fishes (Colossoma land, also in cloud forest (Venezuela). macropomum) collected in the várzea Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil of the R. Solimões; found along riv­ (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), ersides and in periodically or perma­ Colombia, French Guiana, Suriname, nently flooded forests (igapó, várzea), Venezuela. occasionally in white sand savannas. Elaeoluma Baillon Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Leaves spirally arranged. Inflo­ Pará), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela rescences mostly axillary; flowers uni­ (Amazonas). sexual; calyx a single whorl of (4 or)5 Elaeoluma nuda (Baehni) imbricate sepals. Fruit a broadly ellip­ Aubréville PI. 9, fig. 2 soid to subglobose, single-seeded Leaves coriaceous, with 7-12 berry; seed broadly ellipsoid, not or pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles 3- slightly laterally compressed, testa 7-flowered, axillary and below the smooth or slightly wrinkled, shining, leaves; sepals (4 or)5; pedicels 0.4-1.2 cm long. Fruit obovoid or broadly el­ opposite or whorled, often densely clus­ lipsoid, 1.8-2.5 cm long, apex rounded tered at the apex of the stem. Inflores­ with prickle, base rounded or broadly cences axillary or in the axils of leaf tapered, epicarp ripening bluish or scars; flowers solitary or fasciculate, purple, smooth, glabrous; seed 1.4-1.8 bisexual, calyx consisting of two whorls cm long, slightly laterally compressed, of(2-)3(-4) free or slightly united sepals, with obtuse apex and base, testa smooth the outer whorl valvate or slightly im­ or slightly wrinkled, scar about 3/4 the bricate. Fruit with one to several seeds, length of the seed, 0.1-0.3 cm wide. smooth or scaly, glabrous, with fleshy pulp; seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 30 strongly laterally compressed, testa hard, cm diam., sometimes a small tree, woody, shining, scar narrowly elongate, slash exuding copious white latex; basi-ventral or extending along most of montane and dwarf forest on sand­ the adaxial surface. stone, at altitudes of 1,000-2,300 m. Distribution. Brazil (NW Notes. Pantropical genus with 30 Amazonas), Suriname (Tafelberg), species in the Neotropics, mainly Venezuela (Bolívar, Amazonas). trees, rarely shrubs, the shoot apex Elaeoluma schomburgkiana often covered with a transparent var­ (Miquel) Baillon PL 9, fig. 3 nish-like wax. Manilkara bidentata (A. de Leaves with 5-7(-9) pairs of sec­ Candolle) Chevalier subsp. bidentata ondary veins. Fascicles mostly axil­ balata (B,S); boeroewe (S) PL 9, lary, 1-10-flowered; sepals 5, 0.2-0.3 fig. 4 cm long; pedicels 0.1-0.5 cm long. Leaves with (10-)12-25 pairs of Fruit broadly ellipsoid. 1.2-1.4 χ 1-1.2 secondary veins; stipules present, leav­ cm, apex rounded, with prickle, base ing an obvious scar. Fascicles with (2- rounded to slightly tapered, epicarp )5-20 flowers; sepals 0.4-0.6 cm long; thin, ripening purple or black, smooth, pedicels 0.9-2.5 cm long, usually sub­ glabrous; seed broadly ellipsoid, 0.9 χ tended by small bracts. Fruit ellipsoid 0.7 cm, rounded at both ends, some­ or globose, 1-3(-4) cm long, apex and times with a small beak at the apex of base rounded or truncate, maturing yellow the scar, testa brown, scar 0.9 χ 0.5 to reddish-orange, smooth, glabrous; seeds cm, dull, rugose or verrucose. 1-2,0.9-2.6 cm long, often narrow, with an Notes. Many-branched shrub or abaxial crest, testa brown, smooth, scar crooked tree to 10 m high and 30 cm narrow, basi-ventral or adaxial, 0.4-1.2 χ diam., slash exuding copious white la­ 0.1-0.2(-0.4) cm. tex; in wet savannas, flooded forest Notes. Tree to 40 m high and (igapó) and on sandy beaches. 130 cm diam., bole straight cylindri­ Distribution. Ν and C Brazil cal, with buttresses, bark deeply fis­ (Amazonas, Roraima), Guyana, S Ven­ sured, greyish- or reddish-brown, slash ezuela. deep red with copious white latex, the Manilkara Adanson dark red heartwood is extremely hard Leaves spirally arranged, rarely and heavy; lowland savanna and high terra-firme rainforest. the seeds (Defler, pers. comm.), Distribution. Brazil (Pará, whereas Peres (pers. comm.) saw the Roraima), W Colombia, Guianas, Am. following monkeys feeding on the ma­ Peru. ture fruits in the R. Urucú and R. Juruá Manilkara bidentata (A. de Candolle) (Lago Curapé, west bank) region, Chevalier subsp. surinamensis (Miquel) Amazonas, Brazil: squirrel monkeys Pennington (Saimiri sciureus macrodon), brown balata, burue (A); bortri, boletri capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), (S); boiti (P); caramuxy, maparajuba, white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus massaranduba, pendaria (da serra) (B); albifrons unicolor), Novaes' bald- chicle (V,C) PI. 9, fig. 5 headed uacaries (Cacajao calvus Leaves with (10-)12-25 pairs of novaesi), white or buffy sakis secondary veins; stipules absent. Fas­ (Pithecia albicans), Geoffroy's monk cicles with (2-)5-20 flowers; sepals sakis (Pithecia m. monachus), black- 0.15-0.6 cm long; pedicels 0.9-2.5 cm faced black spider monkeys (Ateies long, usually without small subtending chamek), Poeppig's woolly monkeys bracts, in fruit to 3.7 cm long and (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii), thickened towards fruit. Fruit ellipsoid Geoffroy's woolly monkeys or (depressed-)globose, 1-3(-4) cm long, (Lagothrix lagotricha cana), and red often 1.9-2.2 χ 1.6-1.8 cm, apex and howling monkeys (Alouatta base rounded or truncate, with stout seniculus), the larger monkeys swal­ prickle, maturing orange or reddish lowing the seeds and dispersing them; purple to black, smooth, wet weight in the terra firme forests north of from two different trees 85.5 grams Manaus, golden-faced sakis (Pithecia (n=30) and 90 grams (n=28); seeds 1(- pithecia chrysocephala) were observed 2), 0.9-2.6 cm long, often 1.2-1.6 χ 0.6- to predate upon the immature seeds 0.9 χ 0.3-0.5 cm, narrow, with an (Setz, 1993); fruit crops size in the R. abaxial crest, testa brown, smooth, scar Urucú region was estimated over 9,000 narrow, basi-ventral or adaxial, 0.4-1.2 per tree (Peres, pers. comm.); found in χ 0.1-0.2(-0.4) cm. periodically flooded lowland forest Notes. Shrub to 2 m high or (igapó and várzea), non-flooded forest small tree in savanna forest, or, in high and dry savanna forest on white sand; forest, large tree to over 45 m high and tree sheds its leaves for a short period 65 cm diam., often with to 1 m high prior to flowering, the new leaves and and wide buttresses, bark deeply fis­ flowers developing together. sured, greyish-brown, slash pink or Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, reddish, exuding copious white sticky Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Am. Colom­ latex; almost mature greenish-brown bia, Guianas, Am. Peru, S Venezuela. fruits were seen eaten by Humboldt's Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & woolly monkeys (Lagothrix I. Rodrigues ex Pennington lagotricha), in Ε Colombia (lower R. mapajaruba, massaranduba- Apaporis), swallowing and dispersing jacaré-folha-miuda), pendaria (B) PI. 9. Figs. 1-5. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Elaeoluma gtabrescens, a. fruit; b. fruit with different fruit­ ing calyx; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 100). 2. E. nuda, frontal view of seed (Amaral 1545). 3. Ε. schomburgkiana , a. fruit and fruiting calyx; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 101). 4. Manilkara bidentata subsp. bidentata, a. young infructescence; b. fruit; c. fruit from below; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Prevost 1072). 5. M. bidentata subsp. surinamensis, a,b,c. different fruits; d. fruit from below; e,f. different fruit, lateral and basal view; g. seed; h. seed, frontal view (Peres 319, 328, 343, 369; Defler 6, 83). Leaves thinly coriaceous, lower maparajuba, massaranduba mansa (Β) surface with dense, yellowish-brown PI. 10, fig. 2 indumentum, with ca. 16 pairs of sec­ Leaves coriaceous, scurfy- ondary veins. Fascicles axillary, with puberulous below, with 30-35 pairs of 10-20 flowers; sepals 0.3-0.4 cm long; secondary veins. Fascicles with 10-15 pedicels ca. 1.2 cm long. Fruit nar­ flowers; fruiting sepals 0.35-0.5 cm rowly ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 χ 1 cm, matur­ long, appressed puberulous; fruiting ing orange, smooth; seeds 1, laterally pedicels 2-4.2 cm long, thickened to­ compressed, ca. 2.2 χ 0.6 χ 0.4 cm, wards apex, appressed puberulous. Fruit testa smooth, pale, not shining, scar broadly ovoid to subglobose, 2.5-3.2 χ basi-ventral, ca. 1.3 χ 0.2 cm. 2.5-3.5 cm, apex and base obtuse to Notes. Tree to 21 m high and 40 rounded, apex with prickle, maturing cm diam., with small buttresses, slash yellowish-green or reddish, smooth; with copious viscous white latex; non- seeds 1, laterally compressed, 2.3 χ 1.3 flooded lowland rain forest, also found χ 0.5 cm, light brown, shining, with a on savannas as small tree. well-developed longitudinal dorsal keel, Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, scar linear, 1.2 χ 0.15 cm. Pará). Notes. Tree to 50 m high and 2- Manilkara excelsa (Ducke) Standley 3 m diam., with simple, steep, thick, maparajuba (B) PI. 10, fig. 1 to 2.5 m high buttresses and a cylin­ drical bole; bark deeply fissured, Leaves rufous-brown tomentose below, with ca. 25 pairs of secondary slightly cracked, greyish- to blackish- veins. Fascicles with 5-10 flowers; brown, inner bark pink with whitish fruiting sepals ca. 0.35 cm long; streaks, slash with copious, sticky and pedicels 1.5-2.2 cm long, at first ru­ white latex; 80 km north of Manaus, the fous-brown tomentose, in fruit to 3.2 author saw mature fruits being eaten by cm long, slender, thickened towards howling monkeys {Alouatta seniculus) apex. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to and red-faced black spider monkeys subglobose, 1.5 χ 1.3 cm to 2.5 χ 2 {Ateiespaniscus), both serving as proper cm, apex with a to 0.6 cm long prickle, seed dispersers (viable seeds were col­ yellowish-green, smooth; seeds 1, lat­ lected from feces), whereas golden- erally compressed with a dorsal keel, faced sakis {Pithecia pithecia 1.3 χ 0.8 χ 0.4 cm, brown, shining, chrysocephala) fed on the immature scar dull, 0.6 cm long. seeds and the ripe pulp (Setz, 1993); Notes. Large tree to 40 m high and lowland terra firme rainforest up to 700 70 cm diam., much smaller in rocky m altitude, sometimes found in periodi­ sites; periodically flooded forest. cally flooded forest along white-water Distribution. Brazil (S Amazonas, rivers (várzea). Mato Grosso, Pará; only found along the Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, banks of the Rio Tapajós). Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier Rondônia, Roraima), Guianas, S. basra-bortri, basra-boletri (S); Venezuela. Manilkara inundata (Ducke) Ducke deep red, exuding copious sticky white maparajuba, massaranduba latex; lowland terra-firme rainforest, branca (Β) PL 10, fig. 3 to 450 m altitude. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, Distribution. Brazil (Mato with 23-30 secondary veins. Fascicles with Grosso, Pará), Fr. Guiana. 4-5 flowers; sepals 0.4-0.5 cm long, Manilkara triflora (F. Allemão) puberulous; pedicels 1.3-1.8 cm long, Monachino finely puberulous, in fruit to 3.3 cm long, massaranduba (B) PL 10, fig. 4 thickened toward apex. Fruit subglobose Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, or ovoid, 1.5 χ 1.2 cm, apex rounded, with 12-17 pairs of secondary veins. with a 0.4 cm long prickle, base trun­ Fascicles with 1-3 flowers; sepals ca. cate, maturing yellowish-green, smooth 0.35 cm long, appressed puberulous; ; seeds 1, laterally compressed, ca. 1.3 pedicels 1-1.6 cm long, subglabrous. χ 0.6 χ 0.4 cm, testa smooth, scar basi- Fruit ellipsoid, 1.1 χ 0.8 cm, apex ventral, ca. 0.6 χ 0.2 cm. rounded, with a stout 0.3 cm long Notes. Tree to 50 m high and 1 prickle, base rounded, maturing or­ m diam., sometimes buttressed, bark ange or red, black when fully mature, deeply fissured, slash red exuding co­ smooth; seeds 1, laterally compressed, pious viscous white latex; lowland ca. 0.8 χ 0.4 χ 0.25 cm, keeled at the rainforest on swampy ground, frequent apex, testa smooth, brown, scar basi- in periodically flooded white-water ventral, ca. 0.2 χ 0.1 cm. (várzea) and permanently flooded Notes. Shrub or tree to 3(-8) m black-water (igapó) forests. high; dunes, sandy beaches, man­ Distribution. Am. Bolivia, Bra­ grove, caatinga and white sand savan­ zil (Acre, S Amazonas, Mato Grosso, nas, up to 400 m altitude. Rondônia), Am. Colombia, Am Peru. Distribution. Brazil (Maranhão, Manilkara paraensis (Huber) Standley Pará). maparajuba, massaranduba, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre massarandubinha (B) Leaves mostly spaced, alternate Leaves chartaceous, appressed and distichous, sometimes spirally ar­ puberulous below, with 12-18 pairs of ranged, with closely parallel second­ secondary veins. Fascicles with 2-5 (- ary veins, the leaf often appearing 7) flowers; sepals 0.3-0.5 cm long, ap­ finely striate. Inflorescences axillary, pressed puberulous; pedicels 0.8-0.9 cm ramiflorous or cauliflorous, fascicu­ long, appressed puberulous. Fruit ellip­ late, sometimes developing into per­ soid or subglobose, maturing pale yel­ sistent short scaly shoots; flowers of­ lowish-green, sometimes pinkish on one ten unisexual, calyx a single whorl of side; seeds 1, small, with a turgid dor­ (4-)5 free, imbricate or quincuncial sal side without a longitudinal keel. sepals. Fruit a one- to several-seeded Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 40 berry; seeds laterally compressed, testa cm diam., without buttresses, bark often minutely transversely wrinkled, deeply fissured, greyish-brown, slash shining or dull, scar adaxial, extend- ing the length of the seed, usually narrow. long, puberulous, in fruit thickened to­ Notes. Trees or shrubs; 38 spe­ ward apex. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.1-3.3 χ cies in the Neotropics. 1.8-2.5 cm, yellow to dark red or al­ Micropholis section 1. Micropholis most black, shining, smooth, glabrous, Stamens included; corolla less apex rounded with prickle; seeds 1,1.7- than 1 cm long, lobes erect. 2.1 χ 1-1.1 χ 0.6 cm, testa wrinkled, scar Micropholis acutangula (Ducke) wrinkled, to 0.4 cm wide. Eyma PI. 10, fig. 5 Notes. Tree to 40 m and 60-90 cm diam., with to 1 m high buttresses, Leaves chartaceous, finely stri­ bark flaking off in small vertical ate. Fascicles axillary, 1-12-flowered, scales; ripe fruits were seen consumed sepals 4, 0.1-0.3 χ 0.2 cm; pedicels by Geoffroy's woolly monkeys 0.4-0.8 cm long, in fruit 1.4-1.8 cm (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) dispersing long. Fruit ellipsoid, 3.2 χ 1.1 to 4.3(- the seeds intact, red-cap moustached 4.7) χ 2.2 cm, strongly 4-ribbed (ribs tamarins (Saguinus mystax pileatus) 0.3-0.4 cm high) or 4-winged, apex and Ávila Pires' saddle-back tamarins narrowly attenuate, base acute or ob­ (Saguinus fuscicollis avilapiresi) in the tuse, maturing yellow-orange, smooth, R. Urucú region, Amazonas (Peres, glabrous, mesocarp rather dry, spongy; 1993, 1994), and by Humboldt's seeds 1, 1.3-1.7 χ 0.7-1.0 χ 0.5-0.7 cm, woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha testa brown, shining, slightly wrinkled, lagotricha) on the lower R. Apaporis, scar dull, 0.3-0.4 cm wide. Ε Colombia (Defler, pers. comm.), Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 40 whereas the immature seeds were seen cm diam., flowering already when predated upon by Humboldt's black- small, bark grey, slash exuding little headed uacaries (Cacajao white latex; 80 km north of Manaus, melanocephalus melanocephalus) Amazonas, brown capuchin monkeys along the R. Cauaburi in the Pico da (Cebus apella apellá) were seen feed­ Neblina National Park, NW Brazil ing on the ripe pulp, swallowing and (Boubli, 1997); terra-firme forest over dispersing the seeds, whereas golden- clay, up to 1,100 m altitude. faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, chysocephald) predated on the imma­ Ν Pará), Ε Colombia, S Venezuela. ture seeds (Setz, 1993); lowland terra- Micropholis cylindrocarpa firme forest. (Poeppig) Pierre Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, C abiurana-roxa (B) PI. 11, fig. 1 Amazonas, Pará), Fr. Guiana. Leaves thinly coriaceous, be­ Micropholis casiquiarensis Aubréville coming glabrous, finely striate. Fas­ abiurana-roxa (B) PI. 10, fig. 6 cicles axillary or in the axils of fallen Leaves thinly coriaceous, ap­ leaves, 1-2-flowered; flowers uni­ pearing striate. Fascicles in the axils of sexual, sepals 5, ca. 0.25 cm long; fallen leaves, ca. 10-flowered; sepals pedicels 0.1-0.2 cm long, pubescent, in 5, 0.2 cm long; pedicels 0.8-1.4 cm fruit 0.3-0.4 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, PI. 10. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Manilkara excelsa, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal and lateral view (Van Roosmalen 97). 2. M. huberi, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal and lateral view (Van Roosmalen 96). 3. M. inundata ( Krukoff 6624). 4. M. triflora, a fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 98). 5. Micropholis acutangula, a. young fruits; b. mature fruit; c. seed, lat­ eral and frontal view (Setz 130; Van Roosmalen 66). 6. M. casiquiarensis, a,b,c. fruit; d. fruit from below; e,f. seed, lateral and frontal view ( Peres 554, 667, 708). 2.5-3 χ 1.2-1.7 cm, apex abruptly nar­ brown, smooth or shallowly fissured, rowed over 0.5 cm, with prickle, base slash pink to orange, exuding sticky rounded, at first green, maturing white latex; the immature seeds were purple, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, 2.1 seen predated upon by golden-faced χ 0.9 χ 0.5 cm, with acute apex and sakis (Pithecia pithecia base, testa minutely transversely chrysocephala), north of Manaus, Am. wrinkled, brown, shining, scar 2 χ 0.2- Brazil (Setz, 1993); periodically 0.3 çm, dull. flooded white water (várzea) and per­ Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 25 manently flooded black water (igapó) cm diam., slash exuding white latex; forests, riverine forest, and sometimes in the R. Urucú region, Amazonas, ripe terra-firme forest. fruits were seen eaten by red-cap mous- Distribution. Brazil (Acre, tached (Saguinus mystax pileatus) and Amazonas, Rondônia), Am. Colombia, Ávila Pires' saddle-back (Saguinus Fr. Guiana, Am. Peru, Suriname, fuscicollis avilapiresi) tamarins, and Venezuela. brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus Micropholis guyanensis (A. de apella)(PQTQS, 1993); lowland terra- Candolle) Pierre subsp. guyanensis firme rainforest, up to 150 m altitude. lo-oedoe (S); wetibakoeman, Distribution. Brazil (W mamamten (P); abiú, balata-brava/ Amazonas, Acre), Peru. rosadinha, mangabarana, maparajuba, Micropholis egensis (A. de Candolle) caramory, rosadinha, rosada-mansa/ Pierre in Pierre & Urban brava (Β) PI. 11, fig. 3 abiurana (B); bakoeman (S); kimboto, bakoemani(P) PI. 11, fig. 2 Leaves usually less than 15 cm long, 2-4 times as long as broad, Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ spaced, alternate and distichous or spi­ tichous, rarely spirally arranged, thinly rally arranged, coriaceous, pale buff or coriaceous, finely striate. Fascicles bronze sericeous below, with 15-20 axillary, 3-15-flowered; flowers uni­ secondary veins, sometimes appearing sexual, sepals 5(-6), 0.2-0.3 cm long; more or less striate. Fascicles axillary, pedicels 0.3-0.9 cm, in fruit to 1 cm 2-20-flowered, usually developing into long, puberulous. Fruit narrowly obo­ stout, recurved, lepidote, 0.2-1 cm void or ellipsoid, 2.5-3 χ 1.2 cm, apex long shoots, persisting on the old acuminate over 0.2-0.3 cm, at first wood, flowers unisexual; sepals 5,0.2- yellow, maturing reddish, purple or 0.4 cm long, golden to ferruginous black, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1,2-2.7 puberulous; pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long, χ 0.9-1 χ 0.6 cm, apex rounded, base in fruit to 1(-1.5) cm long, puberulous. tapered, testa rough, transversely Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid, 2.2 χ 1.3 χ wrinkled, pale brown, dull, scar 0.2- 1.1 cm to 3.2 χ 2.3 cm, apex rounded, 0.4 cm wide, widening towards apex with prickle slightly sunken in, leav­ and base, dull brown. ing a circular 0.2-0.7 cm diam. patch, Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 60 base rounded or tapered, at first green cm diam., bole cylindrical, older trees to yellow, maturing reddish-brown to with buttresses, bark grey to reddish purplish-black, smooth, at first finely lagotricha) feeding on the mature light brown appressed puberulous, of­ fruits, swallowing and dispersing the ten glabrescent, epicarp soft, pulp soft, seeds; lowland seasonal semi-ever­ white, transparent, sweet-tasting; seeds green forest, usually but not always on 1(-2), 1.7-2.1 χ 0.9-1 χ 0.7-0.8 cm, non-flooded land. testa brownish-black, smooth, shining, Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil scar dull, white, 0.3-0.4 cm wide at (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, base, narrowing to 0.1 cm at apex. Rondônia), Colombia, Guianas, Peru, Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 1 Venezuela. m diam., older specimens with to 2 m Micropholis guyanensis (A. de high flat buttresses, bark (reddish- Candolle) Pierre subsp. duckeana )brown, smooth or finely fissured, (Baehni) Pennington slash pink or orange exuding sticky abiú-balatarana, balata-rosada/ white latex; in Suriname, red-faced rosadinha, rosada-brava/verdadeira, black spider monkeys (Ateies rosadinha-brava/grande (B) PI. 11, fig. 4 paniscus) fed on the mature pulp dis­ Leaves usually more than 15 cm persing the seeds endochorically; the long, about twice as long as broad, immature seeds were seen heavily pre­ conspicuously tan, rufous or golden dated upon by black bearded sakis below. Inflorescences as in subsp. (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) guyanensis. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.2 χ 0.8 (Frazão, 1992) and golden-faced sakis to 2.5(-2.8) χ 2.1(-2.6) cm, at first (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) greenish-brown, maturing olive-green (Setz\, 1993) in the forests north of to yellow, with an easily removed fer­ Manaus, Am. Brazil, over a prolonged period of time, whereas Peres (pers. ruginous pubescence, apex with stout comm.), in the R. Urucú region, saw prickle, pulp juicy, fruiting calyx brown capuchins (Cebus apella) pre­ accrescent, sepals rounded, 0.4 χ 0.5 dating on immature seeds, and white- cm, ferruginous puberulous; seed 1.3- faced capuchins (Cebus albifrons 1.7(-2.0) χ 0.9 χ 0.6 cm, weighing 4 unicolor), Ávila Pires' saddle-back grams, testa rough, finely transversely tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis wrinkled, scar 0.25-0.4 cm wide. avilapiresi), red-cap moustached tama­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 30 rins (Saguinus mystax pileatus) (Peres, cm diam., slash exuding copious white 1993), and Geoffroy's woolly mon­ or yellowish sticky latex, the latex was keys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) feed­ formerly used in Amazonian Peru as ing on mature fruits (Peres, 1994), and a substitute for 'balata'; in the R. found viable seeds in the feces of the Urucú region, Peres (1994) observed woolly monkeys in the area, and brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus Defler (pers. comm.), working in the apella) and Geoffroy's woolly mon­ lower R. Apaporis region of Amazo­ keys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) feed­ nian Colombia, saw Humboldt's ing on mature fruits, dispersing the woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha seeds endochorically, whereas Ávila Pires' saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus 0.25-0.4 cm long, hairy outside; fuscicollis avilapiresí) and red-cap pedicels 0.5-2.5 cm long, pubescent, in moustached tamarins (Saguinus fruit up to 4 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, mystax pileatus) fed on the ripe pulp 2.1-3.5 χ 1.4-1.7 cm, apex acute, base without swallowing the seeds (Peres, rounded or acute, maturing yellow, 1993), and buffy sakis (Pithecia epicarp hard, smooth, glabrous; seeds albicans) predated on the immature 1-several, 1.8-2.2 χ 0.6 cm, tapering seeds; non-flooded lowland forest over toward base and apex, testa smooth, clay or white sand, to 250 m altitude. shining, scar 0.2 cm wide. Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 20 Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, cm diam., without buttresses, bark red­ Rondônia), Am. Colombia, Fr. Guiana, dish-grey to dark brown, scaling, slash Am. Peru, Am. Venezuela. orange-yellow, exuding little white la­ Micropholis humboldtiana (Roemer tex; terra-firme rain and savanna for­ & Schultes) Pennington est between 200 and 750 metres alti­ tude, often on swampy places. abiurana-murta, massarandubinha Distribution. Brazil (Amapá), (B) PI. 11, fig. 5 Guianas. Leaves coriaceous, appressed ferruginous sericeous below, finely Micropholis madeirensis (Baehni) striate. Fascicles axillary and in the Aubréville PI. 11, fig. 7 axils of fallen leaves, 1-3-flowered, Leaves thinly coriaceous, tomen­ flowers unisexual, sepals 5, 0.25-0.4 tose below, but indumentum persisting cm long, appressed pubescent; only on midrib and veins, with 40-50 pedicels 0.2-0.4 cm long, ferruginous pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles pubescent. Fruit ellipsoid. 1.5 χ 0.9 axillary and in the axils of fallen cm, apex shortly rostrate with prickle, leaves, 1-10-flowered, flowers uni­ maturing dark wine-red, brown- sexual, sessile, sepals 5, ca. 0.4 cm puberulous. long, densely ferruginous-tomentose Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 12 outside, slightly accrescent in fruit. cm diam., without buttresses, slash Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 2.5-3 χ 1.5 reddish, exuding little white latex; cm, apex acute, base broadly tapered, black water flooded forest (igapó) and smooth, tomentose; seeds 1. periodically flooded savannas. Notes. Tree to 30 m high, slash Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, exuding white latex; lowland Rio Negro basin), Venezuela rainforest to 200 m altitude. (Amazonas). Distribution. Brazil ( C and W Micropholis longipedicellata Amazonas), Am. Peru. Micropholis melinoniana Pierre Aubréville PI. 11, fig. 6 Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, mamanten (P) PI. 12, fig. 1 finely striate. Fascicles axillary, 1-5- Leaves thinly coriaceous, gla­ flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5, brous, finely striate. Fascicles axillary PI. 11. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Micropholis cylindrocarpa, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Peres 367, 439, 441). 2. M. egensis, a. young fruit; b. young fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 85). 3. M. guyanensis subsp. guyanensis, a. young fruits; b. young fruit; c. young fruit from below; d,c. ripe fruits; f,g. seed, lateral and frontal view (Defler 6; Peres 480, 516). 4. M. guyanensis subsp. duckena, a. fruit; seed, lateral and frontal view; c. other fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Peres 156,467). 5. M. humboldliana (Rodrigues 6097). 6. Μ. longipedicellata, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Tillctt et al. 45029). 7. M. madeirensis (Vásquez 2044). or in the axils of fallen leaves, 5-15- exuding little white latex; lowland flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5, terra -firme forest and on granitic 0.2-0.3 cm long, appressed puberulous; inselbergs to 1,000 m altitude. pedicels 0.2-0.6 cm long, appressed Distribution. Brazil (C and W puberulous. Fruit broadly ellipsoid, 4-7 Amazonas, Pará), Guianas. cm long, apex and base acute or obtuse, Micropholis porphyrocarpa maturing yellow, orange, reddish or (Baehni) Monachino PI. 12, fig. 3 purple, epicarp thick, smooth, some­ Leaves spaced, spirally arranged times slightly sulcate, glabrous; seeds 1- or alternate and distichous, coriaceous, several, 2.5-2.6 χ 1.2 cm, testa smooth, densely sericeous-pubescent below. shining, scar 0.4-0.6 cm wide. Fascicles axillary, 1 -10-flowered, Notes. Tree to 40 m and 1.5 m flowers unisexual, sessile, sepals 5, diam., with thick, to 2 m high but­ 0.3-0.4 cm long, densely pubescent; tresses and cylindrical bole, bark fruiting pedicels 0-0.9 cm long, smooth to finely fissured, greyish- brown-pubescent. Fruit narrowly ellip­ brown, slash cream-brown to reddish, soid, 1.8-2.1 χ 1.5 cm, to 3 cm long, exuding sticky white or cream latex; apex rostrate with prickle, base fruits are reported to be eaten by ma­ rounded, at first green, maturing deep caws (Ara spp.); lowland terra-firme purple or black, smooth or slightly rainforest. longitudinally ribbed, brown-pubes­ cent to glabrescent; seeds 1, 1.5-1.7 χ Distribution. Brazil (Acre, 0.9 χ 0.5 cm, testa minutely trans­ Amapá, Pará, Roraima), Fr. Guiana, versely wrinkled, blackish-brown, Peru, Venezuela. shining, scar 0.2-0.3 cm wide, white. Micropholis mensalis (Baehni) Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 60 Aubréville cm diam., with steep narrow to 1.5 m abiurana, goiabinha (B) PI. 12, high buttresses, tapering into a fluted fig. 2 bole, bark (orange-)brown, scaling ir­ Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, regularly, slash orange to pale cream, appearing striate. Fascicles axillary or laminated, exuding (yellowish-)white in the axils of fallen leaves, 1-4-flow- sticky latex; immature seeds are pre­ ered, sepals 5, 0.3-0.5 cm long, seri­ dated upon by golden-faced sakis ceous; pedicels 0.5-0.7 cm long, ap­ (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala), as pressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, to was observed in the forests north of 5 χ 2-2.5 cm , apex long attenuate Manaus, Amazonas (Setz, 1993), (rostrate), base acute, epicarp soft, whereas in the R. Urucú region, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1-2, ca. 2.5 Amazonas, two species of tamarin cm long, base and apex acute, testa (Saguinus fuscicollis avilapiresi and rough, minutely transversely wrinkled, Saguinus mystax pileatus) were seen dull, scar 0.3 cm wide. feeding on the mature pulp (Peres, Notes. Tree to 12 m high and 20 1993); upland terra-firme rainforest, to cm diam., bark greyish-brown, slash 500 m altitude. Distribution. Brazil (Acre, or in the axils of fallen leaves, and Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), cauliflorous, densely clustered on Fr. Guiana, Guyana, Am. Peru. large (several centimetres diam.) Micropholis resinifera (Ducke) Eyma protuberances on the trunk, 1-6-flow- balata, balata-rosadinha (B) ered, flowers unisexual, sepals (4-)5, Leaves coriaceous, very broad, 0.15-0.25 cm long, pubescent; pedicels with 20-24 pairs of prominent second­ 0.2-0.5 cm, in fruit 0.5-0.7 cm long, ary veins, brown appressed puberulous shortly tomentose. Fruit ellipsoid to below. Fascicles axillary, 5-10-flow- globose, 1.3-2.5 χ 1.2 cm, apex acute ered, sepals 5, 0.4-0.5 cm long; to rounded, acuminate over 0.15 cm, pedicels 0.6-0.8 cm long, appressed with prickle, base acute to rounded, puberulous. Fruit similar to that of M. green to yellow, maturing dark blue or guyanensis subsp. guyanensis. purple, longitudinally five times sul- Notes. Tree to 50 m high with cate, glabrous; seeds 1, 1.3-1.5 χ 0.7 cracked bark; lowland terra firme χ 0.6 cm, testa finely transversely rainforest. wrinkled, black, shining, apex acumi­ Distribution. Brazil (W nate, scar 0.2-0.3 cm wide, white. Amazonas). Notes. Tree to 42 m high and 40 Micropholis sanctae-rosae (Baehni) cm diam., with cylindrical bole, slash Pennington exuding little white latex, the inflores­ mangabarana (B) cences sometimes so dense that they cover 2/3 of the trunk surface, the trunk Leaves thinly coriaceous, ap­ of an 8 m high tree was seen covered pressed pubescent below, with (25- with fruits between 1.5 and 6 m high; )40-50 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ cicles axillary, several-flowered, flow­ the flowers are observed being eaten by ers unisexual, sepals 5, 0.3-0.35 cm black bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas long, appressed pubescent; pedicels chiropotes) in the forests north of ca. 0.1 cm long, pubescent. Fruit when Manaus, Amazonas (Frazão, 1992), and immature oblong, ca. 1 cm long, by buffy sakis (Pithecia albicans) in the densely velutinous-villose, mature R. Urucú region, Amazonas (Peres, pers. fruits not seen. comm.), whereas north of Manaus golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 20 chrysocephala) were seen predating on cm diam.; lowland terra-firme rainforest. the immature seeds (Setz, 1993), and Guianan brown capuchin monkeys Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, (Cebus apella apella) feeding on the Pará), Fr. Guiana, Peru. mature pulp; lowland primary rainforest, Micropholis trunciflora Ducke usually on non-flooded land. abiurana, rosada-brava (B) PI. Distribution. Brazil (Acre, C 12, fig. 4 and W Amazonas), Peru. Leaves thinly coriaceous, gla­ Micropholis venulosa (Martius & brous, finely striate. Fascicles axillary Eichler) Pierre k(i)udibushi, moraballi (A); brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus ríemhout (SD); mamanten, wetibakoeman apella) were seen feeding on ripe pulp (P); abiú, mulungu, piramiry, rosadinha, (Peres, pers. comm.), and in the for­ rosada-verde (B) PI. 12, fig. 5 ests north of Manaus, black bearded Leaves small, sometimes spirally sakis (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) arranged, chartaceous or thinly coria­ were seen predating upon the imma­ ceous, glabrous, finely striate. Fas­ ture seeds (Frazão, 1992); terra firme cicles axillary, 3-15-flowered, flowers lowland rainforest up to 700 m alti­ unisexual, sepals 4(-5), 0.15-0.2(-0.3) tude, also found in periodically white- cm long, reddish-brown puberulous, in water flooded forest (várzea), in perma­ fruit up to 0.4 cm long; pedicels 0.2- nently black-water flooded forest 0.5 cm long, reddish-brown (igapó), in dwarf savanna forest on puberulous, in fruit 0.4-0.9 cm long. white sand (campina), and wet montane Fruit subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, forest to 900 m altitude. 1.2-2.4(-3.4) χ 1.2-1.7(-2.2) cm, apex Distribution. Brazil (Acre, and base acute to rounded, apex often Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), Colom­ acuminate over 0.2-0.4 cm, maturing bia, Guianas, Peru, Venezuela. yellow or tinged red or lilac-brown, Micropholis williamii Aubréville & smooth, glabrous, pulp sweet-tasting; Pellegrin seeds 1(-2), (1.0-)1.5-2.1 χ 0.6-1.2 χ balata-brava (B) PI. 12, fig. 6 0.4-0.7 cm, weighing 32 grams (n=7), Leaves coriaceous, pubescent testa finely transversely wrinkled, light below, with 30-45 pairs of secondary brown, shining, scar sometimes extend­ veins. Fascicles axillary, 5-10-flow- ing around the base of the seed, 0.15- ered at first, developing into dense, 0.5 cm wide, dull. many-flowered clusters on 0.5-1 cm Notes. Tree to 40 m high and long protuberances, flowers with 5 100 cm diam., exceptional specimens sepals, 0.2-0.3 cm long, densely are said to reach 70 m (!) high and 1.5 velutinous-pubescent; pedicels 0.Ι­ m diam. above the up to 3 m high Ο. 15 cm long, stout and tapering from steep buttresses, bole cylindrical or the calyx base. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, fluted, bark greyish-brown, finely fis­ 2.3 χ 1.2 χ 1 cm , apex rounded, with sured or more often scaling, reputed to prickle, base tapered, densely brown have medicinal properties, slash red­ velutinous-hispid, smooth; seeds 1, dish-brown, exuding plentiful white (1.1-)1.7 χ 0.7 χ 0.4-0.5 cm, testa latex; seeds reputed to be dispersed by blackish-brown, shining, smooth, scar many birds, in Suriname red howling extending the full length of the seed, monkeys (Alouatta seniculus 0.15-0.2 cm wide, lightbrown. seniculus) were several times seen Notes. Tree to 22 m high and 20 feeding on the mature pulp dispersing cm diam., with horizontally spreading the seeds endochorically, whereas in branches, slash exuding white latex; the R. Urucú region, Amazonas, Bra­ wet lowland rainforest on non-flooded zil, buffy sakis (Pithecia albicans) and land usually over clay. PI. 12. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Micropholis melinoniana, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (De Granville 4267). 2. M. mensalis, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Tillett el al. 45192). 3. M. porphyrocarpa, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Setz 139; Peres 689). 4. M. trunciflora, a. infructescence; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 87; Setz 154). 5. M. venulosa, a,b. fruit; c. fruit from below; d. fruit, longitu­ dinal section; c. seed, lateral and frontal view; f. other fruit; g. fruiting calyx; h,i. seed, lateral and frontal view (Peres 317; Frazão 57). 6. Μ. williamii, a. fruit, lateral and basal view; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 91). Distribution. Brazil (C endochorically dispersed only by the Amazonas, Pará). capuchins and the woolly monkeys Micropholis section 2. (Peres, pers. comm.); only a single Exsertistamen Pennington botanical collection known from low­ Stamens exserted; corolla usu­ land terra-firme rainforest. ally more than 1 cm long, lobes Distribution. Brazil (C and S spreading or reflexed. Amazonas). Micropholis caudata Pennington PI. Micropholis cayennensis 13, fig. 1 Pennington PI. 13, fig. 2 Leaves spaced, alternate or in lax Leaves coriaceous, glabrous or spirals, coriaceous, glabrous, finely stri­ golden appressed puberulous below, ate. Fascicles ramiflorous, 5-12-flow- coarsely striate. Fascicles ramiflorous, ered, sepals 5, 0.7-0.8 cm long, in fruit many-flowered, sepals 5, 0.4-0.5 cm ca. 1 χ 0.8 cm, finely puberulous; long, appressed puberulous; pedicels pedicels 1.3-1.7 cm long, expanded be­ 1.0-1.3 cm long, appressed puberulous. low the calyx, finely puberulous. Fruit Fruit ovoid, ca. 5 χ 3 cm, apex truncate, ellipsoid to obovoid, 3 χ 1.7-2.2 cm, with stout prickle, epicarp smooth, gla­ apex rounded and abruptly acuminate, brous; seeds 1, ca. 1.8 cm long, apex forming a stout 0.5 cm long prickle, rounded, base acute, testa smooth, shin­ green,.maturing yellow, epicarp thin, ing, scar extending the full length of the coriaceous, smooth, finely puberulous seed, 0.2-0.25 cm wide. toward apex; seeds 1, 1.7-2.3 χ 1.0-1.2 Notes. Tree to 31 m high and χ 0.7-0.9 cm, weighing 7.5 grams (n=8), 50 cm diam., with steep, simple, to 1.5 apex obliquely acuminate, base acute, m high buttresses, bole usually cylin­ testa blackish-brown, shining, finely drical, bark brown, scaling in thin rect­ transversely wrinkled, scar extending angular pieces, slash cream with the full length of the seed, 0.3-0.4 cm brown, exuding little sticky white or wide, dull. yellowish latex; lowland terra-firme Notes. Tree 25(-40) m high and rainforest, frequent on slopes and 25 cm diam., slash exuding white la­ ridge tops at 150-500 m altitude. tex; in the R. Urucú region, Amazonas, Distribution. Brazil (Amapá), the mature pulp was seen eaten by two Fr. Guiana. species of tamarin monkeys (Saguinus Micropholis grandiflora Aubréville fuscicollis avilapiresi and Saguinus Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, mystax pileatus) (Peres, 1993), by with ca. 60 pairs of secondary veins, brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus not striate. Fascicles axillary and apella), by dusky and collared titi ramiflorous, 10-15-flowered, flowers monkeys (Callicebus cupreus cupreus large, sepals 5, ca. 1 cm long, and Callicebus torquatus purinus), and subglabrous; pedicels 1.2-1.3 cm long, by Geoffroy's woolly monkeys minutely appressed puberulous. Fruit (Lagothrix lagotricha cana)(Peres, not known. 1994), whereas the seeds were Notes. Tree to 30 m and 50 cm diam., slash exuding white latex; terra- the full length of the seed, 0.45 cm firme rainforest between 800 and wide; seed weight 1.6 grams (n=8). 1,000 m altitude. Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 85 Distribution. Brazil (NW cm diam., with large, to 1.5 m high, Amazonas; only once collected in the thin, convex buttresses, bole cylindri­ Pico da Neblina National Park). cal or slightly fluted near base, bark Micropholis maguirei Aubréville reddish-brown, scaling in large irregu­ rosadinha (B) lar plates, slash brown or yellow with Leaves coriaceous, ferruginous- brown streaks, exuding little white or tomentellous below, finely striate. Fas­ cream latex; in the R. Urucú region, cicles ramiflorous, 5-12-flowered, two species of tamarin (Saguinus flowers large, sepals 5, 0.9-1.0 cm fuscicollis avilapiresi and Saguinus long, ferruginous-tomentellous; mystaxpileatus) and collared titi mon­ pedicels 0.5-1.0 cm long, shortly fer- keys (Callicebus torquatus purinus) ruginous-tomentose. Fruit ovoid when were seen feeding on the mature pulp, immature, ca. 2 cm long, apex rostrate, swallowing and dispersing the seeds base rounded, smooth, rufous-brown (Peres, 1993); seasonal semi-ever­ pubescent. green forest between 200 and 400 m Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 30 altitude, sometimes in black water cm diam., with narrow, to 1 m high flooded forest (igapó). buttresses, slash exuding little white Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, latex; lowland terra-firme rainforest at Pará), Guyana, Fr. Guiana, S Venezu­ 100-200 m altitude. ela, Am. Peru. Distribution. Brazil (NW Micropholis splendens Gilly ex Amazonas), Venezuela (S. Amazonas). Aubréville PI. 13, fig. 4 Micropholis obscura Pennington Leaves spaced, spirally arranged, ufii (A); bakouman (P); abiurana- coriaceous, densely rufous-brown ap­ de-massa (B) PI. 13, fig. 3 pressed puberulous below, finely stri­ Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ate. Fascicles ramiflorous. 5-10-flow- finely striate. Fascicles in the axils of ered, flowers large, sepals 6, 0.7-0.8 fallen leaves, 5-15-flowered, flowers cm long, minutely appressed small, sepals 5, ca. 0.3 cm long, ap­ puberulous; pedicels 1-1.7 cm long, pressed puberulous; pedicels 0.5-0.7 appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, glabrous. Fruit broadly ellip­ 3-3.7 cm long, apex narrowly rostrate, soid, 1.6-1.9(-3) χ 1.2-1.4 cm, apex base acute, glaucous-green, smooth, at rounded, with a prickle, base obtuse, first with rufous hairs, glabrescent; at first green, maturing yellow or yel­ seeds 1, ca. 2.2 cm long, testa smooth, lowish brown, smooth, glabrous, the shining, scar ca. 0.8 cm wide, extend­ pulp sweet, tasting of apple or prune; ing the length of the seed. seeds 1, 1.1-1.6 χ 0.5-1 cm, with an Notes. Tree to 30 m and 50 cm abaxial keel, apex and base obtuse, diam., larger specimens with but­ testa smooth, shining, scar extending tresses, slash exuding white or yellow- ish latex; terra-firme rainforest up to axillary and below the leaves, 2-7-flow- 800 m altitude. ered, sepals 5, 0.2-0.25 cm long, Distribution. Brazil (NW rounded, in fruit 0.3 χ 0.2 cm; pedicels Amazonas, maybe Amapá), S Venezuela. 0.3-0.6 cm, in fruit 0.9-1.0 cm long, 1- Pouteria Aublet 2 together on 0.2 cm long and 0.3 cm wide protuberances. Fruit globose or Leaves usually spirally arranged, ellipsoid, 1.6 χ 1.3 to 2.8(-3) χ 2.6 cm, rarely opposite, venation never finely rounded at base and apex, apex with 0.1 striate, no stipules. Inflorescences ax­ cm long prickle, maturing yellow or red, illary or ramiflorous, fasciculate, fas­ epicarp thin coriaceous, smooth, gla­ cicles single or sometimes arranged brous, fruit weighing 55 grams (n=50); along short leafless shoots; flowers seeds 1, broadly ellipsoid, 1.2 χ 0.8 to often unisexual, calyx with a single 2 χ 1.4 χ 1.1 cm, base and apex rounded whorl of 4-6 free, imbricate or or obtuse, testa shining, dark brown quincuncial sepals, or with 6-11 sepals above, light brown toward scar, scar 1.8 in a closely imbricate spiral. Fruit a χ 0.9 cm, dull brown, finely wrinkled, berry with 1-several seeds; seeds with a median vertical iurrow. broadly ellipsoid, plano-convex, shaped like the segment of an orange, Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 110 or laterally compressed, testa smooth, cm diam., slash exuding white latex; wrinkled, or pitted, scar adaxial, usu­ north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, ally extending the full length of the black bearded sakis (Chiropotes seed, narrow, broad or sometimes satanas chiropotes) (Frazâo, 1992) and covering almost all the seed surface. golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) (Setz, 1993) were seen Notes. Trees or shrubs, predating on the immature seeds, but pantropical, with 188 species through­ also eating the mature pulp and drop­ out the Neotropics. ping the mature seeds, whereas in the Pouteria section 1. Franchetella R. Urucú region, C Amazonas, Peres (Pierre) Eyma saw brown capuchins and Geoffroy's Leaves with higher order vena­ woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha tion often finely areolate, usually con­ cana) (Peres, 1994) feeding on the spicuous, lower surface not usually mature pulp, swallowing and dispers­ glaucous. Calyx 4-5-merous. Seed lat­ ing the seeds, and Pionites parrots eat­ erally compressed or not, scar adaxial, ing only the ripe pulp; lowland terra- rarely extending around the base, firme rainforest up to 300 m altitude. broad or narrow. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Pouteria anômala (Pires) Pennington Pará), S Venezuela. abiú-rosadinha, abiurana-roxa Pouteria atahapoensis (Aubréville) (Β) PI. 13, fig. 5 Pennington PI. 13, fig. 6 Leaves loosely clustered, Leaves spaced, coriaceous, chartaceous, glabrous, with 15-20 sparsely appressed puberulous below, pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles with 10-13 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary, 5-15-flowered, se­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 pals 4, suborbicular, ca. 0.2 cm long; cm diam., without buttresses, bark red­ pedicels ca. 0.2 cm long, sparsely ap­ dish, scaling, slash exuding copious pressed puberulous, in fruit to 0.3 cm white latex; lowland terra-firme long. Fruit broadly ellipsoid, to 3.5 χ rainforest. 2.8 cm, rounded at base and apex, Distribution. Brazil (W apex with prickle, epicarp thin and Amazonas), Fr. Guiana, Am. Peru. soft, at first green, maturing yellow to Pouteria bangii (Rusby) Pennington black, smooth, glabrous, pulp fleshy; abiu rosadinha (B); pepeboiti (P) seeds 1, broadly ellipsoid, slightly lat­ PI. 14, fig. 2 erally compressed, to 3 χ 2.3 χ 2 cm, Leaves spaced, subcoriaceous, testa light brown, rather shining, (pale) golden appressed puberulous smooth, scar adaxial and basal, to 2.9 below, with 7-14 pairs of secondary χ 0.7-1 cm, dull brown. veins. Fascicles axillary and on older Notes. Tree to 7(-20) m and 15- twigs, 5-20-flowered, flowers uni­ 40 cm diam., slash exuding milky la­ sexual, sepals 4, 0.15-0.2 cm long; tex; fruit and/or immature seed is a pedicels 0.3-1.0 cm, in fruit 0.7-1.5 cm probable food item for Spix' s black- long. Fruit (oblong) ellipsoid, 2.5 χ 1.5 headed uacaries (Cacajao to 3 χ 1.7 cm, sometimes up to 5.6 cm melanocephalus ouakary); black wa­ long, apex acute to rostrate over 0.2- ter flooded forest (igapó) on sandy 0.4 cm, with prickle and often a cir­ river margins. cular 0.5 cm diam. patch, base acute Distribution. Brazil (C+W to rounded, maturing (olive-)green to Amazonas), S Venezuela. orange, epicarp hard, thick, smooth, Pouteria aubrevittei Bernardi glabrous or somewhat appressed abiurana (B) PI. 14, fig. 1 puberulous; seeds 1, ellipsoid, slightly Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ laterally compressed, 1.5 χ 1.1 χ 0.9 tered, coriaceous, glabrous, with 10-15 to 2(-3) χ 1.3 χ 0.9 cm, apex and base pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles rounded, testa smooth, veined or borne below the leaves, 10-20-flow­ slightly wrinkled, shining, scar the ered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5,0.Ι­ length of the seed or slightly less, 0.2- Ο. 15 cm long; pedicels 0.2-1.0 cm 0.3 cm wide. long, sparsely appressed puberulous. Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 cm long, cm diam., bark (whitish-)grey, finely slightly asymmetrical, apex acute to vertically cracked, slash pink, exuding obtuse, base acute or tapering to a ca. white latex; Humboldt's woolly mon­ 0.5 cm long stipe, maturing green, keys (Lagothrix lagotricha lagotricha) epicarp thin, soft, smooth, glabrous; at the Lower Rio Apaporis, Am. Co­ seeds 1, ellipsoid, 2-2.7 cm long, testa lombia, are reported to feed on the smooth, adhering to the pulp, scar mature pulp, dispersing the seeds adaxial, the length of the seed, 0.4-0.7 endochorically (Defler, pers. comm.); cm wide. terra-firme rain and savanna forest, PI. 13. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Micropholis caudata, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Peres 589, 612, 654). 2. M. cayennensis, fruit (Billict & Jadin 1231). 3. M. obscura, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Peres 392, 617, 693, 734; Van Roosmalen 107). 4. M. splendens, fruit (Clark 7094). 5. Pouteria anômala, a. young fruits; b, c. fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 109; Peres 345, 787). 6. P. atabapoensis, a. fruit; b. fruiting calyx; c. infructescence; d, c. seed, lateral, frontal view and basal view (Van Roosmalen 184). also found in xeromorphic forest on by brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus slopes, at 100-1,200 m altitude. apella) in Peru (Janson, pers. comm.); Distribution. Am. Bolivia, Bra­ lowland rainforest over sand or clay, zil (Acre, Amapá, Pará), Ε Colombia, sometimes on periodically flooded land, Guianas, Am. Peru. from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude. Pouteria benai (Aubréville & Distribution. Am. Bolivia, Bra­ Pellegrin) Pennington zil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, pepeboiti (P) Roraima), Am. Colombia, Fr. Guiana, Leaves loosely clustered, Guyana, Am. Peru, Am. Venezuela. chartaceous, glabrous, with 7-8 pairs Pouteria campanulata Baehni of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary Leaves spaced or loosely clustered, and below the leaves, 2-3-flowered, coriaceous, appressed puberulous below, sepals 5, suborbicular, 0.25-0.35 cm glabrescent, with 14-23 pairs of secondary long, brown pubescent; pedicels slen­ veins. Fascicles axillary and on old wood der, 1.8-2(-3) cm long. Fruit has not on cushion-like protuberances, 5-many- been collected yet. flowered, sepals 5, 0.25-0.3 cm long, Notes. Tree to 20 m high; low­ puberulous; pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm long, land terra firme rainforest. puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-1.7 cm Distribution. Fr. Guiana. long, apex acute, base rounded, smooth or Pouteria bilocularis (Winkler) Baehni finely lenticellate, glabrous; seeds 1, ellip­ moraballi (A); abiurana (B) PL soid, ca. 1.3 cm long, not laterally com­ 14, fig. 3 pressed, apex and base obtuse, testa Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ smooth, shining, scar adaxial, the length of brous, minutely punctate below, with the seed, ca. 0.15 cm wide. 7-11 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles Notes. Tree to 27 m high and 30 axillary and in the axils of fallen leaves, 2- cm diam., without buttresses, bark red­ 20-flowered, flowers uni- and bisexual, dish, slash with copious sticky white sepals 4-5,0.1-0.15 cm long; pedicels 0.2- latex; rain and savanna forest on non- 0.6 cm long, appressed puberulous or gla­ flooded land to 700 m altitude. brous. Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid, 2.5-6 cm Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, long, apex rounded, base acute to obtuse Pará). or rounded, epicarp hard, maturing orange- Pouteria ciada nth a Sand with yellow, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, ellip­ aiomorokushi (A); pinto-boletri soid, 2-3.5 cm long, laterally compressed, (S); abiurana-seca, caramuri -preto (Β) apex and base rounded, testa shining, PL 14, Fig. 4 wrinkled or verrucose, scar the length of Leaves spaced, thinly coria­ the seed, adaxial, 0.2-0.4 cm wide. ceous, glabrous, minutely punctate be­ Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 40 low, with 9-15 pairs of secondary cm diam., with to 2 m high buttresses, veins. Fascicles axillary or on up to 8 slash exuding copious white latex; the cm long leafless axillary shoots, fruit­ mature fruits are reported to be eaten ing sepals 4-5, inner ones 0.1 -0.15 cm, outer ones 0.25-0.4 cm long, free or cm, sometimes up to 4 cm long, apex fused at base, minutely appressed acute or attenuate over 0.1-0.4 cm, puberulous; fruiting pedicels 0.3-0.6 cm with prickle, base acute to rounded, long, appressed puberulous. Fruit ellip­ green to orange-yellow, epicarp hard, soid to globose, 2.4-3 χ 2.0-2.6 cm, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, ellipsoid, rounded at apex and base, epicarp thinly 1.4 χ 0.8 cm, sometimes up to 2.4 cm coriaceous, maturing yellow, smooth, at long, slightly laterally compressed, first ferruginous-puberulous, glabrous base and apex rounded or obtuse, testa when mature, pulp fleshy, transparent; shining, strongly transversely seeds 1, ellipsoid, slightly laterally com­ wrinkled, scar extending sometimes pressed, 1.6 χ 1.4 χ 1.2 cm up to 2.2 cm around the base, 0.2-0.3 cm wide. long, base and apex rounded, testa Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 smooth, light brown, shining, scar cm diam., bole cylindrical, bark red­ adaxial, the length of the seed, 0.3-0.4(- dish-brown, shallowly fissured, slash 0.7) cm wide, dull. exuding sticky white latex; rain and savanna forest on non-flooded land to Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 80 700 m altitude. cm diam., larger trees with up to 2 m Distribution. Am. Brazil high buttresses and deeply fluted bole, (Amapá, Ν Amazonas, Pará), Am. slash exuding sticky white latex; im­ Colombia, Guianas, Venezuela. mature seeds were seen predated upon by primates (Pithecia albicans) in the Pouteria crassiflora Pires & Pennington R. Urucú region, Amazonas, Brazil Leaves loosely clustered, thinly (Peres, pers. comm.); lowland rain and coriaceous, puberulous below, with savanna forest on non-flooded land up 16-25 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ to 800 m altitude. cicles axillary and below the leaves, 3- Distribution. Am. Brazil (Acre, 10-flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), 5(-6), 0.5 cm long, puberulous; Am. Colombia, Guianas, Am. Peru, pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm long, tomentose. Am. Venezuela. Fruit densely tomentose when young, Pouteria coriacea (Pierre) Pierre maturing orange. kudibuschi, moraballi (A) PL 14, Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 35 fig. 5 cm diam., bark thinly flaking; lowland Leaves spaced, chartaceous, gla­ terra-firme rainforest. brous, with 7-10 pairs of secondary Distribution. Brazil (Amapá). veins. Fascicles axillary and in the ax­ Pouteria durlandii (Standley) ils of fallen leaves, sometimes clus­ Baehni subsp. durlandii tered on short axillary shoots, 3-10- asipokoballi (A) PL 14, fig. 6 flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals 4, Leaves chartaceous to thinly co­ 0.1-0.15 cm long; pedicels 0.3-0.7 cm, riaceous, glabrous, with 7-14 pairs of in fruit 0.9-1.5 cm long, slender. Fruit secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and ellipsoid or ovoid, 2.1-2.4 χ 1.3-1.7 below the leaves, l-3(-6)-flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals (4-)5,0.2-0.5 or minutely verruculose, glabrous; seeds cm long; pedicels 0.1-0.3(-0.5) cm 1(-2), broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.4- long, puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid to 1.8 cm long, slightly laterally com­ subglobose, 2-2.5 cm long, apex pressed, rounded at base and apex, testa rounded to acute or shortly apiculate, smooth, shining, scar extending the full base rounded or truncate, maturing length of the seed, 0.35-0.8 cm wide. yellow to orange, smooth, glabrous; Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 90 seeds 1-2, ellipsoid, sometimes slightly cm diam., with to 2.5 m high, simple laterally compressed, planoconvex when or branched buttresses, bole cylindric, 2-seeded, 1.6-2.1 cm long, testa smooth, slightly fluted at base, bark pale buff- free from sweet-tasting pulp, scar usu­ or grey-brown, vertically cracked and ally very broad, covering about one- scaling in thin narrow strips, slash or­ third of the seed surface (0.35 cm wide). ange-streaked, exuding copious sticky Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 65 white latex; lowland terra-firme cm diam., already flowering and fruit­ rainforest to 800 m altitude. ing when only 5-10 m high, later with Distribution. Brazil (Pará), Am. to 2 m high buttresses, bole sometimes Colombia, Guianas, Venezuela. fluted, bark grey- to reddish-brown, Pouteria engleri Eyma scaling in small, thin strips, slash pink, konoko, halchiballi (A); grootbladig soft, exuding white latex; wet lowland zwart riemhout (SD); mamanten, lo-oedoe rainforest and wet coastal forest. (S); abiu, abiurana (B) PL 15, fig. 2 Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, (Amapá?, Atlantic forest), Colombia, with 6-9 pairs of secondary veins. Guyana, Am. Peru. Fascicles axillary and below the Pouteria egrégia Sandwith leaves, 10-20-flowered, flowers bi­ kokoritiballi (A); kleinbladig sexual, sepals 5, ovate or oblong, 0.2- zwart riemhout (SD); alofachiboiti (P); 0.25 cm long, puberulous to grey-seri­ cururu (B) PL 15, fig. 1 ceous; pedicels 0.4-0.8 cm long, in Leaves spaced, spirally arranged fruit 0.9-1.1 cm long, puberulous. to subopposite, chartaceous to subco- Fruit ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5(- riaceous, greyish-green to glaucous 3.3) χ 1.5(-2.9) cm, apex and base below, puberulous or glabrous, with rounded, apex with a sunken prickle, 14-21 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ epicarp chartaceous, pulp thick, fleshy cicles axillary and below the leaves, 5- and sweet-tasting, lightgreen to yel­ 15-flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals low, maturing orange-yellow, shining, 4, fused to about halfway, ca. 0.1 cm smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, ellipsoid, long, brown-sericeous; pedicels 0.2- slightly laterally compressed, 1.8-2.1 0.4(-0.8) cm long, brown-sericeous. χ 1.1 cm, apex acuminate, base Fruit broadly ellipsoid to globose, 1.8- rounded, testa slightly wrinkled, 2.7 cm long, apex rounded or obtuse, brown, shining, scar extending the full base rounded to slightly tapered, ma­ length of the seed, dull, lightbrown, turing yellow to dull orange, smooth 0.2-0.7 cm wide, with 0.1 cm wide, 6

PI. 14. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria aubrevillei, infructescence (Rimachi 3098). 2. P. bangii, a, b. fruit from Suriname; c. seed from Suriname, lateral and frontal view; d. fruits from Brazil; e. seed from Brazil, lateral and frontal view (Defler 101). 3. P. biloculari.s, seed lateral and frontal view (Davidse & Huber 15370). 4. P. cladantha, a. fruit; b. fruit from be­ low; c. infructescence; d. seed, frontal view (Peres 678). 5. P. coriacea, a. infructescence; b. seed, lateral view (Maas 10804; Schultcs & Cabrera 12553). 6. P. durlandii subsp. durlandii, seed seen from aside and above (Lundcll 12262). yellow margin. 0.15-0.2 cm long, appressed Notes. Tree to 38 m high and 1 m puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.7 cm long, diam., with simple, to 2 m high buttresses brown appressed puberulous, in fruit and cylindrical bole, bark reddish- to grey­ to 1.3 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.7 χ ish-brown, rough and flaking, slash orange 1.5 cm to 3-3.3 χ 2 cm, apex rounded, to pinkish, exuding sticky white latex; the base often tapering to a short stipe, mature pulp was seen eaten by red-faced green to orange, smooth, subglabrous; black spider monkeys (Ateies paniscus) seeds 1, oblong, 2-2.2 χ 0.8-1 cm, (dispersing the seeds endochorically) and rounded at both ends, not laterally golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia compressed, testa smooth, adherent to chrysocephala) (spitting out the seeds) in the pulp, scar extending the full length the forests north of Manaus, Brazilian of the seed, ca. 0.4 cm wide, very Amazon (Setz, 1993); terra-firme rain and rough and warty. savanna forest, 200-800 m altitude. Notes. Tree to 28 m high and 40 Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, cm diam., with small buttresses and Amazonas, Pará), Guianas. cylindrical bole, bark reddish-brown, Pouteria fulva Pennington scaling in thin pieces, slash orange or red, exuding copious sticky white la­ Leaves spaced, coriaceous, tex; lowland terra-firme savanna and densely appressed golden-ferruginous rain forest, especially on slopes to 600 puberulous below, with 8-11 pairs of m altitude. secondary veins. Fascicles borne below Distribution. Ν Brazil (Amapá, the leaves, 5-10-flowered, sepals 5, ca. Amazonas, Pará), Fr. Guiana, 0.2 χ 0.3 cm, appressed puberulous; pedicels 1.3-1.5 cm long, appressed Suriname, Venezuela. puberulous. Fruit not yet collected. Pouteria jariensis Pires & Pennington Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 25 abiú, guajará (Β) PI. 15, fig. 4 cm diam.; terra-firme lowland Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, with 7- rainforest. 14 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles ax­ Distribution. Brazil (W illary and below the leaves, 2-5-flowered, Amazonas, only collected twice). sepals 5, 0.25 cm long, appressed Pouteria gonggrijpii Eyma puberulous; pedicels 0.15-0.2 cm long, kokoritiballi (A); apra-oedoe, appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid to pinto-boletri (S); akwansiba (P); abiu obovoid, 2.5-3 cm long, apex rounded or (B) PI. 15, fig. 3 obtuse, base obtuse, maturing yellow to or­ ange, smooth, velutinous; seeds 1-2, ellip­ Leaves spaced, thinly coria­ soid to obovoid (plano-convex when 2- ceous, appressed puberulous below, seeded), 1.5 χ 0.8-1 cm, apex rounded, with 8-13 pairs of secondary veins. base acute, testa smooth, adherent to pulp, Fascicles axillary and in the axils of scar extending the full length of the seed, fallen leaves, 5-20-flowered, flowers elliptic, 0.45-0.7 cm wide. uni- and bisexual, sepals 5, ovate, Notes. Tree to 26 m high and 40 Pouteria melanopoda Eyma cm diam., with steep, simple, up to 1.5 moraballi (A); riemhout (SD); m high buttresses and fluted bole, bark blaka-jamboka (S); akwansiba (P) PI. greyish to brown, scaling in thin, slen­ 15, fig. 6 der pieces, slash pink, exuding sticky Leaves loosely spirally arranged, white latex; lowland terra-firme rain coriaceous to chartaceous, glabrous, and savanna forest, and secondary for­ with 11-13 pairs of secondary veins. est, at 200-650 m altitude. Fascicles below the leaves, 2-5-flow- Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, ered, sepals 5, acute-ovate, patent, 0.2- Pará, Rondônia), Fr. Guiana. 0.3 cm long, puberulous; petals often Pouteria lucumifolia (Reissik ex persistent in fruit; pedicels 0.4-0.5 cm, Maximowicz) Pennington in fruit ca. 0.9 cm long, slender, coquiranazinha (B) PI. 15, fig. 5 brown-puberulous; fruits solitary or in Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ pairs. Fruit ellipsoid, immature ca. 1.5 brous, with 8-14 pairs of secondary χ 1.2 cm, green, puberulous, apex with veins. Fascicles axillary and in the ax­ prickle, pulp white, transparent, sweet- ils of fallen leaves, 2-10-flowered, tasting; seeds 1 (sometimes 2-5), ellip­ flowers unisexual, sepals 4-5, broadly soid, slightly laterally compressed, to ovate, 0.1-0.15 cm long; pedicels 0.2- 1.4 χ 0.9 χ 0.7 cm, testa dark brown, 0.6 cm, in fruit to 1 cm long. Fruit scar extending the length of the (oblong-)ellipsoid, 2-3 χ 1.5-1.7 cm, seed, 0.4 cm wide, white. apex obtuse to rounded, base tapered, Notes. Tree to 36 m high and 70 sometimes forming a short stipe, ma­ cm diam., with simple or branched, turing yellow to orange, epicarp hard, steep and slightly concave, to 2.5 m smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, ellipsoid, high buttresses, bole cylindrical, bark 1.5-2.1 cm long, laterally compressed, reddish-brown, scaling in small thin rounded at both ends, testa rough, wrinkled and finely transversely fis­ rectangular pieces, slash cream with sured, adherent to the pulp, scar full- pink, exuding sticky white latex; hill length and extending around the base forest up to 400 m altitude. of the seed, 0.2-0.4 cm wide. Distribution. Fr. Guiana, Suriname. Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 cm diam., with a cylindrical bole and Pouteria minima Pennington brown, fissured and scaling bark, slash Leaves broad obovate, rounded, exuding white latex; upland rainforest coriaceous, glabrous, slightly glaucous on white sand, in Venezuela found in below, with 8-9 pairs of secondary periodically flooded forest (igapó) to veins. Fascicles axillary and below the 200 m altitude. leaves, 10-60-flowered; flowers uni­ Distribution. Brazil (W sexual, minute, sepals 5, ca. 0.1 cm Amazonas), Am. Colombia, Am. Peru, long, appressed puberulous; pedicels Am. Venezuela. 0.2-0.3 cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit when immature el­ compressed, apex and base acute to ob­ lipsoid, ca. 2.4 cm long, apex rounded, tuse, testa smooth, shining, scar extend­ base obtuse, smooth, glabrous. ing the full length of the seed, 0.25-0.4 Notes. Large tree, known only from cm wide. two collections; lowland rain forest. Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 20 Distribution. Brazil (NW cm diam.; periodically flooded river Amazonas - R. Vaupés). margins and permanently black-water Pouteria nudipetala Pennington PI. flooded forest (igapó). 15, fig. 7 Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Leaves oblanceolate, chartaceous, Rondônia). glabrous, with 12-20 pairs of secondary Pouteria platyphylla (A.C. Smith) veins. Fascicles mostly below the leaves Baehni at defoliated nodes, 2-3-flowered, flow­ abiurana-vermelha, abiurana- ers unisexual, sepals 5, 0.2 cm long, jacaré (Β) PI. 15, fig. 9 densely long-hispid outside; pedicels Leaves loosely clustered, 0.2-0.3 cm long, densely hispid. Fruit el­ chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, large, lipsoid or obovoid, 2.5-3 χ 1.3-1.5 cm, strongly bullate, finely golden-brown apex rounded, base acute to rounded, pubescent below, with 9-13(-16) pairs of smooth, densely hispid, apex with per­ secondary veins. Fascicles borne below sistent style; seeds 1, laterally com­ the leaves, 2-10-flowered, flowers uni­ pressed, testa smooth, free from pulp, sexual, sepals 5, 0.2(-0.4) cm long, scar 0.15 cm wide. united at base, tomentose; pedicels 0.6- Notes. Tree to 10 m high, slash 1.3(-2) cm long, tomentose. Fruit (de­ exuding white sticky latex; few collec­ pressed) globose, to 3.6 χ 4 cm , apex tions from periodically white-water and base rounded to truncate, base ob­ flooded forest (várzea), in Peru also scurely 5-10 times striate, apex with ir­ found in upland rain forest. regular light-brown 1.8-2.3 cm diam. patch, epicarp thick-coriaceous to corky, Distribution. Brazil (W 0.6 cm thick, with golden-brown Amazonas), Peru. indumentum; seeds 1-2, ellipsoid, 1.8- Pouteria pachyphylla Pennington 2 χ 1.2 χ 1.1 cm, shining, light brown, abiurana (B) Pi. 15, fig. 8 scar dull, extending the frill length of the Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, with seed, 0.2-0.3 cm wide. 12-15 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ Notes. Tree to 18 m high and 25 cicles axillary, 5-10-flowered, sepals 5, cm diam., with reddish scaly bark, suborbicular, ca. 0.1 cm long; pedicels slash exuding white sticky latex; the 0.1 cm long. Fruit narrowly obovoid to immature seeds were seen predated by ellipsoid, 1.7-2.1 χ 1-1.3 cm, apex and black bearded sakis {Chiropotes base acute to obtuse, maturing black, satanas chiropotes) 80 km north of smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, narrowly el­ Manaus, Amazonas (Frazão, 1992); lipsoid, 1.4-1.8 χ 0.7-1 cm, not laterally lowland terra-firme rain forest. PI. 15. Figs. 1-9. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria egrégia, a. infructescence; b. seed, frontal view (Blanco 582). 2. P. engleri, a. young fruit; b. young fruit from below; c. mature fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 122). 3. P. gonggrijpii, a. fruit; b. fruit with stipe; c. seed, frontal view (Oldcman 3298). 4. P. jariensis, seed, frontal view (Silva 122). 5. P. lucumifolia, a. fruit; b. seed (Licsner 8864). 6. P. melanopoda, young fruit (Van Roosmalen 634). 7. P. nudipetala, fruit (Krukoff 5201). 8. P. pachypliylla, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Prance et al. 4763). 9. P. platyphylla, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Frazào 214). Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, 2.4-3.4 cm long, apex and base obtuse Mato Grosso), Peru. or rounded, testa smooth, shining, scar Pouteria pubescens (Aubréville & extending the full length of the seed, Pellegrin) Pennington PI. 16, fig. 1 0.8-1.9 cm wide, only slightly nar­ rower than the total width of the seed. Leaves spaced, coriaceous, Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 75 densely brown-puberulous below, with cm diam.; terra-firme upland forest on 10-12 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ sandy soil, 100-150 m altitude. cicles axillary, 10-15-flowered, sepals Distribution. Brazil (Rondônia), 5, 0.1-0.15 cm (in fruit to 0.3 cm) Peru (Loreto). long, appressed puberulous; pedicels ca. 0.2 cm long, in fruit 1.5-1.8(-2) cm Pouteria ramiflora (Martius) Radlkofer long, puberulous. Fruit obliquely ellip- abiú-do-campo (B) PI. 16, fig. 3 soid (one side convex, the other Leaves spaced, coriaceous to straight), 1.8 χ 1.3 χ 1.1 cm to 2.6 χ chartaceous, densely crisped-pubes- 1.6 χ 1.6 cm, apex acuminate with cent to glabrous, usually slightly glau­ oblique prickle, base obtuse or cous below, with 8-16 pairs of second­ rounded, smooth, brown-sericeous; ary veins. Fascicles axillary and in the seeds 1, ellipsoid, laterally com­ axils of fallen leaves or in axillary pressed, 1.7 χ 1.1 χ 0.8 cm, adaxial densely-flowered, to 2.5 cm long surface strongly convex, abaxial sur­ racemes, 5-15-flowered, flowers uni­ face straight, testa brown, shining, sexual, sepals 4, two 0.25 χ 0.3 cm, two finely transversely striate, scar dull, 0.2 χ 0.25 cm, outside puberulous; 0.2-0.5 cm wide. pedicels 0.2-0.6 cm long, tomentose or puberulous, in fruit 0.9-1.1 cm long. Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 25 Fruit plumlike, turbinate or broadly obo­ cm diam.; only two collections known void, 2.8 χ 2.3 cm, less frequently ellip­ from terra-firme rain forest. soid, 3.6 χ 2.9 cm, sometimes to 5 cm Distribution. Brazil (W long, apex rounded or truncate, base ta­ Amazonas), Am. Peru. pered, epicarp coriaceous, 0.2 cm thick, Pouteria putamen-ovi Pennington blue-green to yellowish-brown, smooth, PI. 16, fig. 2 densely pubescent, glabrescent when Leaves coriaceous, subglaucous mature, pulp fleshy, edible; seeds 1, el­ below, with 7-10 pairs of secondary lipsoid, 2.5 χ 1.5 χ 1.0 cm, sometimes veins. Fascicles in the axils of fallen to 3.2 cm long, laterally compressed, leaves, 1-2-flowered, flowers sessile, base and apex rounded, testa light- sepals 5, 0.5 cm long, subglabrous. brown, smooth, shining, scar extending Fruit globose or obovoid, 3.5-5.5 χ 3- around the base of the seed, 2.3 χ 0.3- 4 cm, apex and base rounded, base 0.6 cm, usually tapering from near the sometimes slightly tapered, pale apex to base. brown when dry, smooth, epicarp Notes. Tree to 10 m high, hard, 0.3-0.5 cm thick; seeds 1, ellip­ gnarled and with short trunk (in soid, slightly laterally compressed, "cerrado"), or tree to 25 m high (in gallery forest), with reddish-brown, seed, 0.2-0.4 (-1) cm wide, light- thick, corky, deeply fissured and cracked brown, with a central longitudinal rib. bark, slash exuding watery white latex; Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 50- fruits reported to be eaten by toucans 100 cm diam., with simple or some­ and araçaris, which disperse the seeds times branched, to 2 m high buttresses, through regurgitation; in the central and bole frequently fluted, bark brown to southern part of its range (C and S Bra­ pale greyish, scaling in large, thin, zil) found in rocky or sandy "cerrado" long plates, slash pale straw to reddish and gallery forest, in the northern part or orange; lowland terra-firme rain (Amazônia) it occurs in sandy '"campo" forest, on slopes, and occasionally in islands' and white sand savanna, 200- periodically white-water flooded for­ 1,300 m altitude. est (várzea). Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Distribution. Am. Bolivia, Bra­ Pará, Rondônia), Bolivia. zil (Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, Pouteria reticulata (Engler) Eyma Roraima), Am. Colombia, Guianas, subsp. reticulata Venezuela, Peru. abiu, abiurana-branca, abiurana- Pouteria reticulata (Engler) Eyma cascuda, abiurana-folha-estreita (B) subsp. surinamensis PI. 16, fig. 4 asipokoballi, kokeritiballi (A) Leaves spaced, chartaceous to Leaves spaced, chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous, minutely thinly coriaceous, glabrous, minutely punctate below, with 8-16 pairs of sec­ punctate below, with 8-16 pairs of sec­ ondary veins. Fascicles axillary or in ondary veins. Fascicles axillary or in the axils of fallen leaves, sometimes the axils of fallen leaves, sometimes clustered on leafless, 1-3 cm long ax­ clustered on leafless, 1 -3 cm long ax­ illary shoots, (l-)3-20-flowered, sepals illary shoots, (l-)3-20-flowered, sepals 4-5 (-6), 0.1-0.2 cm long, free or par­ 4-5(-6), 0.1-0.2 cm long, free or par­ tially united, outside appressed tially united, outside with crisped puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.8 (-1) cm, indumentum; pedicels 0.15-0.2 cm in fruit usually 0.5-0.7 cm long, ap­ long, with crisped indumentum. Fruit pressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid or ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.6-4 cm long, apex ovoid, 1.6-2.1 χ 1.3-1.4 cm, some­ acute to obtuse or rounded, base trun­ times to 4 cm long, apex acute to ob­ cate, rounded or tapered, epicarp tuse or rounded, base truncate, thinly coriaceous, maturing purple or rounded or tapered, epicarp thinly co­ black, smooth, glabrous, pulp fleshy; riaceous, maturing orange to red, seeds 1, ellipsoid, 1.4-2.5 cm long, smooth, glabrous, pulp fleshy; seeds 1, usually slightly laterally compressed, ellipsoid, 1.4-1.7 χ 1.0 χ 0.8 cm, to 2.5 apex and base obtuse, testa smooth, cm long, usually slightly laterally shining, scar extending (almost) the compressed, apex and base obtuse, full length of the seed, 0.2-1 cm wide. testa brown, smooth, shining, scar ex­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 tending (almost) the full length of the cm diam., bole slightly fluted, bark seal- ing, slash exuding white sticky latex; 60 cm diam., with short buttresses and rain and savanna forest to 250 m alti­ fluted bole, bark dark colored, slash tude. pink, exuding copious sticky white la­ Distribution. Brazil (Pará), tex; periodically white-water flooded Guyana, Suriname. lowland forest (várzea) on sandy or clay soil, occasionally on terra-firme, Pouteria retinervis Pennington at 150-350 m altitude. abiurana grande (Β) Distribution. Brazil (Acre, Leaves spaced, chartaceous, gla­ Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, brous, with 11-14 pairs of secondary Roraima), Am. Colombia, Am. Peru. veins, the venation finely areolate on Pouteria sagotiana (Baillon) Eyma both surfaces. Fascicles axillary and in achinadan, asusuchi (A); aproe- the axils of fallen leaves, 3-10-flow- oedoe, djoe-bortri (S) PI. 16, fig. 5 ered, sepals 5, ca. 0.2 cm long, ap­ Leaves spaced, chartaceous, gla­ pressed puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.4 brous, with 10-12 pairs of secondary cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit veins. Fascicles axillary and in the ax­ unknown. ils of fallen leaves, 5-20-flowered, Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 60 flowers unisexual, sepals 5, partially cm diam., with scaling bark, slash fused, 0.1-0.15 cm long, appressed showing alternating bands of orange puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.6 cm long, and white; "terra-firme" rain and sa­ in fruit 0.5-0.6 cm long, sparsely vanna forest to 400 m altitude. puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, to Distribution. Brazil (Amazo­ 2 χ 1.4 cm , green, maturing deep vio­ nas), Fr. Guiana. let to black, apex rounded, with Pouteria rostrata (Huber) Baehni prickle, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, el­ abiurana (seringa)(B) lipsoid, to 1.7 χ 1 χ 0.7 cm, slightly Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ laterally compressed, scar linear, ex­ brous, often minutely punctate below, tending the full length of the seed, 0.3 with 8-13 pairs of secondary veins. cm wide. Fascicles axillary and in the axils of Notes. Tree to 12 m high and 10 fallen leaves, 5-15-flowered, flowers cm diam., slash exuding scarce milky unisexual, sepals 5, 0.15 cm long, latex; rain, savanna and mountain sa­ subglabrous; pedicels ca. 0.9 cm long. vanna forest over sand, laterite or Fruit ellipsoid, ca. 2 cm long, apex and granite, to 700 m altitude. base rounded, epicarp thin, coriaceous, Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, maturing pale orange, smooth, gla­ Pará), Guianas. brous; seeds 1, ellipsoid, ca. 1.6 cm Pouteria trilocularis Cronquist PI. long, slightly laterally compressed, 17, fig. 1 apex and base obtuse, testa smooth, Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ free from pulp, scar extending the full brous, with 7-14 pairs of secondary length of the seed, 0.15-0.2 cm wide. veins. Fascicles axillary and in the ax­ Notes. Tree to 20 m high and ils of fallen leaves, 5-15-flowered, PI 16. Figs. 1-5. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria pubescens, a. infructescence; b. other fruit type; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 149). 2. P. putamen-ovi, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Rimachi 4406). 3. P. ramiflora, a. fruit; b. fruit; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 141, 151). 4. P. reticulata subsp. reticulata, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 152, 153); c. fruit; d. seed, frontal view (Pennington et al. 11489). 5. P. sagotiana , a. infructescence; b. seed (Van Roosmalen 1615). flowers unisexual, sepals 5, 0.3-0.5 cm thick, smooth, glabrous, pulp soft and long, appressed puberulous; pedicels whitish resembling that of an avogado; 0.4-1.6 cm long, in fruit stout, to 1 cm seeds 1-2, 7-8 cm long, somewhat lat­ diam., appressed puberulous. Fruit ovoid erally compressed, apex and base to globose, 4-5.5 cm long, apex acute to obtuse, testa smooth, shining, rounded, base truncate, maturing yellow scar extending the full length of the or orange, strongly tuberculate to almost seed, 1.5-1.8 cm wide near the base, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1-3, ellipsoid, tapering toward the apex. 2.5-3.5 cm long, plano-convex or Notes. Tree to 35 m high and shaped like the segment of an orange 100 cm diam., with up to 2 m high (depending of the amount of seeds), buttresses and cylindrical bole, bark testa smooth, shining, scar the length of dark brown, thick and soft, slash red­ the seed, sometimes extending over the dish exuding copious watery white la­ base and apex, 0.8-1.8 cm wide. tex; hillside forest on well drained, Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 75 non-flooded soil, to 250 m altitude. cm diam., with to 1.5 m high but­ Distribution. Brazil (NW tresses, bark greyish-brown, fissured Amazonas), Am. Colombia, Am. Ven­ or scaly, peeling off in rounded flakes, ezuela. slash light brown, exuding copious Pouteria vernicosa Pennington white, fast flowing latex; rain and sa­ abiurana (floribunda) (B) vanna forest on non-flooded or peri­ Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ odically flooded land, up to 1,100 m brous, with 9-12 pairs of secondary altitude in wet montane forest. veins. Fascicles borne below the Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil leaves, 5-10-flowered, sepals 5, ovate, (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, 0.15-0.2 cm long; pedicels 0.2-1.1 cm Rondônia), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, long. Fruit unknown. Venezuela. Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 50 Pouteria ucuqui Pires & Schultes cm diam.; rain and savanna forest on tucuru, ucuqui (B) PI. 17, fig. 2 non-flooded land, to 200 m altitude. Distribution. Brazil (Amazo­ Leaves spaced, coriaceous, ap­ nas), Am. Peru. pressed brown-puberulous below, with Pouteria virescens Baehni 9-14 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ asipoko(balli) (A); abiurana (B) cicles axillary and densely clustered PI. 18, fig. 1 below the leaves, many-flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5, 0.15-0.2 Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ brous, with 7-12 pairs of secondary cm long, puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.3 veins. Fascicles axillary and below the cm long, appressed ferruginous- leaves, 3-10-flowered, flowers uni­ puberulous. Fruit obovoid, 10-11 χ sexual, sepals 5, male ones ca. 0.4 cm 7.5-8 cm, apex rounded, base tapered, long, female ones ca. 0.25 cm long, maturing yellowish, epicarp hard, puberulous, in fruit three larger ones PI. 17. Figs. 1-2. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria trilocularis, a. fruit; b. smooth fruit (INPA 135585); c. larger tuberculate fruit; d. seed (Liesner & Gonzalez 10580). 2. P. ucuqui, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 15); c. seed from larger fruit, lateral and frontal view (Schultes & Lopez 5870). acute-ovate, 0.5 χ 0.5 cm, two smaller secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and ones 0.3 χ 0.3 cm; pedicels 0.3-0.7 cm below the leaves, 3-10-flowered, se­ long, appressed puberulous, in fruit to pals 5, 0.2 cm long, appressed 1.2 cm long and 0.4 cm diam. Fruit puberulous; pedicels 0.4-0.6 cm long, broadly ellipsoid, 5.3 χ 3.5 to 6.1 χ 4.4 appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, cm, sometimes 7.5 χ 7 χ 6 cm (2- ca. 4 χ 3 cm , apex acute, base obtuse, seeded) to 9.8 χ 9.4 cm (4-seeded), smooth, golden-brown velvety; seeds apex obtuse, with sunken prickle, base 1, broadly ellipsoid, ca. 2.3 χ 2 cm, truncate, maturing orange or red, apex and base rounded, testa smooth, smooth, velutinous, glabrescent, pulp dull brown, scar extending around the yellow; seeds 1-2(-4), ellipsoid, 3.6 χ base, covering slightly more than half 1.5 χ 1.4 cm, sometimes to 6 χ 3.5 χ the seed surface. 3 cm, slightly plano-convex, rounded Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 40 at base, acuminate at apex, testa finely cm diam., slash exuding yellowish la­ wrinkled to verruculose, shining, light tex; lowland rain forest over sand. brown, adherent to the pulp, scar not Distribution. Brazil (Amazo­ extending the full length of the seed, nas), Fr. Guiana. or sometimes extending around the Pouteria section 2. Oxythece base, elliptic, 3.1 χ 1.2 cm, sometimes (Miquel) Eyma 6 χ 2.5 cm, dull brown, verruculose. Leaves with obscure higher order Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 45 venation, usually glaucous below. Calyx cm diam., with to 2 m high buttresses (4-)5-6-merous. Seed laterally compressed and a reddish-brown, scaling bark, or not, scar adaxial, rarely extending slash exuding thick white latex; imma­ around the base, broad or narrow. ture seeds were seen predated upon by Pouteria ambelaniifolia (Sandwith) black bearded sakis (Chiropotes Pennington PI. 18, fig. 3 satanas chiropotes) (Frazão, 1992) and the ripe pulp was seen eaten by Leaves spaced, spirally arranged golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia or almost opposite, coriaceous, glau­ chrysocephala) (Setz, 1993) and by cous below, glabrous or appressed- Guianan brown capuchin monkeys puberulous, with 7-13 pairs of second­ (Cebus apella apella) (Spironelo, pers. ary veins. Fascicles axillary and below comm.), 80 km north of Manaus, the leaves, 2-7-flowered, flowers uni­ Amazonas, Brazil; rain and savanna sexual, sepals 5-6, 0.5-0.6 cm long, forest on non-flooded land. appressed puberulous; pedicels 0.4-0.6 Distribution. Brazil (Amazo­ cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit nas), Fr. Guiana, Guyana. globose, 3-3.2 cm in diam., maturing Pouteria williamii (Aubréville & yellow, smooth, appressed puberulous Pellegrin) Pennington to glabrescent; seeds 1-2, ellipsoid, ca. 2.1 cm long, slightly laterally com­ abiurana (B) PI. 18, fig. 2 pressed, with rounded apex and base, Leaves spaced, thinly coria­ testa smooth, shining, scar almost full- ceous, glabrous, with 8-12 pairs of length, elliptic, ca. 0.9 cm wide. smooth or granular, whitish to greyish- Notes. Tree to 32 m high and 60 brown, slash pink, exuding little white cm diam., with steep buttresses, bark latex; Defler (pers. comm.) saw grey-brown, vertically cracked, peel­ Humboldt's woolly monkeys ing in irregular plates, slash with or­ (Lagothrix lagotricha lagotricha) ange streaks, exuding little white la­ feeding on the pulp, swallowing and tex; lowland terra-firme rain forest, dispersing the seeds, in terra-firme for­ between 200 and 500 m altitude. est along the lower Rio Apaporis, Co­ Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, lombia; usually found along river mar­ Amazonas), Fr. Guiana, Guyana. gins, sometimes on seasonally or per­ Pouteria cuspidata (A. de Candolle) manently flooded land, also on non- Baehni subsp. cuspidata flooded land to 550 m altitude. kokeritiballi, kooteritiballi Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil (A); abiurana (flor miuda), abiurana- (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, matamata, jarai, maparajuba-de-mata Roraima), Guyana, Am. Colombia, (B) PL 18, fig. 4 Am. Peru, Am. Venezuela. Pouteria cuspidata (A. de Candolle) Leaves spaced, coriaceous, glau­ cous and appressed puberulous or gla­ Baehni subsp. dura (Eyma) brous below, with 10-20 pairs of second­ Pennington ary veins, not impressed below. Fas­ kokoritiballi (A); akwasiba (S); cicles axillary and below the leaves, 2- abiurana (arana), pau-doce (B) PL 18, 25-flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals fig. 5 (4-)5(-6), 0.2-0.3 cm long, appressed Leaves spaced, coriaceous, not puberulous; pedicels 0.4-0.6 cm long, glaucous below, appressed puberulous appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid to or glabrous below, secondary veins 10- obovoid, 1.8-3.3 χ 1.5-2 cm, apex 20 pairs, impressed on both surfaces. rounded or obtuse, sometimes acumi­ Fascicles axillary and below the nate over 0.1-0.3 cm, base acute to ta­ leaves, 2-25-flowered, flowers uni­ pered, sometimes forming an up to 1 cm sexual, sepals (4-)5(-6), broadly ovate, long stipe, epicarp thin, brittle, maturing in fruit 0.2-0.3 cm long, appressed yellow to orange, smooth, ferruginous- puberulous; fruiting pedicels stout, pulverulent at least near base, pulp 0.5-0.6 cm long. Fruit obovoid, to 2.6 white, edible, sweet tasting; seeds 1(-2), χ 2 cm, green to yellow or orange, ellipsoid to broadly oblong, 1.2-1.6 χ apex abruptly acuminate over 0.1 cm, 0.9-1.2 χ 0.6-0.9 cm long, apex and base base tapering over to 0.5 cm, smooth rounded or obtuse, not adherent to the or obscurely veined, ferruginous-pul­ pulp, testa brown, smooth, shining, scar verulent to glabrous; seeds 1, ellipsoid mostly extending around the base, 1.1- to broadly oblong, to 1.5 χ 1.1 χ 0.8 1.6 χ 0.2-0.25 cm, dull brown. cm, apex and base rounded or obtuse, Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 60 testa smooth, shining, scar full-length, cm diam., with slender, up to 1.5 m mostly extending around the base, 1.5 high buttresses and a fluted trunk, bark χ 0.4 cm. Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 50 shining, scar full-length, 0.3 cm wide. cm diam., bole cylindrical, without Notes. Tree to 50 m high and 72 buttresses, bark pale brown, thin, cm diam., with branched, slender, flaky, slash exuding copious white la­ slightly concave, up to 1 m high but­ tex; pied bare-face tamarins (Saguinus tresses, bole cylindrical, bark pale bicolor bicolor) have been seen feed­ greyish-buff, finely vertically cracked, ing on the mature pulp swallowing and slash pinkish-brown, thin, exuding dispersing the seeds, in savanna forest little sticky white latex; Frazâo (1991) on white sand 20 km north of Manaus, reports on frequent seed predation by Amazonas, Brazil (Egler, pers. black bearded sakis (Chiropotes comm.); upland rain and savanna satanas chiropotes) 80 km north of ("wallaba") forest on non-flooded Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, whereas land, to 1,250 m altitude. Peres (pers. comm.) observed buffy Distribution. Brazil (Amazo­ sakis (Pithecia albicans) and parrots nas), Am. Colombia, Guyana, Am. (Amazona sp.) feeding on immature Peru, Suriname, Venezuela. seeds, and tamarins (Saguinus mystax Pouteria cuspidata (A. de Candolle) pileatus and S. fuscicollis avilapiresi) Baehni subsp. robusta (Martius & (Peres, 1993) and Geoffroy's woolly Eichler) Pennington monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) boroweballi (A); pinto-boletri (Peres, 1994) feeding on mature pulp (S); abiurana, cabeçudo, majarajuba dispersing the seeds endochorically; (B)P1. 18, fig. 6 periodically flooded forest, also in terra-firme rain forest and white-sand Leaves spaced, coriaceous, ap­ savanna forest up to 2,000 m altitude. pressed puberulous or glabrous below, Distribution. Am. Brazil not glaucous, secondary veins 10-20 (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), pairs, not impressed on lower surface. Am. Colombia, French Guiana, Am. Fascicles axillary and below the Peru, Suriname, Venezuela. leaves, 2-25-flowered, flowers uni­ Pouteria elegans (A. de Candolle) sexual, sepals (4-)5(-6), 0.2-0.3 cm Baehni long, ovate, appressed puberulous; abiurana, cajurana, caramuri, pedicels 0.4-1.2 cm long, brown ap­ jarai, maparajuba, massarandubinha pressed puberulous, in fruit stout, to (B) PI. 19, fig. 1 1.3 cm long. Fruit (oblong-)obovoid to fusiform, 2.8-3.5(-4.8) χ 1.6-1.9(-3.2) Leaves spaced, coriaceous, gla­ cm, apex obtusely acuminate over 0.2- brous or whitish appressed puberulous below, greyish-glaucous, with 11 -20 0.4 cm, apiculate, base subcylindrical pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles and tapering over 0.5-0.8 cm, yellow axillary and below the leaves, 2-12(- to red or purplish(-black), glossy; 20)-flowered, flowers unisexual, se­ seeds 1, ellipsoid to broadly oblong, pals (4-)5-6, ovate, appressed 2.1-2.7 χ 1.2-1.3 χ 0.9-1 cm, laterally puberulous to glabrous; pedicels 0.3- compressed, testa dark brown, smooth, PI. 18. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria virescens, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed (Setz 123). 2. P. williamii, seed seen from aside and above (Grenand 780). 3. P. ambelaniifolia, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Marcano-Berti 217). 4. P. cuspidata subsp. cuspidata, a,b. fruit; c. seed (Defler 122). 5. P. cuspidata subsp. dura, a. young fruit; b. fruit; c. seed (Van Roosmalen 176). 6. P. cuspidata subsp. robusta, a,b. young fruit; c. ripe infructescence; d. seed (Frazão 68; Peres 196, 399, 556, 580). 0.9 cm long, appressed puberulous. base tapered over 0.4 cm, apex Fruit narrowly oblong or ellipsoid, 3- abruptly acuminate over 0.2 cm, peri­ 4.5 χ 2.2 cm, apex acute to narrowly carp thin, brittle, smooth, finely ap­ attenuate, base narrowly tapered to pressed ferruginous puberulous; seeds truncate, at first greenish-brown, ma­ 1, narrowly oblong to ellipsoid, 1.5- turing glossy black, smooth, minutely 2.3 χ 1 cm, rounded or obtuse at both brown appressed puberulous to gla­ ends, testa smooth, pale brown, shin­ brous, epicarp 0.4 cm thick, purple ing, scar full-length, 0.2-0.25 cm wide. from inside, not adherent to edible, Notes. Tree to 12 m high, slash sweet-tasting pulp; seeds 1, narrowly exuding white latex; Boubli (1997) ob­ oblong or ellipsoid, 3.0-4.1 χ 1 cm, not served Humboldt's black-headed laterally compressed, adaxially convex, uacaries (Cacajao m. melanocephalus) abaxially slightly concave, apex acute, predating upon the immature seeds of base acute to rounded, testa smooth, this species along the R. Cauaburi in shining, pale brown, scar full-length, Pico da Neblina National Park (NW 0.1-0.4 cm wide. Amazonas, Brazil); periodically Notes. Tree to 10 m, occasion­ flooded forest (igapó) and savanna ally to ca. 20 m high and 50 cm diam., forest (called caatinga of the Upper flowering when less than 5 m high, Rio Negro), up to 200 m altitude. bark dark brown and fissured, slash Distribution. NW Am. Brazil exuding copious sticky white latex; (Amazonas), Am. Colombia, S Ven­ periodically or permanently flooded ezuela. forest (igapó and várzea) along rivers Pouteria opposita (Ducke) and white-sand savannas. Pennington Distribution. Am. Brazil abiú, caramuri (B) PI. 19, fig. 3 (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Am. Co­ Leaves spaced, opposite, coria­ lombia, Guyana, S and SW Venezuela. ceous, finely golden appressed Pouteria gabrielensis (Gilly ex puberulous below, with 9-13 pairs of Aubréville) Pennington secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and abiurana, cumandu-açú (Β) PI. below the leaves, 5-10-flowered, se­ 19, fig. 2 pals 5-6, suborbicular, 0.3 cm long, Leaves spaced, coriaceous, appressed puberulous; pedicels 0.3-0.6 golden-ferruginous sericeous below cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit giving a rufous appearance, with 20- broadly ellipsoid, 3.4-4 χ 3 cm, apex 25 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles rounded, base obtuse, at first green, axillary and below the leaves, 5-20- maturing orange-yellow, epicarp flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5, woody or thick coriaceous, smooth, ovate, ca. 0.2 cm long, united at base, glabrous or glabrescent, pulp fleshy, appressed puberulous; pedicels 0.3-0.6 white, sweet-tasting, easy to separate; cm long, shortly sericeous, in fruit to seeds 1-2, 2.2-2.3 χ 1.2-1.4 χ 1.3 cm, 1.2 cm long. Fruit narrowly oblong, 3 rounded or obtuse at apex and base, χ 1 cm, or obovoid, ca. 2.2 χ 1.4 cm, the abaxial side keeled, testa smooth, PI. 19. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria elegans, a. dried infructescence; b. seed, frontal and lateral view; c. fruit; d. other seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 118). 2. P. gabrielensis, a. fruit; b. seed (Schultes & Lopez 9856). 3. P. opposita, a. fruit; b. fruit; c. fruit from below; d. other fruit; e,f,g. different seeds, lateral and frontal view (Peres 744; Van Roosmalen 25). light brown, shining, scar about 3/4 the 15) m high, slash exuding copious length of the seed, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, dull sticky white latex; sandstone scrub and brown; seed weighing 12-17 grams. forest islands in savanna, dwarf mossy Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 45 forest over sandstone, and forest domi­ cm diam., with low buttresses, slash nated by Bonnetia roraimae at 450- exuding little white latex; in the R. 2,200 m altitude. Urucú region (Amazonas, Brazil), Distribution. Brazil (Roraima), Peres (1994) observed buffy sakis Guyana, S Venezuela. (Pithecia albicans) feeding on imma­ Pouteria scrobiculata Monachino ex ture seeds, and Geoffroy's woolly Pennington monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) on the mature pulp dispersing the Leaves spirally arranged, rarely seeds endochorically, whereas Defler subopposite, thinly coriaceous, mar­ (pers. comm.) saw Humboldt's woolly gins revolute, glaucous below, silvery monkeys (Lagothrix I. lagotricha) or bluish appressed sericeous, with 6- feeding on mature fruits, swallowing 13 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles the pulp together with the seeds; terra- axillary and below the leaves, 2-8- firme rain forest, up to 800 m altitude. flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 5- 6, 0.2 cm long, golden sericeous; Distribution. Am. Brazil pedicels 0.4-0.7(-1) cm long, golden (Amazonas, Pará), Am. Colombia, sericeous. Fruit not known. Am. Peru. Notes. Tree to 20 m high; wet or Pouteria rígida (Martius & Eichler) riverside forest on steep slopes at 700- Radlkofer PI. 20, fig. 1 1,600 m altitude. Leaves spaced, spirally arranged Distribution. Ν Brazil or subopposite or subverticillate, (Amazonas, Serra Aracá), S. Venezu­ strongly coriaceous and revolute, of­ ela (highlands). ten glaucous below, ferruginous-to- Pouteria section 3. Oligotheca (A. mentose turning greyish, soon glabres­ de Candolle) Baehni cent, with 6-9 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary, 1-6-flowered, Leaves with oblique, horizontal flowers unisexual, sepals 5, ferrugi­ or obscure tertiary venation. Calyx 5- nous-pubescent; pedicels 0.1-0.4 cm merous. Seed laterally compressed, long, ferruginous-pubescent. Fruit testa smooth or wrinkled, often adher­ obovoid to subglobose, 1-1.5 cm ing to the pulp, scar narrow, adaxial, diam., apex rounded, base obtuse, ma­ full-length. turing orange-brown, smooth, ferrugi­ Pouteria cayennensis (A. de nous-pubescent; seeds 1, ellipsoid, 0.8 Candolle) Eyma PI. 20, fig. 2 cm long, rounded at both ends, testa Leaves clustered, margin often smooth, shining, scar almost full-length, revolute, coriaceous, at first densely ca. 0.15 cm wide. ferruginous tomentose, glabrescent, Notes. Small tree or shrub to 8(- with 7-11 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and clustered below thick, flesh firm, (pinkish-)cream to or­ the leaves, 2-8-flowered, sepals 0.5 cm ange; seeds 2-4, ellipsoid to slightly long, ferruginous crisped-pubescent; plano-convex, 3.3-3.7(-4.2) χ 2.2 χ 1.6 pedicels 0.5-1 cm long, densely fer­ cm, testa dull brown, rugulose, adherent ruginous crisped-pubescent. Fruit el­ to greenish gelatinous pulp, scar extend­ lipsoid, ca. 3.5 χ 2 cm, apex rounded ing most of the seed length, ca. 3.2 cm or truncate, base tapered, maturing long and 0.3-0.6 cm wide. yellow, smooth or slightly warty, gla­ Notes. Tree to 50 m high and 65 brous or with some indumentum cm diam., trunk cylindrical, without around the base, outer pericarp tough buttresses, bark ca. 2 cm thick, pale and pinkish, the inner pericarp or pulp brown, finely vertically cracked, slash 0.3-0.4 cm thick, transparent, gelati­ cream to pale brown, exuding sticky nous, adhering to the seed testa, sweet- white latex; mature pulp and flesh are tasting; seeds 1, ellipsoid, 2.3-2.5 cm reported to be consumed by Humboldt's long, testa smooth, shining, scar (al­ woolly monkeys (Lagothrix I. most) full-length, 0.2-0.4 cm wide. lagotricha) at the lower R. Apaporis, Notes. Tree to 46 m high and 1 m Am. Colombia (Defler, pers. comm.) diam., with steep, rounded, branched, up dispersing the seeds endochorically, to 2 m high buttresses, trunk fluted or whereas spider monkeys (Ateies cylindrical, bark brown to dark grey, paniscus) were seen swallowing the slightly vertically cracked or scaling, seeds together with pulp and flesh, dis­ slash pinkish or straw colored, exuding persing the seeds, 20 km north of copious sticky white latex; lowland rain Manaus, Am. Brazil; lowland rain for­ and savanna forest, and lower montane est and terra-firme rain forest on slopes, forest to 1,200 m altitude. also found in riverine forest on periodi­ Distribution. Fr. Guiana, cally or permanently flooded land Guyana, S Venezuela. (igapó), at 100-400 m altitude. Pouteria laevigata (Martius) Radlkofer Distribution. Am. Brazil (Acre, abiurana (da casca grossa, sapota), Amazonas, Pará), Am. Colombia, Fr. caramury, caucho (B) PL 20, fig. 3 Guiana, Am. Peru, Am. Venezuela. Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ Pouteria oblanceolata Pires tered at shoot apex, spirally arranged, abiú, abiurana PL 20, fig. 4 thinly coriaceous, with 9-13 pairs of Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ secondary veins. Fascicles axillary, tered, oblanceolate, chartaceous, with mostly in the axils of shed leaves, 2- 7-10 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ 15-flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals cicles in the axils of shed leaves, 3-15- 0.2-0.3 cm long, pedicels 0.2-0.3 cm flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals 0.3 long. Fruit globose or obovoid, 6-9 cm cm long, sericeous inside, in fruit to diam., apex rounded, base truncate, 0.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide at the maturing bright yellow to orange, epi­ base; pedicels 0.3-0.5 cm long, carp smooth, brown or black sparsely appressed puberulous, in fruit lenticellate or rough, glabrous, to 0.7 cm to 1.7 cm long. Fruit narrowly obovoid or ellipsoid, 4.3-5.1 χ 2.9-3.1 cm, apex at base; seeds 1, ellipsoid, 1.4-2 cm rounded, with prickle, base tapered, long, apex rounded, base slightly ta­ maturing yellow to bright orange, epi­ pered, testa finely transversely wrinkled, carp smooth, glabrous, the base with shining, scar 0.25 cm wide. some residual hair; seeds 1, strongly Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 65 laterally compressed, to 2.8-3.6 χ 1.4- cm diam.; lowland terra-firme rain and 1.5 χ 0.9-1 cm, apex rounded, base savanna forest. acute, testa smooth, shining, scar 0.2- Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, 0.3 cm wide. Pará). Notes. Tree to 32 m high and 60 Pouteria tarumanensis Pires cm diam., buttresses small, simple or balata-rosadinha-braba (B) PI. branched, trunk cylindrical but fluted 20, fig. 6 (this species might be con- in the lower part, bark blackish- or specific with P. oblanceolata) reddish-brown, narrowly fissured, in­ Leaves loosely clustered, spirally ner bark orange, slash pink, exuding arranged, coriaceous, with 7-9 pairs of sticky white latex; Peres (1994) ob­ secondary veins. Fascicles axillary and served Geoffroy's woolly monkeys below the leaves, 5-10-flowered, se­ (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) and pals 0.4-0.45 cm long, broadly ovate; widow monkeys or collared titi mon­ pedicels 0.5-0.7 cm long, in fruit to 1.2 keys (Callicebus torquatus purinus) cm long. Fruit narrowly obovoid, 2.5- feeding on the mature pulp swallow­ 3 χ 1.9-2.1 cm, apex rounded, with ing and dispersing the seeds, in the R. prickle, base slightly tapered and trun­ Urucú region, Am. Brazil; terra-firme cate, maturing ochraceous to yellow, rain and savanna forest over yellow smooth, glabrous or with some clay or white sand, to 600 m altitude. indumentum at base; seeds 1, 1.8 χ 1 χ Distribution. Am. Brazil 0.7 cm, apex rounded, base acute, testa (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará), Fr. Guiana, smooth, shining, scar 0.15-0.3 cm wide. Am. Peru. Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 35 Pouteria oppositifolia (Ducke) Baehni cm diam., slash with sticky white la­ abiú, abiurana, abiú ucuubarana, tex; black bearded sakis (Chiropotes guajara-vermelho (B) PI. 20, fig. 5 satanas chiropotes) were seen predat­ Leaves spaced, (almost) opposite ing on the immature seeds of this spe­ or sometimes spirally arranged, cies 80 km north of Manaus (Frazão, chartaceous, with 15-20 pairs of second­ 1992), and in the R. Urucú region, ary veins. Fascicles axillary, many-flow­ Am. Brazil, Peres (pers. comm.) ob­ ered, flowers bisexual, sepals 0.15 cm served white-faced capuchin monkeys long, appressed puberulous; pedicels (Cebus albifrons unicolor) feeding on 0.3-0.45 cm long, appressed puberulous. the mature pulp; lowland terra-firme Fruit obovoid or ellipsoid, 1.9-2.4 χ 1.4- rain forest over sand. 1.6 cm, rounded at both ends, maturing Distribution. Am. Brazil (C yellow or apricot-colored, smooth, gla­ Amazonas). brous or sparsely appressed puberulous PI. 20. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria rigida, a. infructcsccnse; b. seed, frontal view (Huber & Alcrcón 7462). 2. P. cayennensis, seed, frontal view (Stcyermark 60664). 3. P. laevigata, a. fruit; b. seedlatcral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 138). 4. P. oblanceolata, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 144). 5. P. oppositifolia, seed, frontal view (Pires & Black 776). 6. P. tarumanensis, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lat­ eral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 156). Pouteria section 4. Rivicoa (A. de smooth, glabrous, pulp yellowish-or­ Candolle) Baehni ange, edible, starchy and sweet tasting; Leaves with oblique or horizon­ seeds 1-2, broadly ellipsoid (in 1- tal tertiary venation. Calyx 5-merous. seeded fruit) or plano-convex (in 2- Fruit with globose or ellipsoid seed, seeded fruit), 2-3 χ 2.3 χ 2.3 cm, with not laterally compressed, scar broad, a small abaxial crest near the base, covering one third of the seed surface testa smooth, brown, shining, scar up to almost all of it, except for a nar­ broad, extending over the base, cover­ row abaxial strip. ing one third to half the seed surface, dull light brown, rugulose and irregu­ Pouteria exstaminodia Pires & larly furrowed. Pennington Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 Leaves spaced, chartaceous, per­ cm diam., with small buttresses and sistently pale brown sericeous below, fluted trunk, bark blackish-brown, with 18-20 pairs of secondary veins. finely and shallowly fissured, slash Fascicles axillary, 5-10-flowered, se­ cream-colored, exuding copious white pals 0.5 cm long, both sides appressed latex; in Suriname, along the east bank puberulous; pedicels 1-1.3 cm long, of the Coppename river, red-faced pubescent. Fruit not known. black spider monkeys (Ateies Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 35 paniscus) fed on the starchy pulp cm diam., slash exuding white latex; swallowing and exclusively dispersing lowland terra-firme rain forest. the large seeds of this species, whereas Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, in Brazil, 20 km north of Manaus, ta­ R. Uatumã). pir (Tapirus terrestris) were seen feed­ Pouteria macrophylla (Lamarck) Eyma ing on the whole mature fruits fallen abiurana, acará-uba, cutite, to the ground, crushing the seeds; cutitiriba (B) PI. 21, fig. 1 terra-firme rain forest up to 350 m al­ Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ titude, also found in old secondary tered, chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, forest and transitional forest between puberulous below, with 12-18 pairs of savanna and savanna forest. straight, parallel secondary veins. Fas­ Distribution. Bolivia, Am. Bra­ cicles axillary and clustered below the zil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato leaves, 3-12-flowered, flowers bi­ Grosso, Pará), Fr. Guiana, Am. Peru, sexual, sepals 0.3 χ 0.6 cm and 0.25 χ Suriname. 0.4 cm, densely appressed puberulous; Pouteria manaosensis (Aubréville & pedicels 0.4-1.8 cm long, appressed Pellegrin) Pennington puberulous. Fruit globose or broadly djoe-bortri (S); cucutiriba ellipsoid to obliquely ovoid, 6 χ 3.5- folha-pelada, cutitiriba-pelada, abiú- 4.7 cm, apex and base rounded or ob­ peludo (B) PI. 21, fig. 2 tuse, at first green with yellow speck­ Leaves clustered, chartaceous, les, maturing yellow, shining, epicarp reddish-brown tomentose to pubescent chartaceous, very thin, easily peeling, below, with 19-26 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary, 3-10-flow- globose, 4-5 cm long, apex and base ered, flowers bisexual, sepals (4-)5, rounded, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, 0.5-0.6 cm long, ovate, tomentose, in globose, 2-3 cm diam., testa bony, scar fruit unequal, three sepals measuring very rough, covering most of the seed, 0.5-0.6 χ 0.6 cm, two 0.2 χ 0.4 cm; leaving a small smooth strip on the pedicels 0.6-1.3 cm long, tomentose, abaxial side. in fruit to 1.6 cm long. Fruit (de­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 pressed) globose to obovoid, 4.7-5 cm cm diam., with steep simple buttresses in diameter, or 5.6 χ 4 cm, sometimes to 1 m high, bole sometimes fluted, 7.5-10 cm long, apex rounded or trun­ bark reddish-brown, scaling in rectan­ cate, with prickle, base rounded or ta­ gular pieces, slash pinkish, exuding pered and truncate, smooth, reddish- sticky white latex; lowland terra-firme brown velutinous; seeds 1-2 (-3), glo­ rain forest, at 200-700 m altitude. bose to plano-convex or shaped like Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, the segment of an orange, 3.4-4 cm in Pará), Fr. Guiana, Suriname. diameter, rugulose, scar covering al­ Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni most the whole seed surface leaving pajurá (de Óbidos) (B) PI. 22, only a narrow, drop-like, smooth, fig.l shining abaxial strip, measuring ca. Leaves clustered, coriaceous, 1.9 χ 0.7 cm. glabrous, with 14-20 pairs of second­ Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 70 ary veins. Fascicles axillary and below cm diam., slash exuding white latex; the leaves, 2-3-flowered, flowers bi­ Setz (1993) saw golden-faced sakis sexual, sepals 0.7-1.2 cm long, densely (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) puberulous; pedicels 0.1-0.2 cm long, feeding on the mature pulp of this spe­ densely ferruginous-puberulous. Fruit cies, 80 km north of Manaus, ovoid-oblong to globose, 10-12 χ 7-8 Amazonas; lowland terra-firme rain cm, purplish-brown velutinous, gla­ and savanna forest on hilly terrain up brescent, pulp light yellow, granular, to 650 m altitude. sweet tasting, strongly scented; seeds Distribution. Brazil (N 1, ovoid or ellipsoid, 6-9 χ 5-6 cm, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Suriname. base and apex rounded or truncate, Pouteria rodriguesiana Pires & testa bony, scar strongly rugose, cov­ Pennington ering almost the entire seed leaving a abiú mapara-juba (B) narrow, shining abaxial strip. Leaves loosely clustered, thinly Notes. Tree to 45 m high and 90 coriaceous, golden-brown appressed cm diam., trunk slightly fluted at base, puberulous below, with 15-33 pairs of bark thick, yellowish-brown, scaling, secondary veins. Fascicles mostly ax­ slash dull pink, exuding little white la­ illary, 3-10-flowered, flowers bisexual, tex; lowland rain and savanna forest sepals 5, 0.25-0.3 cm long, appressed on non-flooded land to 500 m altitude. puberulous; pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long, Distribution. Brazil (Pará, Ν of appressed puberulous. Fruit ovoid to Óbidos), Am Colombia, Guianas. Ί. 21. Figs. 1-2. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria macrophylla, a. young fruit; b. young fruit from below; c. ripe fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal views (Egler 450). 2. P. manaosensis, young fruit; b. ripe fruit; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 134, 135). PI. 22. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria speciosa, a. young fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Silva & Santos 4752; Feuillet s.n.). 2. P. surumuensis, a. young fruit; b. young fruit from below; c. young fruit; d. ripe fruit; e. seed (Pontes 56). 3. P. grandis, fruit (Van Roosmalen S654). Pouteria trigonosperma Eyma 2.2 cm, in fruit to 3 cm long, appressed kamahora (A); mabi-jari, puberulous or crisped pubescent. Fruit sabana-djoebortri (S) PL 23, fig. 1 (depressed) globose, 4-8 cm long and to Leaves thinly coriaceous, gla­ 6 cm diam., at first green, maturing or­ brous, with 6-8 pairs of secondary veins, ange or yellow, smooth, rufous-brown petioles 2-4.6 cm long, strongly chan­ velutinous, glabrescent or with some nelled. Fascicles mostly below the velutinous indumentum persisting at leaves, 1-3-flowered, flowers bisexual, maturity, pulp pale orange or yellow, sepals 1-1.5 cm long, inner pair exceed­ mealy or greasy tasting; seeds 1-3, glo­ ing the outer sepals, appressed bose, ellipsoid, or plano-convex depend­ puberulous; pedicels 1.2-2 cm, in fruit ing on number of seeds per fruit, testa to 2.6 cm long, reddish-ferruginous smooth, shining, scar covering up to puberulous. Fruit subglobose to broadly two-thirds of the surface depending on ovoid, 4.5 χ 6 cm to 7 cm diam., apex the number of seeds, the cut seed smells obtuse, sometimes obtusely acuminate, strongly of almonds. base truncate, maturing green, smooth, Notes. Shrub or tree to 40 m high glabrous, pulp soft, dry, pale yellow with and 90 cm diam., often with low but­ apple odor; seeds (5-)7-8, trigonous, tresses and toward the base fluted trunk, shaped like the segment of an orange, bark dark brown or black, scaling in testa dark brown, smooth, shining, scar small flakes, slash pink, soft, laminated, covering the two radial sides and base exuding copious white latex; savanna of the seed. forest dominated by 'wallaba' (Eperua), Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 65 and lowland rain forest, especially on cm diam., slash exuding thick white slopes up to 1,200 m altitude. latex; lowland rain and savanna forest Distribution. Am and Ε coastal (in Guyana in forest dominated by Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, 'greenheart' (Ocotea rodiaei). Roraima), Guianas, C and S Venezuela. Distribution. Guyana, Pouteria Section 6. Pouteria Suriname. Leaves with usually oblique or Pouteria venosa (Martius) Baehni horizontal tertiary venation, some­ subsp. amazônica times reticulate. Calyx 4-merous, (4- kamahora (A); jaboka (S); )5-merous only in Pouteria pariry. pakuku(P); abiurana-grande/preta, Seeds broadly ellipsoid, shaped like cutitiriba-rana, guajara (B) PL 23, fig. 2 the segment of an orange, plano-con­ Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, vex or sometimes laterally com­ with 8-14 pairs of secondary veins. pressed, scar adaxial, usually broad (often covering most of the seed sur­ Fascicles axillary and below the face), sometimes narrow. leaves, 1-6-flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals 0.3-1(-1.5) cm long, inner pair Pouteria amapaensis Pires & often longer than outer one, appressed Pennington puberulous or pubescent; pedicels 0.4- Leaves clustered, chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, silvery puberulous long, often slightly laterally com­ below, with 8-13 pairs of secondary pressed, base and apex rounded or veins. Fascicles axillary and below the obtuse, testa smooth, shining, scar leaves, 1 -2-flowered, sepals 4,0.4 cm full-length, 0.1-0.6 cm wide, broader long, minutely puberulous; pedicels in cultivated specimens. ca. 0.1 cm long, appressed puberulous. Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 Fruit unknown. cm diam., trunk of older specimens Notes. Small tree to 2 m high; fluted, bark dark reddish-brown to grey­ terra-firme rain forest. ish-brown, scaling and shallowly fis­ Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, sured, slash cream, exuding white latex; only once collected along R. because of extensive cultivation for its Araguari). delicious fruits, the natural distribution Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavón) is uncertain; Peres (1994) saw Radlkofer Geoffroy's woolly monkeys {Lagothrix asepokoballi (A); ingi-oedoe (S); lagotricha cana) feeding on the mature pepeboiti (P); abiú, abiurana (B) PI. pulp, swallowing and endochorically 23, fig. 3 dispersing the large seeds; this species occurs especially on periodically Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, flooded land in lowland rain forest, sea­ rarely pubescent, with 8-13(-16) pairs sonal evergreen rain forest, and in wet of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary montane forest, at altitudes from sea and below the leaves, sometimes level (restinga) to 1,500 m. densely clustered, l-3(-5)-flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals 4, 0.3-0.5 cm Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil long, partly strigose outside; pedicels (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, 0-0.2 cm long, puberulous to glabrous. Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia, Ecua­ Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, ovoid or glo­ dor, Guianas, Venezuela. bose, 2.7-7.5 χ 3.8-4.3 cm, apex acute Pouteria cicatricata Pennington to rounded, base rounded to truncate, abiurana-folha-larga (B) PI. 23, maturing yellow or orange, smooth, Fig. 4 pubescent or velutinous, often gla­ Leaves spaced, chartaceous, brous in cultivated specimens, peri­ densely silvery-brown short-pubescent carp uniformly soft with a seed that is below, with 15-20 pairs of secondary easily detached from the whitish trans­ veins. Fascicles axillary and below the lucent pulp in cultivated specimens, leaves, 1-2-flowered, sepals 4, lan­ whereas fruits from western Amazo­ ceolate, 0.5-0.6 cm long, outer pair nian plants often show a very hard, short-pubescent outside; fruits sessile. almost woody outer pericarp, which Fruit globose, 3-3.5 cm diam., apex softens toward the interior, and the shortly rostrate, base truncate, when innermost 0.1-0.2 cm are gelatinous dry slightly verruculose, densely short- and strongly adherent to the seed; tomentose or -pubescent; seeds 2, ob­ seeds 1-4(-5), oblong to ellipsoid, 1.8- long-ellipsoid, ca. 2.2 cm long, plano- 2 χ 0.9-1 cm, sometimes up to 5 cm convex, both ends rounded, scar area Distribution. Am Brazil rough and verruculose, covering most (Amapá, Amazonas), Fr. Guiana, Ven­ of the seed, leaving only a lanceolate, ezuela (Mérida). smooth, abaxial segment which ad­ Pouteria deliciosa Pennington PI. heres to the pericarp. 24, fig. 1 Notes. Tree to 20 m and 20 cm Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ diam., slash exuding white latex; lowland ranged, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, terra-firme rain forest and hill forest. with 13-15 pairs of secondary veins. Distribution. Am Brazil, south Fascicles axillary and below the of Rio Amazonas (Amazonas, leaves, 3-5-flowered, sepals 4, 0.5 cm Rondônia). long, puberulous; pedicels 0.1-0.2 cm Pouteria decorticans Pennington long, puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, 5.5- abiú giboia, abiurana (B) PI. 23, 8 cm long, rounded at the ends, peri­ Fig. 5 carp hard, smooth, minutely appressed Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ puberulous, glabrescent; seeds several, ranged, chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, ellipsoid, rounded at the ends, some­ below with fine white closely appressed times slightly laterally compressed, hairs, with 13-20 pairs of secondary testa smooth, adherent to the pericarp, veins. Fascicles clustered below the scar adaxial, full-length and extending leaves, 1-3-flowered, flowers sessile, around the base, rough, ca. 0.8 cm bisexual; sepals 4,0.6-0.7 cm long, with wide at apex, tapering to ca. 0.4 cm stiff, closely appressed hairs. Fruit nar­ wide at base. rowly ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-3.5 cm long, Notes. Tree to 25 m high, with apex acute, base rounded, at maturity short, to 2-3 m high buttresses, bark yellow or pale orange, smooth, ap­ (yellow-)brown, peeling in small pieces; pressed white-puberulous, pericarp lowland rain forest up to 250 m altitude. tough, containing edible white pulp; Distribution. Am Colombia, Fr. seeds several, oblong or ellipsoid, 1.8- Guiana, Am Peru. 2 cm long, often plano-convex, both Pouteria filipes Eyma ends rounded or obtuse, testa smooth, kamahora (A); abiurana (B); shining, scar adaxial and extending zwarte jamboka (S) PI. 24, fig. 2 around the base, ca. 0.2 cm wide. Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 35 tered, spirally arranged, chartaceous or cm diam., without or with small, coriaceous, pale golden to reddish- simple or branched, up to 50 cm high brown appressed puberulous or seri­ buttresses, trunk fluted, bark (reddish- ceous below, with 10-15 pairs of sec­ )brown, peeling profusely in thin large ondary veins. Fascicles axillary and papery pieces, slash 0.2 cm thick, or­ below the leaves, sometimes in dense ange, pink or cream, exuding sticky clusters, 2-15-flowered, flowers uni­ white latex; seasonal semi-evergreen sexual, sepals 4, 0.2 cm long, ap­ terra-firme forest up to 500 m altitude. pressed puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.7 PI. 23. Figs. 1-5. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria trigonosperma, fruit (Van Roosmalen S704). 2. P. venosa subsp. amazônica, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen S634; Reitz 3575). 3. P. caimito, a. infructescence; b. fruit; c; fruit; d. seed, lateral and frontal views; e. larger seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen S245, 115; Pennington 10672). 4. P. cicatricata,, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal and lateral view (Krukoff 6793). 5. P. decorticans, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal and lateral view (Mori & Pipoly 15409). cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit cm diam., with to 1 m high buttresses, ellipsoid, stipitate, 4.5-5 cm long (not slash exuding white latex; in the rain including the ca. 2 cm long, stout forest 80 km north of Manaus, stipe), apex obtuse or rounded, base Amazonas, Brazil, the immature seeds tapering over ca. 2 cm, smooth, gla­ are heavily predated upon by black brous or minutely papillose; seeds 2, bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas ellipsoid, 3-3.2 cm long, testa woody, chiropotes) (Frazão, 1992) and scar covering most of the seed surface. golden-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 1.2 chrysocephala) (Setz, 1993), whereas m diam., with large, up to 5 m high Peres (pers. comm.) observed buffy buttresses, slash exuding sparse white sakis (Pithecia albicans) and brown latex; rain forest on hillsides up to capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) pre­ 1,000 m altitude. dating on the immature seeds in the R. Distribution. NE Brazil Urucú region, and Geoffroy's woolly (Amapá, Pará, Roraima), Guianas, Ν monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) Venezuela. (Peres, 1994) feeding on the ripe pulp; Pouteria fimbriata Baehni terra-firme rain and savanna forest to kamahora (A); abiurana-ferro 1,250 m altitude. (B) PI. 24, fig. 3 Distribution. C Am Brazil Leaves loosely clustered, spirally (Amazonas), Guyana, S Venezuela. arranged, chartaceous, glabrous, with 8- Pouteria franciscana Baehni 11 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles abiurana (B) PI. 25, fig. 1 axillary and below the leaves, 2-5-flow- Leaves clustered, spirally arranged, ered, sepals 4, 0.1-0.3 cm long, chartaceous, glabrous, with 11-13 pairs of puberulous; pedicels 0.1-0.4 cm long, secondary veins. Fascicles mostly below sparsely appressed puberulous. Fruit the leaves, often clustered, 3-8-flowered, broadly obovoid, 2.7 χ 1.4 to 3.7 χ 2.2 sepals 4, ca. 0.4 cm long, the outer sepals cm, sometimes to 4.7 χ 4 cm, or shorter than the inner, appressed subglobose to 5.5 χ 5 cm, apex rounded, puberulous; pedicels 0.6-0.7 cm long, ap­ base often tapering to a short stout, ca. pressed puberulous. Fruit 5-6 cm diam.; 0.5 cm long stipe, maturing yellow, seeds ca. 2.8 cm long, shaped like a broad smooth or rugulose, glabrous or with segment of an orange, scar ca. 2 cm wide. some brown puberulous indumentum, Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 50 fleshy; seeds 1-3, oblong-ellipsoid, 2-2.8 cm diam., slash exuding white latex; χ 1.3-1.4 χ 1.2-1.3 cm, slightly plano­ periodically white-water flooded convex, rounded at the ends, testa (várzea) forest. woody, hard, smooth, adherent to the Distribution. Am Brazil (Acre, pericarp, scar adaxial, often extending Amazonas, Pará). around the base, ca. 0.6 cm wide near Pouteria glomerata (Miquel) Radlkofer the apex, tapering toward the base, dull, verruculose. Leaves clustered at the apex, spi­ Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 rally arranged, chartaceous, yellowish- PI. 24. Figs. 1-3. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria deliciosa, a. fruit; b. seed (Sabatier 1213). 2. P. filipes, fruit (Steyermark & Liesner 120748). 3. P. fimbriate!, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. cross section of 1 -seeded fruit; d. fruit; e. cross section of 3-seeded fruit; f. seed, lateral and frontal views (Van Roosmalen 125, 126, 127, 132, 133). sericeous or white-puberulous below, slash exuding sticky white latex; fruits float with 10-17(-19) pairs of secondary 7-29 days, till the pericarp falls off and the veins. Fascicles axillary and below the seeds sink; seed dispersal by water leaves, 2-10-flowered, flowers uni­ (hydrochory) and by fish (ichtyochory), in sexual, sepals 4, 0.2-0.4 cm long, ap­ particular 'tambaqui' {Colossoma pressed puberulous outside; pedicels macropomum), of which only the larger to 0.1 cm long, appressed puberulous. (weighing in over 10 kg) specimens do not Fruit globose or depressed globose, destroy the seeds (Ziburski, 1990); where often broader than long, 2.5-9 cm howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus and long, sometimes very irregular and A. belzebul) still occur in flooded forests, knobbly, truncate at the ends,, smooth the seeds are probably also dispersed or rough, glabrous or with some scurfy endozoochorically by these monkeys; indumentum near the base; seeds 1-4, riverbank forest and on periodically or per­ broadly ellipsoid or plano-convex manently flooded land, rarely in terra-firme (when more than one), testa woody, rain forest up to 1,300 m altitude. smooth, shining, reduced to a small Distribution. Throughout tropi­ abaxial segment, scar covering most of cal S America; Brazil (Acre, the seed, often verrucose. Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pouteria glomerata (Miquel) Rondônia), Colombia, Ecuador, Fr. Radlkofer subsp. glomerata Guiana, Peru, Venezuela. abiú, abiurana-abiú, abiurana-de- Pouteria glomerata (Miquel) igapó, abiurana-de-várzea, coquirana- Radlkofer subsp. stylosa (Pierre) gogo, guajará (B); pepe-boiti (P) PI. Pennington PI. 25, fig. 3 25, fig. 2 Leaves persistently sericeous Leaves minutely puberulous be­ below, with a yellowish-buff low with closely appressed white hairs, indumentum. forming a pellicle, subglabrescent with Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 50 age. Fruit transversely ellipsoid, 2.7-3 χ cm diam., bole fluted, bark greyish- 3.7 χ 3.5 cm to 3.8 χ 5 χ 4.5 cm, some­ white or greyish-brown, finely fissured, times to 7 cm diam., sometimes slash straw-coloured, exuding white la­ tetrangular (when containing 4 seeds), tex; periodically white-water flooded maturing yellowish to greyish-brown, (várzea) forest and permanently black- pulp yellow, soft, fibrous, at first con­ water flooded (igapó) forest. taining white sticky latex, pulp edible, Distribution. Am Brazil (Acre, extremely sour-tasting; seeds angulate, Amazonas, Pará), Venezuela, C 3 χ 2 χ 1.5 cm, with two plane and one America. convex side, testa on convex side, drop- Pouteria gomphiifolia (Martius) shaped, 2.2 χ 1.2 cm. Radlkofer Notes. Tree to 30 m high, flow­ abiurana-de-baixo/do igapó/ ering and fruiting already when less maparajuba/streita, maçaranduba (Β) than 10 m high and throughout the year, PI. 25, fig. 4 Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ coquirana-caranazal, gutta percha (B) tered, spirally arranged, chartaceous, PI. 26, fig. 1 glabrous, with 20-35 pairs of second­ Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ ary veins. Fascicles axillary and below ranged, coriaceous, minutely brownish the leaves, 3-10-flowered, flowers uni­ sericeous below or glabrous, with 13- sexual, sepals 4, ca. 0.3 cm long; 22 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long. Fruit obo­ axillary and below the leaves, 2-5(- void or ellipsoid, 4.5 χ 2.5-2.8 cm to 10)-flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals 6 χ 3.4 χ 3 cm, apex obtuse or 4,0.3-1 cm long, brown puberulous to rounded, apiculate, base tapering over sericeous; pedicels 0.1-0.6 cm long, 0.5 cm, green to yellow or orange, appressed brown puberulous, in fruit smooth, with a ferruginous to 0.6 cm long. Fruit globose or indumentum, glabrescent, pulp white, broadly ellipsoid, 4.5-5 χ 4-5.3 cm, transparant, edible, sweet-tasting; sometimes to 7 cm long, rounded or seeds 1(-3), ellipsoid, 3.2-4 χ 1.2 χ 1 truncate at base and apex, dark green cm, laterally compressed, apex to yellow, maturing orange-yellow, rounded, base acute, testa brown, smooth (or sometimes verrucose), at smooth, shining, scar adaxial, 0.4-0.5 first tomentose or appressed cm wide, dull brown. puberulous, glabrescent, pulp firm, Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 80 edible, sweet-tasting; seeds 2(-4), de­ cm diam., with up to 1 m high but­ pressed-ellipsoid or plano-convex, 1.7 tresses, bark scaling, slash brown, ex­ χ 1.3 χ 1.1 to 2.5(-3.3) χ 1.8 χ 1.4 cm, uding copious white latex; seeds both rounded at the ends, testa hard, dispersed by fish (ichtyochory) and smooth, shining, scar broad, adaxial monkeys (endozoochory), such as and often extending around the base, howling monkeys (Alouatta spp.); 0.6-1.1 cm wide. along Lago Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil, Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 90 the author saw buffy sakis (Pithecia cm diam., with steep, slender but­ albicans) feeding on the mature pulp; tresses or trunk strongly fluted from seasonally white-water flooded base, bole usually fluted above, bark (várzea) and permanently black-water reddish brown, with fine vertical flooded (igapó) forest to 250 m alti­ cracks or fissures, scaling in long thin tude, sometimes in terra-firme rain strips, slash pale brown or cream, ex­ forest over sand along creeks. uding sticky white latex, wood red; in Distribution. Am Brazil Suriname and Ν Brazil, black bearded (Amazonas, Roraima), Am Colombia, sakis (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) Am Peru, Am Venezuela. (Frazão, 1992) were seen predating on Pouteria guianensis Aublet the immature seeds of this species, asipoko, kamahora (A); whereas red-faced black spider mon­ jansnijder (SD); redi-jamboka, keys (Ateies paniscus) swallowed the asepoko (S); pepeboiti (P); abiú, ripe pulp together with the seeds and abiurana abiú/casca-fina/gigante/sabia, dispersed the seeds endochorically; PI. 25. Figs. 1-4. SAPOTACEAE. I. Pouteriafranciscana, a. fruit; b. seed (Van Roosmalen 174). 2. P. glomerata subsp. glomerata, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. larger fruit from below; d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 116, 117). 3. P. glomerata subsp. stylosa, a. infructescence; b. seed, frontal and lateral view (Davidsc et al. 18222; Pennington & Povcda 11553). 4. P. gomphiifolia, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 13()b). terra-firme rain forest, also found in copious sticky white latex; golden- wet montane and cloud forest to 2,500 faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia m altitude. chrysocephala) (Setz, 1993) and black Distribution. Am Bolivia, Co­ bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas lombia, Am Brazil (Amapá, chiropotes) (Frazào, 1992) were seen Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), Guianas, predating on the immature seeds of Am Peru, Venezuela. this species north of Manaus, Am Bra­ Pouteria hispida Eyma zil, whereas Peres (1993) observed two species of tamarin (Ávila Pires' asipoko, atakamaraballi, kamahorá saâálQ-bãck/Saguinus fuscicollis (A); abiurana-braba/caramuri (B) PI. avilapiresi and red-cap moustached 26, fig. 2 tamarin/Saguinus mystax pileatus) Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ feeding on the ripe pulp in the R. ranged, thinly coriaceous, sparsely vil- Urucú region. Central Amazonia, Bra­ lose or pubescent below, glabrescent, zil, and Defler (pers. com.) saw with 8-18 pairs of secondary veins. Humboldt's woolly monkeys Fascicles densely clustered below the (Lagothrix I. lagotricha) feeding on leaves, 2-6-flowered, flowers uni­ the pulp of this species in the R. sexual, sepals 4, 0.2-0.4 cm long, seri- Apaporis region, Am Colombia; terra- ceous(-hispid); pedicels 0-0.15 cm firme rain and savanna forest up to long, hispid or sericeous. Fruit broadly 900 m altitude. ovoid to globose, 2.4 χ 1.6 cm to 3.3 Distribution. Bolivia, Am Bra­ χ 3.1 to 4.5 χ 4.1 cm, sometimes to 8 zil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, cm long, apex obtuse to rounded, base Rondônia, Roraima), Am Colombia, rounded or truncate, maturing yellow Guianas, Am Peru, Venezuela. or orange to red, smooth, brown pilose to densely velutinous, pulp thick, firm, Pouteria juruana Krause with a 0.2-0.3 cm thick yellow juicy Leaves loosely clustered, spirally edible jelly surrounding the seed; arranged,, chartaceous, with 6-8 pairs of seeds 1(-3), ellipsoid or plano-convex, secondary veins. Fascicles axillary, 1-3- sometimes shaped like the segments of flowered, sepals 4, 0.2-0.35 cm long, an orange, 1.7 χ 0.9 χ 0.8 cm to 2.1- sparsely and minutely appressed 2.5 χ 1.4 χ 1.2 cm, sometimes to 3.5 puberulous; pedicels ca. 0.3 cm long, finely cm long, obtuse at both ends, testa appressed puberulous. Fruit not known. smooth, shining, scar adaxial, some­ Notes. Tree to 10 m high; low­ times extending around the base, 0.2- land rain forest to 225 m altitude. 0.4 cm wide, dull brown. Distribution. Brazil (W Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 1 Amazonas, only once collected), Co­ m diam., with steep branched but­ lombia (Putumayo, a single collection). tresses to 5 m high, bole usually Pouteria lucens (Martius & Miquel) fluted, bark dark or reddish-brown, Radlkofer scaling in thin irregular pieces, slash abiurana (B) PI. 27, fig. 1 cream to pale orange or pink, exuding Leaves thinly coriaceous, gla- PI. 26. Figs. 1-2. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria guianensis, a. young fruit; b. infructescence; c. two types of seed, frontal view (Vim Roosmalen SI 09; Steycrmark & Davidsc 116748; De Granville 5256). 2. P. hispida, a,c,e, i and j. different fruit types; b,d,f. fruit from below; g. longitudinal section of fruit; h. cross section of fruit; k. seed, lateral and frontal views (Van Roosmalen 136, 155, 158, 159, 161. 165; Defler 236: Peres 499). brous, with 9-13 pairs of secondary to 5 cm long, testa smooth, reduced to veins. Fascicles axillary and below the a narrow abaxial strip, testa woody, leaves, 3-5-flowered, flowers uni­ scar covering most of the seed surface, sexual, sepals 4, ca. 0.35 cm long, gla­ rough, dull brown. brous; pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long. Fruit Notes. Tree to 30 m and 65 cm broadly ellipsoid, ca. 5 χ 3 cm, slightly diam., with fluted bole, bark scaling, constricted between the seeds when slash exuding white latex; juvenile trees dry, apex obtuse, with prickle, base have terminal clusters of massive, up to abruptly narrowed forming a 0.5-0.7 80 cm long leaves; lowland and mon­ cm long stipe, smooth, subglabrous; tane rain forest to 1,800 m altitude. seeds 4, shaped like the segment of an Distribution. Am Brazil orange, ca. 3.5 cm long, testa smooth, (Amazonas, Pará), Colombia. shining, scar adaxial, full-length, 0.8- 1.2 cm wide. Pouteria maguirei (Aubréville) Notes. Tree to 12 m high and 10 Pennington PI. 27, fig. 3 cm diam., slash exuding white latex; Leaves loosely clustered, spirally permanently black-water flooded arranged, thinly coriaceous, glabres­ (igapó) forest. cent, with 6-8 pairs of secondary Distribution. Brazil (NW veins. Fascicles axillary and below the Amazonas, upper R. Negro and R. leaves, 4-6-flowered, flowers bisexual, Japurá). sepals 4, ca. 0.25 cm long, appressed Pouteria macrocarpa (Martius) Dietrich puberulous; pedicels ca. 0.1 cm long, abiú-grande, abiurana (B) PI. appressed puberulous. Fruit broadly 27, fig. 2 ellipsoid or subglobose, 7-10 cm long, Leaves densely clustered, spi­ , apex obtuse, base with a ca. 1.5 cm rally arranged, thinly coriaceous, mi­ long and 2 cm wide stipe (when dry), nutely appressed whitish-puberulous yellowish-green to rusty or mealy- below, with 19-28 pairs of secondary brown, smooth to irregularly crested, veins. Fascicles axillary and below the densely brown-puberulous, sometimes leaves, 20-30-flowered, flowers uni­ glossy and glabrous, pulp white or yel­ sexual, sepals 4,0.4-0.5 cm long, outer lowish, soft, edible; seeds 2-4, broadly two appressed puberulous; pedicels ca. ellipsoid, ca. 2.5-3.5 cm long, rounded 0.1 cm long, minutely appressed at the ends, testa smooth, shining, ad­ puberulous, in fruit 0.2-1 cm long. herent to the pericarp, scar adaxial, Fruit irregularly globose or depressed full-length, ca. 1.8 cm wide, tapering globose, 3.5-6.5 χ 4.3-5 cm, often from apex to base, rough. broader than long, apex often with Notes. Tree to 20 m high and 20 asymetrically placed firm prickle, cm diam., slash exuding white latex; brownish to orange when ripe, finely permanently black-water flooded puberulous, glabrescent, pericarp hard, (igapó) forest to 150 m altitude. pulp yellow and edible; seeds 1-4, glo­ Distribution. NW Brazil bose or plano-convex, 2.7 χ 2 χ 1.8 cm (Amazonas), S Venezuela. Pouteria parity (Ducke) Baehni abiurana-do-igapó/de-várzea (Β) pariri (B) PI. 27, fig. 4 PL 28, fig. 1 Leaves loosely clustered, spirally Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ arranged, chartaceous, glabrous, with tered, spirally arranged, chartaceous, 16-20 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ glabrous, with (10-)13-23 pairs of sec­ cicles below the leaves, 5-10-flowered, ondary veins. Fascicles axillary and flowers bisexual, sepals (4-)5, ca. 0.3 cm clustered below the leaves, 5-10-flow­ ered, sepals 4, outer two appressed long, puberulous; pedicels ca. 0.4 cm puberulous; pedicels 0-0.15 cm long, long, puberulous. Fruit depressed glo­ appressed puberulous. Fruit irregularly bose, 7.5-10 cm diam., green to orange globose, 2-4 cm diam., rounded at the when mature, scented, smooth, glabrous, ends, maturing yellowish, pericarp soft pulp pale yellowish green, soft-fibrous, and fleshy, squashing flat in drying, gla­ juicy, edible; seeds 2-3, plano-convex or brous; seeds several, broadly ellipsoid, shaped like the segment of an orange, 1.8-2 cm long, sometimes tapering to­ 3-5 χ 3 χ 2-2.2 cm, testa smooth, shiny, ward apex, testa smooth, adherent to scar adaxial, covering about half the pericarp, scar adaxial, sometimes ex­ seed surface or more. tending around the base, 0.4-1 cm wide. Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 80 Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 40 cm diam., bark dark greyish, scaling, cm diam., bark reddish-brown, scal­ slash exuding white latex; sometimes ing, slash exuding white or yellow la­ cultivated for the edible fruits; lowland tex; fruit reported to be consumed by terra-firme rain forest. fish; periodically white-water flooded Distribution. Am. Brazil (várzea) and permanently black-water (Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia). flooded (igapó) forest, up to 300 m Pouteria petiolata Pennington altitude. abiurana-cutiti (B) Distribution. Am Bolivia, Am+NE Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ Grosso, Pará), Am Peru, Venezuela. ranged, chartaceous, subglabrous or appressed white-puberulous below, Pouteria singularis Pennington PL with 12-14 pairs of secondary veins. 28, fig. 2 Fascicles axillary and below the Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ leaves, sepals 4, ca. 0.6 cm long, outer ranged, thiny coriaceous, glabrous, two appressed puberulous; pedicels with 6-8 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ 0.1-0.25 cm long, appressed brown- cicles axillary. l(-3)-flowered, sepals puberulous. Fruit not known. 4, ca. 0.5 cm long; pedicels 0.4-0.5 cm Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 12 long, scaly. Fruit ellipsoid or narrowly cm diam., slash exuding white latex; obovoid, 3.5-4 χ 2-2.5 cm, apex ob­ terra-firme rain forest over clay. tuse, base tapered forming a short Distribution. Brazil (N stipe, maturing yellow, epicarp Amazonas, Ν Pará). smooth, powdery-granular; seeds 1, Pouteria plicata Pennington 2.1-2.5 χ 0.8-0.9 χ 0.6-0.7 cm, later- PI. 27. Figs. 1-4. SAPOTACEAE. I. Pouteria lucens, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Frócs 835A). 2. P. macrocarpa, a. fruit; b. infructescence; c. fruit from below; d. cross section of fruit; e. sessile fruit; f. seed, frontal view (Van Roosmalen 140, 142; Peres 561, 593; Mexia 4995). 3. P. maguirei, seed, frontal view (Guanchez 1234). 4. P. parity, a. fruit from below; b. seed, lateral view (Van Roosmalen 147). ally compressed, base acute, testa glabrous, with 10-12 pairs of second­ smooth or transversely wrinkled, ary veins. Fascicles axillary and below shiny, scar adaxial, almost full-length, the leaves, 5-10-flowered, sepals 4, unusually narrow, 0.25-0.35 cm wide. 0.3-0.4 cm long, finely appressed Notes. Tree to 20 m and 40 cm puberulous; pedicels 0.25-0.4 cm long, diam., slash exuding white latex; low­ appressed puberulous. Fruit only ex­ land terra-firme rain forest. amined when immature, globose, ca. Distribution. Brazil (Amapá), 1.5 cm diam., smooth, pubescent; Fr. Guiana. seeds not seen. Pouteria stipitata Cronquist PI. 28, Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 30 fig. 3 cm diam., bark pale, slash exuding white latex; periodically white-water Leaves loosely clustered, spirally flooded (várzea) forest and forest tran­ arranged, chartaceous, glabrous, with sitional between várzea and terra- 7-12 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ firme rain forest. cicles axillary and below the leaves, 5- 10-flowered, flowers unisexual, sepals Distribution. NE Brazil 4, 0.3 cm long; pedicels 0.15-0.3 cm (Amapá, Pará), Fr. Guiana. long, appressed puberulous. Fruit obo­ Pouteria torta (Martius) Radlkofer void or ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, apex Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ rounded, base tapered forming a short ranged, pubescent or tomentose below, stipe, maturing yellow, smooth or mixed with crisped hairs, or glabrous, slightly verrucose, the lower half cov­ with 14-25(-37) pairs of secondary ered with indumentum; seeds 1-4, veins. Fascicles usually clustered be­ broadly ellipsoid or plano-convex low the leaves, few-flowered, flowers (when 2-seeded), testa smooth, shin­ bisexual, sepals 4,0.3-1.5(-2) cm long, ing, scar adaxial, elliptic, 0.7-0.9 cm crisped pubescent to sericeous outside; wide, verruculose. pedicels 0-0.2 cm long, pubescent or Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 30 tomentose. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or cm diam., bark reddish-brown, shal­ globose, 3-6.5 cm long, apex obtuse or lowly fissured and flaking, slash white rounded, base rounded to truncate, ma­ or pale brown, exuding white latex with turing yellow, smooth to verrucose, an unpleasant odor; seasonal semi-ever­ finely pubescent to densely covered in green forest, also in (semi-)deciduous short hairy processes; seeds 1-4, ellip­ forest, up to 200 m altitude. soid, 1.7-3.5 cm long, rounded at the Distribution. Panama to Ν Ven­ ends, often plano-convex, sometimes ezuela, once collected in Am Brazil slightly laterally compressed, testa (Rondônia). smooth, shining, scar adaxial, often ex­ Pouteria tenuisepala Pires & tending around the base, 0.2-1 cm wide. Pennington PI. 28, fig. 4 Pouteria torta subsp. torta Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ guapeva (B) PI. 28, fig. 5 tered, spirally arranged, chartaceous, Leaves with 13-18 pairs of sec- ondary veins, crisped hairy below. were seen predating on the immature Fruiting sepals 0.4 χ 0.5 cm, brown seeds of this subspecies (Setz, 1993); pubescent outside; fruiting pedicels to periodically flooded forest and terra- 0.1 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 2 χ 1.5 cm firme rain and savanna forest, also to 3-3.5 cm long, yellow, smooth, found in lower montane forest, up to densely brown pubescent, apiculate. 1.000 m altitude. Notes. Shrub or gnarled tree to Distribution. Bolivia, Am Bra­ 15(-20) m high and 75 cm diam., bark zil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, greyish-brown, deeply fissured, slash Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia, Fr. exuding white latex; dry cerrado and Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela. open campo, also in savanna Pouteria torta subsp. tuberculata (campina) and savanna forest (Sleumer) Pennington (campinarana). abiurana-de-goma (B) PI. 28, fig. 7 Leaves with 17-37 pairs of sec­ Distribution. C and Coastal Bra­ ondary veins; fruiting calyx zil, north into Pará and Rondônia. accrescent, crisped pubescent outside, Pouteria torta subsp. glabra inner pair of sepals 1.5 χ 1.5 cm, outer Pennington two 2x1.5 cm; fruits sessile. Fruit glo­ asipoko(balli) (A); abiurana- bose, 4.5-6.5 cm diam., green, maturing caranazal/gutta, coquirana-do-igapó orange-yellow, verrucose, densely cov­ (Β) PI. 28, fig. 6 ered with coriaceous, tomentose, to 0.5 Leaves with 17-39 pairs of sec­ cm long bristles; seeds to 4, 2 χ 1.3 χ ondary veins, glabrous below. Fruiting sepals 0.8 χ 0.8 cm, reddish-brown 1.1 to 2.5 χ 1.4 χ 1.2 cm, scar 0.4 cm pubescent; fruiting pedicels 0-0.1 cm wide. long. Fruit globose, 3x3 cm, some­ Notes. Tree to 35 m high and 60 times to 5 cm long, at first green, ma­ cm diam., with slender buttresses and turing yellow-orange, finely rugulose, fluted bole, bark dark brown, scaling reddish-brown pubescent with cadu­ with thin longitudinal pieces, some­ cous irritant hairs, apex with sunken, times shallowly fissured, slash cream, 0.2 cm long style remnant, pulp ed­ exuding white latex; in the R. Urucú ible, sweet-tasting; seeds ellipsoid, 1.5 region, Amazonas, Brazil, Peres χ 1.0 χ 0.9 cm, sometimes to 3.5 χ 1.8 (1994) saw Geoffroy's woolly mon­ χ 1.6 cm, scar extending around base, keys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) feed­ 0.4-0.6 cm wide. ing on the ripe pulp, swallowing the Notes. Tree to 32 m high and 50 seeds, and at 20 km north of Manaus, cm diam., with up to 4 m high but­ Amazonas, Brazil, golden-faced sakis tresses and fluted trunk, bark brown or (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) greyish-white, scaling or shallowly fis­ (Setz, 1993) were seen predating upon sured, slash pink to pale brown, exud­ the immature seeds of this subspecies, ing little white latex; at 20 and 80 km whereas red-faced black spider mon­ north of Manaus, golden-faced sakis keys (Ateies paniscus) fed on the ma­ (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) ture pulp, dispersing the seeds PI. 28. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria piicata, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Revilla 2250; Rodrigues & Lima 2270). 2. P. singularis, a. fruit; b. seed, frontal view (Pires et al. 50723). 3. P. stipitata, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Croat 6116; Aristeguieta 12592). 4. P. tenuisepala, young infructescence (Oldeman 932). 5. P. torta subsp. torta, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Eitcn & Campos 3450). 6. P. torta subsp. glabra, a. young fruit; b. ripe seed; lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 16, 163, 164). 7. P. torta subsp. tuberculata, a. fruit from below; b. cross section of part of fruit; c, d. seed, frontal and lateral view (Van Roosmalen 17, 18, 19, 108). endochorically; lowland terra-firme Pouteria procera (Martius) Pennington rain forest. abiurana-cascuda, caramuri-de- Distribution. Brazil (Acre, várzea, maçaranduba-de-várzea (Β) Amazonas), Colombia, Fr. Guiana, Peru. PI. 29, fig. 2 Pouteria Section 7. Aneulucuma Leaves spaced, spirally arranged, (Radlkofer) Pennington thinly coriaceous, glabrous, with 9-15 Leaves with often oblique ter­ pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles tiary venation. Calyx of (4-)6(-11), axillary and below the leaves, 3-12- usually spirally arranged sepals. Seeds flowered, flowers bisexual, sepals 5- usually broadly ellipsoid, testa 6, arranged in a short spiral, outer ones smooth, verruculose, striate or finely 0.15-0.2 cm long, inner ones 0.3-0.35 pitted, scar adaxial, broad, covering cm long, appressed puberulous to gla­ half to 3/4 of the seed surface. brous outside, sericeous inside; pedicels to 0.2 cm long, sometimes Pouteria ephedrantha (A.C. Smith) bearing 1-2 small bracts. Fruit broadly Pennington PI. 29, fig. 1 obovoid, 3.5-4 cm long, apex rounded, Leaves spaced, spirally arranged, base attenuate, yellow or orange when coriaceous, with a very close pale ripe, smooth, epicarp thin (shrinking on greyish or white appressed drying), covered with appressed indumentum on the lower surface, puberulous indumentum; seeds 1-2, with 12-20 pairs of secondary veins. broadly ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, rounded Fascicles axillary and below the at the ends, testa smooth to slightly leaves, 3-10-flowered, flowers bi­ verruculose, scar usually extending sexual, sepals 6, outer ones 0.15 cm around the base, 0.6-1.2 cm wide, rough. long, inner ones 0.35 cm long, ap­ Notes. Tree to 45 m high and 1 pressed puberulous; fruits sessile. Fruit m diam., with up to 2 m high but­ obovoid, 3.2-4 cm long, apex rounded, tresses, slash exuding white latex; base obtuse, smooth, at first pubes­ Guianan brown capuchin monkeys cent, maturing brown and glabrous, (Cebus apella apella) fed on the ripe epicarp thin; seeds 1-2, broadly ellip­ pulp, 80 km north of Manaus, soid or plano-convex, 2.7-3.3 cm long, Amazonas, Brazil (Spironelo, pers. rounded or obtuse at the ends, testa comm.); wet lowland rain forest, of­ rough, finely pitted, adherent to the ten on periodically flooded land, up to pericarp, scar 1.3-1.7 cm wide, 700 m altitude. strongly pitted and verrucose. Distribution. Am Bolivia, Am Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 65 Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, cm diam., slash exuding white latex; Rondônia), Am Peru. periodically white-water flooded Pouteria Section 8. Gayella (Pierre) (várzea) forest and alluvial flood Pennington plains, at 100-700 m altitude. Leaves with oblique or reticu­ Distribution. Am Brazil (Acre, late, often obscure higher venation. S Amazonas), Am Peru. Calyx of 4-5(-6) sepals. Seeds ellip- soid, testa smooth or slightly wrinkled, ing on the immature seeds, 80 km scar adaxial, broad or narrow. north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Pouteria decussata (Ducke) Baehni (Frazão, 1992); terra-firme rain forest preguiçera (Β) up to 1,100 m altitude. Leaves loosely clustered, oppo­ Distribution. Am Brazil site (decussate), coriaceous, with 12- (Amazonas, Pará), Guianas, Venezuela. 13 pairs of secondary veins. Fascicles Pradosia Liais axillary and below the leaves, 3-5- Leaves often opposite or verticil- flowered, sepals 4-5, lanceolate, 0.3 late, sometimes spirally arranged, with cm long, appressed pubescent; often impressed venation on upper sur­ pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long, appressed face; minute paired stipels sometimes pubescent. Fruit not known. present on petiole. Inflorescences usu­ Notes. Tree to 15 m high and 25 ally cauliflorous or ramiflorous, less fre­ cm diam.; hill forest. quently axillary; flowers bisexual, co­ Distribution. Brazil (Pará). rolla often dark red, calyx with a single Pouteria eugeniifolia (Pierre) Baehni whorl of usually 5 sepals. Fruit a drupe, abiú-farinha-seca, abiu-ucuuba, often slightly asymmetric, endocarp batinga (B) PI. 29, fig. 3 thinly cartilaginous; seeds 1, with Leaves spaced, opposite and spi­ smooth, shining testa and adaxial scar, rally arranged, thinly coriaceous, glau­ extending the full length of the seed. cous below, glabrous, with 15-22 pairs Notes. Trees, with 23 species in of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary South America and one species ex­ and below the leaves, 3-25-flowered, tending into Central America, mostly flowers bisexual, sepals (4-)5(-6), 0.Ι­ confined to lowland rain forest. Ο. 15 cm long, appressed puberulous, Pradosia atroviolacea Ducke PI. 29, in fruit to 0.2 cm long; pedicels 0.3-1 fig. 4 cm, in fruit up to 1.5 cm long, sparsely Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ appressed puberulous. Fruit ranged or verticillate, chartaceous or subglobose, 1.5-2 χ 1.3-1.5 cm long, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, with 15- apex rounded, base rounded or slightly 16 pairs of secondary veins, stipels tapered, russet when mature, smooth, present, ca. 0.1 cm long, fixed 0.5-1 appressed puberulous with ferruginous cm above base of petiole. Fascicles on hairs; seeds 1, broadly ellipsoid or twigs and larger branches, many-flow­ subglobose, 1-1.3 cm long, testa ered, flowers dark violet, sepals (4-)5, smooth, scar adaxial, 0.3-0.5 cm wide. 0.25-0.3 cm long, finely appressed Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 60 puberulous; pedicels 0.2-0.3 cm long, cm diam., with steep buttresses merg­ finely appressed puberulous. Fruit ing into a fluted bole, bark scaling in broadly oblong-ellipsoid, asymmetric, large irregular pieces, slash pinkish 4-5 cm long, acute at the ends, brown, exuding creamy-white latex; smooth, finely appressed puberulous. black bearded sakis (Chiropotes Notes. Tree to 40 m high and 1 satanas chiropotes) were seen predat­ m diam., bole cylindrical, slash exud­ brous. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.1 χ 1.6 to 2.7 ing white latex, bark bitter and astrin­ χ 1.7 cm, green, maturing pale yellow, gent tasting; periodically flooded for­ weighing 150 g (n=40); seed 1.6-1.9 est and terra-firme lowland rain forest, χ 1.1-1.2 χ 0.9 cm, weighing 14 g to 100 m altitude. (n=40). Distribution. W Am Brazil Notes. Tree to 50 m high, but­ (Acre, W Amazonas), Am Colombia. tresses to several metres high, bark Pradosia cochlearia (Lecomte) smooth, greyish-white, sweet-tasting; Pennington in the R. Urucú region, Peres (1993) saw two species of tamarin (Saguinus Leaves clustered, verticillate or mystax pileatus and S. fuscicollis spirally arranged, chartaceous, with avilapiresi) feeding on the mature 10-12 pairs of secondary veins, stipels pulp, whereas parrots and parakeets absent. Fascicles clustered below the (Pionites and Pyrrhura) predated upon leaves, 5-10-flowered, sepals 5, ca. 0.2 the immature seeds; lowland terra- cm long, appressed puberulous; firme forest on sandy soil. pedicels 0.05-0.3 cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, to 3.8-5 Distribution. Am Brazil cm long, when dried with long tapered (Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia). acute apex, smooth, subglabrous; seed Pradosia decipiens Ducke oblong, to 2.2-2.8 cm long, not laterally Leaves clustered, spirally ar­ compressed, apex rounded or acute, ranged, coriaceous, minutely brown base acute, scar 0.6-0.7 cm wide. puberulous below, with 11-13 pairs of Pradosia cochlearia (Lecomte) secondary veins, stipels absent. Fas­ Pennington subsp. cochlearia cicles densely clustered below the casca-doce, pau-doce (B) leaves, 10-15-flowered, flowers white, Leaves finely rufous sericeous sepals ca. 0.3 cm long, glabrous; below, tertiary venation obscure. pedicels 0.5-0.7 cm long, glabrous. Flowers greenish with somewhat red­ Fruit obliquely oblong-ovoid, ca. 3.4 dish pubescence. χ 1.5 cm , apex obtuse, base attenu­ Notes. Tree to 40 m high, trunk ate, one side straight, other side slightly fluted, buttresses large; low­ curved. land terra-firme rain forest. Notes. Tree to 30 m high, trunk Distribution. Brazil (Pará), with buttresses, bark smooth, pale yel­ French Guiana. lowish, astringent-tasting; lowland Pradosia cochlearia (Lecomte) terra-firme rain forest. Pennington subsp. praealta (Ducke) Distribution. Brazil (C Pennington Amazonas, only once collected along casca-doce, miraceem, pau-doce R. Tarumã). (B) PI. 29, fig. 5 Pradosia granulosa Pires & Leaves glabrous, tertiary vena­ Pennington PI. 29, fig. 6 tion visible. Flowers greenish, gla­ Leaves spaced, subverticillate, coriaceous, finely short puberulous kimboto (S); kimboto, kwatabobi, below, with 16-20 pairs of secondary wetimalobi (P) PI. 29, fig. 7 veins, stipels absent. Fascicles axillary Leaves clustered, spirally, ar­ and below the leaves, 10-15-flowered, ranged, chartaceous, glabrous, with 1 Ο­ flowers reddish-green, sepals ca. 0.2 Ι 3 pairs of secondary veins, stipels ab­ cm long, appressed puberulous; sent. Fascicles many-flowered, borne on pedicels 0.2-0.3 cm long, appressed finger-thick twigs and trunk, flowers puberulous. Fruit broadly oblong-el­ wine red, sepals ca. 0.2 cm long, finely liptic, 3-3.5 cm long, sometimes appressed puberulous; pedicels 0.9-1.2 asymmetric, apex obtuse or apiculate, cm, in fruit to 2 cm long and stout; fruits base obtuse, maturing yellow, shal­ solitary or in clusters. Fruit globose or lowly and irregularly ribbed and broadly ellipsoid, 3.3-4 χ 2.8-5 cm, verruculose, granular-papillose; seed rounded at the ends, apex sometimes oblong-ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm long, abruptly acuminate, at first green, ma­ slightly asymmetric, not laterally com­ turing bright orange-yellow, smooth, pressed, scar 0.2-0.3 cm wide. glabrous, the outer pericarp (0.4 cm) is Notes. Tree to 10 m high, slash yellow and rather hard, the inner 0.3 cm exuding white latex; lowland terra- is soft, transparent, and sweet-tasting; firme rain forest up to 250 m altitude. seed oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 cm long, Distribution. Brazil (Maranhão, slightly laterally compressed, testa car­ S Pará). tilaginous, smooth or horizontally stri­ Pradosia huberi (Ducke) Ducke ate, scar 0.8-0.9 cm wide, rough. pau-doce, pracuuba (B) Notes. Tree to 25 m high and 55 Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ cm diam., trunk cylindrical, bark grey­ tered, opposite, chartaceous, glabrous, ish-brown, smooth or with dense de­ with 10-15 pais of secondary veins, pressions, often with vertical rows of stipels absent. Fascicles clustered be­ lenticels, slash cream with orange low the leaves, 2-5-flowered, flowers streaks, exuding sticky white latex; whitish, sepals ca. 0.2 cm long, ap­ fruits consumed and seeds dispersed pressed puberulous; pedicels 0.1-0.4 by Guianan red howling monkeys cm long, appressed puberulous. Fruit (Alouatta seniculus macconnelli); ovoid or elliptic, 3-3.5 cm long, apex terra-firme rain forest over clay and and base rounded, glabrous. sand, at 200-600 m altitude. Notes. Tree to 30 m high with Distribution. Fr. Guiana, large buttresses, bark greyish-white Suriname. and sweet-tasting; swamp and perma­ Pradosia schomburgkiana (A. de nently flooded forest. Candolle) Cronquist Distribution. Brazil (Pará), Leaves spaced, opposite, thinly French Guiana. coriaceous, with 14-22 pairs of sec­ Pradosia ptychandra (Eyma) ondary veins, stipels absent. Fascicles Pennington clustered below the leaves, 5-25-flow- PI. 29. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pouteria ephedrantha, seed, lateral and frontal view (Forster & Janson 8487). 2. P. procera, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 182; Steyermark el al. 101941; Curran 25). 3. P. eugeniifolia, a. young fruit; b, c. fruit; d, c. fruit from below; f, g. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 150, 173). 4. Pradosia atroviolacea, fruit (Rimachi 4335). 5. P. cochlearia subsp. praealta, fruit (Ducke 1663). 6. Pradosia granulosa, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Maciel et al. 533). 7. P. ptychandra, a. infructescence; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen S57; Pennington & Mori 12103). ered, sepals (4-)5(-6), 0.1-0.25 cm long, exuding white latex; open savanna and appressed puberulous or glabrous; pedicels scrub savanna, at 100-1,400 m altitude. 0.1-0.9 cm long, appressed puberulous to Distribution. Brazil (N Amazonas glabrous. Fruit broadly ellipsoid or obo­ - Serra Aracá), S Venezuela. void, 1.2-2 cm long, apex rounded, some­ Pradosia subverticillata Ducke times apiculate, base rounded or tapered, casca-doce, pau-doce (B) PI. 30, smooth, minutely appressed puberulous; fig. 3 seed subglobose to ellipsoid, usually Leaves clustered, subverticillate, slightly compressed, 0.85-1.5 cm long, scar thinly coriaceous, glabrous, with 15- about 2/3 the seed length, 0.2-0.5 cm wide. 18 pairs of secondary veins, stipels ab­ Pradosia schomburgkiana (A. de sent. Fascicles densely clustered in leaf Candolle) Cronquist subsp. axils and below the leaves, many-flow­ schomburgkiana ered, flowers greenish, sepals 5,0.25-0.3 cacarrowa, kakarua (A); ajarahy, cm long, appressed pubescent; pedicels casca-doce, pau-doce, miraceem (B) 0.4-0.6 cm, in fruit to 0.8 cm long. Fruit PI. 30, fig. 1 subfalcate-oblong, 2.5-4 χ 1-1.5 cm, Leaves glabrous. Flowers green­ apex acuminate over to 0.4 cm or api­ ish-white. Fruit maturing yellow or or­ culate, one side straight, the other ange, subglabrous, pulp edible, sweet- strongly arcuate-convex, base tapered tasting. over to 0.4 cm, smooth, subglabrous; seed subfalcate-oblong, 2.4 χ 1.1 χ 1 Notes. Shrub or tree to ca. 10 m cm, testa shining, with an oblong, 0.3- high in (scrub) savanna, campina and 0.4 cm wide , dull-brown scar extend­ savanna woodland over shallow, often ing around the base. white sands, also tree up to 36 m and 50 cm diam., with buttresses, in sa­ Notes. Tree to 20 m high, bole vanna forest and wallaba (Eperua) for­ cylindrical, bark yellowish-grey, est in montane region (of Guyana), up smooth, sweet-tasting; terra-firme rain to 1,400 m; bark light brown to red­ and savanna forest over sandy soils. dish, scaling, with sweet-tasting inner Distribution. Am Brazil (C bark, slash exuding white latex. Amazonas, Pará). Distribution. Ν + C Am Brazil Pradosia surinamensis (Eyma) (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Am Colom­ Pennington bia, Guyana, Suriname, S Venezuela. kimboto (S); boesisoké, monkisomi Pradosia schomburgkiana (A. de (P) PL 30, fig. 4 Candolle) Cronquist subsp. sericea Leaves spaced or loosely clus­ Pennington PI. 30, fig. 2 tered, spirally arranged, coriaceous, Leaves finely golden-brown or glabrous, with 9-14 pairs of secondary grey sericeous below. Flowers greenish- veins, stipels absent. Fascicles below yellow. Fruit appressed puberulous, fer­ the leaves, few-flowered, flowers ruginous-brown. greenish-yellow, sepals 5, ca. 0.15 cm Notes. Shrub or small tree to 10 long, minutely appressed puberulous, m high, crown broad and dense, slash in fruit to 0.6 cm long; pedicels 0.1- 0.2 cm long, appressed puberulous, in cm wide, full-length. fruit 0.3-0.4(-0.9) cm long. Fruit ellip­ Notes. Tree to 33 m high and 35 soid to globose, 2.5 χ 1.4 cm to 4 cm cm diam., with simple, stout and to 50 diam., apex obtuse, base sometimes cm high buttresses, bark pale buff- slightly tapered, green to light yellow, brown, peeling in large irregular thin maturing orange-red, smooth, finely pieces, becoming dippled, slash or­ appressed puberulous, glabrescent, ange-brown, exuding sticky white la­ pulp light yellow, sweet-tasting; seed tex, crown broad, with massive twigs oblong-elliptic, 1.2 χ 1 χ 0.9 cm to 2.5 and dense terminal leaf clusters; low­ χ 1.4 cm, slightly laterally com­ land terra-firme rain and savanna for­ pressed, base slightly tapered, testa est, up to 400 m altitude. dark brown, smooth, shining, scar Distribution. Brazil (C adaxial, 0.4-0.9 cm wide, full-length. Amazonas), French Guiana. Notes. Tree to 32 m high and 80 Sarcaulus Radlkofer cm diam., with up to 1 m high but­ Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ tresses and fluted bole, bark dark tichous or less frequently weakly spi­ brown, slash exuding white latex; low­ rally arranged. Flowers unisexual, calyx land terra-firme rain and savanna a single whorl of usually 5 sepals. Fruit (campinarana) forest, especially along a berry; seeds 1-several, laterally com­ creek and river margins. pressed, testa smooth or wrinkled, shin­ Distribution. Brazil (Pará, ing, scar adaxial, full-length, narrow. Roraima), Guyana, Suriname, Venezu­ Notes. Trees; 5 species in tropi­ ela (Bolívar). cal South America. Pradosia verticillata Ducke PI. 30, Sarcaulus brasiliensis (A. de fig. 5 Candolle) Eyma subsp. brasiliensis Leaves loosely to densely clus­ guajara (do igapó) (Β) PL 30, tered, verticillate, in whorls of 5-7, co­ fig. 6 riaceous, dark brown-pubescent below, Leaves spaced, spirally arranged with 23-26 pairs of secondary veins, or alternate and distichous, stipels absent. Fascicles on branches chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, gla­ and twigs, 5-10-flowered, flowers dark brous, with 8-12 pairs of secondary violet, sepals 5, ca. 0.2 cm long, ap­ veins. Fascicles axilary and below the pressed puberulous; pedicels ca. 0.1 leaves, 1-8-flowered, sepals 0.15-0.25 cm long, appressed puberulous, in fruit cm long, appressed puberulous; 0.25 cm long. Fruit narrowly obovoid, pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, often recurved 3.5-5 χ 3 cm, asymmetric, one side or coiled, appressed puberulous. Fruit straight or concave, the other convex, subglobose to ellipsoid, 2.2 χ 1.8 cm apex rounded, base tapered, smooth, to 3.2 cm long, apex acute to rounded, glabrous; seed 2.5-3.1 χ 1.3-0.8 χ 0.5 base rounded to tapered, yellow, cm, laterally compressed, apex smooth, glabrous or sparsely ap­ rounded, base acute, asymmetric, testa pressed puberulous, pulp sticky white; smooth, shining, scar adaxial, ca. 0.4 seeds 1-2, depressed ellipsoid, 1.2-1.7 sepals ca. 0.2 cm long, appressed χ 1.1 χ 0.6 cm, rounded at the ends, puberulous; pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long, testa brown, shining, smooth, scar 0.2- appressed puberulous. Fruit ellipsoid, 0.4 cm wide, usually extending around ca. 2 cm long, apex acute, base obtuse, the base, dull brown. yellow, smooth, glabrous; seeds 1, ca. Notes. Tree to 30 m high and 35 1.6 cm long, laterally compressed, cm diam., bark smooth or slightly rounded at the ends, testa finely trans­ scaling, pale greyish, bole cylindrical, versely wrinkled, shining, scar ca. 0.4 slash pinkish-red, exuding copious cm wide. white latex, crown small with horizon­ Notes. Tree to 12 m high, slash tally spreading branches; lowland exuding white latex; periodically terra-firme and lower montane rain white-water flooded forest (várzea). forest, also on periodically flooded Distribution. Am Brazil (Acre, land (várzea/ W Amazonas). Distribution. Am Bolivia, Am Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará), ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Guianas, Am Peru. We would like to thank Mrs. Sarcaulus inflexus (A.C. Smith) Lambertha Blijenberg for illustrating Pennington the fruits and seeds. The following stu­ cramary (B) PL 30, fig. 7 dents and researchers kindly shared Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ data on fruit and seed consumption by tichous, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, animals: Dr. Carlos A. Peres, Dra. with 7-9 pairs of secondary veins. Fas­ Eleonore Z.F. Setz, Dr. Jean-Philippe cicles mostly below the leaves, 3-8- Boubli, Dr. Thomas R. Defler, Silvia flowered, sepals ca. 0.4 cm long, seri­ Egler, Edson da Rocha Frazão, and ceous; pedicels 1.8-2(-3) cm long, ap­ Wilson Spironelo. pressed puberulous. Fruit not known in mature stage. Literature cited

Notes. Tree to 12 m high, slash Aguiar, J.P.L.; Marinho, H.A.; Rebelo, Y.S.; exuding white latex; terra-firme rain Shrimpton, R. 1980. Aspectos nutritivos forest. de alguns frutos da Amazônia. Acta Amazônica, 10:755-758. Distribution. Am Brazil (C Aguirrc, A.C. 1971. O mono Brachytcles Amazonas, Mato Grosso). arachnoides (E. Geoffroy). A situação Sarcaulus vestitus (Baehni) Pennington atual da espécie no Brasil. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Leaves spaced, alternate and dis­ Brazil. tichous, chartaceous, appressed whit- Alencar, J.; Almeida, R.A.; Fernandes, N.R ish-puberulous below, with 9-13 pairs 1979. Fenologia de espécies florestais em of secondary veins. Fascicles axillary floresta tropical úmida de terra firme na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazônica, 9( 1): and below the leaves, 2-5-flowered, 163-198 PI. 30. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp. schomburgkiana, a. fruit; b. infructescence; c, d. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 105). 2. P. schomburgkiana subsp. sericea, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Huber 1772). 3. P. subverticillata, a.fruit; b. seed (Van Roosmalen 119, 120). 4. P. surinamensis, seed. 5. P. verticillata, a. fruit; b. seed, lateral and frontal view (Ducke 881). 6. Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. brasiliensis, a. fruit; b. fruit from below; c. seed, lateral and frontal view (Van Roosmalen 106). 7. S. inflexus, young fruit (Rodrigues et al. 2852,). Ayres, J.Μ. 1981. Observações sobre a Vol.X. Belém-Pará, Brazil: 81-92. ecologia e o comportamento dos cuxiús Foster, M.S. 1977. Ecological and nutritional (Chiropotes albinasus e Chiropotes effects of food scarcity on a tropical satanas, Cebidae: Primatas). Fadesp/ frugivorous bird and its fruit source. Gráfica, Belém, Brazil, 142 pp. Ecolgy, 58:73-85. Ayres, J.M. 1986. Uakaris and Amazonian Frazão, E.R. 1992. Dieta e estratégia de flooded forest. Cambridge University, forragear de Chiropotes satanas Cambridge, U.K. chiropotes (Cebidae: Primatas) na Ayres, J.M. 1989. Comparative feeding ecol­ Amazônia Central Brasileira. Unpublished ogy of the uakari and bearded saki, Masters dissertation INPA/FUA, Manaus- Cacajao and Chiropotes. Journal of Hu­ AM, Brazil: 98pp. man Evolution, 18: 697-716. Freese, CM.; Oppenheimer, J.R. 1981. The Ayres, J.M. 1993. As matas de várzea do capuchin monkeys, genus Cebus. In: Mamirauá. Rio de Janeiro, MCT-CNPq. Coimbra-Filho, Α.; Mittermeier, R.A. Boubli, J.P. 1997. Ecology of the black uakari (eds) Ecology and Behavior of Neotropi­ monkey, Cacajao melanocephalus cal Primates Vol 1. , Academia Brasileira melanocephalus, in Pico da Neblina Na­ de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brail: 331- tional Park, Brazil. Unpublished Ph. D. 390. 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Frutas comestíveis da Saguinus fuscicollis and Callicebus Amazônia. 4"' ed. rev.- Belém: Museu moloch of Amazonian Peru. Primates, 29 Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 279 pp. (4): 465-475. Charles-Dominique,P.; Atramentowicz, Μ.; Howe, H.F. 1977. Bird activity and seed CharlesS-Dominique, Μ.; Gerard, Η.; disersal of a tropical wet forest tree. HIadik, A; Hladik, CM.; Prevost, M.F. Ecology, 58:539-550. 1981. Les mammifères frugivores Howe, H.F. 1979. Fear and frugivory. The arboricoles nocturnes d'une forêt American Society of Naturalist, 114 Guyanaise: Interrelaions plantes-animaux. (6):925-931. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie), 35:341- Howe, H.F. 1980. Monkey dispersal and waste 435. of a neotropical fruit. Ecology, 61 (4): Ducke, A. 1949. Arvores Amazônicas e sua 944-959. popagaçâo. Adaptação de frutos ou Howe, H.F. 1983. Annual variation in a tropial sementes de árvores Amazônicas a seed-dispersal system. 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