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AGRIVITA VOLUME 36 No. 2 JUNE - 2014 ISSN : 0126-0537

DIVERSITY OF ON COCOA PLANTATION IN THREE STRATA OF SHADE TREE

Moh. Hibban Toana1*), Gatot Mudjiono2), S. Karindah2) and Abdul Latief Abadi2)

1) Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University Kampus Bumi Kaktus Tondo Palu Indonesia 2) Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya Jl. Veteran Malang 65145 East Java Indonesia *) Corresponding author Phone: +62-82345074910 Email: [email protected]

Received: May 3, 2014 /Accepted: July 12, 2014

ABSTRACT Tenggara, East Java, East Kalimantan, North Moluccas and Irian Jaya (Anonymous, 2012). The Research was aimed to identify the diversity Cocoa production ishampered by plant pests of arthropods in Cocoa plantation in three strata and the strataof shade tree. Major pest on cocoa of shade tree. Research was conducted in is Cocoa Pod Borer Conopomorpha cramerella Rahmat village, the sub-district of Palolo, District Snellen, Helopeltisspp, Zeuzera coffeae of Sigi, the Province of Central Sulawesi, Nietnand Glenea spp. (Firdausil et al., 2008). Indonesia from December 2012 to June However, in South East Sulawesi Cocoa Pod 2013.Berlese funnel, Pitfall, Malaise and Light Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen trap were used to collect samples. (: Gracillariidae) was reported as the There were five indices such as species major pest (Bradley, 1986). Wiryadiputra (1993) richness (R), species evenness (E), species stated that C. cramerella resulted 75-80% yield diversity (H`and D), and species similarity (Iss) loss of cocoa production. There were 3,445 ha to analyze the diversity of arthropods in cocoa of severe attack and 4,867 ha of moderate plantations. The result showed that species attack in Sigi District, caused by C. cramerella richness (R) of arthropods under the two strata (Disbun Sulteng, 2012). As impacts of C. of shade tree, species evenness (E) and both of cramerella, production of cocoa bean decreased species diversity indices, Shannon (H`) and 615-833 kg/ha and this production was lower Simpson (D) was the highest, with value of than national production (1,000 kg/ha) 18.216, 0.839, 4.383, and 0.833 respectively. In (Sulistyowati and Wiryadiputra, 2008). addition, percentage of species similarity (Iss) In Rahmat village, cocoa was cultivated was the highest under two strata of shade tree on spaces between forest trees and fruit trees with value 72.297%. (called two strata of shade tree) (01ᵒ 11’ 55.7’’S, 120ᵒ 03’ 41.5’’E, 802-1237 m asl). In addition, Keywords: arthropods, cocoa, species diversity, they cultivated cocoa under Candlenut trees two strata of shade tree (called one stratumof shade tree) (01ᵒ 11’ 35.8’’S, 120ᵒ 03’ 43.3’’ E, 752-1237 masl) or no INTRODUCTION shade tree (closed to be monoculture) (01ᵒ11’ 33.9’’S, 120ᵒ 03’ 54.2’’ E, 742-1237 masl). Altieri Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.) is one of and Nicholls (2004) mentioned that monoculture agricultural commodities that contribute to the can cause agroecosystem susceptible to the Indonesian foreign exchange. Susanto (1994) pest attack. Cocoa cultivated by monoculture will reported that Cocoa as an export commodity also create susceptible agroecosystem. provides raw material for certain agroindustry. The difference of cocoa cultivation system, Availability of areas in Indonesia can be the especially strata of shade tree, can induce the important factor to support Cocoa plantation and difference of arthropod composition. Diversity of industry (Sutrisno and Winahyu, 1997).Cocoa is herbivores, parasitoids, predators, detritivores, planted as major crop in South, South East, and other functional roles of arthropods, and Central Sulawesi, North Sumatera, East of Nusa additional number of arthropod species will be

Accredited SK No.: 81/DIKTI/Kep/2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/Agrivita-2014-36-2-p120-127 121

Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… different related to the difference of strata types 6.00 pm and samples were collected at of shade tree. Knops et al. (1999) mentioned 6.00 am. Arthropod samples were collected that the vulnerability to invasions by plant every two weeks for 6 months. species, and increasing of the spread of plant Pitfall Trap. Pitfall traps, which contained fungal diseases caused by experimental water and detergent, were put into the ground reduction of plant richness in grassland will also for 24 hours. The distance of each pitfall trap influence richness and structure of insect was 20 m. Arthropod samples were collected communities. every two weeks for 6 months. greatly determines the biological Malaise Trap. Malaise trap was located diversity of fragmentation of habitat in the for 24 hours in the center of each type of cocoa agricultural landscape (Kruess and Tscharntke, plantation. Plastic bottles containing water and 1994). Structure of agricultural landscape can detergent were set up at the top of Malaise trap. have strong impact on activities of natural The trap was set up once in two weeks for 6 enemies, such as parasites and predators. months. Positive relationship between parasitoid Berlese Funnel. Berlese funnel was used abundance and diversity and landscape to extract arthropod samples from the soil vegetation complexity was clearly described in samples. Soil samples were collected from 5 the simple and complex landscape, where in sample points (20 x 20 cm) diagonally within 1 complex landscape, percentage of parasitism m2 area of sampling. Five soil samples were was significantly higher than that of the simple mixed and putinto the Berlese funnel. landscape (Marino and Landis, 1996). In Erlenmeyer contained water and detergent was addition, landscape factors are the key drivers of placed under the Berlese funnel to collect predator abundance in case of aphids arthropod from the soil samples. Arthropod suppression on Soybean (Woltz et al., 2012). sampling was takenonce in two weeks for 6 The closed relationship between agri- months. cultural landscape and insect diversity, the All collected arthropod samples were diversity of arthropods on cocoa plantation identified based on their morphological under the three types of shading was observed. characters and functions in the laboratory of It was assumed that there were differences in plant pest, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako and arthropod diversity among three intensities of Brawijaya University. Physical factors were shade tree on cocoa plantation. recorded to describe the arthropod dynamic such as rainfall, temperature and relative MATERIALS AND METHODS humidity. Variables were observed in this The diversity of arthropods was surveyed research i.e. number of species and their in three types of cocoa plantation at Rahmat population. Based on the data of each variable, village,sub-district of Palolo, District of Sigi, some ecological indices, such as Species Province of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia from Richness, Species Evenness Indices, Shannon- December 2012 to June 2013. These cocoa Wiener Indices (H`), Simpson index (D), and plantations have different types of shade tree. Sorensen Similarity index were calculated: There were three sorts of shadetree, i.e.cocoa 1. Species Richness, Margalef Index (Ludwig with two strataof shadetree, cocoa with one and Reynolds,1988) S 1 stratum of shade tree, and cocoa without shade R  tree. Sampling arthropods were conducted from ln(n) December 2012 to June 2013. R, S, n, and ln are species richness index, Arthropods samples were collected by number of species, population of each light trap, pitfall trap, malaise trap and Berlese species, and logarithmic number respectively. funnel. Light trap. Thirteen light traps were 2. Species Evenness Indices, Pielou Indices located ineach type of cocoa plantation. One formulated as light trap was put on the centre of four quadrants H` of cocoa trees. Light traps were turned on at E  ln(S) 122

Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation……………………………………………………

E, H` and S are species evenness indices, (Krebs, 2002) and Estimate S 910 Windows Shannon diversity indices, and number of (Colwell, 2013) were used to analyze the species respectively. data.

3. Species diversity indices, Shannon-Wiener RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Indices (H`): Combining results from several traps, number of arthropod species and the same species found in all strata of shade tree were the highest in the cocoa plantationin two strata of H`, ni and N are Shannon-Wiener index, shadetree, 186, and 34 species respectively. population of i species and population total of Based on Table 2, the diversity of all species respectively. arthropods in three strata of shade tree of cocoa plantation showed the difference in the number Table 1. Value and description of H’ (Anony- of species and population of total arthropods. mous, 2014) Number of arthropod species and the same species found in all strata types of shade tree

were the highest in the cocoa plantation under two strata of shade tree, 186 and 34 species, respectively. The lowest value was shown by

cocoa plantation no shading, 57 species of 4. Simpson index (D) is described as below: arthropod species number and 20 species of the same species found in all strata types. The population of arthropod was the highest in the cocoa plantation with no shading (30,464 arthropods), and it was followed by one and two ni and N are population of each species and types of shading such as 28,270 and 25,736 population of all species, respectively. arthropods, respectively. Diversity will be lower if the value of D (Simpson index) is higher. Table 2. Species number, population of arthropod, and the same species were found in all 5. Sorensen Similarity index types of shade tree of cocoa plantation 2C The same Iss  x100% Types of A  B Population species were shade tree No. of of found in all of cocoa species arthropods types of Iss, A, and B are Similarity index, number of plantation shade tree arthropod species in A and B types of Two strata shadetree and the number of the same One 186 25,736 34 arthropod species in both types of shade stratum 110 28,270 22 treeof cocoa plantation, respectively. Without 57 30,464 20 shade tree 6. Index Hurlbert (1971):

8 All of those facts describe that more  (Nn  Ni) diverse composition of vegetation in agroeco- E(Sn) 1   (Nn)  system will increase the number of arthropod i1 species, and conversely it can reduce the total E(Sn), N, Nn, and Ni are Estimated value of population of arthropods. Untung (1993) stated species numbers, the smallest population that in the stable ecosystem, there was no of species, total population of all species, domination by one species. Price (1997) and population of i species (Magurran, supported that the diversity and abundance 1988; Scharer et al., 1991; Koellner et al., were negatively correlated to each other. When 2004; Chiarucci et al., 2008; Gotelli and Chao, 2013). Ecological Methodology 123

Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… the diversity increases, the dominance of Difference in species richness, diversity species will decrease. and evenness of arthropod species in cocoa There were differences of species plantation under the three strata of shade tree richness R, species evenness E, and species occurs because the community structure of two diversity (Shannon H` and Simpson index D) in strata of shade tree in cocoa plantations was cocoa plantation under the three types of shade more heterogeneous and had a more diverse tree (Table 3). The result showed that species structure ofland scape elements. It is compatible richness (R) of arthropods under the two strataof with the results of the research Marino and shadetree, species evenness (E) and both of Landis (1996) emphasizing that species species diversity indices Shannon (H`) and richness is influenced by landscape structure. In Simpson (D) werethe highestand followed by addition, Weibull et al. (2003) stated that one stratumof shade treeand without shade tree. generally on a plantation scale, species richness High diversity indices shown by the cocoa increased with landscape heterogeneity. The plantation under two strataof shade treewas importance of species richness for its rich closed to high diversity of vegetation. Two diversity Productivity and ecosystem services strataof shade treehaving high heterogeneity of such as pollination, pest and disease control and vegetation seems to be key factor to create the seed dispersal (Mudjiono and Khairiah, 2014), highest value of all diversity indices. The species increasing diversity through soil biological diversity indices especially Shannon index, one activity, nutrient cycling, increased arthropods and two strata of shade tree were higher than (Altieri, 1999) could result from species richness. 3.322. Both one and two strata of shade tree The percentage of species similarity in were high in diversity and productivity, stable or cocoa plantations under the three strata of balanced in their ecosystem. Shade trees as shade tree (Table 4) showed that combination non crops orvegetation surrounding cultivated between two and one stratum of shade tree area providedshelter, pollen and nectar as food gave the highest number of species, the same supplement or alternative host and prey for species found in all strata of shade tree and natural enemies(Dryer and Landis, 1996; Dryer Index of species similarity (Iss), 296 species, and Landis, 1997; Menalled et al., 2004), 107 species and 72.297% respectively. These breeding site for natural enemies (Karindah et values were followed by both combinations such al., 2011) suitable microclimate (Plowright et al., as two and without shade tree and one stratum 1993), and shading (Davis et al., 2001). and without shade tree.

Table 3. Diversity indices of arthropods in three strataof shade treeof cocoa plantation Types of shade tree of Species Shannon index Simpson index Spesies cocoa plantation richness (R) (H’) (1-D) Evenness(E) Two strata 18.216 4.383 0.833 0.839 One stratum 10.635 3.356 0.683 0.714 Without shade tree 5.424 2.011 0.450 0.497

Table 4. Percentage of Species Similarity in three strata of shade treeof cocoa plantations

Types of shade treeof Same species were found in Total species number I (%) cocoa plantation all strataof shade tree SS Two+ one stratum 296 107 72.297 One + withoutshade tree 167 55 65.868 Two + without shade tree 243 56 46.091

124

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100

Herbivores Parasitoids Predators 80 Detrivores Others

60

40 No. ofNo. species

20

No of Species

0 Two strata One strata Without strata

Shade Trees Figure 1. Population of each arthropod in all strata of shade tree of cocoa plantation based on its ecological function/roles

Figure 1, Population of arthropods in all microclimate (Dryer and Landis, 1996). Stability of strata of shade tree based on their ecological roles ecosystem can be supported by composition of contained the population of herbivores, parasitoids, detritivores, parasitoid, predators and herbivores predators, detritivores and others. In two strata of when there is no dominance by such species shade tree of cocoa plantations, the population (Mudjiono et al., 2013). In case of Cocoa was the highest, followed by one stratum of shade plantation under one stratum of shade tree, tree and without shade tree of cocoa plantation. species number of herbivores was fewer than that High population of herbivores in cocoa of two strataof shade tree; it was caused by plantation under two strata of shade tree caused parasitoid and predator species in cocoa plantation low intensity of damage on cocoa, it was related to under one stratum of shade treelower. In addition, the population of parasitoids and predators. The detritivore contributed to maintain the predator as population of both natural enemies was also high food especially above-ground predators (Wu et al., and could reduce the population of herbivores. 2014). Hymenoptera and Diptera as parasitoid group Figure 2, curves of growth rates of collected in cocoa plantation under two strata of arthropod species number in cocoa plantation shade tree were 29 and 1 species, respectively. under three strata of shade tree, shows that there Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, was similar tendency between each stratum of Pseudoscorpionida, Hemiptera, Dermaptera and shade tree. But they showed differences between Araneae were recorded as predator group with 9, each other especially at the starting and the end of 13, 16, 1, 1, 1, 2 and 5 species, respectively. points. In Figure 2a, two strata of shade tree, the Parasitoid and predator belong to natural enemies numbers of arthropod species at 1st and 25th week of plant pest (herbivore), they can protect plants were 102 and 186 species, respectively. Figure 2b from damage caused by insect herbivores representing one stratum of shade tree, shows that (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2012). Natural enemies the numbers of arthropod species at 1st and 25th are capable of improving their function by week were 69 and 110 species. Last Figure 2c, increasing the diversity within crops in agricultural without shade tree, shows that the number of systems (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2012) and arthropod species at 1st and 25th week were 40 shade trees as non crop can be used to enhance and 57 species, respectively. their function by providing shelter, food and 125

Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation……………………………………………………

Figure 2. Curves of Growth rate of species number and estimated species in cocoa plantation under the three strataof shade tree(a) twostrataofshade tree; (b) one stratumof shade tree; and (c) without shade tree

CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the survey it could be concluded that 1). In cocoa plantation under two strata of This manuscript is a part of the first shade tree, Species Richness (R), Species author’s dissertation for doctoral program at Evenness (E), Shannon and Simpson index University of Brawijaya. Gratitude is expressed were the highest with value 18.216, 0.839, 4.383 to Directorate General of Higher Education for and 0.833 respectively. Condition of this funding this study through BPPDN. plantation was relatively stable, and the composition of arthropods can support the REFERENCES ecosystem balance. 2). In Cocoa plantation under one stratum of shade tree, species Altieri, M.A. 1999. The ecological role of bio- richness (R), species evenness (E), Shannon diversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, and Simpson index were lower than those of two Ecosystems and Enviroment 74: 19-31 strata of shade treewith value of 10.635, 0.714, Altieri, M.A. and C.I. Nicholls. 2004. Biodiversity 3.356 and 0.683. The composition of arthropods and pest management in agroeco- can support the ecosystem balance. 3). In systems. Second edition. The Haworth Cocoa plantation without shade tree, species Press. USA. p 3-45. richness (R), species evenness (E), Shannon Anonymous, 2012. Development and cultivation and Simpson index were the lowest with value of of cacao (in Indonesian). http://www. 5.424, 0.497, 2.011, and 0.450. The number of smecda.com/Files/Budidaya/pengemb&pe major pest occurred, and the composition of ngolahan kakao.pdf. October, 4, 2012. arthropods is incapable of supporting the ecosystem balance. 126

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