The Human Genome Project
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The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet Is Available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, D.C
THE NATIONALA REPORTIN BRIEF C The New Science of Metagenomics Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet ADEMIES Although we can’t see them, microbes are essential for every part of human life— indeed all life on Earth. The emerging field of metagenomics provides a new way of viewing the microbial world that will not only transform modern microbiology, but also may revolu- tionize understanding of the entire living world. very part of the biosphere is impacted Eby the seemingly endless ability of microorganisms to transform the world around them. It is microorganisms, or microbes, that convert the key elements of life—carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur—into forms accessible to other living things. They also make necessary nutrients, minerals, and vitamins available to plants and animals. The billions of microbes living in the human gut help humans digest food, break down toxins, and fight off disease-causing pathogens. Microbes also clean up pollutants in the environment, such as oil and Bacteria in human saliva. Trillions of chemical spills. All of these activities are carried bacteria make up the normal microbial com- out not by individual microbes but by complex munity found in and on the human body. microbial communities—intricate, balanced, and The new science of metagenomics can help integrated entities that have a remarkable ability to us understand the role of microbial commu- adapt swiftly to environmental change. nities in human health and the environment. Historically, microbiology has focused on (Image courtesy of Michael Abbey) single species in pure laboratory culture, and thus understanding of microbial communities has lagged behind understanding of their individual mem- bers. -
Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: the Human Genome Project and Beyond
DOE/SC-0083 Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society The Human Genome Project and Beyond U.S. Department of Energy Genome Research Programs: genomics.energy.gov A Primer ells are the fundamental working units of every living system. All the instructions Cneeded to direct their activities are contained within the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). This order spells out the exact instruc- tions required to create a particular organism with protein complex its own unique traits. The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA. Genomes vary widely in size: The smallest known genome for a free-living organism (a bac- terium) contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs, while human and mouse genomes have some From Genes to Proteins 3 billion (see p. 3). Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome. Although genes get a lot of attention, the proteins DNA in each human cell is packaged into 46 chro- perform most life functions and even comprise the mosomes arranged into 23 pairs. Each chromosome is majority of cellular structures. Proteins are large, complex a physically separate molecule of DNA that ranges in molecules made up of chains of small chemical com- length from about 50 million to 250 million base pairs. pounds called amino acids. Chemical properties that A few types of major chromosomal abnormalities, distinguish the 20 different amino acids cause the including missing or extra copies or gross breaks and protein chains to fold up into specific three-dimensional rejoinings (translocations), can be detected by micro- structures that define their particular functions in the cell. -
The Human Genome Project Focus of the Human Genome Project
TOOLS OF GENETIC RESEARCH THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT FOCUS OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT The primary work of the Human Genome Project has been to Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.; produce three main research tools that will allow investigators to and Leslie Fink identify genes involved in normal biology as well as in both rare and common diseases. These tools are known as positional cloning The Human Genome Project is an ambitious research effort aimed at deciphering the chemical makeup of the entire human (Collins 1992). These advanced techniques enable researchers to ge ne tic cod e (i.e. , the g enome). The primary wor k of the search for diseaselinked genes directly in the genome without first having to identify the gene’s protein product or function. (See p ro j e c t i s t o d ev e lop t h r e e r e s e a r c h tool s t h a t w i ll a ll o w the article by Goate, pp. 217–220.) Since 1986, when researchers scientists to identify genes involved in both rare and common 2 diseases. Another project priority is to examine the ethical, first found the gene for chronic granulomatous disease through legal, and social implications of new genetic technologies and positional cloning, this technique has led to the isolation of consid to educate the public about these issues. Although it has been erably more than 40 diseaselinked genes and will allow the identi in existence for less than 6 years, the Human Genome Project fication of many more genes in the future (table 1). -
Bioinformatic Analysis of Structure and Function of LIM Domains of Human Zyxin Family Proteins
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Bioinformatic Analysis of Structure and Function of LIM Domains of Human Zyxin Family Proteins M. Quadir Siddiqui 1,† , Maulik D. Badmalia 1,† and Trushar R. Patel 1,2,3,* 1 Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; [email protected] (M.Q.S.); [email protected] (M.D.B.) 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada 3 Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to the work. Abstract: Members of the human Zyxin family are LIM domain-containing proteins that perform critical cellular functions and are indispensable for cellular integrity. Despite their importance, not much is known about their structure, functions, interactions and dynamics. To provide insights into these, we used a set of in-silico tools and databases and analyzed their amino acid sequence, phylogeny, post-translational modifications, structure-dynamics, molecular interactions, and func- tions. Our analysis revealed that zyxin members are ohnologs. Presence of a conserved nuclear export signal composed of LxxLxL/LxxxLxL consensus sequence, as well as a possible nuclear localization signal, suggesting that Zyxin family members may have nuclear and cytoplasmic roles. The molecular modeling and structural analysis indicated that Zyxin family LIM domains share Citation: Siddiqui, M.Q.; Badmalia, similarities with transcriptional regulators and have positively charged electrostatic patches, which M.D.; Patel, T.R. -
Variants in PAX6, PITX3 and HSF4 Causing Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataracts ✉ ✉ Vanita Berry 1,2 , Alex Ionides2, Nikolas Pontikos 1,2, Anthony T
www.nature.com/eye ARTICLE OPEN Variants in PAX6, PITX3 and HSF4 causing autosomal dominant congenital cataracts ✉ ✉ Vanita Berry 1,2 , Alex Ionides2, Nikolas Pontikos 1,2, Anthony T. Moore2, Roy A. Quinlan3 and Michel Michaelides 1,2 © Crown 2021 BACKGROUND: Lens development is orchestrated by transcription factors. Disease-causing variants in transcription factors and their developmental target genes are associated with congenital cataracts and other eye anomalies. METHODS: Using whole exome sequencing, we identified disease-causing variants in two large British families and one isolated case with autosomal dominant congenital cataract. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed these disease-causing mutations as rare or novel variants, with a moderate to damaging pathogenicity score, with testing for segregation within the families using direct Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Family A had a missense variant (c.184 G>A; p.V62M) in PAX6 and affected individuals presented with nuclear cataract. Family B had a frameshift variant (c.470–477dup; p.A160R*) in PITX3 that was also associated with nuclear cataract. A recurrent missense variant in HSF4 (c.341 T>C; p.L114P) was associated with congenital cataract in a single isolated case. CONCLUSIONS: We have therefore identified novel variants in PAX6 and PITX3 that cause autosomal dominant congenital cataract. Eye; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01711-x INTRODUCTION consistent with early developmental effects as would be Cataract the opacification of the eye lens is the most common, but anticipated for PAX6 and PITX3 transcription factors. Recently, treatable cause of blindness in the world (https://www.who.int/ we have found two novel mutations in the transcription factors publications-detail/world-report-on-vision). -
SARS-Cov-2 Entry Protein TMPRSS2 and Its Homologue, TMPRSS4
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.26.441280; this version posted April 26, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 SARS-CoV-2 Entry Protein TMPRSS2 and Its 2 Homologue, TMPRSS4 Adopts Structural Fold Similar 3 to Blood Coagulation and Complement Pathway 4 Related Proteins ∗,a ∗∗,b b 5 Vijaykumar Yogesh Muley , Amit Singh , Karl Gruber , Alfredo ∗,a 6 Varela-Echavarría a 7 Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México b 8 Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 9 Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes TMPRSS2 receptor to enter target human cells and subsequently causes coron- avirus disease 19 (COVID-19). TMPRSS2 belongs to the type II serine proteases of subfamily TMPRSS, which is characterized by the presence of the serine- protease domain. TMPRSS4 is another TMPRSS member, which has a domain architecture similar to TMPRSS2. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 have been shown to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their normal physiological roles have not been explored in detail. In this study, we analyzed the amino acid sequences and predicted 3D structures of TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 to under- stand their functional aspects at the protein domain level. Our results suggest that these proteins are likely to have common functions based on their conserved domain organization. -
Screening and Identification of Hub Genes in Bladder Cancer by Bioinformatics Analysis and KIF11 Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker
ONCOLOGY LETTERS 21: 205, 2021 Screening and identification of hub genes in bladder cancer by bioinformatics analysis and KIF11 is a potential prognostic biomarker XIAO‑CONG MO1,2*, ZI‑TONG ZHANG1,3*, MENG‑JIA SONG1,2, ZI‑QI ZHOU1,2, JIAN‑XIONG ZENG1,2, YU‑FEI DU1,2, FENG‑ZE SUN1,2, JIE‑YING YANG1,2, JUN‑YI HE1,2, YUE HUANG1,2, JIAN‑CHUAN XIA1,2 and DE‑SHENG WENG1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine; 2Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center; 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China Received July 31, 2020; Accepted December 18, 2020 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12466 Abstract. Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In summary, lethal malignancy worldwide. Great efforts have been devoted KIF11 was significantly upregulated in BC and might act as to clarify the pathogenesis of BC, but the underlying molecular a potential prognostic biomarker. The present identification mechanisms remain unclear. To screen for the genes associated of DEGs and hub genes in BC may provide novel insight for with the progression and carcinogenesis of BC, three datasets investigating the molecular mechanisms of BC. were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. A total of 37 tumor and 16 non‑cancerous samples were analyzed to Introduction identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, 141 genes were identified, including 55 upregulated and Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common malignancy 86 downregulated genes. The protein‑protein interaction worldwide with substantial morbidity and mortality. -
Library Construction and Screening
Library construction and screening • A gene library is a collection of different DNA sequences from an organism, • which has beenAlso called genomic libraries or gene banks. • cloned into a vector for ease of purification, storage and analysis. Uses of gene libraries • To obtain the sequences of genes for analysis, amplification, cloning, and expression. • Once the sequence is known probes, primers, etc. can be synthesized for further diagnostic work using, for example, hybridization reactions, blots and PCR. • Knowledge of a gene sequence also offers the possibility of gene therapy. • Also, gene expression can be used to synthesize a product in particular host cells, e.g. synthesis of human gene products in prokaryotic cells. two types of gene library depending upon the source of the DNA used. 1.genomic library. 2.cDNA library Types of GENE library: • genomic library contains DNA fragments representing the entire genome of an organism. • cDNA library contains only complementary DNA molecules synthesized from mRNA molecules in a cell. Genomic Library : • Made from nuclear DNA of an organism or species. • DNA is cut into clonable size pieces as randomly possible using restriction endonuclease • Genomic libraries contain whole genomic fragments including gene exons and introns, gene promoters, intragenic DNA,origins of replication, etc Construction of Genomic Libraries 1. Isolation of genomic DNA and vector. 2.Cleavage of Genomic DNA and vector by Restriction Endonucleases. 3.Ligation of fragmented DNA with the vector. 4.Transformation of -
The Economic Impact and Functional Applications of Human Genetics and Genomics
The Economic Impact and Functional Applications of Human Genetics and Genomics Commissioned by the American Society of Human Genetics Produced by TEConomy Partners, LLC. Report Authors: Simon Tripp and Martin Grueber May 2021 TEConomy Partners, LLC (TEConomy) endeavors at all times to produce work of the highest quality, consistent with our contract commitments. However, because of the research and/or experimental nature of this work, the client undertakes the sole responsibility for the consequence of any use or misuse of, or inability to use, any information or result obtained from TEConomy, and TEConomy, its partners, or employees have no legal liability for the accuracy, adequacy, or efficacy thereof. Acknowledgements ASHG and the project authors wish to thank the following organizations for their generous support of this study. Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY The project authors express their sincere appreciation to the following indi- viduals who provided their advice and input to this project. ASHG Government and Public Advocacy Committee Lynn B. Jorde, PhD ASHG Government and Public Advocacy Committee (GPAC) Chair, President (2011) Professor and Chair of Human Genetics George and Dolores Eccles Institute of Human Genetics University of Utah School of Medicine Katrina Goddard, PhD ASHG GPAC Incoming Chair, Board of Directors (2018-2020) Distinguished Investigator, Associate Director, Science Programs Kaiser Permanente Northwest Melinda Aldrich, PhD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Wendy Chung, MD, PhD Professor of Pediatrics in Medicine and Director, Clinical Cancer Genetics Columbia University Mira Irons, MD Chief Health and Science Officer American Medical Association Peng Jin, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Human Genetics Emory University Allison McCague, PhD Science Policy Analyst, Policy and Program Analysis Branch National Human Genome Research Institute Rebecca Meyer-Schuman, MS Human Genetics Ph.D. -
Construction of Small-Insert Genomic DNA Libraries Highly Enriched
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 3419-3423, April 1992 Genetics Construction of small-insert genomic DNA libraries highly enriched for microsatellite repeat sequences (marker-selected libraries/CA repeats/sequence-tagged sites/genetic mapping/dog genome) ELAINE A. OSTRANDER*tt, PAM M. JONG*t, JASPER RINE*t, AND GEOFFREY DUYKt§ *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 401 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; tHuman Genome Center, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, 74-157, Berkeley, CA 94720; and §Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 Communicated by Philip Leder, January 8, 1992 ABSTRACT We describe an efficient method for the con- Generation of a high-density map of markers for an entire struction of small-insert genomic libraries enriched for highly genome or a single chromosome requires the isolation and polymorphic, simple sequence repeats. With this approach, characterization of hundreds of markers such as microsatel- libraries in which 40-50% of the members contain (CA). lite repeats (10, 11). Two simple yet tedious approaches have repeats are produced, representing an =50-fold enrichment generally been used for this task. One approach is to screen over conventional small-insert genomic DNA libraries. Briefly, a large-insert genomic library with an end-labeled (CA),, or a genomic library with an average insert size of less than 500 (TG),, oligonucleotide (n > 15). Clones that hybridize to the base pairs was constructed in a phagemid vector. Ampliflcation probe are purified and divided into subclones, which are of this library in a dut ung strain ofEscherchia coli allowed the screened by hybridization for a fragment containing the recovery of the library as closed circular single-stranded DNA repeat. -
Annual Scientific Report 2013 on the Cover Structure 3Fof in the Protein Data Bank, Determined by Laponogov, I
EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute Annual Scientific Report 2013 On the cover Structure 3fof in the Protein Data Bank, determined by Laponogov, I. et al. (2009) Structural insight into the quinolone-DNA cleavage complex of type IIA topoisomerases. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 16, 667-669. © 2014 European Molecular Biology Laboratory This publication was produced by the External Relations team at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) A digital version of the brochure can be found at www.ebi.ac.uk/about/brochures For more information about EMBL-EBI please contact: [email protected] Contents Introduction & overview 3 Services 8 Genes, genomes and variation 8 Molecular atlas 12 Proteins and protein families 14 Molecular and cellular structures 18 Chemical biology 20 Molecular systems 22 Cross-domain tools and resources 24 Research 26 Support 32 ELIXIR 36 Facts and figures 38 Funding & resource allocation 38 Growth of core resources 40 Collaborations 42 Our staff in 2013 44 Scientific advisory committees 46 Major database collaborations 50 Publications 52 Organisation of EMBL-EBI leadership 61 2013 EMBL-EBI Annual Scientific Report 1 Foreword Welcome to EMBL-EBI’s 2013 Annual Scientific Report. Here we look back on our major achievements during the year, reflecting on the delivery of our world-class services, research, training, industry collaboration and European coordination of life-science data. The past year has been one full of exciting changes, both scientifically and organisationally. We unveiled a new website that helps users explore our resources more seamlessly, saw the publication of ground-breaking work in data storage and synthetic biology, joined the global alliance for global health, built important new relationships with our partners in industry and celebrated the launch of ELIXIR. -
Tandem Genomic Arrangement of a G Protein (Gna15) and G Protein-Coupled Receptor (S1p4/Lpc1/Edg6) Gene James J.A
FEBS 26595 FEBS Letters 531 (2002) 99^102 Tandem genomic arrangement of a G protein (Gna15) and G protein-coupled receptor (s1p4/lpC1/Edg6) gene James J.A. Contos, Xiaoqin Ye, Valerie P. Sah, Jerold Chunà Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA Received 31 May 2002; revised 30 July 2002; accepted 6 September 2002 First published online 18 September 2002 Edited by Edward A. Dennis, Isabel Varela-Nieto and Alicia Alonso Genomic structure analysis of s1p4 could provide insight Abstract A genomic analysis of the s1p4/lpC1/Edg6 mouse sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) G protein-coupled receptor into the evolution of the eight lysophospholipid receptor gene revealed it to be located on central chromosome 10 and genes. The coding regions for each of the lpa genes are divided to consist of two exons with an intronless coding region. Sur- between two exons, whereas for the s1p1À3 genes, the coding prisingly, we found the gene encoding the promiscuously cou- region of each gene is within single exon, with only non-cod- pling GK15 protein (Gna15) located in tandem just upstream, an ing exon(s) upstream [8^12]. One would expect the genomic arrangement conserved in the human genome (on chromosome structure of s1p4 to be similar to the other s1p genes. How- 19p13.3). Given that Northern blots demonstrated similar tissue ever, to date, genomic structure information has not been distributions of the mouse s1p and Gna15 transcripts, we pro- 4 reported for s1p4. pose that transcription of the two genes may be under control of Lysophospholipid receptors, as well as all GPCRs, couple the same enhancer elements and that their protein products may to heterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of K, L and Q sub- couple in vivo.