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A Functional Analysis of the Lithic Material from Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy)

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University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1992 A Functional Analysis of the Lithic Material From Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy) Maureen A. Hays University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Hays, Maureen A., "A Functional Analysis of the Lithic Material From Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy). " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1992. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4115 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Maureen A. Hays entitled "A Functional Analysis of the Lithic Material From Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Jan F. Simek, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Charles Faulkner, Andrew Kramer Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Maureen A. Hays entitled "A Functional Analysis of the Lithic Material From Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy)." I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Dr. Jan F. Simek, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Dr. Charles Faulkner CLuw-� Dr. Andrew Kramer Accepted for the Council: Associate Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Graduate School A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE LITIIlC MATERIAL FROM BURRONE SCIERRA I (CALABRIA, ITALY) A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree University of Tennessee, Knoxville Maureen A. Hays August 1992 STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, I agree that the Library shall make it available to the borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. Permission for extensive quotation from or reproduction of this thesis may be granted by my major professor, or in his absence, by the Head of Interlibrary Services when, in the opinion of either, the proposed use of the material is for scholarly purposes. Any copying or use of the material in this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission . .� .,.. ,.. A Signature ·I.¥ This thesis is dedicated to my parents Dennis and Eileen Hays. They introduced me to archaeology and supported me all the way. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank each member of my committee for their guidance through this thesis process. Drs. Charles Faulkner and Andrew Kramer provided invaluable comments on both the content and context of this thesis. My major professor, Dr. Jan Simek, deserves special thanks for his moral, as well as academic support, over the years. He knew that I could do it, when I had my doubts. There have been many people over the years that, in one way or another, have contributed to my academic endeavors. Jean Michelle Geneste first taught me how to do "real" archaeology in France. Jean Philippe Rigaud and Jan picked up where he left off. I blame Roy Larick for encouraging me to continue my studies in archaeology, and ultimately for sending me to Tennessee. Their friendship over the years has been a valuable thing. My friends and colleagues have rooted me on over the years, and they deserve special recognition. Amy Young, Philip Carr, Marie Wallace, Rachel Powers; we jumped through the comps hoop together and we have cheered each other on ever since. Susan Andrews is included in that group as well, but she, Sarah Sherwood and Amy Shook deserve extra iii thanks for living with me, and putting up with me above and beyond the call of duty. My family has been a great source of moral support. Matthew, Brian and Alice, though they have chosen sensible careers, never discouraged me in mine. My parents not only loved me and supported me, but actually encouraged me in the endeavors they introduced me to at a very early age. Lastly, but certainly not least, goes my gratitude and love to Andrew Bradbury. He has, and continues to be, a sounding board for my ideas as well as an incredible source of knowledge in many areas. His love and encouragement have brought me through some rough times. iv ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to investigate several aspects of function within Mousterian assemblages by performing an analysis of artifacts from Burrone Scierra I, a site on the Ionian coast of Calabria, Italy. This research focuses on the relationship between function and the edge angle, tool size, raw material, technology and typology. Another intent of this study is to examine what spatial integrity remained at the site. The study assemblage is a surface collection from a plow zone context. Because the collection under investigation is from plow zone context the methods employed are those developed for low­ power microwear analysis. Results of the investigation reveal that several distinct activities were taking place at the Burrone Scierra I site. These activities include cutting, scraping, graving and boring on materials defined as hard, medium or soft. Two distinct activity areas are identified. It is concluded that a relationship exists between function and edge angle and tool size, while there is little to no relationship between function and technology and typology. Some spatial integrity is maintained even within V plow zone context allowing for the definition of activity areas. Therefore, in the future microwear analysts should not shy away from assemblages that have been obtained from plow zone contexts. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I . Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • . .. 1 II. Overview of the Mousterian....................... 13 III. Functional Theory................................ 25 IV. Microwear: The Current status of Research........ 29 V. Area of Investigation and Reference Collection... 38 VI. Attribute Definitions............................ 44 VI I . Methods. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 VIII. Results and Interpretations...................... 61 IX. Conclusions. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • . 103 Bib 1 i ogra phy . • .. • • • • • • • .. • • . • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 1 o 9 Vita............................................. 121 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Technological Typology (after Geneste 1985)...... 5 2. Raw Materials from Burrone Scierra and Corresponding Munsell Colors..................... 43 3. Attribute Combinations Defining Function. .. ...... 53 4. Function and Material Worked................... .. 63 5. Function and Material Worked by Angle. ........... 83 6. Chi-Square Test for Independence Between Function and Edge Angle.......................... 85 7. Chi-Square Test for Independence Between Material Worked and Edge Angle................... 87 8. Function and Material Worked by Size............. 88 9. Chi-Square Test for Independence Between Function and Size................................ 91 10. Chi-square Test for Independence Between Material Worked and Size......................... 92 11. Function and Material Worked by Raw Material. .... 93 12. Function and Material Worked by Technology. ...... 98 13. Function and Material Worked by Bordesian Type. .. 100 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Bordesian Tool Typology (after Bordes 1950). ..... 4 2. Map Showing the Location of Burrone Scierra I (Calabria, Italy) (Simek and Ammerman 1990)...... 39 3. Illustrations of Scar Types (Cotterell and Kamminga 1977). • . • . • . • . 4 6 4. Decoding Sheet................................... 57 5. Data Recording Sheet............................. 58 6. Distribution of Total Lithic Count............... 67 7. Distribution of Total Lithic Weight in Grams. .... 68 8. Distribution of Average Lithic Weight........... 69 9. Distribution of Unused Lithic Material........... 71 10. Distribution of Used Artifacts................... 72 11. Distribution of Cutting Tools.................... 74 12. Distribution of Scraping Tools................... 75 13. Distribution of Graving Tools.................... 76 14. Distribution of Boring Tools..................... 77 15. Distribution of Tools Used on Soft Material. ..... 78 16. Distribution of Tools Used on Medium Material. ... 79 17. Distribution of Tools Used on Hard Material. ..... 80 18. Distribution of Tools Used on Indeterminate Material......................................... 81 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Chipped stone artifacts play a very critical role in the interpretation of prehistory. For nearly 2.5 million years the utilization of a stone tool technology has allowed humans to manipulate their environment in ways which allowed for the making of clothes and the
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