International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(3): 1192-1195

P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2019; 7(3): 1192-1195 Studies on morphological evaluation of © 2019 IJCS Received: 10-03-2019 varieties in norther parts (Terai region) of West Accepted: 12-04-2019 Bengal Dr. Ananat Tamang Department of Horticulture, Centurion University of Dr. Ananat Tamang, Dr. Koyel Dey, Dr. CP Suresh and Dr. Bikash Technology & Management Chandra Das Paralakhemundi, Gajapati, Odisha, India Abstract Dr. Koyel Dey Studies were carried out on mango varieties developed at Experimental Farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Department of Agriculture, Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, during 2010-2012. The experiment was laid out The Neotia University Jhinga, one factor randomized block design with five replications having 10 varieties as treatments. Observations Sarisha, Diamond Harbour were recorded on various morphological parameters such as qualitative characters. From the observations South 24 Pgs, West Bengal, made it was found that the mango varieties expressed the morphological variations from genotype to India genotype. These morphological variations have the ability to distinguish between the mango varieties with each other. Among different varieties , J. Dofala, Mallika, Gulab Khas and Dashehari is Dr. CP Suresh best in this region beside of some negligible demerits and these varieties can be commercially grown to Horticulture Department, North-Eastern Hill University, contribute the state in terms of production to some extent. Umshing Mawkynroh Shillong, Meghalaya, India Keywords: Mango, characterization, fruit morphology, tree morphology

Dr. Bikash Chandra Das Introduction Department of Fruit Science, The world needs to increase crop productivity for the development of the valuable varieties to Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, changing environmental and biological challenges that meets to evolve the needs of local Nadia, West Bengal, India communities. To meet these needs and challenges, farmers and scientists not only must have access to a wide range of plant genetic resources but also must have access to the essential information about those plant genetic resources that will allow effective used to be made of them (www.bioversityinternational.org). The main reasons for the under-utilization of

germplasm, according to curators, scientists and other users of plant genetic resources, is the lack of adequate passport, characterization, and evaluation data; people cannot use genetic resources that lack essential information. In addition, such information is necessary for proper management of the resources in the gene banks by gene bank managers. Success of commercial cultivation of Mango is much dependent on use of high yielding genotypes

―instead of low yielding local genotypes. Therefore, genetic improvement of this crop is quite indispensable to develop high-yielding genotypes. Mango ( indica L.) is one of the most popular fruit in India and other parts of the world due to its excellent flavour, attractive fragrance, beautiful colour and delicious taste. It is recognized as the pride fruit of India, being the richest source of vitamin A (4800 I.U.) and

good source of vitamin C, minerals and other nutrients. In India, mango is currently grown in an area of 2.52 million hectares and it is the largest producer of mango (18.43 million tons) in the world but its average productivity (7.3 metric tons per hectare) (Anon, 2015) [1]. The mango appears better for preparing different type of value added products for which there is considerable demand in the international market. In India, mangoes are grown in tropical and subtropical regions including states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal;

Maharashtra and Gujarat in the west; Uttar Pradesh in the north and Bihar in the east (Lal and Reddy, 2002) [16]. There is a wide diversity of horticultural crops grown in West Bengal and Correspondence mango is an important fruit crop of this region; the State has an existing AEZ in the production Dr. Ananat Tamang zone and has production advantages in regional varieties which can be taken up in the export Department of Horticulture, Centurion University of basket. The literature report that mango are commercially produced in districts like Malda, Technology & Management Mursidabad, North 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Burdwan, East Midnapore and some areas of Paralakhemundi, Gajapati, Purulia and Bankura. But its importance and value addition has confined only to south west Odisha, India district of our state. The total contribution of the state in terms of production is very low as ~ 1192 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

compared to others, accompanied by very less potential suggested by the descriptor. Density was rated as sparse, returns. Therefore there is a need of proper varieties selection medium and dense. for the state and this can be done only by characterizing their response within the zone. The characteristics of each variety Fruits morphological characters vary widely at different geographical locations and the fruit Shapes of the fruit were recorded at full physiological quality of the mango largely depends on the selection of a maturity stage. They were expressed as oblong, variety suitable on a particular locality (Iyer et al., 1989) [15]. elliptic/ellipsoid, round and others. It was too to be recorded But unless reliable information on their characters is known it at physiological maturity stage. They were expressed as non may not be advisable to recommend any varieties for prominent, just a point, prominent and mammiform. It was commercial planting in that particular region. As these are recorded as rounded, rounded to broadly pointed, broadly new varieties for terai region of West Bengal, constituents of rounded and broadly pointed accordingly. During the time of these varieties have not been studied systematically, even full maturity it was recorded as necked, obliquely flattened, comparable parameters have not been utilized. The evaluation round to obliquely round, obliquely rounded, slightly of these varieties becomes most important before considering flattened and extended, slightly to obliquely flattened and them as commercially suitable variety for this region. Based flattened. It was recorded as squarely, slightly oblique, on the above reason an attempt was made to determine the obliquely, cavity absent and others accordingly with the help overall performance of mango germplasm in the basis of of discriptor. It was recorded as equal, equal & level, ventral important morphological characteristics and quality broader & higher than dorsal, unequal and dorsal shoulder parameters under the climatic conditions of this region. sloping to ending in a long curve. It was recorded when the fruits were at ripe stage. They were expressed as cream, pale Materials and Methods yellow, yellow, apricot yellow, pink, red, purple, orange Experimental site yellow and others. The ripe fruits skin blush colour were This experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm of recorded by observing the colour and denoting them as Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, absent, pink, crimson, purplish red and others. West Bengal, during 2010-2012. The area lies under the terai agro climatic zone of West Bengal. Geographically the farm Results is situated at 26°19’86” N latitude and 89°23’53” E longitude, Tree morphological characters at an elevation of 43 m above mean sea level. The germplasm Tree height (m) were maintained following uniform cultural practices. The data presented in table- 5 clearly reveals that significantly maximum tree height was recorded in cultivar Chinese Dofala Statistical design (3.23 m) followed by Bangalora (2.97 m), Jessore Dofala There were ten varieties, from where samples were recorded (2.83 m), Biswanath Chatterjee (2.66 m), Amrapali (2.64 m) in five replications from each. The ten varieties represented and Dashehari (2.62 m) respectively. Shortest tree height was ten treatments which were randomly selected among vigorous recorded in cultivar No. 10 with a height of 2.31 m. and healthy trees. The data were analyzed in one factor Randomized Block Design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) [14]. Collar girth (cm) Significant differences were recorded among different Observation recorded varieties and statistically the maximum collar girth of 51.33 All the morphological characters were recorded following the cm was recorded in Jessore Dofala followed by cultivars Minimal Descriptors of (N.B.P.G.R) Agri-Horticultural crops Amrapali, Chinese Dofala, Biswanath Chatterjee and (Anon, 2002). Bangalora (50.86, 48.00, 47.80 and 47.49) respectively. Smallest size in collar girth was recorded in cultivar No. 10 Tree morphological characters (37.90 cm). Tree heights were measured with the help of long, straight, pre measured and marked stick from base of the tree level to Canopy spread (cm2) the tip of the highest shoot. It was measured in terms of meter From the data presented in table- 5, Chinese Dofala has (m). Collar girth was measured at the base (2 cm above the significantly maximum canopy spread of 410.73 cm2 which ground level) of the tree with help of measuring tape. It was was followed by cultivars Jessore Dofala (365.29 cm2) and measured with the help of measuring tape from North-South Bangalora (317.89 cm2). The minimum spread was recorded and East-West in cm and multiplied to achieve canopy spread in cultivar Gulab Khas (85.79 cm2) which is followed by value in cm2. (Plant spread North-South × East-West). The cultivars Dashehari (100.71 cm2) and (102.12 parameter was recorded during the month of November as cm2).

Table 1: Tree morphology of different mango varieties

Treatments Tree Height (m) Collar Girth (cm) Canopy Spread (cm2) Foliage Density T1 2.34 39.38 85.79 Medium T2 2.62 41.83 100.71 Medium T3 2.31 37.90 93.56 Dense T4 2.66 47.80 168.02 Medium T5 2.64 50.86 227.40 Dense T6 2.51 42.20 224.28 Medium T7 3.24 48.00 410.73 Dense T8 2.83 51.33 365.29 Dense T9 2.34 38.86 102.12 Dense T10 2.97 47.49 317.89 Dense SEd ± 0.073 2.316 11.935 - CD at 5% 0.15 4.697 24.206 - ~ 1193 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

Foliage density Chinese Dofala and Jessore Dofala had obliquely flattened. Cultivars like No. 10, Amrapali, Chinese Dofala, Jessore The fruit base in different cultivars like Mallika was observed Dofala, Alphonso and Bangalora seemed to have dense to be slight-obliquely flattened, flattened in Alphonso and foliage density as presented in table- 5 and rest of the necked in case of Bangalora. cultivars had medium foliage density. Stalk insertion Fruits morphological characters In case of Gulab Khas, Biswanath Chatterjee, Amrapali and Fruit shape Bangalora the cavity was absent whereas cultivars Dashehari, Ellipsoid fruit shape was recorded in cultivars Amrapali and No. 10, Mallika, Chinese Dofala, Jessore Dofala and Mallika. Whereas, round fruit shapes were in Chinese Dofala, Alphonso had slightly obliquely inserted stalk as presented in Jessore Dofala and Alphonso. Cultivars like Dashehari, Gulab table- 2. Khas, No. 10, Biswanath Chatterjee and Bangalora were observed to have oblong fruit shapes. Fruit shoulder Dashehari and Bangalora had equal fruit shoulders, an Fruit beak unequal fruit shoulder was observed in No. 10 and Mallika. Gulab Khas was observed to have prominent fruit beak and Ventral broader and higher than dorsal shoulders was cultivars Dashehari, No. 10, Biswanath Chatterjee, Amrapali, observed in Gulab Khas, Biswanath Chatterjee, Amrapali, Mallika and Alphonso had non-prominent beak. Just a point Chinese Dofala, Jessore Dofala and Alphonso. fruit beak was observed in Chinese Dofala, Jessore Dofala and Bangalora respectively. Fruit skin ground colour Yellow coloured skin was observed in Gulab Khas, Fruit apex Biswanath Chatterjee, Amrapali, Jessore Dofala, Alphonso Rounded fruit apex was observed in Gulab Khas, Mallika and and Bangalora respectively. Yellowish green colour fruits Alphonso. Pointed to broadly pointed fruit apexes were found were recorded in Dashehari, No. 10 and Chinese Dofala in Dashehari, No. 10, Biswanath Chatterjee, Amrapali, whereas, apricot yellow colour was observed in Mallika. Chinese Dofala, Jessore Dofala and Bangalora. Fruit skin blush colour Fruit base Only cultivar Jessore Dofala was observed to have slight Fruit base was obliquely rounded in cultivars Gulab Khas, orange colour blush in skin whereas blush was absent in other Dashehari and No.10. Round to obliquely round base were in cultivars as presented in table- 2. cultivars Biswanath Chatterjee and Amrapali whereas,

Table 2: Fruits morphological characters of different mango varieties

Treatments Fruit Shape Fruit Beak Fruit Apex Fruit Base Stalk Insertion Fruit Shoulder FSGC FSBC Ventral broader and T1 Oblong Prominent Rounded Obliquely rounded Cavity absent Yellow Absent higher than dorsal Non- Rounded to broadly Yellowish T2 Oblong Obliquely rounded Slightly oblique Equal Absent prominent pointed green Non- Rounded to broadly Yellowish T3 Oblong Obliquely rounded Slightly oblique Unequal Absent prominent pointed green Non- Rounded to broadly Round to obliquely Ventral broader and T4 Oblong Cavity absent Yellow Absent prominent pointed round higher than dorsal Non- Rounded to broadly Round to obliquely Ventral broader and T5 Ellipsoid Cavity absent Yellow Absent prominent pointed round higher than dorsal Non- Slight to obliquely Apricot T6 Ellipsoid Rounded Slightly oblique Unequal Absent prominent flattened yellow Rounded to broadly Ventral broader and Yellowish T7 Round Just a point Obliquely flattened Slightly oblique Absent pointed higher than dorsal green Rounded to broadly Ventral broader and Absent - T8 Round Just a point Obliquely flattened Slightly oblique Yellow pointed higher than dorsal slight orange Non- Ventral broader and T9 Round Rounded Flattened Slightly oblique Yellow Absent prominent higher than dorsal Rounded to broadly T10 Oblong Just a point Necked Cavity absent Equal Yellow Absent pointed FSGC= Fruit Skin Ground Colour FSBC= Fruit Skin Blush Colour

Discussion and Bangalora (2.97 m, 47.49 cm, 317.89 cm2). Whereas, the Tree morphological characters minimum value for tree height and collar girth was recorded Mango has medium to large evergreen tree with an open or in cultivar No. 10 (2.31 m, 37.90 cm). The minimum canopy dense symmetrical canopy. Mature tree can attain a height of spread was recorded in cultivars Gulab Khas (85.79 cm2) 40 meter or more. Tree height and collar girth of the cultivars which is followed by cultivars Dashehari (100.71 cm2) and were recorded to have significant differences but the Alphonso (102.12 cm2). Present experimental result shows magnitude of variation was observed to be less which might that tree height may be directly proportional to collar girth. be due to their age. Significantly maximum tree height, Kumar and Sharma (2009) [13] carried out the work in lower collar girth and canopy spread were recorded in cultivars hills of Himachal for selection of superior clones and various Chinese Dofala (3.23 m, 48.00 cm, 410.73 cm2) followed by characters such as plant height, trunk girth and plant spread the cultivars Jessore Dofala (2.83 m, 51.33 cm, 365.29 cm2) were recorded to have maximum significance differences. ~ 1194 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

Fruits morphological characters 6. Kumar N. Physico chemical characteristics of some Morphological characters of the fruits vary according to the mango varieties under Bhagalpur (Bihar) conditions. cultivar which is usually due to the genetic makeup. Like Progressive-Horticulture. 1998; 30(1/2):28-35. incase of shape the cultivars varied to round, oblong and 7. Uddin MZ, Rahim MA, Alam MA, Barman JC, Wadud ellipsoid. Ellipsoid fruit shape was recorded in cultivars MA. A study on the physical characteristics of some Amrapali and Mallika, whereas round shapes in Chinese mango germplasms grown in Mymensingh condition, Dofala, Jessore Dofala and Alphonso. Cultivars like International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production. Dashehari, Gulab Khas, No. 10, Biswanath Chatterjee and 2006; 1(2):33-38. Bangalora was observed as oblong in fruit shape. Similar 8. Ha SN, Chopra S, Kingsly ARP. Modeling of color results for Amrapali and Mallika was also reported by Uddin values for nondestructive evaluation of maturity of et al. (2006) [7]. Other morphological characters like fruit mango. J. Food Engr. 2007; 78:22-26. beak, fruit apex, fruit base, stalk insertion and fruit shoulder 9. Jha SN, Chopra S, Kingsly ARP. Modeling of color also varied accordingly. Different parameter with regard to values for nondestructive evaluation of maturity of fruit morphology like stalk insertion, fruit base, fruit shape, mango. J. Food Engr. 2007; 78:22-26. fruit shoulder, fruit beak, fruit apex, fruit skin colour etc. was 10. Berardini N, Fezer R, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Carle R, showed marked variation in between the studied cultivars. Schieber A. Screening of mango ( L.) Similar results was also reported by Kumar (1998) [6] and cultivars for their contents of flavonol O- and xanthone Anila and Radha (2000) [5] in different cultivars. Mango skin C-glycosides, anthocyanins and pectin. Journal of colour is important for its role in the perception of overall Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005; 53:1563-1570. quality (Gonza´lez-Aguilar et al., 2001) [12] and can be 11. Cocozza FM, Alves RE, Filgueiras HAC, Pereira MEC, important for determining the appropriate maturity for Jorge JT. Stored ‘’ mangoes influenced by harvesting (Cocozza et al., 2004; Jha et al., 2007) [11, 9]. The 1-MCP and modified atmosphere packaging. Acta Hort. intensity of flesh colour varies with cultivar and appears to be 2004; 645:645-650. the result of both Carotenoids (Pott et al., 2003) and 12. Gonza´lez-Aguilar GA, Wang CY, Buta JG. Methyl anthocyanin (Proctor & Creasy, 1969). Yellow coloured skin jasmonate reduces chilling symptoms and enhances was observed in Gulab Khas, Biswanath Chatterjee, colour development of ‘’ mangoes. J Sci. Food Amrapali, Jessore Dofala, Alphonso and Bangalora. Agric. 2001; 81:1244-1249. Yellowish green colour was recorded in Dashehari, No. 10 13. Kumar A, Sharma SD. Selection of superior clones of and Chinese Dofala. Whereas, apricot yellow colour were Dashehari mango in lower hills of Himachal Pradesh. observed in Mallika fruits. Similar results was reported by Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2009; 66(3):379-382. Anila and Radha (2003) [3] yellow skin colour in Alphonso 14. Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical Procedures for and Yellowish green fruit colour in Dashehari by Singh et al. Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York. (2004) [4]. Blush colour is often dependent on exposure of 1984; p.680. fruit to direct sunlight but mainly the result of anthocyanin 15. Iyer CPA, Subbaiah MC, Subramanyam MD, Rao GSP. pigment (Berardini et al., 2005) [10]. Screening of germplasm and correlation among certain characters in mango. Acta Hort. 1989; 231:83-90. Conclusion 16. Lal B, Reddy OR. Technical report for market access for In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that the overall export of Indian mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) to performance of cultivars Amrapali, J. Dofala, Mallika, Gulab Australia. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Khas and Dashehari is best in this region beside of some Export Development Authority (APEDA) and Directorate negligible demerits and these varieties can be commercially of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, India grown to contribute the state in terms of production to some (Unpublished internal document). 2002. extent.

References 1. Annonymous. National Horticulture Board Database. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India, 85, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurugram - 122015 (Haryana). 2015. 2. Mahajan RK, Gangopadhyay KK, Kumar G, Dobhal VK, Srivastava U, Gupta PN et al. Minimal Descriptors of Agri-Horticultural Crops. Part III: Fruit Crops. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi. 2002. 3. Anila R, Radha T. Physico-chemical analysis of mango varieties under Kerala conditions. Journal-of-Tropical- Agriculture. 2003; 41(1/2):20-22 4. Singh J, Singh RR, Yadav GS, Singh UK. Studies on genetic variability in mango (Mangifera indica L). J. Applied Biology. 2004; 14(1):34-35. 5. Radha T, Manjula C. Characteristics of some polyembryonic mango types grown under Kerala conditions. Acta-Horticulturae. 2000; 509:135-142.

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