Kollektives Gedächtnis Und Versöhnung

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Kollektives Gedächtnis Und Versöhnung DISSERTATION Titel Kollektives Gedächtnis und Versöhnung Verfasserin MMag. Cornelia M. Bystricky angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Theologie (Dr. theol.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 080 011 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Dr.-Studium der Katholischen Theologie UniStG Betreuerin / Betreuer: O. Univ.-Prof. MMag. Dr. Ingeborg Gabriel Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort............................................................................................................. IV 1. Der Begriff kollektives Gedächtnis............................................................. 1 1.1 Soziologie – Maurice Halbwachs ................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Das kollektive Gedächtnis bei Maurice Halbwachs – ein Gedächtnis im Rahmen sozialer Kontexte................................................................ 6 1.1.1.1 Das kollektive Familiengedächtnis...................................................................... 7 1.1.1.2 Das Kollektivgedächtnis von religiösen Gruppen ..................................... 11 1.1.1.3 Zeit und Raum als Grundkomponenten des kollektiven Gedächtnisses............................................................................................................. 18 1.1.2 Kollektives und individuelles Gedächtnis ...................................................... 27 1.1.2.1 Das kollektive Gedächtnis ............................................................................ 27 1.1.2.2 Das individuelle Gedächtnis......................................................................... 31 1.1.3 Würdigung und offene Fragen zu Maurice Halbwachs ............................... 34 Exkurs: Danièle Hervieu-Léger und das religiöse kollektive Gedächtnis – eine Problemanzeige ......................................................................... 36 1.2 Philosophie – Paul Ricœur............................................................................40 1.2.1. Ricœurs philosophische Anthropologie ........................................................ 43 1.2.1.1. Was ist der Mensch?.................................................................................... 43 1.2.1.2.1 Die narrative Identität als dialektische Verbindungslinie zwischen „Was?“ und „Wer?“.................................................................................... 50 1.2.1.2.2 Die Kleine Ethik – Abriss einer großen Theorie..................................... 52 1.2.1.3 Der fähige Mensch und die Frage nach dem Gedächtnis....................... 56 1.2.2 Gedächtnis und Erinnern als Endpunkt der Ricœurschen Anthropologie............................................................................................................... 59 1.2.2.1 Glückliches Gedächtnis − Ein phänomenologischer Entwurf in Polaritäten..................................................................................................................... 60 1.2.2.2 Wer erinnert sich? Wer bin ich, der ich mich erinnere? Zur Frage nach kollektiven und individuellen Erinnerungen ................................ 71 1.2.2.3 Die mir Nahestehenden als mittlere Bezugsebene zwischen individuellem und kollektivem Erinnern.................................................. 77 1.2.2.4 Die dunklen Seiten des Erinnerns: Vergessen und Schuld im Horizont der Vergebung........................................................................................ 79 1.2.3 Kritische Würdigung von Paul Ricœur.......................................................... 83 1.3 Theologie – Johann Baptist Metz..................................................................85 1.3.1 Neue Politische Theologie............................................................................... 87 1.3.1.1 Die Politische Theologie des Subjekts als kritisches Korrektiv gegenüber einer bürgerlichen Religion................................................... 89 1.3.1.2 Neue Politische Theologie als praktische Fundamentaltheologie................................................................................................ 95 1.3.2. Memoria passionis – Zur Frage nach dem Gedächtnis im Werk von Metz............................................................................................................. 98 1.3.2.1 Die memoria passionis als Basis und Ziel der neuen Politischen Theologie ............................................................................................... 100 I 1.3.2.1.1 Nach Auschwitz – Leidens- und Katastrophengeschichten als Herausforderungen des Gedächtnisses........................................................................................................... 101 1.3.2.1.2. Erinnerung als gefährliche Erinnerung................................................. 105 1.3.2.1.3 Anamnese statt Amnesie – die eindringlichste Forderung der memoria passionis.......................................................................... 107 1.3.2.2 Zusammenfassung: Gedächtnis als kollektives Leidensgedächtnis.................................................................................................... 110 1.3.3 Würdigung und kritische Anmerkungen zu Johann Baptist Metz............................................................................................................................. 112 1.4 Erinnern zwischen kollektiven und individuellen Gedächtnissen............119 1.4.1 Erinnern − Gedenken − Gedächtnis − Geschichte.................................... 119 1.4.2 Kollektives Gedächtnis und Kollektive Gedächtnisse................................ 125 1.4.2.1 Träger kollektiver Gedächtnisse ................................................................ 127 1.4.2.2 Die Bedeutung von Sprache für kollektives Erinnern............................. 131 1.4.2.3 Stärken kollektiver Gedächtnisse.............................................................. 133 1.4.2.4 Schwächen kollektiver Gedächtnisse....................................................... 137 Exkurs: Überlegungen zur Manipulation des österreichischen Gedächtnisses durch rechtspopulistische Parteien............................................. 142 1.4.3 Individuelles Gedächtnis................................................................................ 145 1.4.3.1 Die Individualität des Erinnerns als entscheidendes Kriterium für das individuelle Gedächtnis.............................................................. 146 1.4.3.2 Die soziale Rahmung des individuellen Gedächtnisses........................ 147 1.4.4 Zur Bedeutung des Erinnerns für die Sozialethik....................................... 148 2. Kollektives Erinnern im Dienst der Versöhnung: (sozial)ethische Perspektiven................................................................................................. 157 2.1 Was ist Schuld? Aspekte eines schwierigen Begriffs ...............................161 2.1.1 Philosophische Zugänge................................................................................ 163 2.1.1.1 Jaspers' vier Arten der Schuld und ihre sozialethische Bedeutung.................................................................................................................. 165 2.1.1.2 Ricœur – Schuld und Fehlbarkeit.............................................................. 170 2.1.2 Schuld vor Gott: Theologische Zugänge ..................................................... 177 2.1.2.1 Überlegungen zur individuellen und kollektiven Schuld im biblischen Kontext..................................................................................................... 178 2.1.2.2 Schuld – Freiheit – Gewissen - Verantwortung....................................... 183 2.1.2.3 Von der Schuld über die Erinnerung zur Versöhnung – Das kollektive Gedächtnis aus christlicher Sicht.................................................. 188 2.1.3 Der schwierige Umgang mit Schuld im Nationalismus.............................. 193 2.1.3.1 Überlegungen zum Nationalismus im ausgehenden 20. und 21. Jahrhundert.................................................................................................. 195 2.1.3.2 Nation als Identitätsformel.......................................................................... 202 2.1.3.3 „Keine“ Schuld – schwierige Versöhnung. Das kollektive Gedächtnis des Nationalismus ............................................................................... 205 2.2 Versöhnung aus individualethischer Perspektive .....................................209 2.2.1 Der Tat begegnen............................................................................................ 210 2.2.2 Empathie, Reue und das Eingestehen eigener Schuld ............................ 212 2.2.3 Verantwortung übernehmen.......................................................................... 215 2.2.4 Die Bitte um Vergebung ................................................................................. 216 II 2.2.5 Trauerarbeit...................................................................................................... 217 2.2.6 Vergebung gewähren ..................................................................................... 218 2.3 Versöhnung aus sozialethischer Perspektive............................................219 2.3.1 Die öffentliche Bitte um Vergebung.............................................................. 220 2.3.2 Trauerarbeit als öffentliche Erinnerungsarbeit........................................... 224 2.3.3 Wiederherstellen verletzter Gerechtigkeit?................................................. 226 2.3.4 Die Wiedergutmachung für die
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