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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Household and Community Organization at Nimatlala, an Island Chumash Village on Limuw (Santa Cruz Island), California A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Elizabeth Anne Sutton Committee in charge: Professor Michael A. Glassow, Chair Professor Lynn H. Gamble Professor Gregory D. Wilson John R. Johnson, Ph.D., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History September 2014 The dissertation of Elizabeth Anne Sutton is approved. ____________________________________________ Lynn H. Gamble ____________________________________________ Gregory D. Wilson ____________________________________________ John R. Johnson ____________________________________________ Michael A. Glassow, Committee Chair August 2014 Household and Community Organization at Nimatlala, an Island Chumash Village on Limuw (Santa Cruz Island), California Copyright © 2014 by Elizabeth Anne Sutton iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was made possible by a Peter F. Paige Memorial Fund Award, a UCSB Department of Anthropology Pre-Dissertation Site Visit Grant, and two Mildred Mathias Graduate Student Research Grants. A great many people have assisted with this project through the years and all are deserving of my gratitude. I first thank my committee members: Mike Glassow, Lynn Gamble, John Johnson, and Greg Wilson. They provided valuable comments on drafts of this dissertation and have offered much support through the years. They are dedicated mentors, ethical archaeologists, and exceptional human beings. I realize every day how lucky I am to have had the opportunity to work with and learn from them. I am also indebted to a number of mentors who have guided my knowledge of anthropology and archaeology. In chronological order, my anthropological lineage is as follows: Mark Allen (Cal Poly Pomona), Bob Hoover (Cal Poly San Luis Obispo), Mike Glassow (UCSB), Mike Jochim (UCSB), Kathe Schreiber (UCSB), Phil Walker (UCSB), John Johnson (SBMNH), Ray Corbett (SBMNH), Jan Timbrook (SBMNH), Greg Wilson (UCSB), Lynn Gamble (UCSB), and Bonnie Pitblado (OU). Their shoes are too big to fill. Someday I hope to make them proud, but for now I will settle for not embarrassing them. I thank Jenn Perry who so graciously shares the Central Valley with me, and I look forward to many more years of collaboration. I thank Tim Gross and Matt Des Lauriers for assistance with the excavation of the house at SCRI-384. I also thank iv Chester King and Steve Craig for sharing their information and recollections of sites SCRI-324 and SCRI-384 as they were the first to record and characterize the sites. Chester King was also very gracious in sharing information regarding additional Chumash village sites in Los Angeles County which may have been occupied on a seasonal basis. I thank Lyndal Laughrin and the Santa Cruz Island Reserve team who offer help beyond what is required and have saved me so many times. I thank the Nature Conservancy and Channel Islands National Park for the use of land and resources, and I am especially grateful to Ann Huston and Kelly Minas for always being willing to share information. I thank all the anthropologists working on the Northern Channel Islands for fostering an environment of collaboration. They continue to make these islands a very special place. I particularly thank Jeanne Arnold, Torben Rick, Lynn Gamble, and John Johnson upon whose research this project builds. I thank my fellow UCSB grads who endured it all with me. I am forever in their debt. I am especially grateful to all who assisted with this project: Sarah Abraham, Matt Armstrong, Kristina Gill, Amy Gusick, Terry Joslin, Erik Marsh, Susan McArver, Dustin McKenzie, Heather Thakar, and Jason Toohey. I also owe much to the over 125 students from four universities who assisted with this project. They are why I continue to do archaeology and I would happily be marooned with them on any island. v I thank the Sutton clan: Mom, Robert, Phil, Vanessa, Thomas, David, Andrew, Carolina, Karen, and Augustine. They offered unconditional support, even if they did not understand. I also thank Randy and Janet Dimmitt for encouragement during the hardest times. Finally, I would like to give special recognition to my husband, Michael Marino, who volunteered to spend all of his vacation time digging holes in the ground, served as unpaid photographer and lab assistant, and has endured being dragged to way too many archaeology conferences and museums. He is my much needed balance. I thank him for believing in me and in my work. vi DEDICATION I dedicate this work to: The memory of my father, Paul Sutton (1947-1999), a NASA engineer who taught me how solar cells work and how space travel to Mars is possible. Because he looked up at the sky and wondered, I now look down at the ground and wonder. Thank you for the curiosity gene. The Chumash, with all my gratitude. Thank you for sharing your culture and history. Yours is one of the great stories of survival and persistence. vii VITA OF ELIZABETH A. SUTTON August 2014 EDUCATION 2014 Ph.D. Anthropology University of California, Santa Barbara 2006 M.A. Anthropology University of California, Santa Barbara 2000 B.A. Art History University of California, Los Angeles PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2014 Executive Director, Ogden Union Station Foundation and Museums, Ogden, Utah 2012-2014 Deputy Director and Curator, Utah State University Museum of Anthropology 2012-2014 Instructor and Director of the Museum Studies Certificate Program, Utah State University 2010-2011 Associate Curator of Archaeology, John Cooper Center, California State University, Fullerton 2010 Curator, National Park Service, Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area 2008-2010 Assistant Curator, University of California Santa Barbara Repository for Archaeological and Ethnographic Collections 2005-2008 Curatorial Assistant and Field Laboratory Manager, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2004-2008 Teaching Assistant, University of California, Santa Barbara PROFESSIONAL SERVICE 2010-2014 Pro Bono Consultant to the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians TEACHING EXPERIENCE As Instructor: 2012-2014 Utah State University: Introduction to Museum Studies, Museum Development, Directed Studies in Anthropology and Museum Studies, Archaeology Lab, University Studies. 2010-2011 California State University, Fullerton: Museum Training in Archaeological Collections Management. viii 2008-2010 University of California, Santa Barbara: Practicum in Archaeological Field and Laboratory Methods, Internship in Archaeological Collections Management. As Teaching Assistant: 2005-2008 University of California, Santa Barbara: Archaeology of the Ancient Maya, Archaeology of the Inca Empire, California Indians, Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, North American Indians. SELECTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD AND LABORATORY EXPERIENCE 2007-2014 Principal Investigator: Household Archaeology Project on Santa Cruz Island, CA 2008 Laboratory Director, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Expedition to Arlington Springs, Santa Rosa Island, CA 2006 Field Archaeologist, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Expedition to Arlington Springs, Santa Rosa Island, CA 2006 Crew Chief, Mesolithic and Paleolithic excavations at Bad Buchau, Germany 2006 Assistant, Central Coast Archaeological Information Center, Santa Barbara, CA 2003-2004 Field Archaeologist and Laboratory Assistant, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Red Mountain Archaeological Project, Red Mountain, Mojave Desert, CA 2003 Field Archaeologist and Laboratory Assistant, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Mission San Antonio de Padua Project, Jolon, Monterey County, CA ARCHAEOLOGY AWARDS AND GRANTS 2012 UCSB Graduate Student Travel Grant 2009 Mildred Mathias Graduate Student Research Grant 2008 Peter F. Paige Memorial Fund Award 2006 UCSB Pre-Dissertation Site Visit Award 2006 James A. Bennyhoff Memorial Fund Award, Society for California Archaeology 2005 Mildred Mathias Graduate Student Research Grant MUSEUM AWARDS AND GRANTS AS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR 2013-2014 Utah Office of Museum Services Grant, $9,000 for museum educational programming, USU Museum of Anthropology ix 2013-2014 Utah Humanities Council General Competitive Grant, $4,500 for bilingual community outreach, USU Museum of Anthropology 2013-2014 Utah Office of Museum Services Competitive Grant, $6,000 to develop an exhibit on the anthropology of childhood, USU Museum of Anthropology 2013-2014 Utah State University SSWA Department Award, $12,000 to create an anthropology lecture series, USU Museum of Anthropology 2011-2014 IMLS Museums for America Grant, $75,000 for the “Saturdays at the Museum Program,” USU Museum of Anthropology 2012-2013 Utah Office of Museum Services Competitive Grant, $5,000 to purchase a 3D scanner and software, USU Museum of Anthropology 2012-2013 Utah Humanities Council General Competitive Grant, $5,000 to create teaching trunks, USU Museum of Anthropology PUBLICATIONS 2014 Digging Stick Weights and Doughnut Stones: An Analysis of Perforated Stones from the Santa Barbara Channel Region. The Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 34(1):17-42. PRESENTED PROFESSIONAL PAPERS AND INVITED LECTURES 4/2014 Anthropology: What’s It To You? Inspiring a Life-Long Love of Anthropology Through Authentic Experience at the Utah State University Museum of Anthropology. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin,