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Ruubiku Kuubik Värska Gümnaasium Ruubiku kuubik Loovtöö Autor: Kennet Gabriel Kadarpik, 9. kl Juhendaja: Toivo Kadarpik Värska 2020 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................... 3 1. RUUBIKU KUUBIKU VÄLIMUS ................................................................................... 4 1.1 Ruubiku kuubiku kasutamine ....................................................................................... 4 2. RUUBIKU KUUBIKU AJALUGU ................................................................................... 5 2.1. Leiutaja Ernő Rubik (1944) ........................................................................................ 5 2.2 Kuubi disain ................................................................................................................. 6 2.3. Kuubi brändid ............................................................................................................. 7 3. KOKKUPANEMINE ......................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Algoritmid ................................................................................................................. 11 4. VÕISTLUSED ................................................................................................................. 12 4.1. WCA ......................................................................................................................... 12 4.2. Eventid ...................................................................................................................... 13 5. KUUBERID ..................................................................................................................... 14 5.1. Tähtsad rekordid........................................................................................................ 14 5.2. Kuulsamad kuuberid ................................................................................................. 15 6. PRAKTILINE TÖÖ ......................................................................................................... 16 7. KOKKUVÕTE ................................................................................................................. 18 KASUTATUD MATERJAL ............................................................................................... 19 2 SISSEJUHATUS Ma valisin selle teema „Ruubiku kuubik“, kuna olen väga huvitatud selle ajaloost. Olen ise tegelenud Ruubiku kuubikute kokku panemisega üle kolme aasta. Ma soovisin sellest rohkem teada saada. Olen ka huvitatud kvaliteetse kuubiku omamisest, millega saaks võistelda. Ma olen pidevalt uurinud ja tegelenud ka kuubimehhanismi parandamisega. Oma tööülesanneteks valisin uurida lähemalt Ruubiku kuubiku ajalugu, muuta oma kuubikut selliseks, et sellega saaks minna ka võistlustele ning valmistada oma valitud disaini järgi töötav omanäoline kuubik. Hiljem tuli mul ka mõte ise magnetiseerida üks oma Ruubiku kuubikutest, et seda stabiilsemaks teha. 3 1. RUUBIKU KUUBIKU VÄLIMUS Ruubiku kuubik on mitmevärviliste ruutudega kaetud plastkuubiku kujul olev mõistatusmänguasi, mida keeraja üritab väänata ja keerata nii, et kõik ühel küljel olevad ruudud oleksid sama värvi. Joonis 1. Ruubiku kuubiku võistlusmoment 1.1 Ruubiku kuubiku kasutamine Seda kasutatakse aju-, mitmetasandilise mõtlemise- ja mälu treenimisel. On olemas ka võistlused, kuhu saab igaüks registreerida ja mille täpsemaid detaile saab hiljemal peatükil teada. Mänguasjamaailmas on Ruubiku Kuubik mõndade poolt peetud ka üheks kõige populaarsemaks mänguasjaks üldse. (The Rubik's Cube, 2020) 4 2. RUUBIKU KUUBIKU AJALUGU Joonis.2 Ernő Rubik Aastast 1974, peale seda, kui kuubik leiutati on see pakkunud huvi peaaegu kõigile inimestele sõltumata vanustest ja intelligentsusest. Lastest vanuriteni, põhikooliharidustega inimestest kuni astrofüüsikuteni, on seda mänguasja pidanud lihtsaks, kuid tüütuks elegantseks esemeks mida kasutatakse tänapäevani ja hoiab endas lugu, mis justkui alles algab. (Ernő Rubik, 2020) 2.1. Leiutaja Ernő Rubik (1944) Joonis 3. Ernő Rubik Ernő Rubik on Ungarist tulnud arhitekt ja leiutaja, kelle kõige tuntuim saavutus on olnud siiani Ruubiku Kuubiku leiutis. Ta on intervjuudes rääkinud, kuidas Ruubiku kuubiku inspiratsioon on tulnud kosmosest. Huvitav on, kuidas selles objektis on koos tema osad, 5 nende seos üksteisega ja kuidas nende asendit on võimalik muuta. Ruubiku kuubik ise algas vaid puidust klotsidest. E.Rubik üritas teha nii, et klotsid saaks liikuda üksteise kõrval, ilma et see nii öelda klotside kooslus ei kukuks kokku. Ta tegi seda tööd enda kätega. Kuubiku valmistas peamiselt puidust, kuna see oli kergesti kättesaadav ja hästi töödeldav. Algul proovis ta hoida klotse koos kummipaeltega. Sellist prototüüpi näitas ta oma klassile (ta töötas arhitektuuri õpetajana Budapesti kunstiülikoolis), kellele see ese väga meeldis. Rubik sai aru, et tänu kuubi lihtsale struktuurile oleks seda väga kerge toota ja võiks meeldida suuremale publikule, nt lastele, peredele... Tänu oma isa mitmele autoriõiguse dokumendile, sai E.Rubik aru kuidas saada endale kuubi jaoks patenti ja kuidas leida mingi tootmisfirma enda produktile. Tal oli küll raskusi leida endale tootmisfirmat, kuna tol ajal Ungari majandus oli kehvas seisus. Lõpuks siiski leidis ühe väikse tootmisfirma, mis töötles plastimassi. Rubik andis Magic Cube'i litsentsi USA-le kuuluvale ettevõttele Ideal Toys 1979. aastal. Ideal Toys firma muutis Magic Cube ümber Ruubiku kuubikuks enne toote tutvustamist rahvusvahelisele publikule 1980. aastal. Väiksest käsitöötootest kuni masstootmiseni ja selle tutvustamiseni suuremale publikule läks umbes 6 aastat. Sellele järgnes Ruubiku kuubiku edu kogu maailmas. See toode võitis mitu Aasta Mänguasjade auhinda ja 1980. aastast sai alguse populaarne kuubikukultuur. Praeguseks on müüdud üle 350 miljoni Ruubiku kuubiku, mis teeb sellest kõigi aegade enimmüüdud mänguasja. (Rubik Ernő, the inventor of the Rubik's Cube, 2020) 2.2 Kuubi disain Sellise mänguasja tegemise jaoks pidi E.Rubik tõsiselt mõtlema, et välja mõelda õige mehhanism, mis laseb klotsidel seoses liikuda, ilma kokku kukkumata. Kuubi peamine osa on selle tuum millel on 6 samapikkust väikest toru. See hoiab kinni kruvisid, mis omakorda hoiavad kinni kuubi keskmisi klotse. Klotside vahel on ka vedru, et vähendada kõigi klotside vahelist pinget ja vähendada hõõrdejõudu keeramisel. 6 Joonis.4,5 kuubi mehhanism Keskmiste klotside kõrval on ülejäänud klotsid mida on kahte erinevat tüüpi: nurgaklotsid ja servaklotsid. Need on õigel moel paigutatud, et kui ühte tervet kuubi poolt liigutada ei kuku terve kuubik koost lahti. 2.3. Kuubi brändid Vaatamata sellele, et E.Rubikul on autoripatent võivad erinevad Hiina firmad ikkagi Ruubiku kuubiku ideed kasutada. Kiirkuuberimaailmas on need brändid väga tähtsad, kuna nad toodavad selliseid kuupe palju kiiremini. Nad teevad ka kuubiku disainile muudatusi, et 7 näiteks hõõrdejõudu klotside vahel vähendada või et saaks külgi üksteise suhtes paremini ja kiiremini liigutada. Mõned sellistest brändidest on: GAN Cube, Mofange QiYi, Moyu jne. Joonis 6,7,8. Kuubi brändide logod 8 3. KOKKUPANEMINE Kuubi kokkupanemiseks on olemas erinevad moodused ehk meetodid. Need meetodid erinevad mitmete tegurite poolest nagu efektiivsus ehk kõige vähimate liigutustega sooritatud harjutus. Mõni meetod võimaldab arendada kiirus, mis vajab aga suurt algoritmide arv tundmist. Mida rohkem algoritme, seda kiiremini saab kuubiülesandega hakkama. Kõige tuntuimad meetodid on: Alustusmeetod, CFOP, Roux, ZZ, Petrus ja Nurgad enne. joonis.9 Alustusmeetod: Selle meetodi nimi tulebki just sellest, et kõik inimesed kes tavaliselt alustavad Ruubiku kuubiku kokkupanemise õppimist, alustab selle meetodiga. Seda meetodit töötles ka leiutaja E.Rubik. Selles meetodis algab kokkupanemine valge risti tegemisega, kus pannakse kokku valged servaklotsid õigesse kohta nii, et selle valge värv ja teisel külgklotsil olev värv on samad - nii iga valge servaklotsiga. Edasi pannakse kokku kogu valgete tahkudega klotside kiht. See tähendab, et üks külg on täielikult koos ja iga antud tahu klotsi teine värv on ka õiges kohas teiste külgede keskmiste klotside suhtes. Kolmandaks tuleb teha teine kiht kokku. Edasi on vaja vaadata kuubiku valge tahu vastastahku, mis peab tulema kollane. See on viimane kiht. Viimane kiht, mille kokkupanemisel on ülesanne lahendatud, tuleb rakendada juba teadaolevaid algoritme. (Lihtsalt suvalise kombineerimise kasutamine võib võtta väga kaua aega) Algoritmid, mida kasutada, on määratud kuubi kollase küljel asuvate kollaste klotside asetusega. Tuleb teha liigutusi, mida õiges järjekorras sooritades, saab klotsid paika nii, et kõik ülejäänud ei läheks sassi. Klotside kollased tahud moodustavad erinevaid kujundeid, mille järgi valitakse ka vajalik algoritm. Kõigepealt tuleb valida selline algoritm, mis viib kõikide klotside kollased tahud õigele küljele. Selliseid algoritme 9 kutsutakse OLL algoritmideks. OLL tähendab Orientation of the Last Layer. Ehk viimase kihi orientatsioon st. iga viimase kihi klotsi keeramine kuni antud pool on kokku saadud. joonis 10. OLL algoritm Peale seda etappi tuleb viimane etapp, kus liigutatakse orienteeritud klotsid nii, et nad moodustaksid kihi. Seda tehakse samuti algoritmide abil. Nende algoritmide hulga nimetus on PLL e. Permutation of the Last Layer. See tähendab viimase kihi klotside ümberpaigutus ehk nihutamine õigesse kohta. (How to solve the Rubik's Cube?, 2020) joonis 11. PLL algoritm
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