LIGHT SQUARE: 523

3.0 PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

LANDS AND SQUARES

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK ADELAIDE 3.0 3.1.31 Report

LIGHT SQUARE: 524 that there is no soliciting. And rds, the children play about the From Black to White in the wish that “he should be known to on and erected by contractor Samuel Lewis at a rst stone over Colonel Light’s grave in Light buried in Light Square and an obelisk erected on

3.0 AND SQUARES 78- this monument until 1878, pp. 1876 (Worsnop to see that no liquor is passed and d gossip or furtively gamble at ca the usual tendency is for them to stay in separate groups. Plain ‘aboriginals’ and white residents of the West End gather in the city st-Contact Associations On fine weekends or on holidays, squares at their end of town … but clothes policemen keep an eye on them while the elders sit on the benches an lawns. (1951, p. 257) that: (1951, p. 257) Historical Overview: Po Light died on 5 October 1839 with Colonel William posterity as the founder of Adelaide.” He was pp. 3-4). his grave (Vivienne 1908, In February 1843 the Corporation erected fi Square. The memorial, erected by public subscription, was designed as a Gothic pillar by architect and politician George Strickland Kingst cost of £460. There was no inscription on 79). Anthropologists Ronald and Catherine Berndt observed in

l 2005, et a

prepared by Colonel prepared by Colonel hey never interfered with of the 1836’ as prepared as prepared City of Adelaide 1836’ of the of Adelaide 1836’ as of Adelaide

s survey, which Light also served upon. or activities, pre-contact post-contact, for rklands and they used to go up down … with (Knuckey in Hemming 1998, pp. 57-58). green, as originally envisaged and laid out by erings by families. Charles Knuckey recallserings by families. in quare in the 1960s. These activities included a open – in the Parklands … t Square … settled there for the day and then in the ntial venue for Indigenous people in the 1900s- a long association with Indigenous communities Figures endesign and pathway system for . e 1960s Light Square was a focus of Indigenous e 1960s Light Square [between the Observatory now 2005; Hemming 1998). et al ‘Plan of Adelaide’. It was named on 23 May 1837 by the Street re as portrayed in the ‘Plan of the City of the ‘Plan re as portrayed in … on their own way you know Hindmarsh Square as portrayed in the ‘Plan Square as Hindmarsh the ‘Plan portrayed in anybody – they just went up and down and Light Square] their little Pikanninies on backs up to Light … in those days the aboriginals were in West Pa evening they used to go back – they lived out in the by Colonel Light, indicating Light’s theoretical gard theoretical Light’s indicating Light, by Colonel 1992, p. 3. Source: Russell Left: Plan of Hindmarsh Squa Left: Plan Light. ACC Source: Archive. Abstracted plan of Right: Naming Committee in honour of Colonel ’ No change to this surveyed plan has occurred thereafter. Colonel Light in his 1836 survey Light Square Historical Overview: Site Context exists as rectangular square, or village Light Square pp. 31-32, 95; Hemming 1998, 22, 57-58). 1960s. In particular, from the 1920s to th activities that shifted to Tarndanyangga/Victoria S role as a central meeting place, gathering and drinking venue (Draper The West End of Adelaide was a popular reside since European settlement (Draper In the early 1900s it was a favoured venue for gath an oral history: Light Square. The Square appears to have had Light Square. Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations There are several specific references to sites

The masse

en spp), spp?), Populus Robinia 6 June 1855, p. 2). 6 June 1855, p. sp ( LIGHT SQUARE: 525 Register Acacia

spp), poplar ( The ) expert Paolo Villanis reported the ) trees in these squares and that O’Brien Eucalyptus is experimentation, preceding their appointed to this position in 1865. It is ens, as it is clear that he may have planted in the Palmer Gardens/Pangki Pangki/Park il, to Colonial Secretary, 29 April 1854, GRG “the Council may be enabled to carry out in a in . Villanis, an expert laying out and planting activities had been is unclear, but horticulturist and later first e Public Squares &c of the City Adelaide”, 4 May 1854, GRG 24/6/1108. Reputedly, over 24/6/1108. 4 May 1854, GRG europaea landscape design works and planting activities in europaea me 8 specimens in Hindmarsh Square, some 14

ctivities seeking the establishment of a botanic ” (Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, 4 May 1854, ” (Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, 4 May documents identify principally Victoria Square Victoria Square. A condition of the funds was first” (Best 1986, p. 48; George Francis, “Tender first” (Best 1986, p. 48; George Francis, “Tender clearly not a lot of specimens were planted in the cations adopted by the Council.” Whether the successful tenderer (Worsnop 1878, p. 121; the successful tenderer (Worsnop 1878, p. anting framework that inaugural City Gardener ement for fencing and planting the squares of quares, 12 April 1854, ACC Archive SQ18540504). quares, 12 April 1854, squares, 500 in the Palmer Gardens/Pangki Olea considerable expenditure “for planting and considerable expenditure “for planting 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Olea ), “gum tree” ( Square, and 500 in the Brougham europaea

Olea ), olive ( ) appear as an under-current in th ) propagation and cultivation makes no mention of the other Squares, so it is spp), and others, with some 3,000 to be planted in Victoria Square, 1,500 each spp), and others, with some 3,000 to be planted in Victoria Square, 1,500 dulcis

europaea

europaea

Prunus Cupressus Olea , 9 May 1854, p. 2). Olea In April 1854 the colonial government was petitioned by the Corporation for funds to fence, layout and plant all the Squares, including tabling specifications “for the fencing and planting public squares &c” in the municipality. These but it was clear from the specification that intent applied to all squares, as detailed number and species of trees to be planted, including specimens of cypress ( and Whitmore in Hindmarsh, Light, Hurtle 28, 1,000 in Wellington Pangki/Park Gardens/Tandotittinga/Park 29 (State Records Office, Colonial Secretary’s Office, Correspondence, Town Clerk, Adelaide City Counc 24/6/1310; Specification for Planting the S manner satisfactory to the Citizens of Adelaide VS18540504; Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, half of this money was expended on works in that tenders would “be called for by advertis Adelaide in accordance with plans and specifi contract was actually advertised in the newspapers director of the was Register In his “Tender for the Laying out and Planting th dated 18 May 1854, Francis proposed to undertake all layout and planting works in the Squares and Gardens but excluded the fencing. He claimed that, “The whole planting may be completed in 5 months from the present time, provided fencing be completed in 3 & provided also that Victoria Square be done for the Laying out and Planting Public Squares &c of City Adelaide”, 18 May 1854, ACC Archives SQ18540518). By September 1855 Francis reported that all these completed. This is the first record of conscious the Squares, laying much of spatial and pl William O’Brien obviously adopted and utilised when also probable, given Francis’ self-promotional a garden, that Francis used this tender as an opportunity to trial species as to their relevance the soils, climate and conditions of the squares gard more specimens than required by the tender (Best 1986, p. 48; Olives ( fair to say that by 1886 their were no olive ( almond ( was clearly included in these discussions and the planting program. Light Square On 4 May 1854 the colonial government, through Lieutenant Governor, acceded to this in that time a proposal and granted £2,000, ornamenting the squares of city” to a level that existence of some 29 fruit-bearing species remaining in the Brougham Gardens/Tandotittinga/Park 29, some 5 specimens 28, some 19 specimens in Wellington Square, so specimens in Light Square, and some 6 olive ( planting in plantations the Park Lands, but squares and gardens. By 1886 Italian olive (

itect and politician George and politician itect WB Moffatt’s Martyr’s Memorial in Memorial Martyr’s WB Moffatt’s on, National Library of Australia, by WC Fitter (“WCF”), no date, that that date, no (“WCF”), Fitter WC by morial as designed by arch by morial as designed Figure quare, Adelaide, South Australia’ quare, Adelaide, South ly loosely based upon GG Scott and Scott GG based upon ly loosely Image in Rex Nan Kivell Collecti Kivell Nan in Rex Image Colonel Light’s Monument, Light S Light Monument, Light’s Colonel Strickland Kingston that was apparent was Kingston that Strickland 1840. erected in and designed Oxford p. 212. Langmead 1994, from reproduced Sketch of ‘ of Sketch depicts the original Gothic-style Colonel William Light Me William Colonel original Gothic-style the depicts

), ssp], suber cactus, 4 May

Eucalyptus , honeysuckle ssp], [ Quercus ), River Red Aloe ssp] [ 1863). gums . I will plant a hedge of ], europaea aloes LIGHT SQUARE: 526 trees and shrubs in each

Mayoral Reports, ( ], Register Laburnum Messrs Morewood and Rogers. Olea border around the whole at a given europaea [

I will also dig a border as in Victoria Square is to be fenced by the ssp) ( junceum

Olea ssp), Cork Oaks ( [ to provide and plant 3,000 trees shrubs, ), Olive ( ll be fenced in with post and rail. The rails to Rosa olive ], Spartium Wellington and Hurtle Squares will be fenced [ .1812 in Dublin, Ireland, O’Brien arrived in O’Brien arrived Ireland, .1812 in Dublin, c Allocasuarina Victoria Square and replace them in the southern and plant at least 750 s and plants as per the plan dulcis leucoxylon

and others, laburnum m of works for the first twelve months of his continued to deteriorate, the walks became ssp] and 1,000 trees shrubs and some bulbs. All the open spaces will be regulated and ssp), Roses (

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES system in the municipality prompted the Prunus ssp] ssp] [ Rosa [ ssp] Salix Eucalyptus Spanish broom wide and gravelled. We will dig a gates which have been procured from Rosa [ ), and Sheoaks ( The northern division of Victoria , almond ssp], Cupressus [ re and new ones provided if required. roses , and lived in . He died on 18 October 1884. [4.8m] Salix ssp?] ), Willow ( [ hedge put in as before along the whole of fence. I intend , cypress ssp], macrophylla Utopia

Acacia ssp] [ ssp] ssp] , willows Ficus Rosa Rosa [ camaldulensis Geranium

ssp] [ [ Populus [ Melaleuca Eucalyptus poplars planted with grass seed. Hurtle and Whitemore Squares wi be taken from Victoria Squa Square and plant a hedge of sweet briar and a briar 1854). [ geraniums Square. Similarly for Hindmarsh and Light Squares. Contractors are to remove fences on both divisions of part with a post and wire fence. Corporation with iron hurdles and The paths are to be 16 feet these being acacia distance with a fence on both divisions ready for tree sweet briar This was an extensive and most detailed progra in horticulture appointment, and unfortunately no plan exists to indicate his visions or skill and garden design. Despite these good intentions, O’Brien was hampered in the quality of his program due to the contractors. The gardens infested with weeds, and were ill-maintained. He also sought from the Corporation a tree propagating area. Interesting, those species he did propagate were predominantly Australian species: South Australian Blue Gums ( Gum ( Recognition of the poor state garden Corporation to call for applicants the position of City Gardener in 1854. William O’Brien was successful. An experienced Gardener born in Adelaide in 1858 on the O’Brien’s priority task upon his appointment was the condition of Victoria Square. O’Brien wrote of his works in the Square, conjunction with thoughts as to other Squares, as follows: Moreton Bay Figs (

) trees

Olea

Olea ) plantings europaea

Olea europaea

Olea ssp]…” It is possible the plan author illanis to Town Clerk, 22 February quiring the appointment of an expert referee rnor indicating that “the writer of the the Park Lands and Squares generally were the Park Lands wn Clerk, 16 July 1872, TC 1872/519 and 4 ecretary to Town Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, d by advertisements in the usual newspapers, , Town Clerk, ACC, to Colonial Secretary, 2 wn Clerk, ACC, to Colonial Secretary, 13 blic Square” being sent to the Corporation on 9 pearance of the Park Lands. For example, on have been prompted by concerns from the Eucalyptus wishes and propose to do so by means of olo Villanis to Town Clerk, 13 July 1883, TC made use of.” The Colonial Secretary appointed e Corporation’s Town Clerk expressing a desire the state and condition of all the olive ( s hand (Letter, Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, Town Clerk, ACC, 20 August 1855, GRG 1855, GRG Town Clerk, ACC, 20 August Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, GRG 24/6/2129 e Governor volunteered a budget of £400, “a sum Villanis to Town Clerk, Report re Olive acres [0.2ha] or even quarter [0.1ha] in in the selection of the position several at he wishes” which the Corporation eagerly CC, 2 August 1855, GRG 24/6/3289 (1855)). GRG 24/6/3289 (1855)). CC, 2 August 1855, em in Light Square, numbering 70, as well were predominantly planting olive ( ckney Nursery, to this role. Unfortunately scheme ssp] and Gum-tree [ , 24 July 1883, p. 6; letter, Paolo V Acacia The Register ], the Wattle [ ) plantations in the Park Lands for Corporation recording substantial olive many in several areas. During 1872 he planted th the blocks and Squares. Villanis, in 1882, corroborated numerous other trees in Park Land existence of these plantings when he reviewed europaea was Francis, more so than Bailey as there is no evidence of Bailey’s plan drawing skills whereas the sketch text is similar in style to Francis’ ACC, 7 July 1855, GRG 24/6/1381 (1855); letter August 1855, GRG 24/6/2644 (1855); Colonial S GRG 24/6/1605 (1855); Colonial Secretary to 24/6/1740 (1855) Colonial Secretary to Town (1855) Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, A While Francis, Bailey and Sheriff Boothby in the Park Lands, City Gardener William Pengilly also undertook olive ( europaea Squares (Letter, Pa areas of the Park Lands and 1883/2224; to To 1886, TC 1886/465; letter, William Pengilly September 1872, TC 1872/622). “that something should be done to improve the present very unsightly appearance of most of the Park Lands near Town; which he [Governor Gawler] thinks might be effected by the judicious planting of clumps trees on half suitable positions; care being taken to fence such clumps with strong but neat fencing.” August 1855, GRG 24/6/2505 (1855); letter, To had reviewed and assessed their condition and integrity of retention within his parks gardens development works (Correspondence, Paolo Plantations, 22 February 1886, TC 1886/465). Discussions by the Corporation and Mayors (Lord Mayors) about landscaping /Karrawirra Parri embankments as well commonplace from the mid 1850s onwards. These public debates and discussions appear to colonial Governor about the overall aesthetic ap 17 July 1855 the Colonial Secretary wrote to th Willingly, to assist these landscaping works, th sufficient to accomplish much, but not all th accepted “at once to carry out His Excellency’s competent gardeners [on] contracts to be obtaine the works generally being performed under supervision of the City Surveyor.” With acceptance, the Governor imposed one condition re to monitor the works: “that some person should be nominated by himself to represent the Executive in this matter and to have a voice plantations and of the species fencing to be horticulturist John Bailey, of Ha collapsed with the dissolution of the Legislative Council in August 1855 despite unknown collapsed with the dissolution of Legislative Council in August 1855 despite authored sketch “on the subject of planting a Pu October 1855, with correspondence from the Gove memorandum has indicated some most sensible and just views of Landscape Gardening…” The advice included a recommendation that, “in a climate like South Australia’s and to avoid the inconvenience of having to wait years for effect, clumps should be formed the Olive [

; ;

ssp; ), 4 sativa

; 24], ssp; Pinus 10 July ; 216], granatum ilex

Quercus Eucalyptus Castanea heterophylla oleander Cupressus

Punica

ssp), bamboo ssp; 4,450], ssp; 4,450], Quercus ; 48], Sycamors [sic; Salix Nerium y towards a mixture of LIGHT SQUARE: 527 Araucaria Corymbia 21], Stone Pines [ ), and five mulberries / Australasian Sketcher watereri ssp; 99], Oaks [ ssp] cuttings, making a grand x Ficus ssp] ... [and] Gums [ Populus babylonica

ssp; 14], Ches[t]nuts [ Eucalyptus ; 24], Pomegranates [ ssp along the entrance roadways, Pinus Laburnum ssp; 1,627], Cupressus [ ssp; 1,627], Cupressus Salix ), 6 Thuja (species unspecified), 6 White regia

Ligustrum lucidum; Robinia Ornamental Trees suitable for planting in in Tarndanyangga/Victoria, Hindmarsh and ing planted is unclear but it known that / ssp; 74]. Evergreen Oaks [ ssp; 74]. Evergreen r important point is that a large number of ad (Tulya Wodli/Park 27); behind the Cattle Wodli/Park 27); and, “19 native pines” to ver Torrens” from Albert Bridge to the Weir planted in various locations throughout the July 1876 and the July 1876 and t interestingly demonstrates a strong overall 26); along East, West, North and South Eucalyptus ien records donations of an unspecified number robusta Juglans

His preference was clearl positioned in this Square the middle to late dertaken (Letter from W O’Brien to the Mayor, ; 10,600], Ficus [ ; 12], Gums [ presentations in the lithographic projections of Acacia the most detailed account of the great number of City Gardener William O’Brien wrote to the

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Allocasuarina ; 249 in number], Oleanders [ ; 249 in number], ssp] and poplar [ / the Park Lands (Pityarrilla/Park 19 and the Park Lands (Pityarrilla/Park Aristolochia Grevillea europaea nd Duryea 1865 panorama photograph of the nd Duryea 1865 panorama

Salix nobilis australisca

; 149], Laburnums [ ; 149], Laburnums ), 6 ( ; 6], China Privet [ t also the typical species he was seeking to establish in late Olea Casuarina var tinus

ssp), weeping willows ( ; 30], Acacias [ ssp), herbaceous plants and bulbs, willow ( Laurus ssp; 6], Walnuts [ Sydney Illustrated News Rosa macrophylla macrophylla azedarach

Ulmus

monogyna Viburnum Ligustrum

Ficus Ficus ) trees are being planted. O’Brien also stated, as a “postscript,” that several Melia ssp; 50], Aristolochias [ ssp; 100], Olives [ ssp), rose ( Crataegus europaea

Populus ssp), privet ( Fraxinus Populus ssp; 48], Elms [ Olea ssp) from various individuals. These were ; 78], Native Pines [Callitris/ Bambusa Morus young trees had been vandalised in Hindmarsh and Light Squares “by some mischievous persons” resulting in repeat plantings being un 19 August 1867; ACC Archives). What is not discernable in the Townse through the Park Lands, including “both sides of Unley Road” (Pityarrilla/Park 19 and through the Park Lands, including “both Kurrangga/Park 20) to the municipality. The othe Olive ( municipality is the fountain that was reputedly 1800s. It is evident, by the implied graphic re muncipality published in the 1875, a fact corroborated in the 1880 Smith Survey of City Adelaide, that fountains may have been positioned in the central point in each Square. There has been little factual evidence to substantiate these graphic representations, and the only evidence of a pre-1900 fountain pertains to Hindmarsh Square. Upon the invitation of Mayor John Colton, “a list of 1874 proposing Corporation on 19 August the Squares of City.” The list comprised: 2 Norfolk Island Pines ( Moreton Bay Figs ( ssp].” Unfortunately where these specimens are be O’Brien was planting shelterbelts or avenues of extensive and valuable to consider. Further, O’Brien records where these specimens were being generally planted but unfortunately not the specific details of these plantings per place. Specimens included “Laurels [ Moreton Bay Figs [ preference to Australian native species including “Pines [ pinea 24], White Cedar [ indigenous British and Mediterranean species, bu Whitethorn [ Poplars [ 18], also, about one thousand willow [ 280], Laurestinas [sic; 280], Laurestinas Platanus 2], Ash [ total of about 19,249 plants.” In addition, O’Br poplar ( ( ( municipality including along “Both sides of the Ri Tarndanya Womma/Park (Karrawirra/, Terraces; along the “North Terrace Esplanade”; in the East Park Lands (Kadlitpinna/Park 13, Ityamaiitpinna/Park 15); 14, Mullawirraburka/Park Road through along Unley Light Squares; Kurrangga/Park 20); along the Slaughterhouse Ro Yards in North Terrace adjoining the River (Tuyla surround the house at “old Botanic Gardens” (Tainmundilla/Park 11)(Letter from W O’Brien to the Mayor, 19 August 1867; ACC Archives). This is an important inventory as it presents trees that O’Brien was planting bu 1860s in the municipality and Park Lands.

planted ] macrophylla

ich was brackish and sterile Ficus Office to the Government [ ly creditable and will, I am told, gimented tree planting gimented which are now growing and ] uares which have always been so t weather but are responding to europaea

Moreton Bay figs Olea [ h were always so mischievous in these squares. The adjacent forest belts are doing as well as can be ia Square from the Post ller advising of extensive tree planting works fine start. The ground wh s, the two stationmen in these wards have been very on complains that his house (in Light Square) is

planting season under his care. The list is al with adjacent property owners who wished [and the] so the absence of any sign of a Light Memorial or Memorial sign of a Light the absence of any so Light Square. Note the re the Square. Note Light et roadway through the Square, the north-south and and the north-south Square, the through roadway et 6 May 1866). and promenades of the city are high prepared by the City of Adelaide, City Engineers Department, 17 17 Department, Engineers City of Adelaide, City the by prepared e looking very brown due to the ho 6 May 1866). the citizens. Light and Whitmore Sq Mayoral Reports Reports

grounds at East Terrace, ] Mayoral ( europaea

Plan of the City of Adelaide’ City of the of Plan Olea [ Printing Office last winter in Wakefield Street ar watering. A new walk has been suggested for Victor olive vigilant in the capturing and impounding of goats, whic All trees are doing very well. All the roads and their desired. The view through the clumps contribute much to the health of obstinate to cultivate trees in, have this year made a has been drained and improved planted with olives promise to be quite successful. Fitzgerald and Evan fountain in the centre of the Square. Source: ACC archives. ACC archives. Source: Square. the of centre the fountain in configuration, the absence of the present Currie Stre Currie present the of absence the configuration, al Note system. circulation pedestrian cross east-west Figure Figure Extract from‘ a February 1865, depicting the planting organisation in organisation planting the depicting February 1865, Despite this pleasing success O’Brien had to de trees to be removed. For example, “Mr Richards blinded by young trees …” (( In August 1867 O’Brien wrote to Mayor Henry Fu that were carried out over the previous autumn By 1866 O’Brien was pleased to report:

LIGHT SQUARE: 528 ry detailed plan of the layout of the layout of ry detailed plan e Light Memorial is clear in this this in clear is Memorial Light e Source: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC Source: in pathway system, the secondary cross-axis pathway pathway cross-axis secondary the system, in pathway Figure also evident in this image. evident also

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ern arc-ed shape of the roadway. Th roadway. the of shape arc-ed ern of Adelaide in 1880 that provides a ve a that provides of Adelaide in 1880 Extract from Smith’s Survey of the City the Smith’s Survey of Extract from ma east-west and north-south the Note Square. Light northern in the system pathway arc-ed the Note system. pathway perimeter internal tertiary and the system, north the Square matching the portion of image. The volume of mature trees in the Square is Square in the trees mature of volume The image.

Cassia 10 July 1875 depicting depicting 10 July 1875 ) and 6 Cassia ( the trees in the lithograph lithograph in the trees the s central features do appear in do s central the features appear populneus

Australasian Sketcher Australasian Brachychiton ey saw it as a major aim of his tenure Lord also had to deal with public criticism of e erected around all five squares by early 1881 detail could be obscured by obscured be could detail e city”. The City Surveyor prepared designs for , and saves to the Corporation at least £2,000” s argument was that, “consistent with the end Bundey consciously sought to remove the “old a more elaborate palisading version for Victoria was faced with removing the old post and rail Figure Figure y system as well as cross-axis pathway system both both system pathway cross-axis as as well y system were planted by O’Brien (Town Clerk’s Docket 714 110-111; 1881-82, pp. 34-35, 41). 110-111; 1881-82, pp. 34-35, 41). around the Squares was subject to Corporation ), 6 Kurrajongs ( e Light Memorial in this image wherea image in this Memorial Light e ). It is unclear whether Council approved this list, and which quare from the west. Note the extensive tree planting established, evidence evidence established, planting tree extensive the Note west. the from quare australasica c perspective of Adelaide published in the published Adelaide c perspective of var candolleana

Cassia 1879-80, p. 82; 1880-81, pp. 82; 1880-81, 1879-80, p. azedarach

syn. Report Melia

other squares in this lithograph, although, the Memorial the although, this lithograph, other squares in Extract from a lithographi a Extract from detail. Source: ACC Archives. ACC Archives. detail. Source: an aerial axiometric view of Light S Light of view an aerial axiometric pathwa pedestrian –west east and north-south of the accentuated by tree planting lines. Currie Street roadway has not been carved through the Square at this time time this at Square the through carved been not has roadway Street Currie lines. planting tree by accentuated th of an absence is there curiously and Annual bicapsularis Square it pertained to, but is likely that these of 1874). The state and condition of extant fencing deliberations in the late 1870s. Mayor William and decaying split post and rail fences from the City squares” and to erect “substantial and these enclosures.” Bund ornamental railings round Mayor and an important task for “beautifying th these cast iron ornamental railing fences, with Square as distinct from the other Squares. Tenders were called for both designs and works awarded. Presumably City Gardener Pengilly fencing to enable the contractors to proceed. Mayor [Sir] witnessed the erection of the ornamental cast iron palisading but Corporation’s expenditure of the palisading. Hi they had in view, a bold but neat palisading which adds so much to the appearance of the Squares, and to the ornamentation of the streets was an investment well made. These palisades wer ( Cedars (

1 15 16 14 Hindmarsh Light Whitmore & 24 22, 23, 13

LIGHT SQUARE: 529 26 t’s grave in Light Square as

1902, p. 13; 1903, p. 11; 1904, p. 13; p. 11; 1904, 1902, p. 13; 1903, 18891-92, p. 12; 1894-95, pp. 28-29, pp. 28-29, 18891-92, p. 12; 1894-95, responsible for the pedestal at a cost of pressions of interest from sculptors to craft Report

/Victoria Square before it was re-erected on Report that the “original monument built over the Henry Ayers, Sir Samuel Way, John H Angas,

n Thomas Smith, Under Secretary LH Sholl,

removed a portion of the structure to prevent umbling away and could not last much longer.” sign, HP Gill, wasted no time with the task 19 & 20 & 19 le.” Thus started the Light Statue project that tion again re-affirmed its commitment to the stated in reply to a question colonial the regimental uniform of a Lieutenant-Colonel 84 7 7 272 105 30 8 14 6 112 873 onel Light arose in Corporation debates 1902 1906.” The statue was unveiled by the state be positioned in King William Road at the be positioned in King William Annual ” and air impacting upon the soft stone.

proposal and numerous people organisations lia Company, J Fisher, WH Gray, Alderman

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Annual tter was deferred. In 1903 the Corporation re-

k, 22 February 1886, TC 1886/465) ce Course and North Terrace) m Light first surveyor general, fixed the site and laid out m Light first surveyor lin Street, and not on top of Ligh

[Unley Road]

Letter, Paolo Villanis to Town Cler Plantation bordering the Old Race Course Mitcham Road Whitmore Square South East Park Lands (Old Race Course) Dequetteville Park East Park Lands (between Old Ra Total ( Light Square West Terrace Hindmarsh Square 1905, p. 7; 1907, p. 15; Cameron 1997, pp. 47-53). 1905, p. 7; 1907, 15; Cameron monument to Light in Light’s Square had become “so By 1894 the Kingston-designed dilapidated and dangerous” that the Corporation In January 1892 a public meeting, chaired by Mayor Charles Willcox, was held in the Corporation’s Town Hall to discuss a proposal erect statue in memory of Colonel William this Light. The Corporation voted £500 to also contributed, including the state Governor, Sir Sir Edwin Thomas Smith, the South Austra Hagedorn, A Waterhouse and various unnamed others together with a colonial Parliament donation of £1,000. Architect D Garlick recorded grave of Col. Light in Square … was fast cr The damage was being caused by “salt-damp Accordingly a representative Committee called for ex a “portrait statue, eight feet [2.4m] in height, in the Royal Engineers, either bronze or marb saw the statue eventually erected in Tarndanyangga on in 1936 ( Light’s Vision 66). The matter of a suitable statue honouring Col but with the lack of available funds ma confirmed its commitment to the project as also the past guarantee of £1,000 from the state Government. In the following year Corpora project but this time proposed that the statue intersection of Flinders and Frank originally envisaged. The newly constituted Committee, including Superintendent of Public Edward Owen Smyth, Sir Edwi Buildings Charles RK Thomas, and the Master of the School De the statue and a new grave memorial received nine proposals for for both calling for designs the statue and 13 for the memorial. The commission for a bronze statue, 2.7m high, was tender of £1,000, and awarded to Scottish sculptor W Birnie Rhind of Edinburgh for a architects Messrs Garlick Silbley & Wooldridge were £510. The Committee expected the statue to be unveiled in early 1906 with an inscription on the pedestal reading “Colonel Willia city of Adelaide in 1836. Erected by citizens Governor Le Hunte on 27 November 1906 ( its falling on passersby. The Attorney-General parliament that:

1883-84, Park

Report

Present 7 & 8 Brougham, 29 Palmer, 28 Wellington 26 street tree plantings Annual anting the Adelaide Park must for the sake of 1887-88, p. 41; 1889-1890, p. 1887-88, p. 41; 1889-1890, Report

Corporation ground,” (note ‘fruit bearing Corporation ground,” (note ‘fruit 1885 reported with “great pleasure” 1885 reported of the s advised that Brown shall have “general a specific incident over ced foundational work in implementing parts e works were effected in each Square the Annual sor of the Plantations’, upon invitation Report on a System of Pl gnation from this position in August 1882. 1886 reported on these acts of vandalism and 1886 reported that all the Squares “are looking very well; but ge to maintain the regular width of paths City Gardener Pengilly was busy tree planting City Gardener Pengilly was arged with Squares and garden development s” and to “render Mr. Brown every facility for persons in charge of perambulators getting y to the Corporation of “the number olive removed from Light Square to enable better Number of trees bearing fruit 27 29 5 19 119 signation he wrote “I nted City Gardenerin mid 1899. (1899-1934) 1881-82, p. 137; 1882-83, 135). l 30 trees in Light and Whitmore Squares. force eventually prompted Brown’s formal of the responsibility.” With this decision Report

Annual

pp. 48, 111-112).

] trees presently bearing fruit in the Town ’s (1880) recommendations. Pengilly wa Report Location Brougham Place Palmer Place Wellington Square Torrens Lake Mann Terrace (1880), under Mayor Bundey, there was no attempt to include the Squares in this Olea europaea resignation on 1 June 1883. In his letter of re professional reputation, seek to be relieved Corporation determined to sack Pengilly, and therein had a serious of City Gardeners until such time as August Pelzer (1862-1934) was appoi Newly appointed City Gardener Richard Patterson in improvements effected in the landscapes of the Squares. He also recorded that he had installed numerous “openings” in the palisades “to allow person or persons” caused these vehicles into the Squares.” Despite this “some ill-disposed considerable vandalism to the palisades in all Squares over 1885 Christmas holidays. Newly appointed City Gardener John W Hayes in that the gardens and trees in the Squares were also “in very good order” ( While the Corporation sought to remedy situation, continued disobedience and contrary activities by the City Gardener and his work along Barton Terrace West prompted Brown’s resi p. 50; 1885-86, Under Patterson and Hayes several minor landscap 1880s. Several “moribund cypress trees” were growth of adjacent trees. In 1895 Hayes reported all the paths should be bordered with bricks on ed and keep the public from destroying borders” ( 77; 1894-95, p. 64). provided an inventor In February 1886 Villanis [ and not a total list of trees overall) excluding the Gaol enclosures: of the While the debate about palisading was continuing in the Squares. During 1881-82 he planted 50 trees in each of Light, Hurtle and Hindmarsh an additiona Squares. In 1882-83 he planted Unfortunately the nature of the species is not stated but his purpose was to plant new specimens and to replace “missing” trees ( In commissioning John Ednie Brown to prepare a Lands investigation. This perhaps indicates the quality of landscape that was extant in the Squares that William O’Brien had established; Pengilly was ch and maintenance but also had jurisdiction over the Park Lands (Brown 1880; Plan of City Adelaide, 11 February 1865, ACC Archives). With John Ednie Brown’s appointment as ‘Supervi Mayor Edwin Smith in April 1882, Brown commen supervision of the tree planting in the Park Land this purpose …” (Town Clerk’s Dept Outwards Letter Book, 1882/602/18). A fractious relationship occurred with Brown and Pengilly,

Berberis Annual ), and 2 False ) and 1 procera

oleander

pp. 9, 16; 1902, p. 20). LIGHT SQUARE: 530 1899-1900, pp. 109-110; 1899-1900, pp. 109-110; Ulmus Nerium 1902, p. 30; 1903, pp. 24, 44). 1902, p. 30; Report

Report

Annual ) battens with self-closing swing gates. ome, and a corrective to any possible symptoms of ago. I have also caused the mean to be shifted the new statue. In 1916 he re-graded and 1901, p. 9). of a capable lot mean, and I am satisfied with the Annual rks to erect a new statue to Colonel Light in ), 2 English Elms ( characterised many of their regular reports to characterised many of their regular reports at the Council possesses a very capable officer, who ing program that involved wire netting fixed ing program that e foundation of the current version bylaws. rtmental staff capabilities. This was quite a least once a week” in 1900-1901 inspecting all ne by the ill-bred mongrel is quite equalled well construct and plant the spaces. Alderman ch facilities. Pelzer was involved in these arted planting new trees. In Light Square in also turned to the provision of children’s the existing regulation system applicable to the Report

debated, and Mayor Charles Glover started beds, filled with “various shrubs, cannas, and e across the lawns in the Squares caused Mayor th “metal screenings” (Vivienne 1908, p. 4; orientalis

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Pelzer Squares were fenced by the end of 1901.

1899-1900, pp. 106-107; 1901, pp. 106-107; 1899-1900, remarks that his staff has worked well during the year, and has Annual ( Eucalyptus marginata Report

Platanus [Pelzer’s] 1899-1900, pp. 292-294; 1901, pp. 9, 41; 1902, p. 29). pp. 9, 41; 1902, 1901, 1899-1900, pp. 292-294; Annual ) together with 4 aberias, 3 Oleanders ( Reports

Annual pseudoacacia

Robinia … I can honestly bear out his been kept fully employed. The staff is now composed “weeding out” process which I undertook some two years about occasionally, a process which has been found wholes stagnation. In the City Gardener, Mr Pelzer, I am convinced th takes an abiding interest in his work 1905, pp. 7, 53, 54; 1916, p. 42). 1905, pp. 7, 53, 54; Despite measures to remove trees Pelzer also st 4 Oriental Planes ( 1902 he planted Acacias ( Alexander Ware and Pelzer considerable angst as it the Corporation ( A significant management issue in all Squares was dogs. The Corporation had become frustrated in finding measures of preventing dogs entering the Squares and fouling flower beds. Mayor Ware observed that “the damage do that of the aristocratic canine; in both cases it is very discouraging to the gardener and his men.” In 1900 Pelzer proposed an extensive fenc supported on jarrah ( on iron railings He provided costings for these works. All painted the fencing in 1902 ( ssp. And in the flower beds were “Gaillardias, Petunias, Phlox, Zinnias, Stocks, Sunflowers, Phlox, Zinnias, Stocks, Sunflowers, ssp. And in the flower beds were “Gaillardias, Petunias, Cosmos, Allysums, Snapdragons, Pensetimons, Geraniums, Canna Centaurians, and Roses.” Two more unidentified trees were planted in 1903 ( In addition, the irregular movement of peopl One of Pelzer’s first actions was also to review Squares and Park Lands. In 1900 he proposed to the Corporation, which they adopted, a Squares and Park Lands. In 1900 he proposed revised and co-ordinate set of bylaws to enable the policing public. This was first major review of these regulations and provided th Signage advising these new by-laws was erected in 1901 ( 1901, p. 44). Mayor Edwin Smith also accompanied Pelzer “at the Gardens and reserves reviewing Depa commitment of time by a Mayor. His conclusion was that: Finally in 1904 the Corporation proceeded with wo Light’s Square. The statue was unveiled on 21 June 1905 by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Samuel Way, and replaced an earlier obelisk. HJ Jackman was the designer and JJ Leahy was the contractor. Pelzer also established two flower other herbaceous plants” numbering 10, surrounding re-surfaced the ground around statue wi Report In the same period Corporation’s attention playgrounds. It was a topic that occupied the Corporation’s reports for the next 10 years as various playground proposals were discussed, donating funds to permit the construction of su proposals as he had to design and playgrounds

). Report Report

molle var Annual Annual ( aeria

Schinus Square reporting directly uth Australia,” and “The nt of August Wilhelm Pelzer in 1897-98, pp. 73-74). Report

ultural treatment was required of all trees in rategic aesthetic improvements to the lawns, t Square. Taking advantage of a donation l’s Payneham Nursery, Pelzer scattered these ), and Pepper Trees ( tersecting roads” to the Squares as it would ees were either “dead, dying, or unsightly.” was salt damp. By the 1895 monument and tree planting, and undertook research on en had to erect 1.5m high tree guards around enable adequate light and air to the remaining aced in charge of each wreck of Colonel Light’s Monument removed, and in rted from the Square.” In terms of trees, he Annual ons to all squares, the Corporation determined a ercrowded with trees” and that an urgent e Squares, and re-seeded the lawns with couch was a position that he held until 1932. A s. Species that heightened this problem were Ponder who extensively enabled the actions and shrubs on the pathway routes to toilets in ioration of the quality and management of the blish a “permanent Tree Planting Committee” ose any provision on the subject at present” he man and his works for So His conclusion was that he supported any His conclusion also measures to delimit inappropriate human ling funding and political support within the macrophylla ound the world including Washington DC, Paris,

) from parliamentarian and philanthropist George 1898-99, pp. 22-23). 1898-99, pp. Ficus robusta Report

1899-1900, pp. 292-294; 1901, 9, 41). Annual these policy changes was the appointme Reports

1898-99, pp. 149, 150). Washingtonia Annual Report

ssp), Moreton Bay Fig ( Pinus Annual “Is it the intention of the Government to have place of it have a monument erected worthy of t Government regret that they are unable to prop 1894-95, pp. 28-29). 1894-95, specimens in various Squares and reserves th them due to vandalism. He also planted new ( Light Square These tree species were grubbed and lopped in Ligh 100 Cotton Palms ( Brookman in early 1900, sourced from Henry Sewel The cause for the deterioration of monument tree planting activities of various cities ar was in such a condition that the cross atop the spire was found to be detached and severely cracked. The top portion was recommended to be removed by the City Surveyor ( mid 1899 to the position of City Gardener. It secondary key was the role of “indefatigable” visions of Pelzer to be implemented enab Corporation. Ponder was passionate about trees Cleveland, Sydney, etc. ( Pelzer immediately set to work renourishing th grass ( Clearly the immediate works Pelzer set upon were st activities in the Squares. He extended the spread of couch grass lawns in all Squares, and proposed the erection of hoops in Light Square “in order to break … the habit of making these tracks.” These hoops were erected in 1901. Corporation engineering action that introduced “in “cause much of the pedestrian traffic to be dive recorded his view that “all the Squares were ov needed to and grubbing was program of thinning trees and also enable good growth in the lawn Pines ( the Squares and that a gardener be specifically pl flower beds and trees of each Square, 1894-95, p. 66). 1894-95, Behind these snippets was a progressive deter gardens in the Squares. This was brought to a head in 1897 when the Corporation established a Special Committee to inquire into the “whole working and management of squares.” Following a series of meetings and site inspecti set of “drastic alterations” including tree removal works to be undertaken. Some 25 trees from Light Square were removed on the basis that the tr The Corporation also determined that proper arboric to the City Surveyor. Under this policy change the Corporation witnessed a in landscape quality of the Squares. At same time the Corporation determined to establish a Parks & Gardens Department, appoint an experienced and qualified City Gardener, establish a tree nursery in Tuyla Wodli/Park 27, and esta under the Chair of Councillor William Ponder ( A key to the success of

) macrophylla

reproduced in reproduced Ficus ampled upon and ruined. ce and the North Terrace the bounds of practical

ding the northern flank of northern flank ding the LIGHT SQUARE: 531 re, Light and Wellington Suburbs, and if the fences were Source: SLSA B4374, Source: the Squares would be ruined. te the existing Moreton Bay Fig te the ( Bay Fig existing Moreton me the flower beds were tr as stock routes for sheep and cattle, but also in the centre of Victoria Square were put there d Squares was not within the Reserves on North Terra ken in 1911. The photograph was taken after the after the taken was The photograph in 1911. ken ndmarsh, Hurtle, Whitmo an entrance bollards surroun entrance an were viable. Mayor Bonython replied, noting Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES s Cohen first proposed the removal of all iron shops throughout the City and the present time on account of the large number persons who kept continued, the lawns inside the further reason that sheep were driven from the North Terrace e Victorian colonial lamp standard. colonial lamp standard. Victorian e reet through the Square in 1910. No the Square in 1910. through reet designedly about fourteen years ago; prior to that ti Gardens generally. … Squares could not be considered at cows within the City. … politics at the present time, for Markets every week to the butchers’ removed while such sheep-driving 3. The same remarks, applied to the fences round 5. The light palisading fences round the flower beds 1. The removal of the fences round Victoria, Hi 2. The removal of the fences round above-name A photograph of the northern portion of Light Square ta of the northern portion Light Square A photograph St construction of Currie specimen, the cast iron palisading fencing with pedestri with fencing palisading cast iron the specimen, th and pathways, gravel the the Square, p. 144. 1996, Moreton In April 1913 Alderman (later Mayor) Lewi around the Squares and Gardens in the City requestingpalisading fencing Mayor [Sir] John Lavington Bonython to consider what options that the municipality’s streets were still being used his sympathy with the aesthetic rationale behind the question, that:

Report

Report

Robinia Annual 1909, pp. 45- 1909, pp. Annual ) hedge on both Report grounds, and provide the

caffra

Annual Dovyalis tions for Children’s Play would be good policy to have them laid out afresh. as to the establishments in America, England, and , an average of 5,000 to 12,000 adults were leness of reserving portions Hindmarsh, Hurtle, purposes, and with that end in view the Town Clerk ern potion of Light Square establishing the ern potion of Light Square d Wellington Squares are antiquated and should be Light Square was modified with the tramway Light Square the removal of an existing African Boxthorn th the installation of tramways through the Parks and Gardens Committee, having special reference the Corporation, and his desire to re-create a report, the Corporation eventually proposed this renovation occurred with the excision of dertook user surveys of the Squares recording perience extensive remodelling more likely came Mayor Frank Johnson also stated, perhaps seeking of a new Kaffir Apple ( of a new Kaffir Apple 1908, p. 20). the present Currie Street alignment ( topic in the Corporation’s Chambers on 13 January Report

) were removed and replaced with five False Acacias ( laying of electric-car tracks, the Squares would have to be ) to Kingston Gardens. In 1912 five “stunted white cedar trees” 1908, p. 21). Annual ( 1910, p. 51; 1911, 64; 1912, 98). Report

Report

australasica ) hedge and the planting Annual var ( Annual Phoenix canariensis ) ( ferrocissum

azedarach to the provision made in and Sydney, and the Continent of Europe That this Council take into consideration the advisab Whitmore, Light, and Wellington Squares Planta submit a report on Children’s Playgrounds to the same with swings and other appliances for recreative

The lawns in all the Squares require re-planting, and it The garden plans in Whitmore, Light, Victoria, an remodelled Lycium Melia from Pelzer given his standing and expertise in Squares subtly expressed in his reports. But there was also impetus from the volume of use the Squares. During 1909 Corporation un users on weekdays and weekends. For Light Square recorded per month, and some 1,500 to 3,500 children month ( The suggestion that the Squares needed to ex ( 1909, p. 49; 1910 p. 37; 1912, pp. 64-65; 1914, p. 71). 1914, p. 71). 1909, p. 49; 1910 37; 1912, pp. 64-65; At the same time the Corporation was dealing wi municipality. Because of the remodelled and the Corporation viewed that the Municipal Tramways Trust (MTT) should contribute to “pay a fair proportion” of the costs. works cutting a new east-west route along 1908, p. 21; 1909, pp. 47-48). Interestingly, advice from Pelzer, that: 46). During 1910 a roadway was cut through the north present Currie Street route. The works included (later Mayor) Isaac Isaacs first raised the While the Town Clerk prepared and submitted the location of playgrounds in surrounding park lands and not Squares ( sides of the new roadway Currie Street. Part 1908 wherein it was carried: part of the Square lawns for a new roadway, and relocation of couch grass and a palm tree (probably a ( pseudoacacia

) were planted negundo

LIGHT SQUARE: 532 lzer’s retirement a sequence , and the dense but open the dense but open , and Acer stern and western side 1928, pp. 28, 44; 1929, pp. 34, 1929, 28, 44; 1928, pp. sence of the present water feature water present the sence of of Adelaide 1928, np. Report

rks in the next budget. The works included Annual proposals for a remodelling of Light Square Square a remodelling of Light proposals for practical training and experience in England,” g of a “number of overgrown, stunted, and ill- g of a “number overgrown, e removal of a women’s toilet, then located in s in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, and rporation commenced a reorganisation of the gated position as ‘Curator of Parks & Gardens’. gated position as ‘Curator of Parks & Gardens’. enary of South Australia celebrations in 1936 ew diagonal paths, replacement of the existing Figure ent of the present ea the gardens and the Park Lands is evident , a row of white painted cast-iron posts were d, complete remodelling of the south-western north-east) of the Memorial of the north-east) construction of new kerbing around the Square; 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES e Square. Source: City e Square. Source: 1931-32, p. 27). Following Pe p. 27). Following 1931-32, Light Square in 1928. Note the ab Square in 1928. Note Light Annual Report re tree planting in th re tree planting in 1935-36, p. 37). On 15 April 1935 the Corporation appointed A Stanley Orchard 37). On 15 April 1935 the 1935-36, p. Photograph of the Light Memorial and Light Memorial and the Photograph of ( left the to flagpole the Memorial, the surrounding Gardenesque style of matu style of Gardenesque Annual Report of gardeners and a change commitment to throughout Adelaide notwithstanding the Cent ( FRHS to replace Pelzer the re-titled and rele Orchard brought to the position “theoretical and with varied work experience in New South Wale In 1928 the Corporation considered and approved submitted by Pelzer, and proposed to execute the wo with new bitumen paving; the removal and to 22.86m widening Waymouth Street from 12.8m sale of the palisade railings and fencing; removal and relocation of the tool-house; an portion of the Square by construction of n north-south pathway with lawn, and replacem pathways with lawn. The works also included th the southern portion of Square, and fellin shaped trees.” With these works two rows of 21 Box-elder Maple ( 36). retired and the Co 1932 Pelzer On 29 February City Gardener’s Branch ( along the central paths in the Square, with two large flower beds at intersection of pathways. At the southern end of the Square erected to “Guard vehicular traffic off the reserve” (

Ficus ), molle var aeria

1922, p. 26; 1927, 29). tail the Council in heavy cost for Schinus was practically ruined by persons ) trees, etc.,” that Report

d run into approximately £1,500 at ssp) tree and extensively ) trees in the Square. In 1921 a determination, the matter of ssp) and Moreton Bay Figs ( Pinus Annual molle macrophylla Pinus

at locality was less affected by wandering cows, 1913, p. 62; 1921, p. 37). 1913, p. 62; 1921, ssp), Pepper ( to the Corporation wherein he pointed to Markets at Gepp’s Cross, it would be possible to ounds and the Jubilee Exhibition Ground. The var Ficus ally unfit for City Squares.” Pelzer’s desire if not remodelling. His concerns were with if not remodelling. His concerns by removing a small portion of the fencing round the rticularly in Light and Whitmore Squares, the was constrained to counsel caution in a policy Pinus ncing Pelzer continued renovation works to Report aeria n of the Squares generally noting that they were

til the late 1920s under Lord Mayor Cohen’s own “he was quite in accord … ” with Cohen “from Schinus Annual Annual Report ar future, it would most certainly en ges of the lawns. The cost woul us, as within three months the lawn to visitors.” With this policy ), Moreton Bay trees ( 1913, pp. 53-55). 1913, pp. ) trees in Victoria and Pine ( 1913, pp. 53-54). Report

patersonii

patersonii

Annual Annual Report ( Lagunaria ) in Wellington Squares that had “very much improved” the Squares. This argument Lagunaria making short cuts across it, and the Town Clerk had to have the fence replaced. remove the fencing round Victoria Square, because th but if this should be done in the ne least North Terrace Gardens between the University Gr experiment proved to be disastro dwarf walls to protect the outer ed 7. When the Abbatoirs were open, and the new Stock 6. Last year the Town Clerk made an experiment which would be costly and might lead to disaster in the Gardens which were such a source of pride to the citizens and delight In conclusion Mayor Bonython recorded that the aesthetic appearance of the Squares … yet he removal of the palisading did not re-surface un administration ( Notwithstanding the debate about palisade fe removed a “large decayed” pine ( In 1913 he Light Square. pollarded the “large overgrown pepper” ( new tool shed was erected in the Square ( In 1922 Pelzer drew an overview of the conditio “well maintained” but still room for improvement the style of design, “large, unsightly Pine ( macrophylla was again re-stated by Pelzer in his 1927 the “great number of ill-shaped, stunted trees,” pa the “great number of ill-shaped, Lagunaria ( characterised the Squares and which were now “tot scale renovations, pointing the success of mass removal of Norfolk Island was for large Hibiscus ( need for palisade fence removal, and Square remodelling (

Source: University of Source: University LIGHT SQUARE: 533 e scope of mature tree cover in cover in mature tree e scope of d by the tree canopies. The Light canopies. The tree the d by of its Squares. The funds expended on the east and north-east to south-west pedestrian pathway pathway pedestrian south-west to north-east and east lawn with no surrounding paved podium, whereas there whereas there paved podium, no surrounding lawn with north-south and cross-axial pathway systems. The systems. The pathway cross-axial and north-south Benjamin Bone later removed. Benjamin Bone later Figure recharged the Parks & Gardens Committee and 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES metropolitan Adelaide illustrating th Adelaide metropolitan the Square is only partially obscure the Square is only partially Extract of a 1936 aerial photograph of of photograph aerial Extract of a 1936 Adelaide. Light Square, the tramline and the very evident formal evident very the and tramline the Square, Light circulation system within pedestrian north-south central the within is positioned Memorial where the north-west to south- feature plaza is a paved Gardener City that feature design a – intersect routes Near the end of Second World War, in late 1944, Alderman (later Lord`Mayor) John McLeay turned the Corporation’s attention to the quality Squares had dwindled, many of the trees were planted in the 1860s-70s and 1880s-1930s aging or in poor quality, and much of the Squares had been appropriated for air raid construction and training purposes. McLeay undertook a tour of all the Squares with City Gardener Benjamin Bone. In terms Light Square the Committee recommended:

1933-34, p. 33; 1938- lines running east-west lines running east-west Report

Annual ent. Note the extant pedestrian system that accords accords that system pedestrian extant the Note ent. Square with electric tram electric Square with Figure in the City of Adelaide as prepared by the City Engineer dated 14 14 dated Engineer City the by prepared as Adelaide of City the in Plan Showing Improved Pavements Improved Showing Plan Extract of a November 1927 that depicts the configuration of Light of Light the configuration 1927 that depicts November through the Square along the present Currie Street alignm Street Currie present the along Square the through with previous plans. Source: ACC Archives. ACC Archives. Source: plans. with previous 39, p. 8). Victoria. Orchard passed away suddenly on 15 March 1939 (

), 4 var

europaea aeria

), 12 Pepper Olea ) (ACC Archive, s, or ‘Captain Schinus australis ), 3 River Sheoak

ssp), and 4 Box Elders l 2005, pp. 47, 95). 95). l 2005, pp. 47, ), 1 White Acacia LIGHT SQUARE: 534 Allocasuarina pseudoacacia , ‘King Rodney’, for the Kadlitpinna’

tive Committee of the et a Celtis procera patersonii ), 7 Olive trees (

Cupressus Robinia , ‘name of student at Piltawodli’ honours Ulmus Ityamaiitpinna Lagunaria maiitpinna was subsequentially adopted macrophylla e sculpture, carrying the inscription ityamaii

Wauwe ), 1 River Sheoak ( for interesting reading as it indicates what of the landscape of Light Square in the mid of the landscape Light ), 1 Cypress ( lia. The artist was Richard Kelly Tipping Ficus litical reformer, writer and preacher who the National Estate. However, no registrations that Victoria, Light and Wellington Squares be entitled ‘The Eternal Question’, commissioned e plaque was unveiled by Lord Mayor James ion of the tree removal works to enable these gift from Barbara and William F Stewart through Square after these works, as compiled in an ced a landscape renovation necessitating the March 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II (Cameron 1997, several new side flank avenues of trees, and a patersonii d by the Women’s Execu

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES halepensis

), and 1 White Acacia ( ter have occurred (Russell 1992, p. 6). 6). ter have occurred (Russell 1992, p. Pinus for the Square. ) trees, 1 English Elm ( & Williams 2002, p. 272; Draper & Williams 2002, p. 272; Draper Lagunaria reasons: age, health, disruption to avenue in design, (1981) recommended, following an extensive assessment of the populneus

Wauwe europaea

), 2 Moreton Bay Figs ( ), 1 Norfolk Island Hibiscus (

Olea molle in the Square. The life-size bronz Brachychiton ), 8 Aleppo Pine ( which means female kangaroo. Itya var cunninghamian aeria ), 5 Olive (

); some 37 trees. It would appear that this was an extensive tree felling and Wauwe , ‘father of’. The Corporation considered this proposal in 2000 but indicated a , ‘father of’. The Corporation considered this proposal in 2000 but pseudoacacia

Schinus negundo

City of Adelaide Heritage Study City of Adelaide ), 3 Norfolk Island Hibiscus ( itpinna Robinia Acer Allocasuarina molle As part of these works, Bone makes little ment plantings and remodelling proceed. This list makes they were removed species Pelzer had planted in the Square 1890s-1930s. Why is not stated but it may be a mixture of to new water service works, etc. The information is contained in a tender offer by V Coleman to remove the trees at a cost of £220. The specimens include 9 Pepper Trees ( ( ( grubbing contract as the only trees left in the inventory of 92 trees by Bone, comprised 25 Southern Nettle Trees ( Tree ( cunninghamian ( White Kurrajongs ( File 888/52, Report by Bone; Letter Town Clerk to V Coleman, 27 May 1952). The built heritage and landscape of the City, registered on the South Australian Heritage Register. At this time only Victoria Square was recognised, having been listed on the Register of on the South Australian Heritage Regis During the mid 1980s Light Square experien removal of several elderly trees, planting of rationalisation of the pathway system. A bronz re-design Jarvis on 19 October 1986 recording this 1980s by the Corporation. In 1986 artist Ieva Pocius was commissione Jubilee 150 Board and the Corporation to design and erect an installation commemorating Catherine Helen Spence ‘Catherine Helen Spence 1825-1910 social and po social ‘Catherine Helen Spence 1825-1910 worked for children’, dressed in severe Victorian costume, was positioned in the south-western corner of the Square. It was unveiled on 10 pp. 145-149). of 7 black granite sculpture pieces In 2003, a set of a for the in 1986, by way on loan to the in Light Square the Art Gallery of South Australia Foundation in 1984, was sited Corporation from the Art Gallery of South Austra (b.1949). the toponym Amery (1997, p. 4; 2002, 270) proposed Square to honour the Kaurna elder. The name means preference towards the name Jack’s’, wife for Ityamaiitpinna/Park 15 (Amery and ),

x alba var

nigra

) were ), and

Populus Populus Brachychiton microcarpa ) were popular Camphora unedo

aphylla (syn Irish

‘Pyramidalis’), ‘Aurea’), and 2 hillii Jacaranda ), Kurrajong ), Kurrajong Ficus Arbutus var hibernica Tamarix ssp), 3 Irish Strawberry ssp), 3 Irish Strawberry

) has been used aphylla

macrocarpa

ting spectrum of Camphor ), 3 While Poplars ( ), 6 Sweet Pittosporum Fraxinus microcarpa Juniperus ations for the central avenue tree

‘Italica’). In terms of additional Juniperus chinensis Tamarix ), 4 Jacaranda ( mimosifolia

), and Hill’s Fig ( ) and Athol ( Cupressus syn Ficus nigra

), and indica

unedo ng proposed rehabilitation of the Square.

indica ), Irish Strawberry ( ‘Aurea’), Camphor Laurel (

cinnamomum y, Bone’s preferences lie not in period tree

the centre of Square with a circular bed Jacaranda ndations as to tree, garden and lawn works. ing Hindmarsh and Light Squares are unanimous ions to the Square. Bone proposed three Populus on these landscape works until 1952 when what tree preference Bone considered relevant africanus ( arizonica

rough the Square. In addition some six garden

) and Fig ( rdens Foreman, JH Alexander, reported the ng trees in the Square and planting of a on site, and concluded that “several of the ber of that year. These works, apart from the populneo-acerifolius works, including water service replacement and Erythrina Arbutus mmended and approved by the Corporation. rections of the Parks & Gardens Committee. In early 1953 the Committee undertook an on-site rks and tree species selection, were clearly x brunniana Erythrina undulatum

Camphora unedo

1950s. He continued the use of Italian ( the following species: Pink Kurrajong ( Juniperus Cupressus ‘Italica’), Athol Tree ( ) (ACC Parks & Gardens committee Item 2, 24 June ), and was using an interes ), 2 Golden Cypresses ( alba Cupressus nigra Arbutus

Brachychiton Pittosporum ) (ACC Archive, memorandum, JH Alexander to Lord Mayor, citriodora

siliqua ), 2 Indian Coral ( ), 2 Indian

hillii ), Iris Strawberry ( Populus Populus the Lombardy Poplar ( ‘Italica’) avenue, consisted of 6 Ash ( ) edgings, at £1,050. His recommend ‘Hibernica’) or var aphylla

Corymbia nigra

Ceratonia ), 4 Camphor Laurels ( ), Arizona Cypress ( cinnamomum (ACC Minutes of Parks & Gardens Committee, 17 November 1944).

), Golden Cypress ( microcarpa Tamarix

Populus It will be noted that recommendations regard … Remove all trees in Square. Plan of Light Square submitted herewith showi ), 4 Pink Kurrajong ( populneus undulatum

), Sweet Pittosporum (

Ficus • • • ), 3 Carob ( unedo Juniperus communis

Camphora Eucalyptus marginata ). The poplars were fashionable in the 1920s-40s Adelaide, Laurel and Strawberry in Brachychiton Arbutus Pittosporum cinnamomum populneo-acerifolius Lemon-scented Gum ( tree planting in the Square, Bone proposed expressing his preference to Juniper, hillii the 1930s also, and Strawberry ( Laurel ( Bone was regularly influenced by the policy di April 1952 the Committee reviewed Square, existing trees are past their maturity and many should be removed …” (ACC Parks & Gardens Committee Minutes 17 April 1952). Again, in tour of each the Square forming several recomme Little Corporation action was however entertained City Gardener Benjamin Bone re-proposed renovat This first scheme involved the retention of existi central avenue of 18 trees running north-south th beds were proposed, “to grow annuals in season,” around the Light Memorial. Bone costed these jarrah ( included Lombardy Poplar ( ( Italian Poplar ( ( ‘Italica’) and White Poplars ( different schemes of which Scheme 1 was reco planting of several trees in the Square Septem approved by the Corporation as Ga and appropriate to the Squares in early 1952). These recommendations, for tree planting wo 17 September 1952). An interesting conclusion from these proposals is ( Hill’s Fig ( in the 1860s and 1880s-90s. Both Coral ( mimosifolia somewhat intermittently since the 1870s. Accordingl fashions in Adelaide but rather what he had obviously observed worked well in the Adelaide soil and environmental conditions. 2 Athol Trees ( fashionable in the 1930s-40s whereas Jacaranda (