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Female Autoerotism in Twentieth Century Sexology and Sex

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Female Autoerotism in Twentieth Century Sexology and Sex Female Autoerotism in Twentieth Century Sexology and Sex Research NOUR ALSAOUB PhD University of York Women's Studies March 2015 2 Abstract In this thesis I argue that female masturbation is still in some ways seen as problematic even though it is no longer represented as a basis for shame and sin. Historians have shed light on the vicious campaign against masturbation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but little attention has been dedicated to the twentieth century, beyond overviews of how ideas changed so that masturbation was no longer, allegedly, condemned. Although I will begin with a consideration of attitudes towards female masturbation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, my main focus will be on the twentieth century through an in-depth analysis of the works of the prominent sexologists and sex researchers: Havelock Ellis, Freud, Kinsey, Masters and Johnson and Shere Hite. I address specific problems in their arguments regarding female sexuality in general and female autoerotism in particular. I contend that these influential figures participated in the great confusion we have about female masturbation today. At first it was thought that excessive or prolonged masturbation led to psychological or sexual problems. When later sexologists tried to present masturbation in a better light, it continued to be, for them, an inferior form of sexual practice. Even when female autoerotism is advocated, it is justified by claiming that it leads to better "real sex". Finally, through a reading of recent popular culture, my study explores how sex researchers' attitudes towards masturbation influenced our own, resulting in a paradox: it is still a secretive practice and yet can be celebrated in women's magazines. In concentrating on the twentieth century I seek to substantiate my argument that the problems we have with masturbation did not stop at the end of the nineteenth century. My thesis is an attempt at presenting female masturbation as neither a disease nor a cure. It is a step towards a better comprehension of a wide-spread, mostly pleasurable, practice while avoiding both condemnation and overenthusiasm. 3 Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of Images 4 Acknowledgements 5 Author's Declaration 6 Dedication 7 Introduction 8 Chapter One 26 Before the Invention of Autoerotism: On the Horrors of Being a Female Onanist in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Chapter Two 56 Havelock Ellis and the "Inevitable" Phenomenon Chapter Three 91 Freud's Unsolved Riddle of Infantile Masturbation Chapter Four 125 Masturbation as a Prerequisite for Married Life Chapter Five 154 In the Absence of a Sexual Partner Chapter Six 190 A Feminine Touch: A Study of Shere Hite's Work on Female Sexuality and Autoerotism Chapter Seven 223 Knitting Our Way to Orgasm: Contemporary Representations of Masturbation in Popular Culture Conclusion 266 Bibliography 274 4 List of Images Image 1. Title page of Onania 29 Image 2. Title page of Onanism 39 Image 3. Knit Your Own Orgasm (1998) by Grizelda Grizlingham. 224 5 Acknowledgements I am thankful for completing this project under the guidance of an exemplary PhD supervisor who worries about the personal, educational and financial wellbeing of her students. Her encouragement and insightful, logical comments on my work made a strenuous journey truly worth the effort. Learning from her as well as reading her books made me a better researcher, writer and feminist. Thank you, Prof. Stevi Jackson. My gratitude goes to Dr. Ann Kaloski-Naylor for her great help in correcting my work during the last, very hectic six months of my study. I thank her for her kindness and willingness to help at all times. Finally, my utmost thanks go to my family for their continuous moral, educational, and financial support. I am grateful to them for their unconditional, profoundly undeserved love, and for being a part of my life. 6 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own and has not been previously published. No part of the material has been previously submitted for a degree at The University of York or any other university. 7 For my mother and sisters With love and endless gratitude 8 Introduction Eve Sedgwick's phrase "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl"1 raised eyebrows before the "transgressing" paper was even published. In his book Tenured Radicals, Roger Kimball cited Sedgwick's title as an example of "ideologically motivated assaults on the intellectual and moral substance of our culture" (Kimball, 1998, p. 11). Sedgwick's notorious phrase was seen as "oxymoronic, a scandalous yoking of some words which should never, ever belong in the same sentence" (Jones, 2004, p. 196). Sedgwick's ploy is believed to be intentional, however, as a way of creating ripples in the otherwise still pond of Jane Austen Studies (Jones, 2004, p. 196). Its importance lies not only in discussing Jane Austen's novels from a different angle, but also in raising the question: "why shouldn't a literary critic write about masturbation?" (Siegel, 2013, p. 436). The controversy is not restricted to the field of literary theory neither is it limited to the halo which surround a figure like Jane Austen. At times, even examining the topic is considered a step too far. When Paula Bennett and Vernon A. Rosario's call for papers for their anthology on masturbation appeared in an academic journal, a reader could not restrain his anger and 1 Sedgwick's paper compares the bedroom scene from Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility to Zambaco's case study of two little girls. For her the interaction between the sisters Elinor and Marianne Dashwood bears resonance with the dialogue referenced between the two little sisters in the 19th century case study. "Reading the bedroom scenes of Sense and Sensibility, I find I have lodged in my mind a bedroom scene from another document, a narrative structured as a case history of "Onanism and Nervous Disorders in Two Little Girls" and dated 1881" (Sedgwick, 1991, p. 827). This comparison sheds light on the importance of the identity of the masturbator which, according to Sedgwick, represents the "proto-form of modern sexual identity itself" (Sedgwick, 1991, p. 826). 9 wrote to the editor asking: whatever next? The outraged reader could not wrap his mind around how serious scholars and academics would deem such "vulgar and distasteful" topics as "medical attitudes towards masturbation (for God's sake!)" as worthy of examination (Bennett and Rosario, 1995, p. 1). In 1994, the Surgeon General of the United States, Joycelyn Elders, expressed her view that masturbation "is something that is part of human sexuality and it's part of something that perhaps should be taught" (as cited in (Plante, 2014, p. 142). Because of this statement, she was fired by none other than Bill Clinton. Evidently the mere suggestion that the "vice" should be normalised is what constitutes crossing the line. Elder's forced resignation did not go unheeded by scholars. The incident was cited numerous times (Rutter and Schwartz, 2012, p. 55), (Ogden, 2008, p. 52) and (Irvine, 2004, p. 1) as an example of how orthodox views of sexuality still prevail. The incident, however, was not enough incentive for researchers to devote a complete study to masturbation. The number of researches on masturbation is far from proportional with the prevalence of the practice. A basic search of the word "masturbation" in Ethos2 yields no more than three results; two of which are related to literature and one to cinema.3 Other variations such as "autoerotism" and "solitary sex" do not come up with any results at all. A similar search on Amazon UK yields 522, but the vast majority of these are self-help books (on how to masturbate or stop masturbating), erotic stories, religion's views on masturbation, some 2 http://ethos.bl.uk/ British Library Ethos: e-theses online service. 3 Keats, Modesty and Masturbation, The Secret Vice: Masturbation in Victorian Fiction and Medical Culture, and Masturbation, Sexual Logic and Capitalism: The Autoerotic in Contemporary American Cinema and Beyond. 10 out-of-print books and repeated results. The remaining published studies on masturbation are far from popular. For a topic described as "inexhaustible" by Freud in 1912 (Freud, 1958, p. 254), we have not done very well. Due to the Jocelyn Elder incident, the 1990s is a good time to place a marker regarding the problem of masturbation. The attitude towards Sedgwick's paper and Bennett and Rosario's anthology, which were also published in the 1990s, reveal that the issue is wider than a disagreement between the president and his Surgeon General. Thus was the attitude towards masturbation twenty years ago, but has it changed since then? Most importantly, what led to such an attitude? Scholars chose to concentrate on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because it is then that autoerotism became a problem. It is argued that the campaign against masturbation began with the publication of the best-selling pamphlet Onania in 1710. Its author, an anonymous quack doctor, who was later recognised by Thomas Laqueur as John Marten (Laqueur, 2003, p. 32), accumulated riches by denouncing the sinful disease. Among the most important studies on the condemnation of autoerotism is Masturbation: the History of Great Terror (2001) by the Belgian historians Jean Stengers and Anne Van Neck. They argue that denouncing masturbation started because of John Marten's book and developed due to Tissot's influence on the Occident as a revered physician. Even though Tissot's book Onanism was influenced by Onania, Stengers and Van Neck argue, the physician is the one who is responsible for spreading the fear. Only towards the end of their study do the two historians discuss the decline of Tissot's influence.
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