Ksrrors AppRESSES FRoM r-rrE M.nacrNG Cneos CoxruRENCt

LEs AsPIN % Challengesto Values-BasedMilitaryIntervention Ten KopPEL % TheGlobal Information Revolutionand TV News

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El & l .481 ; & t I # United States Institute of Peace M % 1995 Peaceworks no. 3. Firstpubiished February Thel'do nt': theauthors or conference participants alone Tl.ievre'vs expressed, rn thrsreport are those of Instituteof Peace' necessarily r.fl..t view'sof theunited states

UnitedSrates lnstitute oIPeaee 1550M StreetNW Suite700 Washington,DC 20005-1708

Phone:202-+57'1700 E-mail:usiP-requests@usiP' org lnternet:gopher.usip.igc' org 7001 rnlIililiilir ilflilrfllrili]1il[ fiiilliil' 000014863

Highlights V

Preface viii

LesAspin Challengesto Values-Based Military Intervention

TedKoppel TheClobal Information Revolution and TV News 11

Contributors 16

ManagingChaos Conference Agenda 17

Aboutthe Institute 23 Prtrteeting Amcncan values opcns up a rnut'h

rr\\IU!lidr-r qrrq):lrrr\ vlof notcfltialLvrrrr thrn nro- H\,(\rr(rqr conflicts Icetingnational sccuritl or intcrcsts.And value in[en'entions raisedrfficult questions

auL,uLchnrrr rvhr,r\ rr) rhcLtlL Tv Tn11gd States inten'ened in one situationbut noLanolher.

The "CNN factor"grcatl;' influcnces value in- tervenLlons.Televrsion has a much more sig- HrcnLrcHTs -;r; -^-'l i*^^^' rrLrlLarrr rr l l \ IJL1LLrn the decisionlo inten'ene in valrrct';-lscs than in intcrcst()r sccurit\

CASCS.

Peonle,'hrncrr-r \\'Hr\ \ | rqr tlterr rninds lrore rcadilvin \J i aluccascs than in intcrcsttrr SCeurit) t';.tSCS. Emotion oiten leadspeople to sllpport r-aluc inten,ention,but the costsin resources and lives can-and did in Son-ralia-quicklvturn the tide agarnstU.S. rnterventjon

'^ ^i" r^^- Thcl rr( inrcllipen('clrrrLrrrbLrrLL L('llllllUlllt) llcr),a diff iculr LEsAspIw time identifl.ing and kccprng track o{'r'alue cases, be cause thc;- arc less u'ell c1efine d than Challenges to Vslues-Based Militsry -^+i.--..1^^^'.-;.-- nnd IIdLlL.'rrdt )[lul tL) interestcases and can Intervention cropup an1,'u'here.

:: .",:- ' l-reUnited States has traditionalll'.lustrfied The most di{'flcultchallcngc tor the milrtarl'rn a ; itsmilitar;'inten'entitrnsh1'appcalingto r.aluesinterventron is the drchotomvbetu'e en be- :'' Lr,lo pnorities: national secr-rrit;'and na- ing a strldicrand hcinga poliectnanThc t\\(r rolcs tionai rnterests.In the post-Cold War u'orld, the rcquirecomplctcll dilfcrcnt mindscts for thc peo- nlr- r-rrrvino tlrcm ,rrrl "l['r nrr'r,- ]"'t'l':.^- I -" '^ ^ LlrritedStates is incrcasinglyconfrontcd u ith mili- Prt'Lcill)ilrBr.uLr.. *.. ^.,/. *.- .\lLKill5uu\\ll d tar;.lnlatventionscenarios lhat sen'ea neu'and door and rushing into e room, do ;,sll go in there vrrr!rLrrrdilfcrcnt nrioril\'-nrorer'r rvr r() ino t(rrrlrr- r alucso[' thc u'ith bla:ing or do go in thereand read Hr yr\'(r!(rrrt\ guns )'ou

thcm(ll\Ill their (ll\ll riplrts?llSlrtJ: r rr({( J (rr! lulruqltlrll(c{l r-rhiln- United States. That'stlrc [undrnrr-nl'r] Hr,t,.' sophicaldiflcrcncc bctu cen poliec \\'()rk and mili- The use of'militar;.I-orces to protector iurther tarl'u'ork Thel'are difierentculture s." Arnencanr,alue s is dilfere nL from militarl' ;iclion -^^"-; ^tional It)rv nFr)l('( vLLLr I nnlrttr^ll rdrrur lAl )\-LL{l ll.) Ul l lcf "Thete l/l intcrestsin is a tl-rree-to-onerranpo\\'er ratio tnvolved i^ r^;^^ '-^^^"^kccninp " t hc ftrl ]ori rn r \\'i1\ lll Ll\tlll5 cr ^LL rS.l\,r/.itlh \'orrrvL nccd s: PL.ILL Prr t()train one setof troops to be pcacekccpe rs, have the m * Valueinte rvcntions often requireinvolvc- serveas peaceke epers. and thcn retrain them to be lnent rn tireinternal atlairsof other countries. soldiers.You must rotatethree [rrnes the number This kind ol mrlrtarvrntcrr,ention rs much of soldicrsrcquircd t..r rcturllr pcrforrnthc pcilec- more comphcatecl th..rndcaling ri-ith rrggrcs- kcepir-rgfunction becauseol the need to train and sic-lnacross borders. reLrarnthern 1or the particularehallenge s of a pear'ckceptng m ission. # Support for r,aluernte rventions is diflicr-rltto gaugcor prcdrct.Pcoplc rr ho arcgcncralh' "Thcrcis r battlcgoing on rn thiscounlri'bctu ccn hawks or doves regardrngnational security tu,o schoolsof thought: thoselviro arguethat u c and national interest interventions take un- shor-rldsend peoplc into valueagenda situations prcdictablcposrtions on valuc interr-entions. and thoseu'ho arsuethat u'e should not." Thrngs go \\Tong in valuesagenda cases for three of that dead Rangerbeing dragged through thc reasons. streets of Mogadishuspe eded up the timetablefor our u,ilhdra$,ai." /\ Failure to understand the mission, or chang' ing the mission once troops are sent in. "lncrcasingly.information is beinggathcrcd rrntl disseminatedbl,morc pcople and rn a more

tl"i, Underestimation of thc eneln\'. problem, or chaotic fashion than everbefore; and, coinciden- domesticopposition. tall;'ornot. it is happcningat a timeu-hcn the con- duct of U.S.foreign poliq, itself is being subjected \,} Failure to think through an exrt strategyat to its ou,n chaostheorv." the star[. "Whlle there is no discerniblereason for gror,r,lng nostalgicover the absenceof the Cold War. there rs ever).reasonto be alarmedabout the lnabili11'oi Teo Koppel our leadersto focus clearll' on u'here our nalionai The Global Information Revolution inlerestsnou'he ." and TV News Thereis a vacuurnrrl ['orcignpolicl'lcadcrship at

nrcsfnl qrrvAn( I thc(rr! mr-drrrrr\urq..rr-rnncrr to hc l-illinp,,,,,"h thnt r ae- he media in the United S[a[es-andthe HI\JLITL! u'orld-conduct th ernselvesprimarill' on uum n ith rundornintagcs thrt sparkpuhlic ouLcr) and n, ,rkn r roq.nnnc.r' At l.rrr-qr'nt tlrr-rn is,n,rthino the basis of the First Amendment right tcr qllu \ r\.1\L q r\-rl/\ qrrcolh fr,'t'-rl\L JF/\Lvrr c{rrnrl e l'r'cc nrpc,q ,Anr',rn,'r'en r,,,). hel't ir)tlr- elseto guide U S.I'ore rgn pohc;'esidcfrom these nalist.There is no requirernentor license, and no images and sound bites :-.1 ;..;.1,,.. l .-- ^*^.--;-.-tj.-- -^^,.1^tCS lIlLlL\ lLlLlcll Lrt Ul llalrtl\rl I I (5L{lcr Of COntfOlS Scrl the media."There has been . . . a democratization "\Ve processlnformation in this countr)-thc u'av ol rnedia."Anyone r,r'ithaccess Lo a computer, tape \\'e eat:on the run, u'ithout adequa[etime for di- recorder,or r,ideo cameracan be a journalist. gestlon McThought! Fastfood and fastthought lulfill a need for rnstantgratification, but neitheris "The faet lhat media.capablc of conve;ing grcat quite as nouri.shingas u.hen the product is prc-

.rr.rntiriccrrf in[^rm:rl inn to lero,'nr rmhcrs nI n,-o- \\ lrr llr\ vl lrlrvr rrrqLr\'rr Lv lqrt)L llulrlr/!rJ vr y\\, nnrpdrvith tLll Lql\r-rr" lnd4llu c()nSumCdL\,rrJullr\u in ac\ morcleisrrrclr YL(qrr(ltr!J l-/({lLu ple in distantlocations, are no\\'rn the handsof the fashion."

( ooneralnrrhli,'yuvrr!. .edel-ines-il-rr\vLrrrlLJ lr ou rhinkabout it-thc 5\rr\lql )\,q nature of the massme dra." Three {actorsnou'determine to a signillcantextent thc ri a; thc rncdiacover cvents: tirnc. moncr. and "lt is . . . far easierfor SaddamHussein, for exam- technoiogy lmmediate neu'sis nou'e ssential,be- ple. to rearcha u,rdeaudiencc rn the United States calrsedeadline s are at the end of tl-rei-rour inste ad u'rtirhis ou'n sprn on events,than for the U.S.gor'- of the end of the da1'.ivlonel' conce rns have shrunk ernrnentto clothe samein iraq." the number of costh' frrrcigne (.rrrespondents and havcproduccd intcnsc. hut rclrtivclr sht-rri-lived. I ( l'nr,'ion nnliz-r'ic ,ff n"toA hr rhn inenerrtir',- n[. L .J. r\.lLrbrr rJ qrr\LL\Lr u,r rrrL rrrry\ rc{(r\ ! \,r L\'\Lla5L{'r)\'.-r:lo.- \rlr)l lnrr-irrnlulLlt\ll n{)li{'\ --LUls1{)ricq l\.r. l-r-chnoloqr llllllrvrv6) h:.rrq.) Hvrr!) lr\,ll\/\ shapingpe rceptlons on the clomestic front. The piren rrstlrc al-rilitv to transnrlcvcnts as lhcr at'c flood of imagesand u,ords lrom the media forces happening,1eading itr rcduccd time for re{lectior-r ptrlic;makers to spendrnuc'h o{ their tinrcatlcmpl- and carefu1 thought and a lack ol context in trosL l1-lgrr-a,nlo il'arTlc{',.^,-^ ancr^,.,1 rnlcrPrct c\'('nts and--,1 polrcrcs^^li,.i^- l()r,. rpnnrf in o the satisfactronoI LheArne rican people . The result of imrlccliate. real-trnre covcrage of "5inrple \ qll rcSDr)FISP picturcscan. zrnd cltr. har c cnormollscon- cvenls! Llr(J islJ nn e\nCt'littirrflL/\l/\\ L(\Ll\ trl .Ut llntrrcrlirlo f-..* ^^1i....,..,1.,r-s Il(,lll llL,\ lllrtl\Ll.). T;rkinnl(ll\lllS trrrtr-tlLll( l.\is nolll\'1. nerr.eir.CdeSe scquenceslor Anrcricanf orcign policl Sccncsof P(., 1/LrLLr\\Ll sLar\ringchildren rn Somaha clearll, helped precipi- cautionand thonghth-rlncss.bnt rillher asincom- "11'\\-e lale our invoivemenl in that coun[r1',iust as scenes petenceand indecisiveness. are to avoid sliding into information anarchy, the executive branch of governmen[, rn particular, r,l.illhave to exercisegenuine leadership."

"You cannot and should not expect the media to take the lead in determining how or whether the national interest is servedby the continued exis- tenceof NATO, or by unilateral U.S.intervention in Bosnia."Now more than ever,this leadershipis the responsibility of the executivebranch. internatronaland regional organizaLlons,man- agersand staffmembers of NGOs, and 1aypersons o{ ever),description-listenedto and enteredinto draloguelvith 5Ose ssion speakers. These nutrbers tesiifyto thc rmportanceof the topicsaddresse d andlo thc lnstitutc'srbility'to convcnc a highlydi- \,erseaudlence . Coverageof the conferencehas been lr,idespread,from BBC,C-SPAN, and World- PnErncE ne[ to nalional and regionalneu'spapers.

The Aspinand KoppelKeynote Addresses

tn additionttr an ()ulstendingasscmblagc of hrgh- levelnational and internationaltalent, the conier- ence r,i,'asble ssed r.r'ithseveral excepllonall; line ke;'noteaddresses that touchedon and expanded ke;.themes.

Former secre tarv of delense and congressman Les n Novcmber 30 and December I, i994, tlie Aspin spoke at the luncheon on November 30 on L.lnrtedState s lnstitriteo{'Pcacc cclebrated " Cl-rallengesto \/alues-Based Mihtar)' lnten'en- thc tenthannivcrsarl'o1 its e stabhshtnent litrn."H is rcrnarkscllcctivclr complcmcntcd tlrc b;' Congressu'rth I nralor-conicrcnce entrtled discussitrnshr ltumanitarian)tlCO spcakcrs ancl '\lanaging "Thc ChatrsCtrping ri itlrIntcrnational Con- rhcpolicr -r'clrlcd scssion on FuturcoI lntcr- llrct into the 2l st Centurl'."This conference, u-htch vention in VrolentInternal Conllicts." ii ls drrcrsc hoth rrrthc I'angcol topiescxpltrrcd and rn the talerntit bror,rghtto bear on Lhent,as- ABC Neu,sancht-rr and managing editor Ted Kop- "The scssedthc sources of intcrnationalconllict that pel,in a speechon Global lnfonnatton Revo- ri ill challcnsethe United Statesand the u'orldin iutron and TV Nelt's,"spoke at the luncheon on the cornrngde cade s, and the means,both tradi- DcccrnhcrI on thc opportuniticsand problcms tional and neu',1'or dealinq ii'ith tirern. causcdb1 thc adraneing rcae h and accessibiliry'oI internationalme dia. His rernarksresonated u'ell Seven sessionsprovided sttmr-tlatingdtsettssitrns u'ith thc men)'speakerslr'ho addressedboth zrbouttirc cirangingcharirclcr o{ internattonalcon- sollrces of conflictand their management, and llict. the nov inslitlrLic)nsol conflictre soltttiot-t, added a vital drmensionLo the debateover lhe lrrrclthc ncn drplorriar'rlncl lt)trl>ltrt-eon[litt tnlln- challenge s o{'thenext severaldecade s. rlqelnentqsce the conlercncc agcncla on page l7). \\ihile thc conferencefocuse ci on Lherrlost impor- In this volume. r,r'ehave transcribedand edited the trinllor-r'ign eflails clcbirtcs ol'out'titttc. it trvt'spe- remarks o1'thesetli'o key'notespe akers to meet cralaLtcnii,-,r'r to tirc chenging-and grori'ing-role u'hat hasbecome a ver)'considerablepublic de- o I r-Lc-lngovcmr-l-rc n taI organiz rrLitrns ( N GO s) in rnen.l[or thcirprcscntations. \\'c arcgratcl-trl trr ruranaerngrnte rnalictnzrl conilict. Tl-re leadcrship of Secretar;'Aspin and ir4r Koppel,as ri'ell as to Lheir thc Amcricanhurlanjtarian, aclvocac;',ancl conllict slrffs.ltrr he lping Lrs tnakc thcir thouglltful rc- rcsolution NC'Os r,r'asin aLtendance.as \\'ere tl-Iel marks more u'ide11'avarlable. 5ltrVc rrr n'r c n Lirn d i rlt crItIti t-rnal r-'rglni :a t ir I n o f[ r- cralsu'ho u,ork u'rth them. Rrcu,qnnH. Solorvtox Pnustnrxr \tore than 1.200people-policy,makers, U S.and trrrctgtr d ipl r I rn irl s. aca.[c tn ics. rcpt'cscn trltir cs trI Lss Asplru Challenges to Vslues-Based Military Intervention

I Jslno thr. militrr,.,,..-^') as.c a. mernsmo.-. or^[- managrngm4nn-i-- cnaos^1..^. lsI en ilnportant topic,because if u'e arerranagtng chaos-coping u,ith international conflict into the tu.enty,-fi1stcenLur)'-sooner or later somebod;'$'rll come around to the vie\r'Lhat rn'e ought to usc the rniiitarv to manage that chaos.

All you have to do is look at the debatesor,er the issuesth;rt have been in the headlines-Bosnia,Haitr, Somalia, Rr,r'anda. Bosnta, of course,cornlng up and disappearing,Haiti, Rr,vanda,Somalia, coming up and disrrppearing.Nc-r doubt there are others,and \\'e'regoing to be dealing u'ith more in the luture. So thc quesrion-an important questionf'or this conferencc-isto try to help the counlr).thrnk through the issueof u'herelve do use U.S.mrhtarl' assets and r,r'hereu,e do nof use U.S.militar). assels. I'd like Lomake a stab at that today.

Let me begin b;' sa; ing that in the post-Cold War u'orld r,r'ehave a ne\\' set of circumstances that might call for militar;' ln[ervcnLion. Previousl1., r,r.e had trvo such sets;no\\'n'e have three.The three Lhingsthatucmightuscrnilitarr lorcctoprotccIarc.[irslofall.trurser'urit)': sccond.ourintcrcsrs: and third, our values.

The r-reed LoproLect ()Llr se cnritv has,of course,aiu-a;'s be en Lhcredunng rhe Cold War and is there no\\':it rs t]-reprinlarv reasonu'hy'any'countr\r nrarntains armed lorces.Protecting olir seeunty' Ineansprotecllng thc Unrted StlrLes frorn attack.That 1ob, of collrse,is a lot lessone rous nou' thal the Sor.letUnion has disappcarccl.But therearre still threatsto tiresecuritl. ol'the Llnited States.Pro- Itferation deveioptnents. nuclear prrrhle ratit)il t)r other proltferationo{'\\reapons of massde struc, tion, coulcl dan-rageti-re Unrted Statesvii.r interconLinental ballistic missilesor unconventional delir'- erv s,vslems.So. Lhe re i.sa threat to U.S.se cunly, but it is much diminrsl-red. There are,of'course , a number of peoplein this c(runtt';'lr,hotake a broaderlook at threaLsLo American se cnrity'. Thcy'scc terrorjst-t-tand drug traftrckrng,ftrr example, as direct threats to tl'reUnited States,and thel'ri.or-rld rrlstrinr'lLrde tltcttt as national srcLrrit; inlcrcsts that uc uould deployour militarrttr prolcet us agarnsL.But any,\\'a)'\'ou dcftnc lt, ca[egorvnum- starvationto be alleviated,people iooked to the ber one is to protecL the securitv ol'the Unrted mihtaries o{'neutra}counlries, nol to the Unlted States,to ensurethe ph;'sicalsecr-trity'of thc land Statesand the SovietUnton, nol to NATO and the and its people. Warsar,l'Pac[.The Su'edes,for examplc, \\-eregen- uincl1'ncutraland could do the 1obrvithout en- -,,rfr^ -^..;1rhc trrS dl t c1rL Lr rr War. Tlrcsccond thing thrrt tltc rnilitrrr protccts is ottt' FLrrI Cold lnterests.We have intercstsaroutrd the u,orld that \r'c$'ant to protect. I $'ould sa),lha1t Desert storm Second,the U.S.governmenl \\1asnot anxious lo ri'asconducted lo protcct Atncricantnteres[s. It ts get involr'edrn protectingvalues during the Cold in America's intere st tl-IatoiL in the Middle Eastnot War. We needed to saveour mihtary'-keep our fall totallyunder the dominatlon of SaddamHus- por,r'derdry'-for the "Big Shou"' The Big Shou'r"'as. \'A'ar sern;it'sin the interestof the United Stateslhat u'c of course, World lll agalnsLthe Soviet Union punrsh the lnr.asiono{'one country' b;' another;r['s ILcould happen an)'Lrme, and u'e didn't \\'ant to in the rntereslof the United States that countries have our mrlitar)'forces dispersedaround the that are involr,ed rn dcveltrpingnuclear \\'eapclns lr,orld and inr.olr'edrn things that lr,erenot aimed rrndothcr \\'caponsof massdestructton be pre- at the main event.So. basica1l1,, .1rt ttg the Cold fron-r that. War thrsrssue didn't arisevert'much. vcnted doing J

\\ hat rs developingntli'. and u-hatis neu'on the Nor,r-thatthe Cold \\'ar rs over,hou'er-cr, it artses scene("nelr," meaning different trom the Cold a}l the time. The n-orld rLre.s\\'ant us involr,ed,and \\ rr. not ncccssaril;nru in tcnnsol histtrr)). is thc in nrrn\..rqnq ntrrc ic.lltr-,-,,nlr .) rrrilir.'...rLrr....lltilr)'u-rilI lsic capa-/..n/ rntere sL rn usingU.S. rlilitan'forces to protectLhe b1e of dolng u'hat is nece ssar;'. It is the onlv mili- lir\.rL.t Loc tLn lil'r ."nanitu thrt r,aluesof the United States. In Ldl) tlldI ll.lJ tllI lllt LaPaLl(). Lll( other u'ords, r,i,'eshould not stand communications netu'orks, lhe in- rcllioenr-c r-rnrhilitr,' asidewhile people starve,ethnrc t\rrrSlllLL Lqyqr/rrr(/. vror theLrr\ rcachr!q!rr to cleansingshould not be allou'edto rln thr--inh (n the lvOfld, mOte and h.^-.- .]."-t-,n.-r rr!{H yurr, u! rr r!/vr atlc governmenLs more,r,r'ould rather like theU.S. *;l;' ^rr. t ^ ^^r ;^f'Oli'ed. llllllLcll LL/ L lrI shouldnot be thror,r'nout of ofllce ) F)L .li.'t nl,\rcLi nc lLl .,-t-.t1,-r,.arrlI LPlcrLtU hr'l,) LllLtc.tt()l)l llP). cll"r'.,'.] \\'hat is rnterestingis thal u'e nou' Of course,our excuseor reason havea rather consistentand contin- not [o do it, [hat ls, the need to uous debatein this countr,von the kccpour-pou der dr; ior thcbig issrretrt'rrsinp t I S.mihtart' asse Ls to shou.dou'n againstthe Sor,tet rrr,..rr^/'t lrr-rnrir-nn | \r LLI L I \r rrL r rlqr f f lUCS. ThiS, I Union, has recededconstderabiy' F/ rhink, is nen'and drfferenLfrom the So the debateso\.er protecttng val- Cold War pcnod ucshappen, and thc; r'cg()ing to

hrnncnllaF/P\rr. qrru.t-rrl thnr"rc(rrL) r\ onino tn(v hr-u\ {ivrrr{i Dururg thc Cold War,Amerjcan mil- ri'ith us. We are going to be asked ttirrl'f'orces \\'ereseldo'-r use d tcl to go rn and stop ethnrc cicanstng nr^rc.r Anrnricrnyalues. in likcBosnia. to do pcaee- H. .,.. Frrst, bc- placcs cilusethe r,r'orlcl-inparLicular the keepingor peacemakingin places n orlcl as embodied ln the United IikcSornalia, to fccdpeoplc in N..rtrons-didnot $.ant t]-reUntted Ru.anda,to makc surc that govern- Statesto go rntcra part oI the r,r'orld ments that are democraticalh- to further-itsvalue s. Thcre \\'asil electedand booted out get re- Cold War going on,and il the Unrted Stateslr,ent tr-rrnedin placeslike Haiti. It's going to happen,it's in to [urther it.svalues, rnal''be tire otl-rerside u'ould happcningno\\' rnuch morc l'rcqucntlr.and it'sgo- gtr in ttr l'urthcl itsvalucs. You ri-ould cnd Lrpu ith insrr r5 rnLv h:rnnenrrqHy!rr ,q rlot more aswe look lnto Lhefuture . countries getting involr'ed in the conflict of tl"re But ol thc thrcc uscs()f rnilrt;rr;' ['orcc-protecting Cold War. So r,r,henthere \\'aspe ace ke eping tcr Amcricansccurit;. protce ting Amcrican intcrests. bc done or ethnic clcansingto be stopped or -"*and nr,rfectinpr' American r-alues-the ne\\'one is protecting American values This role rs different "lI uc arclighting starvation in X.rihr don't ;rndscrarnbies the calculationsa lot. u'e do it in Y?" And let me tell ).ou lherc s ot- Lenno good ans\\'eras to n'h;, \\,ere dorng rt s I cr mc list",,.r".,.t.".-..'.'..six nrrtieulars in uhielrlrsinp lJ 111i11- in X and \\'e aren't doing it in Y,except to sa)r ti.rr)'assets to protec[ American r,aluests a drl{'erent u'e haven'tqot the assetsto do it ln both and 't'e l-rrllorrn,-from 11cinothr-t.t l^ nrr'r' , ....b... ^.. -:IIlg Ltlettt tt) Pl0lCt'l SCCUflt)OI ttt somehor,r'\\'e'\redeclded on X and \t'e de- proLect interesLs. cided againstY

Valr-recases usually- mcan gctting involved in The valuesagenda is driven b1'theCNN fac- the internal affairs of a countrl'. Not ain'a1's- ttrr.\ rrlLlcsarc stirrcdup u hcn pctrplt'gCtup- but \rer),often-thev involve us in internal setb;'ri'hart ther.se e on CNN: Thel'sa\',"\\'e fights as opposed to dealing ulth aggression havcIo dtrstrnrcthing. \\ c nrLtstdo St'rlrclhing of one crountr)ragainst another. That's dif{er- about this ethnic c'leansrng.\\-e lrllrst do ent.It's a ne\\'u'or1d,and rt'szl ver1,,1'gI-t' something about this st;rrr';rtion,\\'e triust do much more complicatedu'orld As the U.S. somethingto brirrgpcacc hcrc. \\ c vc got to " "sorncthinp rnrhtarl'u-rlltcllyou, it's much more compli- do somethinp And .. ..,,tr rncilnsu5- cated to deal r,r'ithtights ulthrn a countr). inp I I .Srr-rilitan' ,. . .*. ,/force s. But decisions are dri- than ri'ith good old-fashionedaggrcssion r,en b) u'l-ralis on teler'lsion rn a u'a;- that in- acrossborders. Lerestsand securitr- nroteclicln are not.

-rl-^ 'Fd' -^..^-,.l' l-;- ^ ^1-^,," Li- ..,,1,,^-^^^^l^ 1*/ I ilL'>L'LL'ilLt tlilrS dUUUL Ltlt> \ drUL-) dBL ilLt"r Peopieoften changetheir rninds about r,alues that the U.S.miLiLar;'is nou'being askedtcr cases, u'hich makesthese case s very'hardto r-rndertakeis that rt scramblesthe har,i'ksand dealu-rth. People get stirredup becausethel' dor-es.h-r the good o1dday.s u'hen u'e dealt seesome thing on CNN that thcy-u'antto dct n ith securit;,or dealt u-ith rnterests,1,ou somelhlng about,and so u-csend the U.S. '-il;'^r' in 'tL^'^ could tell the hau.ksand could tell the lllllltcll lll (llLlL lotU rlt)Lt\,.rUlllLst)lltcthinp tlllllS ltbtrrttit. 1,olr ) dovcs.lI a neri sccurit;issuc eamc up. or if'a Then it turns out that rt'shald. that Ameri- ner,r.issuecame up in rvhich \\'e\\'cre talking canslose their lives,that it costsrnone;', and aboutprolccting Arncriean intcrcsts. thc old rhr-Arrcri,'rn nrrhlit r'hrrrsc. its rlincl. I

crrtnrl!r\,\\" anncarc(l nrr.tlv rrrrr,'hrrru!rr thr-\rr\ samc. Tlrc vr,ouldcontend that rs,o1'course, n'hat hap- "Hl,\qr\v l,r\r() r,,alues agenda scralnbles things unrnercifuliv pened in Somaiia.When \\'esent torce s in.

thcrlr\ nrrhli,'rhrllphtrrlUqtilrr thnrrlrr) \\'crc\\LlL thcrg\rlLl Lo I'ccd You can't tell a hau,k from a dove n'rthout a l/L(r,ll! scorecard.Dor,es on Bosnia are hau,ks on So- people.\Ve saru.pe ople \\'erestarvjng in So- rnalia:doves on Bosnia are hau'ks on Haiti. malia, ri'antedAmericans to do someLhing It's a scramble.People u'ho u'erel-rar,r'kish about rt, and applar-rdedsencling American

generally'abouLthe U S.militar;'forces and 1rr)r)nqLrvvHJ intnrrrLv JVrrrqlrqS,rrnrlie tnrv rl\rHlrr-ln r\lufc"d nr-onlr-y\vHl\. Thrrr llqL r.rscof 1'orccin sceuritirnd intcrcstagcrrdas lasted.lustas long. it turncd or1t.as no Ameri- Llrrnoul to be dovish on the r.a'luesagenda. cans\\,ere killeci. When Americans \\'ere

fPconlc Lvyrl nvr horr\/ rrrc(\rL clovishu\,\ rJrl on\.ll thcLll\ ttscL{J\ \,1,-,f'rnilitrrv lrlrrrLq() kilied, 1nparticular on thal one blood1'Sun- xssclslo prolc('tour sccuritland onr rnter- da1rn thcbcginning oIt)ctobcr u hcncigh- eststurn ouLLo be ver;'hau'kish on the r,alues teen Americans diecl, the public cl-mngcdrts r^ r''- ^ -"''amblcd cr$f I lLlct. I L ) cr )Ll!lllllJl{- Ll u-orld.\\ (,1 lLl . arnci(Ll i1'r-ou rnind. Thc pubhc said,not too irratronallr', "We 're don't believert lustasl< thc CatholicChurch sending pct',plcir-i tircrc to ieed peo- 'rc nlc |rr['t (rr\hr- nr-,'rnlr- rrrL,r r \ rr 'r'5 (\, or [he Black Caucus l/'r. F/rvl/rr thcr trvinp ) lo ['ccdarc l.;lt;'^ . L. ^-euedoinpthis?LCI'SnOt t(Itl.lttH U>. \\ ll) ctlr r\ L LrL/rrrb Lrrrr:

The business of protecting An-rericanvalue s slavJ(qif. rAnd \rru Jvso therrrr\) \rrsrrli\vr-hrnocd thr-ir (rr\ rr minds.r opcns up a r.rh..rle lot of cases, a huge ager-rc1a-amucl'r blgger agendathan it ;'ou're I contend,ho\\,e\,er, that this skittishness usingArncric'an lirrt'e s to prote('tsccurit)'or does not l-Loldacross the rvhole spectrurn ot LoproLecL inlerests. Because the re's such a casesoi'U.S militar;,use of force.Il'the Amer- hr,rgeagencla. ),oLr gct rnto ugl1'questionslike , ican neoolebelieve that the militan'assels arebeing used to protect [he securitl'or the Nor,r,',there's one other polnt to make here-and it's interestsoi the Unitecl State s-cvcn iI Arncri- an in-rportan[ one-r,r,hic1-ris that the rnilitary, cansge L kllled-they'n'ill 1-rangin there,thel' frankl1,,rsn't anxiotts to protect values. The mili- r,r'illstay u,i[h tt I think that is bccauscr1 tar;'thinks rts1ob is to protect lhe securitt'andin- somethingis in the interestsof the United terestsot'the Unite d States.lt is gencrail;'unctrtn- Stalestt mee ts Lhe"parents factor." You can fortablen'ith this agendao{'protectlng the values look the parentsin the e;'eand explain to of the United States In particr-rlar,the U.S.militarl' them u'h1'thcir son or dar-rghtergave his or has threeconcerns. Let me tr)rlo cxplain them to her li{e. Americans,I believe,u'iil nol be )/c)u. spooked auLomaLicaill'b,vloss oI life (Sorne peoplehave drau'n the oppositceoncluslt)n First,the militarl beltevesthat r,aluesprotection is from Sornalia.)I thlnk thel'u'ill be spooked costi,v-andI belici'ethat rt is costll'-in terms o[' b;' the loss of irfein pursurngvalue s cases. readiness. Se concl. thcl hclicvctt is costh in terms \\'e haven'l-got proof of that )'e[, so ll'e u'ill ol manpc-rucr. Thtrcl. thrrt it crrnbe costlf in tertns seeas theseexarnples plaY out. of the siqnalscnt. l-ct ttrctalk irhor-rtt-trclt of these in lurn. Essentiallr-uhrrt \\ c ilrc L;r11terrorism.But it's a deflned set, 1,ear-oldand train him or her to be a verl'good po- and tl-raLset doe sn'l changcverv much. If the liceman What ts ven-dif {icult.and vert'danger- inlereslof the countr)'ls to proteclAmerican ous, is to take an eighteen-)'ear-oldand cross-train values.lhe l'aluesr,i'ill be conslant but the him or her [o be both a soldierand a policeman problernscan crop up anvu'here. SLarvatjon What is even more dangeror-rsis then leavrngit up rnigl-rt.jurnpup an)\\'here; democratic gor'- to Lheerghteen-,vear-old to decrdelr'hether he or ernmcnts arebeing throu'n out. Ethnrc sheis a policemanor a soldier.These are funda- cleansing,percckccping, peacemaking, all of mentalll'differcntcul[ures. If you're kicking dorvn the thrngsthat colneunder the valuesrubric, a door anclrushing into a t'oom.clo vou go in thcrc could happen an1.r,r'here\\that that means ls u'rth guns blazingor do go in thereand read that the intclligcncc cotlmunlt;' i,i'111sud- )ou thejr rights?That's the tr-rndailentalphilo der-rl,vbe askeclquestiolts about a counlr)' them ccn policcn ork and mili- into rvl-richti-rey' have not put their assets or sophicaldiffcrcncc bctu deveiopedthc long-tcntrciatabase or long- tarl'r,i'ork They are differenl cultures. term trend-lineti-rat Lhcl'can Llse to advrse u'earing a policymakers.ln,Janr,rary', Ru-anda \\'as ot-l no- ln the mr.lttar1,setting everybod)'u'ho is unilortn is a bad gu)- ln a policcsclting bod1"shst of prtoritres; in July'.il u'aslrght rn cliffcrcnt guritl'.I1 act the top t\\'o or three; and tl'rentnJanuary' people are innoccnt unLil pro\-en 1'or-r again,it r,r'ason nobodl"s 1tst.It lr'ent from like a pohceman ri'hen yor-tshottld act like :r sol- beloi,r,one hunclred, tt-rtop t\\'o tlr three, to dier,1,sll're going to get;'ourse it killccl 1l';'ouae t act like a po1lce- belolr'onehundred againall in one 1'ear.It's iike a soldier u'hen 1'oushottld tl-rekind of thing that n'ould havemade Jirn llran.)'trLr'rc going to erLISe I hugeintct'national in- \Voolse)"shair gro\\'gr:ly'-il he had ar-r1'. cident becausesomebody's going to get killed u'ho shouldn't get killed This is a fundatnentaiprob- That'stltc issr.tc\\ e rc dcalingu ith in tnrrnagitrg lem that should not be ignoredby the American chaos.in coping n'ith tl-rese j.nternattttnalconlhcts pctrplcu'hcn thc; u rnt thcirmilitary to go out and rnto the Lu,cnty-tirstcentury-. lt's the tssueof values. do thesekinds of.lobs It is a huge dilemma It leadsinto the seconddilemma for the mrlitarr', and pull them ou[, becausethls ernbo]clensbad u,hichis costliness in tenns o{'manpo\\'er. Bu),sPeople get bravebecause thel'think that the LinitcdStrtcs is a papcrtigcl and thatthe; cangct To deai u.rth this police-soldrerdichotoml,, tl-rcU S. a\\a) u ilh things.so thci'u ill takcrisks Thc; u ill mriitar;'must takea unit that is about to go out on do rhingsthat thc; shouldntdo. andthc pcoplc

',v\ hnrrv nr, il'rhnrl rrr\ Ivrrrr!u J\qr\J lJ lrrrJ-luutiLu arcqrLr ofvr a police detaiiand tmin rt as a policeunit. then Pq) nitcdStatcs is misirrdscd send it out to do its police r,r'ork,and then retrain it course, the pcople in unif'orm.The1, knovu'that this .- ...t, baek to soldicr;u hcn it cornesof[ rhepolicc dutr isr crr/ rlanlcrorrs-thcv"*. knou thatrhis is nlavinp 1,.*,' That means there is a three-to-onclnanpo\\'er ratio ri ith [irc-thishLrsincss oI gcttingupsct at ri hatis inr.olvedin continuouslvdoing a peacekeeping on televisionand rr-rshingtroops into a situation 1ob.If you \\rantto senda unit out on a peacekeep- and then geuing upsetu'he n peopleget killed and ingdetail l'or. lel s sl). sixmonths lrnd that's pulhng them out \\'hat signaldoes that send to aboutthc extentto ri hich thc milrtar\'\\ants to as- SaddamHussein, u'hat siqnaldoe's that send to ^i^- ^h' h^tsr;^,,1.r Jt$rt dlI) LIL ulcll )[sct L Uln{ nr-nnlc ltlt Pal P[\,lJlI peacekeeprngu-ork), srx months be- fore they go they get trainedto do peacekeeprngThen thel'go do peace- keeping for srx monLhs,and then thci. come back and for six months the;"re trarned to be soldrersagaln.

If I'ou havea batLaliondorng peace- keeping in the Sinai,y-ou have one bat- talion out there doing the peacekeep- ing,;,ou har,eone preparing [o go out, an0^^,1 ). ou^" L naVC anorncr^,'rl-^- rnerrl-^' L^-;".nas lust comeback and rs no\\'preparing to be- - -I 'l: '-- '^a rn Srr lnl.() nr rt (t1l I LL,lllL'5(,lUl(l>.15dlll. J(,, [,UL battal- ion on the Sinaiyou need threebattai- ions,ii hich isa brigadc Puttinga brigadcon thc ,.,vorthKorea, to lran, and to other countries r,l'here GolanHcighis u oLrldrcquirc thrcc brigadcs. u'e u,ould hope the signalri'or-rldbc dif{'erent? rvhicl-ris a divrsion.We'r'e on1;,gotten arm;'drvi- sionsin the bottom-up revieu-,so that'sone-tenlh Basrcal11',ihe problem from the mihtar;"sstand- ol-thcU S Army involi'cdin protcctingthc Golan point is threefold:thc prohlcrn in terms of readi-

q 'rn,l Hr-iplrlsr rL16rl(J. Itrr utrrrlrl\\\,ulv r/! \ \\rr \\'orSC\\\,r-ft rr,\\,u r nrr hrdrlqu .-'nnr.n ncsqll\JJ. lhctlr\ yl\r|l\rlrnrohlr'rn rrr t\r rrr-r \rr trtqlly\,\\Lt.4rru thn(tlL bc CvCn if l/\aLL ifltcnns tlI tnannn\\.r in Bosniain u'hicl-rthe Urnted States u'zrscornmit- nrohlln in lt'rrnStrf lhc siunrrlscnt. Thcrc is a bat- lcd 1,'scnding 20.000 ro 25.000troops. trr I lull di- tlc pt'rinoon in rhiscountrr hct\\ccn tutl sChoolso1 ..rronc rrision.That's a three-dnision commilme nL to keep thorrplrt:rrlvuhrlr, tlros,'11'hrrrlrvJ\ \\ lt\, ({r5u\ lhrltllq( rur-\\\ shtruld scnd one dn'isronrn Bosnra.Three dn isronsout o1'ten peopleinto valuc agcndr srtuf,titrnSand thoser,r'ho in the entireU.S Arm)'ls gcLtingto be a scrious arglrethat r.r'eshould not. Essential11., the tr,r-osrdes number and u'oulclhe verv ernensivein tenns of arethe realistsand isolationistsversus the intern:r- nlanpo\\'er. tior-ralistsand mor;rlrsts.The realistsand isolation- istsn'ould arguethat \\'e realli'ought Lo use our The thjrd problernu'rth vaiucsprotectior-r is that it militan. for natrc-'nalsceuriti rnterestsonl\'. Thel' is expensir,ein terlxs of thc signalse nt. Tl'remrli- contend that u'e haveprobiems here at horr-reand lar;'ts ver)rconscious of the CNN f'actor,aud 'er;' that all of'thesevaluc agcnclaconflrcts are potcntral consciousof the likelihoocl Lhat the nublic u'rll quagnrircs.Thcrc arc dangcrs irr tlrc \\ rongsienals changcils rninclif thingsgo hadlrand u ill ri'anttt-r sent-there aredangers across the board.Thet'cost -l-hc1' pull AmericanIroops or-rt sccthilt it rs dan- nrone)'.tlrcy gct us no Iricnds.thel'makc a lrrtol 'fhis 's gerolrsin'internationarl relatic-rns to have a sllper- enemies. side claim is that lr'eouqht to stay po\\'er ser-rd its troo1lsin ar-rdtiren changc its rnind r\\ a\ fr..m vllLrcagcnda criscs. enough resourcesto deal u'ith The rnternattonaltslsand moraiists make a differ- u.e u'ouicl noLha\Ie s that exist in the u'orld to- ent argumenl.Tl-re;'insist that u'e cannotlgnore [he value agendacase is no chancethat u'e are golng to do these value cases,that rgnoringthe value casesis dar'.So there Amcncanpublic is not goingto el- the krnd of thing that brought us the Holocaust' allof thcm Thc be spenl on that kind of an America stands for certainvalues and u'e cannot 1ou'itsmone)r to just u'alk a\\'a)rlrom value agendacon{licts' We agenda. ri'ould be a poorer countrl', a lveakcr counLr)-'a I do not thtnk the United States lessadmirable countr)'if u'e r,i'a1kcda\\'a)- from On the orher hand, them crther. I can't bc- value cases.Using tl-reU.S. milltan,' on1;'for inter- can afford not to do any'of the United Statesis golng to cstsand securitl'meansthat it is not golng to be lievethe presidentof thcvalue agcnda issucs ver1,Lr5sftlbecause most of the problems arising totallyiurn hishaek on all up. I atn persuadeclb;'the polnt that toda,vare vaiue agendacases. If 1'ouuse the U.S' that come tl-irealctl thc uSCtrl force rnilirar;' on11'fst securit;'and interests'the u'hole y,ouu'ould need ar lcast to anr krnclo1 rr e irrue c of solr- U.S military u'i1lturn oul to be ljke nuclear rf diplomacy'is to itrrvt rrtldth;rt it u t' \\,eapons\\''ere during the Cold War. The;' r'r'ereim- ing thesekrncls of llri,bictls. u have Lhecapa- portant, but thel'\\'ere expensiveand \\'eren'Lre- threaten the r-tsco1'Iot'ec. t-sht-rulcl rrncithc ri'tllingnessto use 1L ally r.'er1'usefuifor solving current brlitr thrttri-e are going to be tn- problems. So I think volvccl5,-11'pg|ltru tn these value u iti-rnttlrLarv assels. The argu- The moralists and tnternationalists cases isn't aboul the ex[reme also say that if the U.S.militar,v is ,.' rnent.then. i iL'sabout a more irmited only going to be used for secuntl' pc-rsiLic-lns, Do u'e do reia- and interestissue s, u'e shouldn't rangeol possibilities. of thern or relativel;' bc spcnding200 2 50'27I biliion Lir.ell'more That is Lhedebate dollars a year for something that feu'erof thern? to takeplace in the can't solr'ecurrent problems that that is gorng body' politicr. the American public seeson the Amet ican Leievistonand u'ants to do some- Statesneeds three rhrngabout. Finallr,, the internatlonahstsand Given that realit)i the United conferenceri''iii make n-roraiistsarglle that the United Stateslnllst things, and I hope that this knou'ledge on threaten the use of forceto havean1'drpiomatlc sornemoves tou.'ardder,eloping first thing the United States leverage to resolr'e the se value case s' 1fthe United thesethree things. The kind of overall philoso- Staresis gorngto threatenfotce, then it had better needs is to develop sc-rme mrlitarl'forces 1nlhe be ready'touse force. phy abouLthe use of U.S. post-Cold War u,orld. We need some klnci of phr- vcrsus il-I- losophl';rbout u'hen \\'e re going tt-rgo into thcse This debateof reerltsts ar-rd isolatior-rlsLs 're \\'e not. The public no\\' ternalionalists and moralistsis going to go t)n value casesancl u'hen has no philosophy in every time one o1'thesetLiings come s up. \\'e s;ru'it believcsthe U.S government poiicl' The public be- in Halti. We sau'rt in Somalia \\re seeit claill'rn Lheconcluct of its foreign 're is driven solelvb1'CNN and Bosnra.We san'iL in Ru'anda,and \\'e going to iieves Lhegove rnment higl-renor-rgh, thel-r'i'ill send sccit rgain anclagain. that il the clarnor gets the rrocrpsin. That is hon.the public looks at it, no confidenccri'hen rt sees po1- I tirinl<,first of all, that u'e have Lorecognlze that anclLhe public has icy,beingrnade that n'ar'.\\'hat ri'c nccclis st-rtnc ncii[tct' cxt t'ctne posititrn is 8()illg to u in this argu- ftrr doing tl-rls.br-rt I do not ment.The LlnitedState s rsnot going to gtt in- kir-rdof a {ratnovork rrbotttthat fratnen'ork' voived rn no r,allteagenda cases and u'c're cer- tl-rink)ou can be prccisc lrr otrt-likcC.rp \\ cinberger tainly'notgoing Loget involved in allr'aitte;rgenda \trLrcxflntrt. I thirrk. and Gary-Hartdid several;'earsago-a check- r'3SCS.Thc cxtrclncpo5ilions at'c n()t F,oillg Lo \\'ln' clid 'fhere list thar n'ill teii u'hether to ltsc force ln these ts no chance that 1't-lucan geL lnvolved in erll )'ou \bu cannot do ti-ratbecausc. just as o{ them,because even if u'e had a UniteclStates valuecases. up that checklist, something u'ill r-nilitan the sizeof the one \\'ehad in \\'orld War ll, soon as)'ou u,rtte come up that doesn't flt the checkhstand;'ou'11 brcu'ing.and u c oughl to ri'orkon them.{igure \\ ant to sendl-orces in anru a) Or somclhingu ill them out. and do them. fit the checkllstand 1'ou\\'on'[ \\'ant to go in despite that. But u'e need some klnd of more generai Third.u'c nccd to cxrmincconsistcntlr and s;s- .im- framevu'orkto use in declding r,r,hichcases are terrra[icall;'pastexample s of the use of U.S.mih- portantcnough to do and u hich oncsu'c just tarl-forcc for this valuesagenda and learn from \\'on'[ do. And lve need to appl,vthat frarneu,ork our mistakes.I havebeen doing a little r,r'orkon it, before \\.ege[ rnto the particulars. and I'r,ef ouncl that ri'hen r,r,ehave used U.S.rnili- tarl' forccs for the values agendal\,e har,e been suc- Second,u'e need to dei'elop bctter \\'aysfor the cesslil about t\\'o-thirdsof the time. We are suc- militarl,Lo inten,ene in valuescase s. Snnpl1'ac- cesslulmost of the time-successbeing defined as cepting the three-Lo-oneratro u'e drscussedearlier going in, dorng the 1ob,and being ableto leave We rs unacceptable.I thlnk lr.ehar,e to ask rf there rs a cannot call it a successil'u'e go rn rrncldtr the 1ob

qlrurnd end rrn ri irlr (l\,\'lrJ better \\'ay to do this. \\/e nor,r,havea rcquired Lrru Lrl/ \r lrll lroons thcrcrrrLrL t'rn\rrr I fllOfCr)f ICSS three-to-oncratio o['trtrops in trainingto tr'()opson pcrmancnthasis Bur i[ \\ c to in.do thc job.and the ground in even'r-alues agenda case, anciri'e puli rhc troops orlt, that's a sllccess.\\'e need to in undcrstandri hy ; ou hai c a threc-to-oncratio. and havee Sy,'51smrticlook at ali the examples the i,r'eunderstand u'h\,)'ou har,eto teachpe ople to be pastand ask. lf rhcy'failcd. u h; drd thcy{ail?' \Vc policemenand reteachthem to be soldiers.But need to isolatethe r.anablesthat arellnportant to somehon'u,e need to figr,rreout a better u'ar,Lo do examine before n'e send in American trorrps. that. Do vr,eneed to develop a foreign legion con-

1\A nrplinrin.lr\'.tnalysisqttqt)-rr-r tclist\rlJ rrsuJ thatLrrc therc arC thrCC eepr\\ heree ccrtainunir docs rhis kind of'thing? Hl\llrllllr((r) Or ma1'besome units in the U.S.miliLar;'should rcasonsu hy'things mosl oftcngo \\'rongu hcn ri c do police r,r,otku'hile others do soldrcnng.Thc send American trclopsand An-iericanasscts ln to values problem rs that this coursehas been consrdered deair.r'iththe agencia.Nurnber one rs a fail- mission thc ehangingof and re.jected by a number of rnilitanesin the ure to understandthe or the mrssrononce thc trtropsgct in there.Somalia u,orld-the Bntrsh among them. The British \\'or- and Beirul are casesu.'here the mrssion \\-i.rs ried for a long time about doing policeu'ork rn chrno,'rl nr rvc hed misq,ion r'rr-r'rr nr qnmethrno \orthcrn lreland.They rejcctcd dir idingthcir \llqrlS\u. \rr \\\ rrqg rrlrJJrvlr \l\\I/. \,r JvrrrL(rrll16 r,i'asdifferenl 1'romu,l-ien u-e starled. forccson thc groundsthat hr dii idingthc armyhc- tween soldiersand policcrrren, createan arm)r )-oll Thc sccondreason that things har c goneu rong in of first-classcltrzens and second-classcitizens. The values agendacases is that ll,e hal'e ilnderesti- soldrersu,ill be the frrst-classcitizens and the po- matcdthe cncm\. thc prohlcrn.thc opposition.or licemen u'ill be second-classcrtrzens. So ma1'be tL^ f ;f['i^ttltr' lt'c.'^rv horA t,\ nol t[-^.i^l"l nctrma ,l-i- ^^-ri .,,l^-;)sn LIIL LlllllLUlL). l[ > \Ll) llcrlU L(,5f L LllL llSllL L)Llllld- LlllJ I LlLLtldl lLlLc-t isl) imnrrcricrlllllPlcrLLlLcrl. bUt g C dO nCCd P.1 tionoI thcscthrngs. bur t think u c clcarllundcrcs- some ner,ltdeas. tirnated tl-reVie tnan-rese and u'e underes[imated the Somalis On the other hand, u'e probablr,over- We mrght figure out a \\-a;:16 use the resen'esin estirlatedthe Iraqisand the Panamadelense peacekeepingmissions Secretary'ofDe iense Br11 forcesof Noriega.So it's hard to get it right. Perrl'and Arrnl' Chie{'of StaffGeneral Gordon Sul- livanliar-c bccn u'orkingrrn tltis rnd I Qucstitrn. Thc rhirclrhina 'b th:it' r-ocs \\ ronais thal u c ['ailto jt "' u,orked on u'hen I ri'asin Congress and in the LhinkLhrtrugh at the outsetu'hat the exrtstrateg)' delei-rsesecretar)"s olflcc. is, hou'\\'e get out of it. Hou'do y'ouge t homc once ,r'oLrhave gone in? Nou'r,i'epull out eitherbecause Or rr-ra1,beu'e should divide up the u.ork arnong \\'e accornplishedthe rnission and u'e hand it off to countriesaccording to their expertise. Me1'beU.S. somebodl'else, or \\'e.just se t a Lin-retable and u'e t^ hn'o th^"-[t {orccscould do the intclligcnce.logistics. rind eom- lcryal\-(t\ 1-. RrrlLJLlL ryr-\\ \- L,LlFtlLorr,-hr LL, llar\ L LIlL.rLlbrrL tlrrtLrrdr tlrr-nrrohrlrruubll '\.e munictrtrons,and r,r,ecould get other countries to aheadof trme. Whe n ll e have not. \\'e been providcsomc oI thc manpo\\'cron lhescpcucc- str-rckthere ior a long trme. as \\,eare in Korea and keepingmissions. There are a number of ideas inlrr norlhcrnlrvrLrrLrlr Irlrcrl4Y. lrvino(r)/rl16 torv l!!vl'r-r-d rhc(lr Kurds. tion. The last one is an activil)'thatthreatens the Thislast qucstion is thesuhicct ol-anothcr spcceh I United S[ates,an activit)'thatu'e need to knou' might gn.eu'hen I havea chanceto come and talk something about u'ith )'ou, ma)/beat one of the u'orking groups that Third, therers a changrnggroup of countriesthat the Instituteof Peacehas u'hen it dealsu.ith thts \\'e\\,ant to knon'sornething about.Haitr, Soma- topicagrin. lt's an irnportanllirpie. Thc tnstiLutcis lia-these are countries that colne up on the screen t-rnIo sorncthinghcrc. Thcrc erc nrlnV aspcr'tsto it. and then drop of{',r,r'l-rich is difllcult for the intelh- but one of the most itnprrt'tant-andone I hope 1'ou gencecommunity'to dealu'ith. u ill gii e sonrcrhought to in ) our u orkinggroups- is the use o{'U.S.rnilitar)'asscLs in solr,ingthis And there is more : there is a brand neri'intelli- .rn 6c>r1ro q6\rruqrqrr'.rton.l a q5\ror-n1ln,,f a^t-n rn,rlnnnnrl ttni- problem of managingchaos, of coptngs'rth con- l!\rr!L "rr. i-lrctinto the next centur)'. ties-not threats. but opltcrrtunitiesfor intelli- gcncc-th;-rt arc itttp,rt't;tnt.Thcsc trpl)ortunitics are #, :*l :f- in such areasas thc cc(rnomlc.environtnentai, and health fielclsThe intclligencecolnrnunirl'rs gradu-

ellvqll) hr-inor,Lrllh drrrr nrr jptrrrrrt\' ( , I .Youtouehcd hriclll on thcqucstion oIintel- ur((r\ tlit'sctrcas hi variousapcn- ligcncc.\\ hcn ) ()ulra\ c att tntclligcnectrt'Br-t- cies o1'theU.S. sovcnm-rcnt. So it's a cli{'{erent nrzaLronor organi:ationslrroktng at the n hole u'orld, it's a biggcrrtgcncia. rrncl it's more cornpli- Ct)mfirr,rnityoricntcd ttr\\ r-lrd trllc pzl'ticular rnrs- cated. sronor a prlmar)'mission,hou'can \\'emake the change? I think somepeople belteve Lhat one can f'*.} * While I acccpt thc ih rcc calegorie s vou lrlen- tt--*j irrstL(-)( chensc\ r rqr r€i\ ovcr Rnd .,'r In rrlhcrtlrinrs htrr I rhink utioned for use of milrtary forces,I suggest .l it's rather more complicated tl-ranthat. Holi'are \\'e that a part of thc action that;,ou placeunder the Lorecast our intelhgence1'o11olr'ing Lhe Cold \rVar? values cdtegrrr)really belor-rgs under national in- tcrests.I think sclcctivc;leti,rn5."Otndingtrczs trf 've , I'll knou'better u,hen\\'e had some no conflict hke North Amenca or Weslern Europe " 1 n " chanccto stud;'il.but lct tncjusr briellr'sa; or other areasthat l-iavebe come areas of no con- that I Ll-rinkthe lntelligenceu'c-rrld ol the future is flict ls a rather irnportant contribution tc-rnatjonai

qllu rvill hrvc r orrino trrLv hcu\ mr..rrplllvr ! Lvllll/lLn.r'nmnlcx rn,l \lLql,'l"rrlv l) r\ III llq\ \ 4 secuntl'.We do l-ravefavorable condittons Ltr 5\/ll15 So brsscrU'6€)\,.5.'rccndl thanthc onc ri'char I rlrrrinp tlrc rnto tl'ratno\\,, because no \\'ar is breu'ing among Cold \\'ar. The things that )'oLr\\'ant the rntelh- thc majorpo\\ crsand u c ltarc quitc a l-crincu dc- ('ommrrnilV ('{)n('crnCd or'l-rcc!vrltlrrutrr.,),., to h,^ abOUt in thC r,ices as a heritageof the Cold War at u'ork on that l)Llr\\ post-ColdWar u'orld are the {bllou'ing krnds o{' kjnd of thing.Would )-ouconrnrcnt on thaL? clltegorles: Let me alsosay- ,;'{ , Yes,I rhink that'sa point. First of all, countries that u'e \\'ant to keep ollr e)'es ,'j*'T. and I should har,esaid this during the cnnn/-h-lhcl North Korea,Iraq, lran, )l/LLL l l-tr l4r. Jlr.L.-. -. ,.,/ *. .J( Lllc'lL l.lll tlIcrLl) and othersiike that.These countries are (a) dan- into.....,|,|*-. rrrstvellrcs t)r irrstintprests The ctsc trf Haiti gerous,(b) hosLile, and (c) secrct.I tttean thc;'arc clearly'has values involr'cd-particularly' rcgardlng t L^ ^ln,'rnr I n^\'of ItllL h,' rr,)\'.rnrrllrLrrr. Innnt Lrl\ !r\\rLu nmCnt. ff hiCh ercessil'e1y secretn'e . And that cornbinatronis a dtf- 5\,\Ll 6\'\\ IieulL trnc, irrd an cxanrPlcol-n'hr'; ou nccdintclli- \\,asthro\\'n ollt. That's something Amencans hold gcnce. That tno, of collrse, describesthe Soviet ven,dear: that rulers should be chosenll\'\'otes, L nion.u hich is ntrtLo sir\ that lrn; oI thcsccoun- ralher than b1,l'orce. But there \\'erealso sotneclear tries areon the scaleo{'the Sc-lvie t Union in terms nlrtronalintercsl.s-in 1'rart rt'ular thc ptrtcnttalf,.lr a ol'athrcat. Ncvcrtlrt'lcss lhcl'arc it lhrcltl.st) \ trLt flood ol refugees etrmrnS into thc United States need an intelligencccrrpahilitl'to deal u.ith thein. lrom Haiti-so rt u'asa urxe d case.Bosnia, I think, u'asalso a urixeclcasc. Bosnra rs primarilv a values Second.there are sorne actn'rtres tl-rat the United caseol ethnic cleansing, but thereare some na- Statesneeds intelligcnce [o keep track of: terror- tional sccurit)'rntereststhere . It u'ould be contrary isnr,dlugs, and especialli'the proli{'erationof nu- ro our natir-rnalsccurit;' intcrcsts if thc rhinggot clear\\'eapons and al1\\'eapons of massdestruc- oul ol handand Clrcccccndcd up Iightingu'irh Turkel', for example. Or if rhe fighttng produced a various proposals connected n'ith the United Na- flood of re{ugeesor a backlashso that Muslim tions.There is alsothe possibiiity'ofusing the UN countnes around the ll'or1dvn'ouldn't cooperate in a more creatl\'eor more useful $'a\rLo deal rvrth u,ith the West on a r,r'holerange of issuesbecause vaiuesissue s. I think u,eotight to look at these they thought the West u'astgnoring the plight of possibilities, if onl1'becauseI think that the u'ay Muslims in Bosnra.So there are probably nationai \\'e are doing it nou, needs improvement. The stan- securityrnterests speckled throughout here. it's dard procedurers Lohave the U.S.militarl'go ln not alu'ayseasy to categorLzta case. there and establishthe kind of setting\ve \\'ant and establishu'ho's the boss,and then hand it oi'i beginningto hcarlhe notion thal bc- to the UN. But if u'e'regoing to hand off more i#u,'-ft "We're L*d-" causeoi Bosnia,\ATO is in a seriouscrisis things Lothe UN, tl-reUN has to figure out 1-lo\\'to ,nd i., its mostdifficult moment since Suez. Do do thesethinps "/r" a- httlernore el{rcientlr.and a ltttle vouthink there's a certainamount oI presshl pc in better f'orthe mtirtan'. Cor-tldthc UN go and do it this,and r,l ould )'ou commenlon thefuture of from the outset?Could 1'ouhave u-ithtn the UN NATO? some kind of an organization that ri'ould, tn effect, do this police r,r'orklrom the outset?Ma;'be , but i€ . I think thatis a seriousproblem, and I don'L the question is, u'ho's going [r] pa)rfor it? N4ilitaries ,'&*B. think there'spress h)'p. tn it. I think thatrt is arc not chcap:) ou gel ri hat ) ou pa) l'or.Thc morc a serious,serious problem that thedrsagreement ,voupa),, the better it is. The UN has a tough trme on formerYugoslar,ia could seriousll'damage meeting rts debts no\\r.The questton is, hou'rl'ould \iATO.And, of course,the problemis that there ir pay for a standingmilitarl'of some considerable area numberof otherquestions factng NATO on sizeand capabrlitl'?Tl-rere are a lot of di{{tcult r".hichthere ts r.'er1'httle agreement-such as NA- quesnons [o answer. TO'sexpanded metnbership (rf sohott', and iI so u,ho),and ali thesekinds of questions.And then Furthermore,the U.S.mllitar v has three capabrh- thereis thefundamental question of, "What is tiesthat no olher militarl'rn the u'orld has The NATOin thepost-Cold War, post-So\riet, Unrted Statesrvould have to do thern f'orthe U\ post-Warsa\vPact u,orld?" That, I think,needs to or the LIN u'ouid have tc-rspend a largc illrloul'Ittrl beu'orked out. I don't pooh-poohrhe claims that mone) on itsmilitar; to dtrlltcrn. ()nc is logisties- rhisis rhehippest crisis since Suez 1956. the ability to plck up big unrls, division-sized units, and fil, them severalthousand mrlcs and put . Thanky'ou for ver;'enlighteningremarks in them dou.n there.The U.S.milrtarl'has iL; the So- {,f,"*1 " *tr": d- Llatll)tll5.1..'.ifino qv\ll4L ft21 I mishtllllSllL r'allLclt thc yiCu l'rotn viet militarl'used to haveit, but thel'probabl;' the U.S.mrlitarl'. The American Bar Associatton couldn't get the planes off the ground nor"'.And and others have recommended the creattonof thc questionu ould be.u ho'sgoing to gctrhc mili- some {'ormof internattonai police force.In the case tary of the UN to n'hereveril r,r'antsto go? oi the American Bar Association,they have been ^t ^ '+^^''rL'r'^-ie ralkins,h in..^ tcrms,-. ..^- (,1 .x >tatrLlu) lL/l L underArticlc *l Thc sccondcapabilir; is commtlnicrrtions Thc and so forrh. Others have ralked in Lermsof a for- U.5. mihtar;' spendshuge amounls ot'uonet' t'rn back eign leglon, r"r'hlch)'ou mentroned.But I u'ould so- commllnicaLtons.The abilit)'to communicate licit;,e11vcomments ar-idobsen'attons on thrs subject. and forth and lrom air to ground is part of the rea- son the U.S.militar;'is so good.Agarn. u'hcnevcr ,u,i. Yes,I think thereare a number of options, the L.lNgoe s inLoa place, or even ri'hen sornc ctll- +* rl: "'*". and I perhaps should have menLioned the rn 1ection of countricsgoe s inltr a piace,thel'usualh' in the speecl-ru,hen I mentioned the need to firid rely,onthe United Statesfor communte.rtionsand ne\\r\\'a)'s of managrngvalue cases.The r,r'ay'\\'e're logistics. doing rt nou nrcans\\'c rc not gorngto do ver; man)/intcrr.entions oi this ti'pe. Besrde s Jusl re- Thc third capabilityis intclligcnec.\\'hat's going *ili'^-' ^-rach l()tIll"lllBinrmino theLlI( ILr.-). TS lllllltdl > dt/[,[( these on o\.erthe hill? Again,one of the reasonsthe U.S. ) to things.the lc is thc possibihtl-oIrel'orming intcrna- miiitar;.rsso expenstr.eis becauseit has to spend a tional organizations'approach to li-remand the 1otof mone)/on rntelligenceassels-capabihtres and assets,drones, satellites,things that help the Storm you sa\^/a fatrl1'effrcrent force of European commanders, things that help give fair u'arning alliesqrrr!J lishrinsr16,,., lopelher-the British, the French, and the Americans.But there had been a lot of in- Another questronis readiness-making sure that teroperabilrtyexercises over thoseyears. (Oi t1-reforce is capableand ready When )'ou put to- course,the French n'ere onll'partrallf involved in gethera UN force.or a conglomerateforce. i'ou thoseexerciscs ) [ntcroperahilit;'issomething that must addressquestlons like r,vho'srn charge? takesyears to develop,asu.'e discovered in NATO What languagedo you speak?To u,hat extent are and it's not going to be put together qurckiy in a the operationsinteroperable? We spent forty years UN force u'orking on thoseproblems in NATO.In Desert Tsp KoppEr TheGlobsl Informstion Revolutionqnd TV /VeWS

I belong,I suppose,Lo Lhe mainstream media, in the sense.irt least, that ri'ordsstrll bear an approximaterelationship to thcir trt'r.gtnrilde fl rnition.Thel- don't, of course.Sufflce 1t to savthat the flcld o1'rncdia tn generalhas expanded tr-rsuch a dcgree th.rt rl..rsto{-r-rs over thc ergc of fift;'arebarel1. able to keep track.Not onll' havethe tools ol'com- municatronmultiplied, so too has their accessibrlitl-.It l-rasbecorne . in our lifetrrnes,both easierto receivernfornation and to disseminatcit. Thishasereatcdthctrpportuniticsandthcproblemsthatalloiusuhoarc.dircrtl\ trrpcriphcrally. rnvolvedin the conduct of foreiqnaffairs must confront.

Br,itlet's return for a moment to the issueof deflnitrons. The meaning of r,r,ordsevoh,'es. \\/l-rereas "rncdia" onr'c t'cfct'redcsscntially lo nc\\'spapcrsand magazincs.rnd thcn gndually expandcdt,.r rncluderadio, fi1m, and television,the term alsohad an implied reference.To speakof "the media" sLtggcsts.to this da;. lorrns of eomnrunicationcontrollcd hy'an clite lcu. Hcarstand Pulirzcrga\ c \\ra)'to Sarnof'f'andPale1', n'ho in turn \\'ereoblige d to acknon'ledge tl-ree xistence of Goldenson and thcn Tr.trnerApple and Microsoft.Sonr and Panasonic,the King Brothersand Rr-rpert\,{urdoch are '^r^' " 'L ^ tttLlc1).1>lllLtLlldPCrlt\,lt|lLlllLLlla.-uru.nertol-thc rnedir ral,txr as thc Srtlzhcrgcrsanil thc Grahltns.Ttt 1[rn rlr-orr-n tlrrr thcsc nconlc rnd ('ornorrlir)11St't)rltrtll rr(r\,r tlrt'sllncrhiphuavs-tlrc(ltL JL(l/\ I tllSll\r4,\.- tll\ lllq l,r.,l, rnain artcricstrl thc CrrlTlltrtnitli- tionsilct\\trl'k-thcblr-rchighua\s.thchl.kr(rrrds.irrcno\\instrlnan\ hlndsthrrtrtlras.'lrangctl thc naLurcol'cotnmunications altoqe the r. That. afterall. rsu'hat concerns-or u'hilt sl-roulclcon- c€rrn-trlan1-of von.

Bul beIorc \\'c cxalninc tlttrsc e lt;-rnqt's I littlL'lnol'c closcl;. trflc trtorc observalion on thc govcrning principic of c,.''tnmuntcationbetu-cen and among us all. In rhi.scountr)'at least,all of these tlventr- i:tl-r-and tll'ent1-fi1st-centur)'rnedia are controlled b;'an eightecnth-centur;,concepL: the First ArnendrnenLto the Constrtution.Anvone in the United Statesu'ho r,i'ishesto be a.journalistneed simply'rI-IIttrurCe himse ll-as such. Thele is ntr requirement for a license; Li-rere is no nee d for a pre- limrnarr'(rourse./ -.,*.',. of studt'./ No rndrr.idnalc-rr bodv ] of individualsexercises even the lrmited control that the commisstoneroibasebail, for example,once had over r,r'hatused to be knou'n as olrr nrr- Lionalpastime. The all but universal lreedom that ernment ac[l\'iliestn Hungary',Poland, and East u asdesigned to cncouragcpolitical orator; and eu\lrrl4rr) ermanr thntLrIq( therLllLr/ hadrrqu r,r vvq(Lrr\vrrr-hcd on\ CNN. -.-^hl of oorit-to ,s,LLlJrrruLLur.,,6 no\\' encompasses a someu'hat ex- panded universe.BuL even more srgnificantrs the Nor u,asthrs cross-pollenizationof political ac- accessibilityof the medra themselr.es.There has tir-ismlirnited to frt,crn Europe.What happcncd been-hou,best to put it?-a democratizationo1 rn Europe was seenand fueled rhe activism of dls- nredia.Thei'are no longer the exclusivetools of sidentsin China and rn the occupiedterritories of enlightenment or plai-thingsof the pon'erful feri' Israeland throughout South Airica. And the same To thc degrccthat anr man.\\'oman. or l incrcas- thing, I rnight add, happened in the other direc- ingly) ehrldin Americahas accessto a computer, tion. Satellitetechnolog;. has done for televiston tapere corder, or video camera,he or she can trans- ri'hat shortu,aveLransmissrons did for radio. It has rrrrtinlornration aeross grcat distanccs to largc made geographicborders rrreler..ant;but e\/en numbers of'people. mnrplllvl\ rn (v rhe(ll\ noinly.'rrr. lcchnoloc'icsthat u crconcc so

comnlcyrvilrH rnd'*.,'i cxncnsirr'llrat the\ \\'crcar ailahlc

1\ttrlvuSlrAlrhnr,oh thetrlL TvrrttLuTnils6l StatesJtqLlJ hasllqJ alu'ar,sc{l been tn the onlyvrlr) roLv thctlr\ lcrir\ \\ h'rr',-rl(\\\ hr-r-nrr\!ll nlrr-erlylq!Lu in thc hands trl r anguardof thc communicationsindusir;. thcrc theman1,. seemsto havebeen less apprecratron {or the inter- nationalimpllcations of [hts neu,realitl'he re than I ask)'ou to keepall thisin mind assorl of'a sub- in manl,olher parts oi the u'orld. The samrzdatof textto thelarger lsslre that i knou'concernsmosl rhe 1980s,both in the former Sor.ietUnion and rlfrorr thc interrcl;rtionshin,...,,..1 hct\\'ecn the conduct

^f lL,rf^-^i^- ^^l;,-,,and throughout EaslernEurope , \\'asno longer the L'r LrSrr [rUlrL) the medra.The iactthat me- t-r'pedor handu,rittendocument, but rather the dia-capableof convey'inggreat quan[itles of infor- r idcotanr-'*r'' Irlsl as thc Ar attrllah Khorncini's rudio- malionto larrc6...*-t,,t,..,1,nrrmhers of neonlcin distantloea- tapes\\.ere recorded during the rlid and late I970s tions-Lhe fact that such rnedraare no\\rin the in Franccand thcn smugglcdir.lto thc Shahs Iran. handsof thcgcncral puhlir rcdc[incs, if l ou think so too \\Jerevideo lournals compiled from \\'estern about it, the nature of massme dia. ne\\rsreports and tapcsshot ri'tLhBmm home r idco camcrasthroughout Eastcrn Europe. rnass But permit me to focus lor a fell mrnutes on the produeed and then passed{rom hand to hand more conventional,the more traditronaidefinition. throughout Poland,Hungar;, and Czechoslovakta Think of mass medra as \\'e have been accustomed . . . EastGermany'and Romania. During thc rnrd- to thinkingabout thcm: p()\\ erlLrl organs of com- 1980s.u'e lound one church in Gdansku'tth tiers munrcations under the control o{'a i'er,r'pou'erful ,.f'.'ilD,\r-.,nD 'o^1y61g15-mOfe Ul \ luL\rt({P\ l \\vr u\ r J rrr\rr \ than(lrq SiXtt.Oi the m- men and \\.omen.Even under that limited definr- lenable\qYst) tL of\'l mlss-'.'rodtlttq.'-'[/lvuuLlll6 tlino mrnrlllqll) hLlndrcdsof tron,times havechanged; or perhapsrt n'ould bc ti.rpesever)'dar'. Each of these tapes,in lurn, i,r'ould more accurateLo sa)r . . . tintehas changed. hc distribuLcd.recopicd. and passcdf rorn ['amil;to {amily..A cn-rdefbrm clfmass corrrmunrcation,but lnJanuar; 19q2.m) "Nig[rlinc"e,rllt'agucs and I effectn,e,nevertheless. \\'erethe frrstAmcrican lournalists to be granted vrsasto lraq.\\re arrir cd in Baghdadfrom Amman The Linysatelhte dishes that areon11-nori.being Iatein the evening.\\'e drove from the airport rnarketedtrere in the United Stateshave been r-rbic- straightto Ihc lorcignminislry, u hcrcI mct ri ith ,,iurrL,Lrr + ^,. - *1----.-,.-L.-LrrrrrLrErruut Easlern Europe for nearlf a Nizar Hamdoun. Even though it u'asalter I1 PN{. dccade. lt w';rsncither accidentnor coincidence h1 rhctimc u c g,otthcrc. thc ofIit'cs lining thc t'orri- that the revolu[ion in Romanrar,r,as ignited in dor dou'n to Han-rdoun's\\'erc all occupied. This, Timisoara.thc t'it1'that is closcstto thc ['orrncr\ u- remember,\\'as onl1'a leu'da1's be lorc thc begin- -i-^,-[ A^o'.,'i..ln gosiavia.Er,en n'ithout sateIIite dishes, the resi- rrrrrS L,r L,yLrqLr\, DeSertSLOrll. A11 the OffiCeSl-rad clentsol'Tirnisoara \\'ere able to prck up CN'N Lelevisionsets. Each telei'ision \\'as tuned to CNN broadcaslsfrom therr \\'esternnerghbor. When I I suspectthat if a colleaguehad u,alked dor,r'nthe visited Trmisoarashortly after the Ceausescus appropriatecorridors a[ the StateDeparuncnt, the \\,erekilled, I u'asrepeatedll'told hou'dissidents CIA, or the Pentagonat the samernoment, they'too had takcncncouragement [-rom sccncs ol antigor- u'ould have found televisionsin ctrrrespondingof- ._r^,^_..;^_ ^Lilrren (,1 \ ltl5 LtlllLll (rr lll JLrllldlu.1 Llcdr r) hclnedrrf rPLL-l nrr._ ficestuned to CNN To the degreethat eitherthe )tdl in SOmaliaCle,rrlr l./lL- U.S.trr Iraqigor crntncnt sorrght insights intr-r u hat cipitate our involvement in that countr),,Just as u ashappcning in thcothcr's rrrpital. it Ircqucnll; scenesof that dead Rangerbeing dragged through obtained its {lrst infurmatlon from CNN. The infor- the streetsof Mogadjshu speededup the trmctable rnatlonis dispatchedand receivediiterall1,at the for our u'rthdrau'al.Scene s of incredible brutality snecdof hpht:but the effect of thatinf ormation is in Rlr,andaand Haiti forced a degreeof r.nvolr.e- in almostall trl-itsaspects. disproportionatc. Far ment in both conntriestl-rat had little or nothjng to more information \vas flou'ingjr-orriWashington Lo do u'ith rvhat is normally defined as U.S national Baghdad than the other \\,ayaround. The ;rctualau- interest. The samecan be saidof television nrc- diencein lraq, of crrurse, is tin;-.In- tLlrcslrorrr Tilnanmcn Sqttarcin deedin most iorcrgnct-rrr111ri.t lL)BL).trf-sccncs shtlu'ing \ oung u'here CNN rs seen,it rs ar.ailable Palcstinirnshcing hcaten hr Is- onlv in horels u-hereit's accessible re,^'litrrrons,lrrrino'"'1" thc hr-ioht,rI to loreignvisitors hut to ver; l'cu the Intif'ada,and, rnorcrceentl)', of locals,and in the government rnin- thc incrediblcviolcnec hcing pcr- istricsof'that counLr;. A fcu thou- petrated thror-rgiroutthe lormer snndtrlhers "..,-)rn;ir aIstl have access Yugoslarra. The opcrati\e ques- to thenctu'ork through satellite tion is not \\'hether such scenes dishes,but thereis no equivalency' har,econsequences-the1' do-but in the exchangeof inforrnation. lt u,hetherthose consequences are is,in other \l,ords,far easierfor intended; if sc-r,bv u'horn, and jf SaddamHussern. for example.to noL,u'hether those consequences reacha u.ideaudience in the can be ar.oided. United Statesu'ith his ori'n sprn on e\lentsthan for the U.S.govern- Man; \ elirslig(). lt prolcss,,rtrl' ment to do the samein lraq. communicationsbr-the narne ol Wilbur Schramlr pLrt1'oru'ard And that, in a sense,is the central w,hathe descrrbed as "the gate- point. The conduct ol U.S foreign Lnnnnr" tlrn,',r, lt r're r.rrr'r-li,'rtnri r"'^',rnnlir-r'icinflrronr-nd fnr lpcq hv itc. on thc \\'2\'inlornttlion ri ls fhilure to reach large audiencesin processedback in the1950s, a othercountries than br thc con- time,.rhenLTIIIL VI TILIT oniniorrVYIIII! lcrdcrs both s[anIrequirement to shapeperccp- lr.rthin and outsrde t1'remedia tions here at home. And that im- tendedto set the nationalagenda perativeis continualli, inllr.nced It u'as,if I'ou r,r'ill,sort o{'a trickle- by the barrageof information that dolr,n theory of information, un- rnundatesthe Americln r icrier der li.,hicha fer,r-men and \\'omen .rndlistcncr cvcr)' dar. Until nou determined lr,hich issuesr,r'ere of -^ti^- I-\'.*;-^ u'ehave be en largel;'sparcd thc u'orstconse- itnnOrlAn(.CllllP(,lLc1 llL[ trttU th^tllt- lllrtlLrll. L/LlllllF Ipr.CIttltrLIllt r\Lcl C,rrs l). th21Llld rncnccsof rhisnhcnomcnon ,rr bccar-rscULLqL{J\ of\/l thc tllL ipno-llirlv theorl,has beenlargeli turncd on iLshead This is ranceand incompetencet.f our foreignadver- rn some measure,a functior-r of'f oens grtrups and saries.They arenot t as adeptat the trninittnvHIIIlvll nttlls uhiehr\lIMl hn'Cll4\L CnCOUrllor-rlLIlLvqlq6lu vl(lntrr nnliri,'11 )-e l,\,ttJ. lrvlltl!( rnanipulatronof U S.public trpinion as thei'be- leadersto seekdirectior-r from the public, rather lier,ethernselr,es to be. You have or-rl1'torecall tl-re Lhanthe other \\'a)raround. But it is alsoa {unction .-^:L:l:... .,-.t- rrl-thr-( rr r ilL crrr)\\.ino il lB LILLCS>lulllt)t{. ()l tL sceneoi SaddarnHussein bener.'olcntl)' prlttlng e Br(,\\ u mCdia thCfn_ elcarll pctrificd) oung Britishhostagc on thc hcrd selr.es. The intent of that sceneand its imoact coulclnot har.ebeen more drssonant. Ilrl\r!qJlrrbr). nr-rr-rc,inolv in[,'rrm:rtrrrlVr rllc(rrvrrion icrJ hninou\rrt6 o'rt]rr-rr.r'l qllurnd SqLrlLrLu disserninatedh;'more peopleand in a more ,'411 4rr A .1n I Rrrt simnlc....r., t-tir.lttracr..-.-lC5 Li.ltl.ttllU UO. llavc CnOfmOUS chaotic fasl-rionthan er,erbe tore, and, u'hether co- consequencesfor Arnericanloreign pohcl-.Scene s ineidcntall; or not.it ishappcning at a timcu hcn tlrcconduct o['U S forcifnpolie; ilsellis bcing r,i,ehad just one deadline a day'.The er.'eningneu,s srrhic,-tr-dto ils,rri n ,'h2ns thcorr' Il-n,rthino,-lc,- broadcastat 6:30u'as it. antlcomrnunismpror.ided the Unrted States u.ith a senseof directionand stabrlity-that, f or under- A tru11'malore\-ent n-right \\'arrant a bulle tin-that

i s t(rl\ h r- i n t r-rrrr nl ion o{.reor rI er nrnorr m rrri n o-hr rt standabiereasons, is no longcr present.Whiie l-)! lrr(\l l L(},(rvll vr l\6urql yr\16rqrllrrllrrb r/u( there is no discernrblereason 1'orgrt-ru-ing nostal- builetins \\'erelen'and Iar betu,eenin thosedays. grc over thc absenceol the Cold War, there is everl' Wl-ratthat afforde d tl-roseof'us lr'ho had reports to reasonto be alarmedabor-rt the inabilitl'ol'our prepare \\'asLirrc. Thcse dai-s,\-c have an leadersto {'ocusclearl;, on n,hereour natlonal in- ovcrnightncu s prograrn.nc\\ s segmcntsthat ap- tere s[s nou.lie . It is rnsul'llcientand arnbrglrollsto pear on "Good it4orningAmenca," ser-eralne\\'s srrnplrprcach r gospclof'hurnan rights. dcmoe- tnagazincs."\\ orld \eu s Tonight."and "\ight- l-:rr'\'2nd frne trrdp Fnr nnn thint-r lhnr'rrn nnt rl- " q,inol, ^ - ^ L*.^l.r'^- l((\). qlru ll!\ LrquL. r ur vrr\ tlrrrlb. tllL) ql\ llUt al linc Fnr e -^,..,-'l-Cprll'tCr COVCrlng a nreiit

The absenceof adequatefocus proillL-L-t thc politi- Next categor)'-r.r-ronevlIt's probably'fairto sa)-that c.rlccluri'alcnt rrf a vacuum,into u'hrchall opin- eachof the net\\'ork ner\\'sdivisions nou'spends itrtrS.ht'r\\'cve I ineonsistcnt thc; mar bc.arc irrc- severalhundred tllnes a \-carmore than it did srstibl,vdrar,r'n. Random scenes of erucltl-and n'hcn I l-irstioincd ABC \cu's. But u hcrcasthirtr su{'lering.insLanLaneously. communtcated to the )'earsago ne\\'s\\-as cclnside red a loss leader-the nation irom around the r,i'orld.are desttned to nctuork mcctingits puhlie ohligatitrn. bul at a linan- havea dispropor[ionatejnlluence ciai loss-tl-rese on-'^ nubhcr-"^^- oninron"r,."-' becauseno coun- days, neu's dir,'r- r \F,.^;l;^^. LL I \ d\llll l5 LUllll.rdrr nOintyutr rt \.\lJtJ.Cxists IIn_ sic-rnsmake... deed.public pohcy'is doomed to be and are ex-

s,henr-r]*,r)hv nrrhli,' \.Hrrrrvrrinnininn rrrlrqLrrLllr,'r l/ur/rrL pectedto make than the other \\'avaround, bccause rnone\'.That there is no prer,ailingpublte policl' has meant,

Or il it exists,it is not u'ideli'under- -..-\J--t,rlrrnno nrher

.J-i-^- ^ ^1 1r stood. \Ve processin{'ormation in LrrrrrB),.1 LUL- this countr)-thc wa)'\\'eeat: on Lhe back in the run.u ithoutadcquatc Iimc l-ordi- number and sizeof forergn bureaus opcrated b1' gcstion.MeThoughtl Fast ftrod rnd lastthought litt the threc malor net\\'orks Foreign correspondents, a nccd['or instant gratil'icaiion. bur neithcris quirc as a category,are sirnpl;-shrinking. as nourishing asu,hen the product is prepared u-ith careand consumed in a r-noreleisr-rrel1'f'ash- This is not to sa)'that malor evenlso\.erseas aren'l ion. And yet,all the elementsare eonspinng covered.or that enor[rous resourcesaren't mar- ^ -^r-^* *^l-i-^ .t're -1...1^-t..^.1 .t,-^ate[Cd. c1$clrrl)L Lc'tl\rr LH LrI and carern both tndustries. )llclll(Ll crllL{ Lll)PcrtLlll-Ll. BUfLJLll. l'ttrl(,1 thrrLllcrt rot(,lldl,lr(ll hannen lhctllL The one rs as damagingto the body'politicas rhe eventmust r-rotonly,be important, it must be the olher can be to the bod1.. kind of cvcntthat cngagcs thc intercsIof a hugc Americanaudience . Coverage,in other u'ords, \\/ithout delr,rnginLo tctomuch detail,those ol us tendsto bc intcnsc.hut rclatircl; shon-lircd 1asin u'ho are ii-rthe businessc-rf communicaLing int'or- the recent casesof'Haiti, Rr,r'anda, Sornalia and, to a nrlltior areberng pressured b,v a combination of lcsscrdegrec. Btrsni.r) And to thc dcgrccthal ad- time, rronelr,and technologl,.Journalismhas al- minrstrationshere in Washington are reacti\/e[o \\'aysbeer-r driven b1'ct mpetitlon; bi'deadhnes. puhlic l)r'('ssurc.thc intcnscl'ocus on particular BuL,Lo grve just one exan-iple,u.hen I beganbroad- criscsis dcr cloping an uniortunateIe ndcncl'to re- cilstingiorABC Ner,r'smore 1[3p rhirr\-\r.'ltrqton IICCt{'l^^' Inat'L^' SpOracllC-^^-^-l; e()\'Cragc. I mentloned threefaclors that areexerting prcs- appetitelor neu-andmore dramatic stones ever) sureon the communicationsrndustr;': time, day has resulted in an explosion of programs, spi- mone).and technology.ln sornercspccts. it is the ralling dou'nrvard in the never-ending search for technology,our capacitl'toreport "live"on e\rents an e\/enlarger lor,l.estcommon denominator. The rs the; archappcning. that is havingthc mosrscri- abilityto communicateinstantaneousll. lrom an1'- ous impact on journahsm and on the conduct of u here.to anpvherc.has inlectcd a damagingele- ioreign poliq- In both cases,the time for reflection rnentinto thc naturallendcncl tou ard competi- and careful rhought has been reduced.When rl'e tiveness. repor[ on events.even as Lhe)"reoccurring, r,r.,e havelittlc or no timc to applr rhc mostimportanr Certainli'u-ehave an obllgation to avord sensation- tools oflournalism. edrLing,anal;.sis, and con[ext. alism and to maintarn the traditional standardsof Simply focusrnga carrreraon an event is no substi- good.1ournahsm.But if ri,eare to avrridsliding into tute for.lournalism.But our abilitl, to do thar, ro informationanarchr. thc cxccutivehraneh of gor- broadcastsomcthing that is happening.in real ernment, in particular.u'ill have to exercisegen- time . . . placesenormous pressure on us . . and, uine leadership.That means a clear definrtion of more importanl, on those of ;-ou u,ho actualh,con- nalional interesIr,vhenever a foreign crisrserupts. duct foreign policy. Call it "the salelhreimpera- coupled u.ith a steadydetermination to keep the tive."When the American public becomesaccus- focus on that natronal interest. tomed to seeingan even[ or hearing from a foreign leaderin real [ime, the expectationarlses for an im- We ln the medra tend, for the mos[ part. to be u.il- mediate response.To refrarn from doing so re- lou s in theu ind:shifting dircction ri irh cachpass- quires a grea[erdrscipline than recent adminrstra- ing breeze;focusing, not on the nationalinterest, tions har,eshor,i'n. To sa1'nothrngsuggests an but rather on lvhat appears to interestthe n;rtionat inabilitl-torespond. but to rcspondimmcdiarely' any gir,enmoment. You cannot and should not cx- no't rL^ - oA'nt trequentl)/exposes a half-bakedpoltcy that must y\L( rlr! llr\urq Lvo takcLqr\L thcLrr\ lcadlLdLt inlll dcrct'nrittitt,'Ll\LLt lltllllllS lr,rr,ill\,\ later be amended.Rather than conveylng decisive- or u.hetherthe nationalinte rest rssen-cci bv tirc ness,the impressionis one of incompetence. conlinued exrstenceof'NATO or br unrlatcrirl U S inten,enLionin Bosnra. The "chaostheory," as some of you have apphed ir to w.orld events,shouid also be applled to the That is the proper lunction of the execurrve branch rn,orldof mass communicatlon. The greateracces- of government. When rt fails to exercisethat re- srbility to its tools has placed thc {low,of informa- sponsibility n'rth lirmness and u'ith clarirl',the in- tion in the hands of all too many inexperienccd evitableconsequence is chaos.It has aiu'a;'sbeen and untrained practltioners.The ravenouspublic so.but no\\r.more than ever. Ies Aspin ls currentit'chairman of President Clinton's ForetgnIntclltge ncc Advisc'r1,Board. FromJanuarv 1993 toJanuar)'1994, he u'assecretarv o{'defense, a post lrom ll'hrchhc inrtrateda lundamentalrcexamina- tion of U.S.militarl- rcquircmcnts in light ol'the collapseo{'the Sovie t Unron and r1-reencl o{-thc Cold \\'ar. From 1970 to 1993.Asprn \\'asa member oi the House o1Represent:rtivcs l'ron-r the first congressropal drs- trjct of Wisconsit-i;he sen'ed on the Armed Sen'tcesCommittee and bec:rmcchainnan oi that cr)rrirnitteeln 1985.Frotn 1968 to 1970,he taught economtcsat NlarquetteUnir,ersrtr-. and he ri'orked under Secretarl,of Defer-rseRobert \4cNamara al lhe Pentagonlrom 1966 to 1968. Beforerl-rar l're sen.ecl as stafl'assistantto the chairman of Presrclent Kenned;''s Councrl of Economic Adr,isors.Asprn holds a B.A.l'rom YaleUn6,ersity. an M.A. frorn Clxiord Untversttr',and a Ph.D.rn economrcsfrom the lv{assachusettsInstitute of Technologl,.He iseurrcntlr also distinguished prolcssor ol intcrnationalpoliry ar Marqucrre Urrivcrsrt; and holdsrhc Ar- lcrghA. Burkc.'ltrtt'rnstratcA) at the Ccntcrfor Struegit'andlntcrnarional Srudres in \\'ashrrlfrr)11.

Ted Koppel has been anchor and managing editor of the news program "Nightline" stnce 1980. Belorehis "Nightline" assignment,he lr'orked as an anchor, foreign and domestlc correspondenr,and bureau chiel'for ABC Nervs.From 1971 to l980. he r'r'asABC Neu's' chief drplomatic correspondent.and for t\vo yearsbegin- ning in 1975.he anchored the'ABC Saturdal.Nighr Ner,r,s."Koppel has u'on severalmajor broadcasrrng au'ards,including t\\'cnt)'-thl'ceEmmy Au'ards,flr.e George Foster Pcabodl'Au,ards, eight duPont-Colurnbia Au'arcls,nrne C)r'erseasPt ess Club Arvards, tu'o George Polk Au,ards. and trvo SigrnaDelta Chr Au.arcls.the highest honor bestou'edfor public sen'iceb1.the Socretl'ofProfessionaiJournalists. In 1994,he receiyeclthe first Goldsmrth Career Au-ardIor ExcellenceinJournalism from theJoan ShorensteinBarone Center of the Press,Politics. and Publtc Polici'at Han'ard Universrtl'.ln additron, he \\rasrhe recipient ol the Gabriel Per- sonal Achrevemenl Au'ard from the National Catholic Associatrono{'Broadcasters ancl Communtcators. Koppel is coauthor of the book In theNational Interest.Ileholds a B.A.degree lrgm SvracrrseUnl-ersrrl'and an \{.A. lrom Stanford Ur-rir,ersit).'. MANAGING CHAOS Copingwith Internqtional Conflict into the21st Century Conference Agendo

The ChangingCharacter of lnternational Conflict

Welcoming Address ChesterA. Crocker,Chairman, Board of Directors. United StatesInstitute of Peace

Session'l The Choracter of Twenty-First A conceptualassessment of the changingcharacter of Century Conflict rnternationalconflict desrgned to advancetoda1,'s a\\.are ness of changeand the breakdownof insrrrulir)nscreare d in the Cold War era.

Moderator PaulD. Wolfowitz,SAIS, The Johns Hopkins L'nrrclsrrr

Speakers SamuelP. Huntington, Centerfor Internatrr-rnrtlAliatrs Harrard Universil; Robert D. Kaplan,au[hor of "TheCornurg Anarcl-ry'' ancl BctlkanGhosts

Session2 A New Look at Key A focuson knolvn and anticrpatedsources of conflict in the Sourcesol Conflict comingdecadcs, including the resurgence oI erhno-religious nationalism;environmental and relatedthreats, and the proliferationof lveapons of mass destructronand the persistentthreat posed b1'certain closed socre ties

Moderator JeaneJ. Kirkpatrick, AmericanEnterpnse Institutc

Speakers G. M. Tam6s,Institute of Philosool-ri'.Hunsarian Acacicrrr. of Sciences

JessicaMathews, Council on ForeignRelations Lee Hongkoo, Deputy Pnme Mrnisterand Minrsterfor Unrfication,Republic of Korea Challengesto the U.5.Military in Post-Cold War Peace- keepingand Humanitarian lnterventions Speaker Les Aspin, FormerSecretary oi Defenseand Congressman

New lnstitutions of Conflict Resolution Session3 NGOs:The New An examinattonof the changingroles of nongovernmental Conflict Managers? organrzaLions(NGOs) acrossthe broad speclrumof conflict- relatedactivit), The evolvingrelattonships among NGOs, governments,and international organrzationsin managtng internatronalconflrct r,vill also be addressed. Moderator Allen Weinstein, Boardof Directors,United StatesInstitute of Peace,and The Centerfor Democracy

Speakers Phyllis E. Oakley,Assistant Secretary'of State, Bureau of Population,Refugees, and Migratton

Jan Eliasson,Permanent Undersecretar)' of Statefor ForeignAffairs, Kingdom of Sn'eden

Julia Taft, InterAc tiort Vesna Pesic,Visiting Fellow, United StatesInstitute of Peace,and Centerfor Antr-WarAction, Belgrade

Session4 NGOBurdens and Needsos This sessionu.ill ask leadersfrom variousparts of the NGO Conflict Managers community to assessthe increasingburdens upon-and opportunitiesfor-NGOs in managtnginternational conflict directly. The speakerswill drscussthe extenl to vr'hich-and hou,and lvhl-NGOs with other mandatesand expecta[ions har,ebeen called upon to be directconflict managers Ftnalll', speakersu'ill surveytheir evolvingneeds as international actors,both under their traditionalmandates and ne\\rones.

Moderstor W. ScottThompson, Boardof Directors,United States Instituteof Peace,and FletcherSchool of Law and I)inlnrmar-r'Tr'[tS lif r re! Uniyef Sit;

Speakers John Paul Lederach,Eastern Mennonite College Lionel Rosenblatt,Refugees International Andrew Natsios, \I/orld Vision Vivian Lowery Derryck, African-Americanins[ltute

Session5 Part l: Case Studv Sessions ( threesimullane ous pane ls) Key Chollengesin International Conflict Manogement

Panel A Averti ng Choos: P reventive Drau'ingIrom prevcntirc dipIorr;.rL\ cll'trrts in Elst ELtropc. Diplomocy in Eurssia and Africa Asia,and Africa, this pane I n'ill cxplorct1-re role s thatthe UN,

rhctll\ tJ.S.v.J.5\,\sovernmpnl Ll lrllILIIL. rLt)rvrlsrrptrillpri vrbcrrrr*((rLvrI-orrlnr::tti()n{ .'L(LIitt( lt ltsthc OSCE and OAU,and nongovernmentalorglrri:;.tttolrs rrc pla;ing

crllL-lrnd LaLLL,'2n nlrv inllI \crlcarlr' l) \\'2rninor\ ar rrrrrb arru:rn,l rrr-r-\\ \ \r-nrif'C rrLt aCtjOn in Vtcr) 1/r potenllalcnsls spots.

Moderator MichaelLund, Senior Scholar, United States lnstitute of Peace

Speokers John Marks, Searcl-rfor Common Grottncl JohnJ. Maresca,f'ormer u S.Ambassador to OSCE Linda Perkin,Deputl'Director for EiistAsia and Paciflc Aflairs.United Nations Harold Fleming,Deputl,Assistant Se cle tan' of Statefor InternationalOrsanizatron Affairs

Panel B NGOConflict Resolution,Relief, This breakoutu'ill examineNGO conflictresolutic-rn. relie {'. ond Rebuilding Activity in Former and rebuildingactn'it;'in former Yugoslavia, u'ith a focuson Yugoslavia Bosnia.Croatia. and Serbia. Special attcntion u'ill hc gir cn t,, the ques[ionof NGO, government,and lnternational organizationsupport for LheMuslim-CroaI agrcemcr]t nr Bosnia.Indigenous NGO actir,it),r,i'illbediscusscd alons u'jtlr the actir.rtiesof thosef'rorn abroad.

Moderotor PatriciaCarley. Program Oflficcr. Unitcd Statcs lnstitlllf t,r Peace

Speakers Hugh Hamilton, Deputy'Coordinator. East European Assistance, U.S. DcpartmcnL of State Max Primorac, CroatianDemocracl' Pro.lect Nadia Diuk, NationalEndou,ment for Democracr' Robert DeVecchi.International Rescue Commrncc Vesna Pesic,Visrtrng Fellor,r', United StatesInstrtutc ot Peace,and Centerfor AntifVar Action,Belgrade Panel C Bringing Peaceto Sudan: Thispanel u'ill examinethe fuil rangeof activitl'-lncludingthe The Rolesof NGOI,Governments, rolesof NGOs,go\rernments, and regionalorganizations-that and Regional Organizations hasbeen involved rn efforts to bringpeace to Sudan.Thc prnel u'ill alsoassess the prospectsfor coordinatedactivit;' in thc future,including the relattonships between tnternal actors and internationalactors. Arnong acttvities to be sutt'e)'edu'ill be advocac;.medration. Track lt diplomac;.rcliel u ork,conflict resolutiontraining, and supportfor mediation.

Moderstor David Smock,Director of the Grant Program,Unrted States lnstitute of Peace

Speakers FrancisDeng, Brookings Institution

John Prendergast,Ce ntcr ol Concern

Session5 Part 2: Plenary Session The Future of Intervention This sessjonlocuscs on thc rcccntcxpcricnt'c of NCOs. in Violent Internal Conflicts governmcnts,and intcrnational organizations in intervcning in violentintcrnal con[lie ts. Focusingon u'hathas actually' beendone in humanttarian.political. and military e[[orts, thc speakersr,vtll address the future prospects of such inten'entions.

Moderator Denis McLean,Distinguished Fe1lor,r', United States instituteof Peace

Speokers James Schear,Carnegie Endou'ment for Internattonal Peace

J. Brian Atwood. Adminrstralor,U.S Agcnc;'for InternatronalDer,elopment (remarks presented by Nan Borton,Drrector, Office of ForeignDisaster AssisLancc, usAiD)

JosephKennedy, Africare JohnJ. Maresca,former U.S. Ambassador to OSCE

An InteractiveForum on the Global Information Revolution

Speaker Ted Koppel, Anchor and ManagtngEditor, ABC Neu's The New Diplomacyand New Tools for Conflict Management

Session 6 "The New Diplomacy" Prcsunnosing-rr.'""'b thc..'- need for innovation and crcatiritr in

rlinlorn2cvsrHrvrrl(r\,\. this(rrrJJ\JJrv u'illcrarniner \.\qrrrrrr! thc(ll\ nolt'nlial ,rl scssitrn rvrLrrr clfictt'r ncn icchniquesrnd mcansu hilccvaluriting thc .'ontinuirrg applicabilityof moretraditional tools. The speakers u'i11 asscss u,hetheran internationalconsenslls rs br-rilding.or can be

hrrilruulrrl rerrardinslL6alurrrS therlr\ ruLurL['r]rrrrr- vr,rf' p;11ltrilll .rnJ tttitltrn:itirrn.rl inten entionin regionalconflicts. Thel'u'rll also e xarnine thc possihlcutilization oI thccxpcricnc'c and techniqucs trl-lhe NGO and business colnrnunitres bt' go\.ernmentsancl international or ganvaLion s

Moderator ChesterCrocker, Charrman, Board o[-Dire ctors, lJnited StatesInstitute of Peace,and Schoolof Foreign Sen'ice, Gcorgctoun Unircrsit;

Speakers Chester Crocker Robert Zoellick, Executir,eVice President,Fannre Mae Mohamed Sahnoun,International Developrnent Research Centre,Ottar,r'a Thomas R. Getman.\I'orld Vision

Session 7 Conflict Management Tools (threesimultaneous panels)

Panel A I nte r n ati o n oI Confli ct Resoluti o n Thispanel will focus on thecontnbutlon negotiation trainrng SkiIIs Troining (ICREST) and conflictresolution skills trainingcan make to bettcr. prepareinternational afiarrs professionals ( lrom the diplomatrc, militarl', or NGO sectors) to undertai

Moderator LawrenceP. Taylor. Dirct'tor. National Foreign Training Ccnter'.U S Dcprrrtnrcntof'Statc

Speokers Hrach Gregorian.Drrector of Educalionand Trainino I Inirerl SlatesInst it utc ol' Pcrrec StevePieczenik. Consultant. Unlted StatesInstitute of Peace John Paul Lederach, Eastern Mennonite College Lewis Rasmussen, Proqram Officer, Uni[ed StatesInstitute of Peace

Panel B

Cross- Cultu r aI N eg oti ati o n Thisil,,J nanely cxnlorcs Lhc imDa('tthat culturc hes unon internationalnegotiation and hor,vawareness and skills trainingin nationalnegotiating sty'les can make ncgotiators more effective.

Moderator Richard H. Solomon,Presiden[, United States Instituteof Peace

Speakers John Graham, Universitl'of Caiil'ornia,Irt'ine Jean Frel'rnond,Centre for Applied Studiesin International Negotrations,Geneva

Chas.W. Freeman,Jr., Distrngurshe d Fellou', United States Instrtuteof Peace

Jerrold Schecter,Peace Fellori', Unrted States lnstitute of Peace

Panel C Information and Data Thispanel wiil explorethe current and potenttal use of r.artous Management soflr,l'areprograms, information- and data-management s)'stcms.and thc information highu a; duringnegotiations as aidsto gcncralpolicy anall'sis and as tools Ior e.rl' rvarnino andprcventive ae Lion.

Moderator William Wood.Geographcr. U.S. Departmcnt of statc

Speokers Lance Antrim, InternationalNegotiating Systems Chad McDaniel, Centerfor InternationalDevelopment and ConflictManagement, Unn'ersity of Maryland

John Davies,Cen[er for InternationalDevelopment and ConflictManagement, Unir.ersity of N{aryland

Perspectiveson Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century Speaker Henry Kissinger,former Secretar;'of State nstitute

The United States Institute of Peace is.rnrnclcpendent. nonpartisan feclerrrl lnStltllirtrlr ercrrlcd ,::-: : ::..:..1hr Cr\nHFt'SSto strcnglhcn thc natl()nS t.rp.rrlt\ trr pl'otTtr'.ltc thc pcaec[ui I't:,,lttll,rll ,'] llllr'l'll.t- ntrn.riionile t. Establishedin 1984.the Institutemr'ctS rts e r)nllressional mandate thrtrr-rgh .ur .r 1J\ rrl|1qr- gr.ul>.rrrtllrJrngg13nts. lellor,rshipS. rr\nltrt'n.c:.rr.l lq',1'[.-11'r1rs. lihrar;'scrviees. publt..itt,'ll: .]1lrl ,rlllt'l' educ;rtrttnalactivities.Thelnstitr,rtcsUrr.r..l .ri L)lr'..'irrr:rs.rLrDr)rntcclbvtirePrestdentol the Lntt,-'.1St.ti.'s and confirmedb1 the Senatc

Board of Directors

Chester -{. Crocker (Chairman). Drstinguishe d Re search Professor of Diplomacy',School of Forcrln Scrvrcc. Georgetorrr'nUniverstty

Max M. Kampelman, Esq. (Vice Charrman), Fned, Frank, Harrts,Shriver and Jaeobson.\A-ashtn:ltL..n D (. Dennis L. Bark. Scnior Fellou',Hoor,er lnstrtution on War, Revolution and Peace,Stanford Unn.'r'srt',

Theodore M. Hesburgh, PresidentEmeritus. University'of Notre Damc

William R. Kintner. ProfessorEmeritus oi PoliticalScience , Unn'ersrt;'of Pennsl'h'anra Christopher H. Phillips, former U.S.ambassador to Bruner

Elspeth Davies Rostow, SttlesPro{essor olAmerican StudiesEmenta. l-r'ndon B..Johnson 5chrr..ri ,,i i' Affairs. Unrr-crsrtr-ol Texas

Mary Louise Smith. cl\'1cacti\.ist; former chairman. Republican Natrt'rn;rlCommittee

W. Scott Thompson. Professorof lnternationalPolitrcs, Fletcher School t-rl Lan-and Drplour.rr\ TLrlls Unn'ersrlr

Allen \rVeinstein.Pre sident, Cen[er I'orDcnroeraer.. \\'ashington, D.C

Members ex officio

Ralph Earle II Deputl'Drrector.U.S. Arms Control and DisarmamentAgency,

Toby Trister Gati, AssistantSecretarl'of Statc ior lntelhgenceand Research

Ervin J. Rokke, Lieutenant General,U.S. Arr Force;President, Natronal DefenseUnn'ersrtl' \\'alter B. Slocombe. Under Secretarl-of Delensefor Policy

Richard H. Solomon. I'resident.Unite d StatesInstitute of Peace(nonvotrng)