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19. Yüzyilda Kral Arthur Efsanesi'nin Ele Alinişi Ve Görsel Sanatlarda Temsili

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19. Yüzyilda Kral Arthur Efsanesi'nin Ele Alinişi Ve Görsel Sanatlarda Temsili T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SANAT TARİHİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ 19. YÜZYILDA KRAL ARTHUR EFSANESİ'NİN ELE ALINIŞI VE GÖRSEL SANATLARDA TEMSİLİ DERYA İSTANBULLUOĞLU 2501110071 TEZ DANIŞMANI Doç. Dr. SİMGE ÖZER PINARBAŞI İSTANBUL – 2019 i ÖZ 19. YÜZYILDA KRAL ARTHUR EFSANESİ'NİN ELE ALINIŞI VE GÖRSEL SANATLARDA TEMSİLİ DERYA İSTANBULLUOĞLU Bu çalışma, Kral Arthur’un kimliğinden, Kral Arthur Efsanesi'nin ana kaynaklarından ve ana temalarından başlayarak 19. yy.da Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği Grubu özelinde olmak üzere görsel sanatlarda bu efsanenin temsilini konu almayı amaçlamaktadır. Kral Arthur’un kimliği, genel tanıtımı ve yüzyıllar boyunca çeşitli değişiklikler geçirerek bugüne ulaşan Efsanenin ana kaynakları ve ana temalarının da ele alındığı ilk bölümü takiben ikinci bölümde efsanenin mekan örgüsünün İngiltere topraklarında oluştuğu göz önüne alınarak Sanayi Devrimi'ni yaşayan köklü değişikliklerin oluştuğu İngiltere'nin genel durumu, Orta Çağ'ın idealize edildiği Victoria Dönemi Orta Çağcılık anlayışı, bu anlayışa yol açan sebepler ve Gotik Canlanış, yine Orta Çağ'ın yüceleştirilmesiyle uyanan Dinsel Canlanış ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde 19. yy. İngiltere'sinin sanat dünyasına hakim pozisyonda olan Kraliyet Akademisi ve bu akademinin öğretim programına karşı çıkan Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşlik Grubu'nun oluşumu, beslendiği kaynaklar, grubun zaman içinde evrildiği durumlar irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Orta Çağ’a olan yoğun ilgileri sebebiyle Kral Arthur Efsanesi ile ilgili eserleri betimleyip efsaneyi popüler hale getiren Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşlik Grubu'nun, Arts and Crafts Akımı ve Estetik Hareket ile olan bağlantılarına genel olarak değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın ana metnini oluşturan dördüncü bölümde ise, Efsanenin sanatta temsili bakımından mekan olarak başta İngiltere ve özellikle Pre- Raphaelite Grubu olmak üzere, mümkün olduğunca diğer popüler sanatçılar da dahil edilip görsel sanatlarda efsane ile ilgili en çok betimlenen eserler ve eserlerin referans aldığı edebi metinler saptanıp kategorize edilerek anlamsal boyutları, betimsel farklılıkları gibi temel noktalardan hareketle ayrıntılı bir şekilde sunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pre- Raphaelite, Kral Arthur, Victoria Dönemi, Orta Çağcılık, İngiltere. iii ABSTRACT CONTEXTUALISATION OF KING ARTHUR'S LEGEND IN 19TH CENTURY AND ITS REPRESENTATION IN VISUAL ARTS DERYA İSTANBULLUOĞLU This study aims to contextualise the representation of King Arthur’s Legend, starting from King Arthur’s identity, the primary sources and the main theme of the legend, in visual arts specific to Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 19th century. Following the First Chapter, in which are addressed the issues of King Arthur’s identity, the general description and the primary sources and the main theme of the legend that reaches today after evolving through centuries, The Second Chapter discusses further about the situation of The Great Britain – considered to be the setting of the legend - that was revolutionised after Industrial Revolution, The Victorian Medievalism in which Medieval Age is idealised, the reasons of that concept, Gothic Revival and Religious Revival awakened by the sublimed Medieval Age. The Third Chapter scrutinizes The Royal Academy which was dominant in the world of art of 19th century Great Britain, arising of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood which are in a revolutionary attitude by opposing to the teaching method of the academy, their nutritious sources and the Brotherhood’s evolving by time. Due to their deep interest in Medieval Age, Arts and Crafts Movement of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which portrays the works of art about King Arthur Legend and so makes the legend popular, and their connection with The Aesthetic Movement have been mentioned in general. In the Fourth Chapter, which composes of the main theme of the study, in terms of the representation of King Arthur’s Legend in art, notably England as setting and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, by including other popular artists, the most portrayed art works in visual arts about the legend and the literary texts which are taken as reference by those art works are determined, have been categorised and presented in detail with reference to the essential points such as their lexical dimension, their descriptive differences and their chronology. iv Key Words: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, King Arthur Legend, Victorian Age, Gothic Revival, Medieval Age, Britain. v ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma; tarihsel süreç içerisinde sözlü gelenek, yazılı kaynaklar ve görsel sanatlar gibi araçlarla büyüyüp gelişen, birçok ülkenin kaynağından beslenerek bugüne ulaşan Kral Arthur Efsanesi'nin 19. yy.da ele alınışını ve görsel sanatlarda temsilini irdelemektedir. Öncelikli olarak Kral Arthur'un kimliğini, ana kaynaklarını ve ana temalarını ele almakla başlayan bu çalışma 19. yy.da Victoria Dönemi Orta Çağcılık anlayışıyla paralel olarak ilerleyen Arthur Efsanesi'ni görsel sanatlar bakımından değerlendirmeyi amaçlar. İstanbul Üniversitesi İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı lisans eğitimim süresinde ilgilendiğim Kral Arthur Efsanesi'ni aynı üniversitenin Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalında görsel sanatlar bakımından değerlendirmeme dair konu seçimimde beni yönlendiren, her türlü desteği hiç esirgemeden sunan danışman hocam Doç Dr. Simge Özer Pınarbaşı'na teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu süreçte yardımlarını ve desteklerini sunan arkadaşlarım Telli Kayalar ve Tülin İriyarı'ya, Araş. Gör. Okan Şahin'e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Çalışmam süresince anlayış ve sabırla beni destekleyen başta canım annem olmak üzere tüm aileme en içten teşekkürlerimi sunmak istiyorum. DERYA İSTANBULLUOĞLU İSTANBUL, 2019 vi ÖZ……………..………………….………………………….……………………iii ABSTRACT.….……….………...……………………………………...………..IV ÖNSÖZ….…..…………………………………...……………………………….VI İÇİNDEKİLER…………….………………………….…………………..….....VII RESİMLER LİSTESİ………..…….…………...…….…….……………........…X GİRİŞ........................................................................................................................1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KRAL ARTHUR VE EFSANESİ 1.1. Kral Arthur'un Kimliği..........................................................................................4 1.2. Arthur Efsanesi......................................................................................................5 1.3. Arthur Efsanesi'nin Ana Kaynakları......................................................................9 1.4. Arthur Efsanesi'nin Ana Temaları.......................................................................22 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 19. YY.DA İNGİLTERE 2.1. 19. Yy.da İngiltere'nin Durumu...........................................................................29 2.2. Victoria Dönemi Orta Çağcılığı ve Gotik Canlanış.............................................33 2.3. 19. Yy. İngiltere'sinde Dinsel Canlanış...............................................................41 vii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 19. YY. İNGİLTERE'SİNDE SANAT 3.1. Kraliyet Akademisi..............................................................................................43 3.2. Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği....................................................................................44 3.3. Arts and Crafts Akımı..........................................................................................60 3.4. Estetik Hareket.....................................................................................................61 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ARTHUR EFSANESİ'NİN SANATTA TEMSİLİ 4.1. Aşk Öyküleri Bağlamında Efsane'nin Kadın Kahramanlarının Temsili..............69 4.1.1. Shalott Lady'si Betimleri..................................................................................72 4.1.2. Elaine Betimleri................................................................................................98 4.1.3.Enid Betimleri..................................................................................................113 4.1.4. Guenever Betimleri.........................................................................................121 4.1.5. Tristram ve Isoud Betimleri............................................................................137 4.2. Ezoterizm Bağlamında Efsane'nin Kadın Kahramanlarının Temsili.................158 4.2.1. Nimue &Vivien Betimleri..............................................................................158 4.2.2. Morgan le Fay Betimleri.................................................................................182 4.3. Ölümün Yüceltilmesi Bağlamında Arthur'un Temsili.......................................187 4.4. Şövalyeliğin Yüceltilmesi Bağlamında Kutsal Kase Arayışındaki Şövalyelerin Temsili......................................................................................................................196 viii 4.4.1. Sir Galahad Betimleri.....................................................................................228 4.4.2. Kutsal Kase Bakiresi Betimleri.......................................................................245 SONUÇ....................................................................................................................252 KAYNAKÇA...........................................................................................................257 ix RESİMLER LİSTESİ Resim 1: Daniel Maclise, Arthur Excalibur'u Elde Eder, 1857, tahta baskı, 11.4 x 8.9 cm, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Texas, Texas, ABD........................................................................................................................................20
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