Cover and section photo credits

Cover Photo: Cover Photo: “Agra, India” by Nigel Swales is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nigel321/11494669655

Regional Overview Section Photo: SAARC in Jeopardy. The Kathmandu Post. Niranjan Mani Dixit. http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-06/saarc-in-jeopardy.html

International Framework Section Photo: National Disaster Response Force, India. Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/HQNDRF/photos/a.1473043966118868.1073741828.1472348146188450/1749130325176896/?type=3&theater

National Framework Section Photo: “Changing lives: Ante and post natal care for mums and babies in Orissa” is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0. Odisha (Orissa), India. DFID-UK Department for International Development. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/6835364123/

Conclusion Section Photo: “Pink City” (Rajasthan, India) by John Johnston is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-2.0. https:// www.flickr.com/photos/ateabutnoe/303620566

U.S. DOD DMHA Recent Engagements with India Section Photo: Service members from the Indian Navy Arrive for RIMPAC. Photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Kevin Flinn, Commander, U.S. 3rd Fleet. In the photo Capt. Kevin Long, Commander, Task Force 172, welcomes Commander, Task Unit 172.2.3, shortly after the arrival of an Indian Navy P-8A Poseidon on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise. https://www.dvidshub.net/image/4541589/servicemembers-indian-navy-arrive-rimpac

Appendices Section Photo: “India (Jaipur) Indian women” by Güldem Üstün is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/guldem/33053916540

2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Table of Contents

Welcome - Note from the Director...... 6 About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance...... 7 Executive Summary...... 8

Regional Overview...... 10

International Framework...... 12 Guiding Principles (Civil-Military)...... 12 Partnerships, Agreements, and Memberships...... 13 Bilateral Relationships...... 13 Multilateral Relationships...... 19 Agreements and Memberships...... 20 India Government Departments Involved in Crisis Response...... 21 Foreign Disaster Management Activities...... 23 Government Aid...... 23 Procedures to Request Support for Humanitarian Assistance...... 25 Military Cooperation (Training and Exercises)...... 26 Women, Peace and Security...... 28

National Framework...... 30 Country Overview...... 30 National Policies, Plans, Frameworks, and Agreements...... 31 National Disaster Management Agency...... 31 Government Disaster Response Plan...... 33 Government Agencies...... 34 India Civil Societies and Non-Governmental Organizations...... 35 International Non-Governmental Organizations in India...... 36

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 3 Domestic Disaster Management Activities...... 38 Roles and Responsibilities of the State and District Governments...... 38

Conclusion...... 40

U.S. DOD DMHA Recent Engagements with India...... 42

Appendices...... 46 Country Profile...... 48 Acronyms and Abbreviations...... 61 List of References for Figures and Photos...... 65 References (Endnotes)...... 66

List of Figures Figure 1: Map of South Asia Region...... 10 Figure 2: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030...... 14 Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for Humanitarian Assistance...... 24 Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Evacuation Operations...... 27 Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure for India...... 31 Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure...... 32 Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic Institutional Framework...... 38

List of Tables Table 1: Government Agencies in India...... 34

List of Photos Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015...... 27 Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018...... 42 Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014...... 43 Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Abhyas Exercise 2016...... 44

4 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Disclaimer This report has been prepared in good faith based primarily on information gathered from open-source material available at the date of publication. CFE-DM has relied on official Government of India sources to the maximum extent possible. Additional information has been obtained from United States (U.S.) government sources and is thus considered to be in the public domain. Such sources include the U.S. Department of State (DOS), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Fact Book. Other sources used include Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) home pages, Relief Web, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) or other United Nations (UN) agency web pages, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank (ADB). Where possible, a link to the original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference) section at the end of the document. While making every attempt to ensure the information is relevant and accurate, the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the infor- mation in this publication. Any necessary updates will be incorporated in a future version.

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 5 Welcome - Note from the Director

There is an increasing connectivity of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There is also economic and military pressure in the region.1 Current and future multilateral regional and international cooperation in Central Asia depends on correlations of regional, national, and global interests. Regional cooperation and strong international partnership promotes stability and security in the region.2 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) is a strong proponent of enhancing ties with India and counts India as a key partner in its strategic planning.3 Pacific and Indian Ocean partners are important and critical to maintaining regional stability.4 The United States (U.S.) continues to invest in the Indo-Pacific stability.5 Many countries including India will deploy their militaries or paramilitary organizations in response to a natural disaster or crisis. India is proficient in areas of disaster preparedness response, and the country has responded to regional disasters and provided assistance to affected states in the region. This guide serves as an initial source of information for those individuals preparing for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities or immediate deployment with India partner responders in crisis. Additionally, it highlights the important role India plays in preparing for, mitigating, responding to, and recovering from a natural or man-made disaster in the Indo-Pacific region. It also provides decision makers, planners, responders and disaster management practitioners’ greater insight into India’s Disaster Management (DM) capabilities, thereby enhancing regional civil-military response. Discussion includes key areas such as the India’s organizational structure for domestic and foreign disaster management, international DM agreements, regional training programs and exercise support. An in-depth understanding of India’s and other partner nation capabilities improves collaboration before, during and after a disaster response. Therefore, this handbook focuses on strengthening partnerships and is not an assessment of India’s capabilities. These handbooks provide a context for country and regional-specific factors that influence disaster management. CFE-DM provides education, training and research about disaster management and humanitarian assistance, particularly in international settings, which require coordination between the Department of Defense (DOD) and civilian agencies.

Sincerely,

Joseph D. Martin, SES Director

6 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Information about the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Overview

The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) is a United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) organization that was established by U.S. Congress in 1994. The Center is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Pacific Command and is located on Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. CFE-DM was founded as part of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye’s vision. The Senator had witnessed the effects of Hurricane Iniki that struck the Hawaiian Islands in 1992, and felt the civil- military coordination in the response could have been more effective. He set about to establish CFE- DM to help bridge understanding between civil and military responders, and to provide a DOD platform for building Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) awareness and expertise in U.S. forces, and with partner nations in the Asia-Pacific. While maintaining a global mandate, the Asia-Pacific region is our priority of effort and collaboration is the cornerstone of our operational practice.

Mission

The Center’s mission is to advise U.S. Pacific Command leaders; enable focused engagements, education and training; and increase knowledge of best practices and information to enhance U.S. and international civil-military preparedness for disaster management and humanitarian assistance.

Vision CFE-DM exists to save lives and alleviate human suffering by connecting people, improving coordination, and building capacity.

Contact Information Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Ave JBPHH HI 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

with its SAARC neighbors. The U.S. is also one of India’s most significant trading and foreign Executive Summary investment partners in the world.12 India’s Ministry of Home Affairs has overall India supports disaster management capacity 6 responsibility for disaster management along building efforts in the Asia Pacific region. with India’s National Disaster Management The country’s role throughout the region as Authority (NDMA).13 Components of the an increasingly capable actor in disaster relief national disaster management structure include and humanitarian assistance has reinforced the National Executive Committee (NEC), India’s role promoting connective partnerships 7 which assist the NDMA with overseeing national throughout the region. disaster management activities; the Central Due to location and climate, India itself is Government which maintains the authority to one of the most disaster-prone areas of the issue guidelines to NEC, and State Governments world. The country is exposed to many natural and State Emergency Committees (SECs) to hazards including floods, cyclones, droughts, enable or aid in disaster management. All central and earthquakes and these disasters often cause ministries are involved in DM post disaster significant damage to property and loss of life. recovery activities. The State Governments The Government of India recognizes the need to are responsible for the primary function of shift from a post disaster reactive approach to a coordinating disaster management activities pre-disaster pro-active approach which includes 8 to include the proper establishment of early preparedness, mitigation, and prevention. warning systems (EWS). The Armed Forces The Government of India enacted the Disaster are a significant component of India’s disaster Management Act in 2005, adopted a National management structure and are mandated to Policy on Disaster Management in 2009, and in assist the civil administration only when the 2015 adopted three international agreements circumstances of the disaster are beyond the including the Sendai Framework for Disaster State’s coping capacity and when requested by the Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals Civil Administration. Additionally, the Central 2015-2030, and the Paris Agreement on Climate 9 Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs), the State Police Change. The country has adopted a multi- Forces and Fire Services, Civil Defence and hazard, and multi-sectoral strategy approach, Home Guards and the State Disaster Response which in turn will create a disaster resilient 14 10 Force (SDRF) play a role in disaster response. country. India is currently home to over 50 India has membership in a variety of international organizations focused on disaster international organizations, including the United management, humanitarian needs, international Nations (UN), G-20, Association of Southeast development, human rights, women and Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum (ARF), children’s rights and protections, HIV/AIDS International Monetary Fund (IMF), World reduction and education, sanitation, food Bank (WB), and World Trade Organization security, sustainable development and health. (WTO). India is an ASEAN dialogue partner, India has provided monetary and resource an Organization for Economic Cooperation aid to regional nations in the aftermath of a and Development (OECD) partner under its catastrophic disasters. Aid has been rendered Enhanced Engagement Program, and an observer to the Philippines (2012 Typhoon Pablo, 2013 to the Organization of American States (OAS). Earthquake, 2017 Terrorist attacks in Marawai), India is also a member of the Indian Ocean Rim 11 Maldives (2004 Tsunami), Myanmar (Cyclone Association (IORA). India fosters bilateral Mora 2017, Komen 2015, Cyclone Nargis and multilateral relationships with ASEAN 2008, and earthquake in Shan State 2010), Sri member states and the U.S. and Australia which Lanka (2004 Tsunami) and to Nepal (2015) include Defense Cooperation, economic trade Earthquake), etc. agreements, disaster response and assistance and maritime and border agreements. Along with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, India is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Through its efforts at regional cooperation, India has increased its bilateral trade and investments

8 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

REGIONAL OVERVIEW

Awareness and risk reduction are at the forefront of policy-making, processes and Regional Overview law implementation worldwide. There has been a substantial increase in natural disaster In the South Asia region (Figure 1) there occurrences globally between the 1970’s (69 has been accelerating global growth and trade. recorded natural disasters per year) and the However, exports continue to remain low, 2000’s (350 recorded natural disasters per year). regional progress on fiscal consolidation is Additionally, the recorded annual economic halting, and deficits are high. In spite of this, losses averaged USD$12 billion per year in the the overall region, supported by the recovery 1970s and increased to USD$88 billion per year in India, has reclaimed the lead as the fastest in the 2000’s. developing region globally. The implementation Similar patterns of natural disaster of a growth-oriented combination of new policies occurrences and economic loss as a result of and regional reforms could potentially see the natural disasters have been recorded throughout regional growth accelerated to 6.9 percent in 15 the South Asia Region. In the South Asia Region 2018 and 7.1 percent in 2019. Much of the the number of natural disasters per year has improvement, however, is propelled by India’s quadrupled throughout the last four decades. growth and is not steady across all South Asia An increase in natural disaster in the South Asia countries. Region has resulted in approximately USD$25 The number of working-age persons in the billion over the last five years. region has increased in the last decade. Despite this, the percentage of persons of working age that are gainfully employed has seen a decline in most South Asian countries from 2005- 2015. The decline in employment rates in South Asia has been more rapid than in East Asia, predominantly impacting India, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Additionally, unemployment rates for women in the region have been increasing significantly.16 Half the South Asia Region’s population (eight hundred million) is in jeopardy of seeing a reduction in their standard of living; however India has displayed the fastest rate of poverty reduction after China in the last 15 years and lifted hundreds of millions of people above the poverty line.17 National incomes may also continue to decline in part due to rising temperatures related to climate change and more erratic rainfalls which will reduce crop yields and water resources.18 The increased occurrences and economic and social impacts of disaster events in the South Asia Region is comprehended by most stakeholders globally. International governments, worldwide institutions, NGOs, and private institutions have allocated substantial capital to raising understanding of the exposure and susceptibility of populations in the South Asia Region to natural hazards. Figure 1: Map of South Asia Region

10 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Sendai Framework The Sendai Framework is the global blueprint International and fifteen-year plan to build the world’s resilience to natural disasters.21 The Sendai Framework Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce Guiding Principles (Civil-Military) existing disaster risks:

Many countries will deploy their militaries The Seven Global Targets: or paramilitary organizations when a natural • Substantially reduce global disaster mortality disaster or crisis occurs and creates humanitarian by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 needs. Bilateral support to disaster-affected global mortality rates in the decade 2020- States can also be provided through international 2030 compared to the period 2005-2015. deployment of foreign military actors and assets. • Substantially reduce the number of affected The United Nations Office for the Coordination people globally by 2030, aiming to lower of Humanitarian affairs (OCHA) promotes the average global figure per 100,000 in the concept of UN Humanitarian Civil-Military decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period Coordination (UN-CMCoord), which is to 2005-2015. facilitate the dialogue and interaction between • Reduce direct disaster economic loss in civilian and military actors. This is essential to relation to global gross domestic product protect and promote humanitarian principles, (GDP) by 2030. avoid competition, minimize inconsistency and, • Substantially reduce disaster damage to when appropriate, pursue common goals. critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational UN-CMCoord facilities, including through developing their UN-CMCoord is a framework which resilience by 2030. enhances a broad understanding of humanitarian • Substantially increase the number of action and guides political and military actors countries with national and local disaster risk on how best to support that action. It assists reduction strategies by 2020. in ensuring international civilian and military • Substantially enhance international actors in an emergency environment can work cooperation to developing countries towards a common set of humanitarian goals. through adequate and sustainable support It helps to develop context-specific policy to complement their national actions for based on internationally agreed guidelines, implementation of this Framework by 2030. and it establishes humanitarian civil-military • Substantially increase the availability of coordination structures, ensuring staff members and access to multi-hazard early warning are trained to make that coordination work. UN- systems and disaster risk information and CMCoord is particularly essential in complex assessments to the people by 2030.22 emergencies/high-risk environments in order to facilitate humanitarian access, the protection of The Four Priorities of Action: civilians, and the security of humanitarian aid • Understanding disaster risk; workers.19 • Strengthening disaster risk governance to There are disaster response networks and tools manage disaster risk; that have been in the forefront of developing • Investing in disaster reduction for resilience; common professional standards for emergency and responders in the region and around the world. • Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective India has been occasionally engaged over response and to “Build Back Better” in time with them. They include the UN Disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) system, the International Search and Rescue The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the Advisory Group (INSARAG), the Civil Military substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in Coordination Section (CMCS) and the Virtual lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, Onsite Operations Coordination Centre (Virtual physical, social, cultural and environmental OSOCC).20 assets of persons, businesses, communities and

12 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance countries over the next 15 years. It was adopted similarities found not only in the government at the Third United Nations World Conference arena but also in people to people ties. India and on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in Afghanistan relations were further enhanced by 2015.23 The Sendai Framework is the successor the signing of a Strategic Partnership Agreement instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2011. The Strategic Partnership Agreement (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of between India and Afghanistan arranges for Nations and Communities to Disasters.24 Figure 2 aid to assist in the rebuilding of the Afghan shows the Sendai DRR Framework. infrastructure and education and technical assistance to rebuild native Afghan capacity. The Partnerships, Agreements, and agreement also addressed natural resources and duty free admittance to the Indian market for Memberships Afghanistan’s exports. India has encouraged the international community to follow through with India is a member of the South Asian its pledge to rebuild Afghanistan. Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). An Extradition Treaty, on the Agreement on The SAARC was established on 8 December Cooperation in Civil and Commercial Matters, 1985, with the signing of the Charter in Dhaka. and an MOU on Cooperation in Peaceful Uses SAARC is comprised of eight Member States: of Outer Space were signed by both nations in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, 2016. India additionally announced a further Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In USD$1 billion in aid for capability building in January 1987, the Secretariat of the Association education, health, agriculture, skill development, was established in Kathmandu. women’s empowerment, energy, infrastructure, and strengthening of democratic institutions of The SAARC’s objectives are to: Afghanistan.26 • Promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia as well as improve their quality of life; India-Bangladesh Relations • Accelerate economic growth, social progress, India and Bangladesh relations are rooted and cultural development in the region and in history, culture, and language. Relations are to provide all individuals the opportunity predicated on independence, impartiality, trust, to live in dignity and to realize their full and understanding. India and Bangladesh have potentials; concluded more than 50 bilateral institutional • To promote and strengthen collective self- agreements with regard to security, trade, reliance among the countries of South Asia; commerce, energy, transport, connectivity, • To contribute to mutual trust, understanding science, technology, defense, rivers and maritime and appreciation of one another’s problems; security. A Joint Consultative Commission • Promoting active collaboration and mutual (JCC) manages and administers application of assistance in the economic, social, cultural, enterprises between India and Bangladesh. The technical and scientific fields; 3rd JCC was held in September 2014 in New • Strengthening cooperation with other Delhi. developing countries, strengthen cooperation India and Bangladesh also cooperated closely among themselves in international forums on on security matters. A Coordinated Border matters of common interests; and Management Plan (CBMP) was signed in 2011 • To cooperate with international and and the settlement of the maritime boundary regional organizations with similar aims and arbitration between India and Bangladesh was purposes. signed in July 2014. These agreements have further enhanced economic development in the All levels of decisions at SAARC are taken region of the Bay of Bengal. on the basis of unanimity, while bilateral and An initial Trade Agreement was signed by contentious issues are frequently excluded from the two nations in 1972 and renewed in 2015 the deliberations of the Association.25 (a 5 year agreement with prearrangement for automatic renewal). There are also multiple Bilateral Relationships trade-related agreements between India and India-Afghanistan Relations Bangladesh. Bilateral trade between India and India and Afghanistan share a durable Bangladesh has continued to grow within the relationship founded on historic and cultural past decade. From July 2016 – March 2017 India’s

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 13 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK Figure Framework 2: Sendai 2015-2030 for Reduction Disaster Risk [email protected] www.unisdr.org www.preventionweb.net/go/sfdrr 2005-2015 2020-2030 compared to global mortality between average per 100,000 by 2030, aiming to lower global disaster mortality Substantially reduce Understanding disaster risk Priority 1 compared to 2005-2015 between 2020-2030 global figure per 100,000 to lower the average globally by 2030, aiming number of affected people Substantially reduce the There is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas. Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for preparedness increase disaster, to vulnerability and exposure hazard reduce institutional and prevent that and measures political technological, environmental, educational, cultural, health, social, legal, structural, Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic, The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, environmental,technological related as well as hazards manmade or natural by caused disasters, slow-onset The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries Strengthening disaster risk governance (GDP) by 2030 product to global gross domestic economic loss in relation Reduce direct disaster to manage disaster risk

development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors. Priority 2 response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience Priorities for Action Scope and purpose Expected outcome by 2030 developing their resilience facilities, including through them health and educational of basic services, among infrastructure and disruption disaster damage to critical Substantially reduce 2015-2030 Targets Goal Investing in disaster risk reduction by 2020 risk reduction strategies national and local disaster number of countries with Substantially increase the Priority 3 resilience f or or of this framework by 2030 actions for implementation complement their national sustainable support to through adequate and to developing countries international cooperation Substantially enhance Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction response, and to «Build Back Better» in Priority 4

by 2030 and assessments to people disaster risk information warning systems and to multi-hazard early availability of and access Substantially increase the

14 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance exports to Bangladesh reached USD$4489.30 (NAM) and SAARC. Additionally, India is million and imports from Bangladesh totaled the most significant development partner in USD$672.40 million. Since 2011, India the Maldives. India was instrumental in the has provided duty and quota free access to development of the Indira Gandhi Memorial Bangladesh on all tariff lines excluding tobacco Hospital (IGMH), Faculty of Engineering and alcohol products through the South Asian Technology (FET), and Faculty of Hospitality & Free Trade Area (SAFTA).27 Tourism Studies (IMFFHTS) in the Maldives. India has historically offered disaster India-Bhutan Relations assistance to the Maldives. After the tsunami The foundation of India and Bhutan’s bilateral in December 2004, India was the first country relationship is the Treaty of Friendship and to offer aid to the Maldives, donating aid in the Cooperation, first signed in 1949 and revised value of of Rs.10 crores. Additionally, aid in the in 2007. Formal diplomatic relations between amount of Rs.100 million was provided by India India and Bhutan were established in 1968. A to the Maldives following destructive tidal surges resident representative of India in Thimphu was in May 2007. also installed in 1968 which further enhanced India and the Maldives signed a trade diplomatic relations between the two nations. agreement in 1981. Indian exports to the Bilateral relations have developed over the Maldives include agriculture and poultry, years, bolstered by routine visits and high level sugar, fruits, vegetables, spices, rice, wheat dialogues. India and Bhutan foster a number of flour, textiles, drugs and medicines, a variety of institutional agreements in matters of security, engineering and industrial products, sand and border management, trade, transit, economic, aggregate cement for building. Indian imports hydro-power, development cooperation and primarily scrap metals from the Maldives. water resources. Under the bilateral agreement, India provides India is Bhutan’s most significant trading essential food items like rice, wheat flour, sugar, partner. In 2016, total bilateral trade between the dal, onion, potato and eggs and construction two countries reached Rs. 8,723 crore (Indian materials such as sand and stone aggregates to Rupees) with total imports being Rs. 5528.5 Maldives.29 crore accounting for 82 percent of Bhutan’s sum of imports. Exports attained Rs. 3205.2 crore India-Nepal Relations (Indian Rupees) including electricity, accounting India and Nepal share open borders. There for 90 percent of total exports. has been a long standing tradition of unrestricted The main exports from India to Bhutan are travel of persons between the two nations. Nepal mineral products, machinery and mechanical shares a border with India of more than 1850 appliances, electrical equipment, metals, kms to the east, south and west. vehicles, vegetable products, and plastics articles. The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and The major items of import from Bhutan are Friendship signed in 1950 affords Nepali citizens electricity, ferro- silicon, Portland cement, clear benefits in India, providing for services dolomite, carbides of calcium, carbides of silicon, and opportunities equal to Indian citizens. cement clinkers, timber and wood products, Approximately six million Nepali citizens reside potatoes, cardamom and fruit products. The and are employed in India. India and Nepal trade is governed by the India-Bhutan Trade and have established multiple bilateral institutional Transit Agreement 1972, which created free trade dialogue agreements, including the India-Nepal between India and Bhutan and was last renewed Joint Commission co-chaired by the External in November 2016 (Effective July 2017).28 Affairs Minister of India and Foreign Minister of Nepal. The Fourth Joint Commission Meeting India-Maldives Relations was held in October 2016 in New Delhi. India was one of the first nations to recognize India aided Nepal after the 7.8 magnitude the Maldives after gaining independence in earthquake in April 2015, deploying their 1965. India was also one of the first nations to National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) teams establish diplomatic relations with the Maldives. and special aircraft containing rescue and relief India established its mission at Malé in 1972. materials. India’s aid included 16 NDRF teams, India and the Maldives support one another 39 Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft sorties with in various multilateral settings, including the 571 tons of relief material. Multiple medical UN, Commonwealth, Non-Aligned Movement teams from India were also deployed. The sum

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 15 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

of aid to Nepal from India totaled approximately include; cotton, organic chemicals, food products USD$67 million. including prepared animal fodder, vegetables, India is Nepal’s most significant trade partner plastic articles, man-made filament, coffee, tea and the largest source of foreign investment. and spices, dyes, and oil seeds. Major imports to Major exports from India to Nepal include; India from Pakistan include; copper and copper petroleum products, motor vehicles and spare articles, fruits and nuts, cotton, salt, Sulphur and parts, steel, machinery and spares, medicines, earths and stones, organic chemicals, mineral hot rolled sheets, wires, coal, cement, threads fuels, rubber plastic products, and wool.31 and chemicals. The major exports from Nepal to India are polyester yarn, textiles, jute goods, India-Sri Lanka Relations threads, zinc sheet, packaged juice, cardamom, India and Sri Lanka enjoy a close relationship. galvanized iron pipe, copper wire, shoes and Trade and investment has shown steady sandals, stones and sand. India also provides increases. India and Sri Lanka foster bilateral Nepal with development aid for the development cooperation in areas including development, of infrastructure including; health, water education, culture and defense. India and Sri resources, and education and rural and urban Lanka share an extensive dialogue on significant development.30 matters of international interest. Considerable progress in the enactment of developmental aid India-Pakistan Relations ventures for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Since independence, India and Pakistan and underprivileged populations in Sri Lanka has have engaged in four distinct wars and multiple flowed from the strong relationship with India. border skirmishes. Despite this, in April 2010 it An armed conflict spanning nearly three- was officially decided to recommence dialogue decades between Sri Lankan government forces on all concerns between the two countries, and militants from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil including; Counter-terrorism and Humanitarian Eelam (LTTE) ended in May 2009. Throughout issues at Home Secretary level; Peace & Security, the armed conflict, India supported the right of Jammu & Kashmir, promotion of friendly Sri Lanka to act in opposition to terrorist forces. exchanges at the level of Foreign Secretaries; However, India also advocated for the rights of Siachen at Defence Secretary-level; Economic the predominantly Tamil civilian population in issues at Commerce Secretary level; and Tulbul the conflict areas.. Navigation Project/ Wullar Barrage at Water Sri Lanka is one of India’s largest trading Resources Secretary -level. partners within SAARC. Moreover, India is Since 2010 numerous additional efforts have Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner in the world. been undertaken between India and Pakistan to Bilateral trade between India and Sri Lanka improve people-to-people relations. Cross-Line increased significantly in 2000 with the India-Sri of Control travel and trade (initiated in 2005 Lanka Free Trade Agreement. Bilateral trade in and 2008) constituted a major improvement in 2016 achieved USD$4.38 billion. Exports from bilateral relations. In 2012, India and Pakistan India to Sri Lanka in 2016 reached USD$3.83 signed a new visa agreement which has led to billion and exports from Sri Lanka to India further liberalization of bilateral visa regulations. reached USD$551 million. Tensions surrounding terrorism originating Since 2003 India has emerged as one of the from territory under Pakistan’s control endures top four investors in Sri Lanka. India investments as major irritant between the two nations. India are in areas including; petroleum retail, IT, has called on Pakistan to combat terrorists and financial services, real estate, telecommunication, their supporting infrastructure in Pakistan. hospitality and tourism, banking and food In 2012, three significant agreements were processing, metal industries, tires, cement, signed by the India and Pakistan; Customs glass manufacturing, and infrastructure Cooperation Agreement, Mutual Recognition development.32 Agreement and the Redressal of Trade Grievances Agreement. In 2012-2013 India India-U.S. Relations and Pakistan bilateral trade achieved USD$2.6 The U.S. and India share and important and billion. Indian exports to Pakistan were growing bilateral relationship, underscoring USD$2.064 billion and imports from Pakistan the importance of mutual values, such as the USD$541 million. rule of law, respect for diversity, and democratic The major exports from India to Pakistan government. Common security interests have

16 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance led to increasing defense and counterterrorism political exchanges and increasing trade and cooperation. Both the U.S. and India promote investment, India’s relations with Thailand have global security, stability, and economic matured into a comprehensive partnership. advancement through trade and investments. India’s ‘Act East’ policy has been complemented The U.S. supports India’s significant role as a net by Thailand’s ‘Act West’ policy in bringing provider of security within the Asia-Pacific. the two countries closer. In 2012 a MOU on In 2015 the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue Defence Cooperation was signed by India and (implemented in 2005) was expanded to become Thailand. Relations between India and Thailand the U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial are significant because India and Thailand share Dialogue. The U.S.-India Strategic and a maritime boundary in the Andaman Sea. In Commercial Dialogue provide prospects to addition, there is a large Indian Diaspora living improve collaboration in capacities including and working in Thailand. Bilateral trade reached energy, climate change, trade, education, and USD$7.72 billion in 2016. counterterrorism.33 India and Thailand are significant regional The U.S. is one of India’s most significant partners serving to bring together South and trade and investment partners, globally. Since Southeast Asia. India and Thailand work the implementation of the strategic dialogue, together in the ASEAN, East Asia Summit (EAS), bilateral trade between the two nations has BIMSTEC, Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC), increased. The primary exports from India to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) and Indian U.S. include diamonds, pharmaceutical products, Ocean Rim Association (IORA). In 2010 the oil, agricultural products, organic chemicals, and India-ASEAN Agreement on Trade in Goods textile articles. The primary exports from the U.S. was implemented and the India-ASEAN FTA in to India include, gems and metals (diamonds and Services and Investments was signed (2014) and gold), aircrafts/aircraft parts, machinery, optic implemented in 2015.36 and medical instruments.34 India-Vietnam Relations India-Cambodia Relations India and Vietnam relations are affable. India and Cambodia foster strong bilateral Political contacts between India and Vietnam relations. India and Cambodia’s trade sector has have strengthened bilateral relations. In 2009, continued to grow over the past few years. The an MOU of Defense Cooperation was signed India-Cambodia trade recorded USD$187.36 by the two nation’s Defense Ministers. Defense million in 2015. Additionally, in 2008 India Cooperation developed and intensified support offered Duty Free Tariff Preference Schemes to of the India-Vietnam strategic partnership. A Cambodia. The duty free tariff further enhanced Bilateral Maritime Shipping Agreement was exports from Cambodian to India. signed by the two nations in May 2013. Trade A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and economic relations continue to increase. was signed in September 2016 by India and India is amongst the top ten trading partners Cambodia to support governmental relations of Vietnam. India’s relations with Vietnam in the administrative branch and to mutually are demonstrated by increasing economic and promote human resource development through commercial activities. exchanges of practices, information, capability Vietnam is an important regional partner and study visits. in South East Asia. India and Vietnam closely Bilateral relations are strengthened for India cooperate in various regional forums such as and Cambodia through working together in ASEAN, East Asia Summit, Mekong Ganga various multilateral and regional settings. The Cooperation, Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) bilateral defense cooperation between India besides United Nations (UN) and World Trade and Cambodia has been enhanced through Organization (WTO). In 2014, India and the conducting of annual training for Royal Vietnam decided to make economic cooperation Cambodian Armed Forces in peacekeeping and a strategic thrust in the India-Vietnam Strategic demining; defense training programs and naval/ Partnership. In 2016-2016 bilateral trade between coast guard vessel visits from the Indian Navy India and Vietnam reached USD$6.92 million.37 and Coast Guard.35 India-Brunei Relations India-Thailand Relations In 1984 diplomatic relations between India In the past two decades, through consistent and Brunei were recognized. Brunei is in support

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of India’s ‘Look East Policy and has welcomed (2000), Cooperation in Defence (2002), the ‘Act East’ policy and the further development Cooperation in Science &Technology (2003), and enhanced cooperation with ASEAN. From Exemption of Visa Requirement for holders 2012 to 2015 Brunei took over as India ASEAN of Diplomatic and Official Passports (2005), Coordinator. In 2008 A historic visit of the Sultan and a Mutual Cooperation on Drug Demand of Brunei to India was a milestone in India- Reduction & Prevention of Illicit Trafficking Brunei relations. During the visit five MOUs/ (2005). Agreements were signed on BIPA, ICT, Culture, A Defence Cooperation has been in effect Trade and Space. Additionally, during a visit of since 1994, under Indian Technical and the Hon’ble Vice President of India to Brunei Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC) in 2016, three additional MOUs on defense Agreement, an Indian Army instructional cooperation, cooperation in the health sector unit conducts instructional courses for Lao and cooperation in youth affairs and sports were defense personnel in English, computers and signed.38 fundamental strategies. Additionally the Indian Army held three instructional courses (2011, India-Philippines Relations 2012, and 2013) on unexploded ordnance India and the Philippines officially began (UXOs) and de-mining in Laos. In 2008 India diplomatic relations in 1949. Relations between permitted the Duty Free Tariff Preference India and the Philippines are amiable. In Scheme (DFTP) to Laos.40 1992 bilateral relations among India and the Philippines and regional groupings were India-Malaysia Relations significantly enhanced when India launched India and Malaysia have fostered diplomatic the “Look East” Policy and intensified their relations since 1957 and a Strategic Partnership partnership with ASEAN. was established between the two nations in The government of India has been a critical 2010. Additionally, in October 2010 both sides international aid provider in disaster and agreed to create a Joint Working Group (JWG) humanitarian support to the Philippines. on combating terrorism. A bilateral Extradition Subsequent to Typhoon Pablo in December Treaty was signed 2011 and the Treaty on Mutual 2012, India arranged for disaster relief aid in Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters was signed the amount of USD$200,000 to the Philippines in 2012. An MOU on Defence Cooperation was and contributed USD$100,000 of disaster relief signed in 1993 and defense relations among assistance after the 2013 earthquake in Bohol. India and Malaysia have continued to mature. Additionally, India declared relief assistance of An agreement for the development of a Cultural USD$500,000 in July 2017 towards relief and Exchange Program for 2015-2020 was signed rehabilitation in the city of Marawi after armed in 2015. Additionally, in November 2015 two terrorists of the Maute group (owing allegiance additional MOUs were signed; cooperation on to ISIS) over took Marawi.39 performance management, project delivery and monitoring of government programs, and mutual India-Laos PDR Relations aid in cyber security. India and Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia is India’s third leading trade (PDR) foster mutual and supportive relations. partner with regards to ASEAN nations, Political relations between the two nations were besides Indonesia and Singapore. Economic established 1956. Lao PDR has been cooperative and profitable relations are the foundation of on key concerns of regional and international their bilateral partnership. India and Malaysia’s affairs to India, including India’s request for bilateral trade achieved USD$11.72 billion in permanent membership of the UN Security 2016 rendering India as Malaysia’s largest trading Council. partner globally. A bilateral Comprehensive India and Laos foster a strong bilateral Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) relationship. Multiple MOUs and agreements comprising of commodities, services and have been signed by India and Laos including; investments was implemented in 2011. The India-Laos Cultural Agreement (1994), Revised Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement Agreement for setting up of Joint Commission was signed and sanctioned in 2012. In 2013 an on Trade, Economic and Scientific Cooperation MOU on Customs Cooperation was signed.41 (1997), Trade and Economic Cooperation, Bilateral Investment Promotion & Protection

18 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance India-Myanmar Relations investment into India was USD$59.9 billion. India shares a long land border as well as a In October 2013, a Defence Cooperation maritime boundary in the Bay of Bengal with Agreement (DCA) between India and Singapore Myanmar. Myanmar is the only ASEAN country was signed. In November 2015 the enhanced adjoining India. In 2012 a USD$500 million DCA which arranged for an all-encompassing Line of Credit was signed. Currently, India’s framework for bilateral defense cooperation commitment to Myanmar’s development stands was signed. The enhanced DCA (2015) consist at over USD$1.726 billion. India has responded of conduct of policy dialogues, working group promptly and effectively to assist Myanmar in and staff discussions, exercises, training events, humanitarian relief operations following natural demonstrations and symposiums.43 calamities like Cyclone Mora (2017), Komen (2015), Cyclone Nargis (2008), and earthquake in Multilateral Relationships Shan State (2010). India provided USD$1 million India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework to Myanmar in Rakhine State which was used to for Disaster Risk Reduction and has strengthened construct ten new schools. regional cooperation among South Asian The Defense and Security Cooperation countries by reducing disasters with expertise has strengthened over the years. In 2016, four and initiatives. The country has agreements documents were signed; MOU on Cooperation with several countries for disaster management in traditional medicine, renewable energy, cooperation. India works closely with the United construction of 69 bridges in the Tamu- Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Kyigone-Kalewa section and cooperation in the (UNISDR) and is a founding member of the construction of Kalewa-Yagyi road section of the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre. The United same Trilateral Highway. Nation Disaster Management Team in India A bilateral Trade Agreement between India comprises of UN agencies such as Food and and Myanmar was signed in 1970. Bilateral trade Agriculture Organization, International Labour has increased continually to achieve USD$2.18 Organization, United Nations Development billion in 2016-2017. India is currently ranked as 42 Programme, United Nations Educational, the fifth largest trading partner of Myanmar. Scientific and Cultural Organization, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations High India-Singapore Relations Commission for Refugees, United Nations India’s “Look East” policy has increased Children’s Fund, World Food Programme, and opportunities to restructure a modern World Health Organization. India is participating framework for cooperation. India and Singapore in the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction foster several significant agreements/MOUs programme.44 including; the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (2005), Double Taxation Colombo Process Avoidance Agreement (1994, 2011), Bilateral The Colombo Process is a regional Air Services Agreement (1968), revised in consultative process on management of overseas April 2013), Defence Cooperation Agreement employment and contractual labor for countries (2003, enhanced 2015), MOU on Foreign of origin in Asia. The primary objective of the Office Consultations (1994) and Mutual Legal Colombo Process is to make available a forum Assistance Treaty (2005). Additionally, there is a for Asian labor. The process consists of three Joint Ministerial Committee (JMC), chaired by primary emphases; protection of and provision of EAM and the Singapore Foreign Minister. services to migrant workers, optimizing benefits In 2015 nine bilateral agreements/MOUs were of organized labor migration, capacity building, signed in capacities of defense, maritime security, data collection and inter-State cooperation. cyber security, narcotics trafficking, urban The Colombo Process is comprised of 11 planning, civil aviation, and culture. Additionally, member countries; Afghanistan, Bangladesh, a Joint Statement was released outlining matters China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the of cooperation and mutual interest in November Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam 2015. Singapore is India’s second leading and eight destination country participants are trade partner with regards to ASEAN nations. Bahrain, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, Republic Bilateral trade between India and Singapore of Korea, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab exceeded USD$16.7 billion in 2016-2017. In Emirates.45 2017 (September) Singapore’s total foreign direct

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Global Forum on Migration and Development Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) The Global Forum on Migration and IORA represents a group of 21 (of 36) Development (GFMD) is a state-led, voluntary, nations; Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, non-binding and informal consultative process Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar, open to all member states and observer Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, states of the United Nations. The Forum’s Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, purpose is to address the multi-dimensional Tanzania, Thailand, UAE and Yemen whose aspects, opportunities and challenges related coastlines are eroded and washed out by the to international migration and its inter- Indian Ocean. linkages to development, to bring government IORA focuses on improving economic expertise from all regions, to enhance dialogue, cooperation for sustained development and cooperation and partnership and to foster stable economic growth of the member practical and action oriented outcomes at the nations. In 2011 India assumed the Chair of the national, regional and global levels.46 organization. Six priorities were recognized in enhance cooperation between member Agreements and Memberships states of IORA in November 2011; Maritime Safety and Security; Trade and Investment Association of South-East Asian Nations Facilitation; Fisheries Management; Disaster (ASEAN) (Dialogue Partner) Risk Management; Academic, Science and Technology; and Tourism and Cultural The Association of South-East Asian Nations 49 (ASEAN) consists of Indonesia, Singapore, Exchange. Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) There has been continual development in the India has been a member of the AFR since ASEAN and India partnership since the ‘Look 1996. India’s membership in the ARF makes East’ Policy was inaugurated in 1991. The ‘Look evident India’s growing engagement in the Asia– East’ Policy has at present developed into an Pacific region. India’s participation is consistent action focused ‘Act East’ Policy. India became with the “Act East” policy and development of full dialogue partners in 1996. India has held closer links with the ASEAN as a full dialogue yearly Summits with ASEAN alongside China, partner. ARF provides a venue for positive Japan and Republic of Korea since 2002. India’s interchange on political and security emphasis on reinforced and diverse relations cooperation in the region, with the ASEAN enduring to contribute as a fundamental function with ASEAN is a product of the significant 50 modifications in the world’s political and in the process. economic situation since the early 1990s and India’s own pursuit of economic freedom.47 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) India is a committed contributor to ASEM. East Asia Summit (EAS) ASEM was founded as an interchange forum The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a Leaders- in 1996 with 26 partners to link Asia and led forum for dialogue on expansive strategic, Europe. The 53 partners comprise of 51 member countries and two regional organizations; geo-political and economic concerns of mutual 51 interest, with the objective of encouraging peace, ASEAN Secretariat and European Commission. In addition to the above organizations, India is security, stability and economic prosperity. EAS 52 is an important dialogue platform in the region. also a member of the following: Presently seven EAS have been conducted. Asian Development Bank (ADB), African The five priority areas for regional Development Bank (AfDB) (non-regional cooperation within the framework member), Arctic Council (observer), ASEAN include: energy and environment, finance, Regional Forum (ARF), Association of Southeast education, natural disaster management Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner), Bay and pandemics. Two more areas include: of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical Connectivity and Comprehensive Economic and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Bank Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA).48 of International Settlements (BIS), Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), Community of Democrats (CD), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (observer), Conference on Interaction and Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Confidence-Building (CICA), East Asia Summit United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (EAS), Food and Agriculture Organization (UNIFIL), United Nations Interim Security Force (FAO), Financial Action Task Force on Money for Abyei (UNISFA), United Nations Institute Laundering (FATF), Group of 15 (G-15), Group for Training and Research (UNITAR), United of 20 (G-20), Group of 24 (G-24), Group of 5 Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), (G-5), Group of 77 (G-77), International Atomic United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank (UNOCI), World Tourism Organization for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), (UNWTO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Civil Aviation Organization World Customs Organization (WCO), World (ICAO), International Chamber of Commerce Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) (NGOs), (ICC) (national committees), Institute World Health Organization (WHO), World of Certified Records Managers (ICRM), Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), International Development Association World Meteorological Organization (WMO), (IDA), International Foodservice Distributors World Trade Organization (WTO).53 Association (IFAD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Federation of India Government Departments Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), International Hydrographic Organization Involved in Crisis Response (IHO), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Ministry of Home Affairs International Maritime Organization (IMO), The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal International Mobile Satellite Organization point in the Central Government for disaster (IMSO), Interpol, International Olympic response and has a Disaster Management Committee (IOC), International Organization Division. for Migration (IOM), Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), International Organization National Disaster Management Authority for Standardization (ISO), International (NDMA) Telecommunications Satellite Organization The NDMA is the central authority for (ITSO), International Telecommunication Union disaster management in India. NDMA is directed (ITU), International Trade Union Confederation by the Prime Minister and has the assignment (ITUC) (NGOs), Multilateral Investment for the development of policies, plans and Guarantee Agency (MIGA), United Nations procedures for disaster management (DM) and Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara managing the implementation and for ensuring (MINURSO), United Nations Organization timely and effectual response to disasters.54 Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), Non- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Alignment Movement (NAM), Organization For the purpose of responding to a disaster, of American States (OAS) (observer), both natural and man-made, the Act has Organization for Economic Co-operation and mandated the establishment of a National Development (OECD), Organization for the Disaster Response Force (NDRF). The general Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), oversite, guidance and direction of this force are Pacific Alliance (observer), Permanent Court entrusted in the NDMA.55 of Arbitration (PCA), Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (partner), South Asian Association Central Government for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), South The Central Government will take all such Asia Co-operative Environment Programme actions, as it deems required, for disaster (SACEP), Shanghai Cooperation Organization management and will harmonize the activities (SCO) (observer), United Nations (UN), United of all organizations. The Central Ministries and Nations Conference on Trade and Development departments will take into regard the suggestions (UNCTAD), United Nations Disengagement of the state government while determining the Observer Force (UNDOF), United Nations many pre-disaster requirements and for making Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation a decision on the measures for prevention and (UNESCO), United Nations High Commissioner mitigation of disasters. for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations The Central Government maintains the

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authority to issue guidelines to NEC, State District Administration Governments and SECs to enable or aid in At the district level, District Disaster disaster management. Organizations and Management Authority (DDMAs) will function administrators are obliged to fulfill requests. as the district planning, directing and executing The Central Government will offer assistance to authority for disaster management and will the State Governments as required or otherwise take all measures for the purposes of disaster considered applicable. The Central government management in the district in agreement with the will take actions for the implementation of regulations mandated by the National Disaster the Armed Forces for disaster management Management Authority (NDMA) and State activities. The Central Government will also Disaster Management Authority (SDMA).61 oversee synchronization with the UN agencies, international organizations and international Armed Forces governments in the field of disaster management. The Indian Armed Forces are mandated The Ministry of External Affairs in coordination to assist the civil administration when the with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will circumstances of the disaster are beyond facilitate external coordination.56 the State’s coping capacity. The armed forces are responsible for an important part of the Central Ministries and Departments national government’s response capacity and All central ministries and departments have are immediate responders in all disasters. The a primary function in disaster management armed forces have traditionally performed a with regard to the issues they are responsible major role in emergency support functions for. The nodal ministries and departments of including; communication, search and rescue the Government of India will attend to specific operations, health and medical facilities, and disasters as delegated to them.57 transportation, especially in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Airlift and movement of National Crisis Management Committee aid to adjacent nations fall within the capabilities (NCMC) and area of the armed forces. Additionally, the The NCMC is directed by the Cabinet armed forces conduct training for trainers and Secretary and is comprised of senior officials of disaster management managers, which include; the Government of India. The NCMC directs helicopter insertion, high-altitude rescue, major crises which have serious or domestic waterman ship and training of paramedics.62 In consequences. The NCMC is further supported reality, the Armed Forces are the backbone of the by the Crisis Management Groups (CMG) of Government’s response during major disasters.63 the Central nodal Ministries and aided by NEC when required. The Secretary, of the NDMA can Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs) be a member of the committee.58 The Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs), which are the Armed Police Forces of the State Governments Union, play a critical role in the direct response In India the States are responsible for the to disasters in India. The CPMFs implement primary function of coordinating disaster disaster management capabilities to enable them management activities. Institutional systems to respond to disasters that take place in the are implemented at the center, state and district regions where they are stationed.64 levels to aid States in the effective management of disasters. The Act decrees the state governments State Police Forces and Fire Services take the necessary actions for the formulation The state police forces and the fire services are of disaster management plans, incorporation of critical first responders to natural and manmade actions for prevention of disasters or mitigation disasters. The state police forces are trained and into development expansion plans, adequate the fire services have been upgraded to enable provision of funds, establishment of early multi-hazard rescue capabilities.65 warning systems (EWS), and to aid the central government and various supporting agencies Civil Defence and Home Guards in diverse aspects of disaster risk reduction The Civil Defence and Home Guard are (DRR) activities and disaster management.59 All deployed for community preparedness and States are expected to establish a State Disaster public awareness during disasters. A mandate of Management authority (SDMA) which mirrors the Civil Defence and the Home Guards defines the functions of the NDMA at State level.60

22 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance their roles in the field of disaster management. years. Floods claimed the lives of 122 people Additionally, a culture of voluntary reporting and displaced almost half a million. India was to duty stations in the event of a disaster is the first country to respond and they dispatched nationally encouraged.66 three Navy ships with emergency supplies. Indian Army and Air Force rescue personnel State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) were also deployed to the disaster affected zone States are urged to develop response and coordinated with the Sri Lanka Navy and Sri capabilities utilizing the state’s pre-existing Lankan authorities.72 resources. States are required to equip and The largest international Indian Armed train at least one battalion. States shall have Forces HA/DR operation was to Nepal after female members of their response battalion to the earthquake.73 More than 8,800 lives were ensure the needs of women and children are lost in the earthquake, thousands of people met. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) were injured, and over 800,000 buildings were battalions and their training institutes will aid damaged or destroyed. Damages are estimated the states in meeting the requirements. The at USD$ 7 billion.74 When Nepal was devastated States are further urged to incorporate disaster by a massive 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April management training in their respective Police 2015, India launched “Operation Maitri” to Training Colleges and for gazette and non- provide Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster gazette officers.67 Relief (HADR) in a massive relief operation that in the first 96 hours flew in 2 Army Field Foreign Disaster Management Hospitals, 18 Army Medical teams, 18 Army Engineer teams.75 The NDRF also deployed Activities 16 Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams comprising of more than 700 rescuers along Prevalent natural disasters in the South with 18 dogs, and rescued 11 victims from the Asian Region call for strengthened regional rubble. Besides the airlift, the Indian Air Force and international cooperation in disaster positioned 8 x MI-17 and 5 ALH helicopters at response and preparedness.68 Many countries Kathmandu and Pokhara airfields in Nepal for have standard procedures under which a small relief operations in country.76 India also pledged team of military and aid specialists is flown in over USD$1 billion for reconstruction.77 for a short period to the affected country to On March 11, 2011 a massive earthquake advise the Ambassador and assist in deciding struck Japan’s Tohoku region. The NDRF (01 how the country will use its assets for DMHA Team) was deployed to assist with the damage support. The U.S. for example, sends in a Disaster caused by this earthquake from March 27, 2011 Assistance Response Team (DART) to assess to April 7, 2011. The NDRF team retrieved seven damage and decide disaster support. India does bodies from the rubble more than two weeks not have this procedure.69 after the disaster struck the area.78 India’s response to major international India provided relief to the devastating disasters is almost always based on the cyclone that struck Myanmar in May 2008. capabilities of the Indian Armed Forces such as Category 4 Cyclone Nargis struck Myanmar on the case of assistance to Bangladesh, Myanmar May 2, 2008. India quickly dispatched two Navy and Sri Lanka in June/July 2017.70 The National ships and aircrafts to Yangon, Myanmar with Disaster Response Force (NDRF) with the relief and medical supplies and numerous Army Government of India’s Ministry of Home Medical teams to the Irrawady Delta.79 Affairs (MHA) also has the capability to provide In response to the December 26, 2004 Indian specialized response during natural and man- Ocean Tsunami, India was quick to provide made disasters.71 assistance to Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and India provided aid to Sri Lanka in May 2017 Indonesia. Indian assistance was provided by the in the form of relief materials and deployed naval Indian Armed Forces, especially the Indian Navy, ships with relief material and rescue personnel and it was the first aid to reach Sri Lanka and the as well as Army medical detachments. Sri Lanka Maldives.80 was facing the worst floods in almost fifteen

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Government Aid in MEA, the Minister of External Affairs, and/ India provides economic and development or the Prime Minister. MEA and the Ministry assistance to countries in South Asia, Central of Defence and Service Headquarters and the MEA consult and coordinate in delivery of Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. 84 They have approximately 135 grant assistance international HA/DR. programs over 61 different countries.81 India’s Figure 3 shows the decision making annual budget is prepared by the Ministry of process of the Ministry of External Affairs for Finance (MoF). Funding for foreign assistance Humanitarian Assistance. programs is channeled through multiple In March 2012, the Indian government Indian government ministries. The Ministry operationalized the Development Partnership of External Affairs (MEA) has a coordinated Administration (DPA). This is a new division function to provide multilateral and bilateral of the MEA. India’s development assistance aid, and assistance programs to neighboring programs are concentrated in countries or and developing countries. India does not have regions that have or will give India resources and a dedicated aid agency.82 MEA works primarily energy like Africa and Central Asia to improve its economic growth and protect its strategic with other countries on a bilateral basis rather 85 than through multilateral channels.83 interests. DPA has started to create in-house, The MEA does not have a specific body specialized technical, legal, and financial skills to that deals with foreign assistance but recently accelerate all stages of project implementation. the Development Partnership Administration DPA is composed of three divisions located below. The three divisions are headed by Joint has been established that primarily deals with 86 developmental assistance on a bilateral basis. Secretary-level officers. Decisions relating to provisions of international assistance to disaster-affected countries are based • DPA I: Works with project appraisal and lines on an individual basis. These decisions are made of credit; by the Indian Ambassador in an affected country, • DPA II: Works with capacity building the Regional Division Heads and Secretaries schemes, disaster relief, Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme; and • DPA III: Works with project implementation.

Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for Humanitarian Assistance

24 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance India is part of a group of non-Western There is no official policy document outlining donors that provide 12 percent of the world’s the position that the Government of India has humanitarian aid.87 From 2000-2010, India with respect to receiving international assistance provided USD$315 million to 53 countries in the case of a major disasters. India informally around the world. Of that, USD$240 million was follows a policy in which they do not ask for given to six countries of South Asia, which is in international assistance but may welcome line with their policy of aiding their neighboring appropriate assistance on a case by case basis if countries first, according to Indian foreign offered voluntarily.92 policy. Prior to the DPA, the Indian Government In response to the December 26, 2004 Indian had provided foreign aid on an ad hoc basis, but Ocean Tsunami, India within 2 days of the is now doing so more systematically.88 tsunami rejected foreign humanitarian assistance. India does have a Prime Minister’s National Three reasons were given for the refusal for aid; Relief Fund (PMNRF). The resources of the 1.) The government provided this was on the PMNRF are primarily used to provide immediate grounds that multiple relief efforts following relief to families of those killed in natural the Gujarat earthquake resulted in confusion; calamities like floods, cyclones and earthquakes, 2.) India rarely faces financial constraints when etc. and to the victims of the major accidents dealing with disaster in a few states because and riots. The fund is made up only of public they follow an established procedure where contributions and does not get any budgetary they request extra resources from the central support; however, the disbursements are made government; and 3.) India wanted countries to with the approval of the Prime Minister.89 target their relief effort towards worse-affected countries. As time went by and more information Procedures to Request Support for came in India announced that it would not oppose foreign assistance but that it was not Humanitarian Assistance requested. Subsequently, India announced The Government of India does not issue that it would accept longer-term rehabilitation any appeal for foreign assistance for a disaster. assistance.93 However, if the national government of another India accepted a UN Disaster Assessment country voluntarily offers assistance, the Central and Coordination team as well as international Government may accept the offer. The Ministry assistance during the Orissa Cyclone of October of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India 1999 and the Bhuj earthquake of January 2001. is required to coordinate with the Ministry of During the Bhuj earthquake, the UNDAC team External Affairs (MEA), Government of India, set up an On Site Operations Coordination which is primarily responsible for reviewing Centre (OSOCC) to assist in coordination of and receiving foreign offers of assistance. The international responders.94 MHA (in consultation with the concerned State Government) will assess the response requirements that the foreign teams of another Military Cooperation (Training and Exercises) country can provide.90 India participates in numerous military If UN Agencies offer assistance, India will disaster management exercises within the framework of multilateral as well as bilateral accept the offer only if the government considers 95 it necessary. The Government of India will issue cooperation. For example, an annual disaster directions to the respective Ministry or State management training exercise called the Government to coordinate with the concerned South Asian Annual Disaster Management UN agency. The Department of Economic Exercise (SAADMEx). In 2015 it was held Affairs (DEA) will then need to approve any from September 3-4, 2015 in New Delhi, financial assistance offered by UN financial India. The purpose of the exercise is to provide institutions. The Government of India will participants with an opportunity to review and allow international NGOs and UN agencies discuss disaster response plans and capabilities and who are already operating in the country of an affected country by both national at the time of the disaster event to continue authorities and external organizations. The their humanitarian assistance to people in the exercise focused on national on-site emergency affected area in coordination with the relevant command and control, coordination, critical Central Ministries, Departments and the State decisions, notifications, and the coordination Government.91 and integration of regional and international humanitarian supports. Participants included

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 25 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, abroad, New Delhi may be forced to conduct Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In evacuation operations to bring its citizens back 2017 it hosted a similar exercise for BIMSTEC home safely. India does not have any formal countries, and in 2019 India is hosting one for doctrine or emergency plan; however, India has the Central Asian regional organization.96 conducted more than thirty missions across In the BIMSTEC 2017 disaster response Asia and Africa since 1947. Previous evacuation exercise, India volunteered to conduct for the missions have been made possible by Armed seven BIMSTEC countries which include India, Forces, flagship carrier Air India, and diplomatic Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, corps. For instance, during the 1990 evacuation Bhutan and Nepal. The exercise involved a boat of Indians out of Amman, Jordan, Air India rescue and collapsed building scenario.97 conducted approximately 500 flights and doubled India’s emergency reserve fleet for diaspora Evacuation from Affected States evacuation operations.99 The Government of In 2015, more than 16 million persons from India has made extensive efforts to enable the 98 evacuation of Indian as well as foreign nationals India were permanently residing abroad. In 100 addition, approximately 20 million travel each when needed including Libya and Yemen. year for business, tourism, and other short-term Evacuation operations involve several Indian purposes and the numbers are on the rise. government organizations, the Armed Forces, When natural disasters or conflicts occur and NGOs. The organizations involved in evacuation operations are shown in Figure 4. The

Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Evacuation Operation

26 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) remains the Saudi-led bombing campaign against Yemen’s focal point for evacuation operations and works Houthi rebels led to fear of humanitarian closely with the prime minister’s office. During disaster. Food and water was running out and most evacuations, the MEA takes the initiative hundreds of Yemeni civilians died. India took to create a special emergency coordination cell, the lead in evacuating more than 550 foreigners often housed in the Cabinet Secretariat.101 from 32 countries (including Americans and In July 2016, Indian Nationals were evacuated Pakistanis).103 Photo 1 is of Indian expatriates at from war-torn Sudan, Africa which had been hit a port in the city of Hodeida, Yemen as they wait by violence and claimed many lives. There were for their evacuation to India. an estimated 600 Indians living in South Sudan at the time of evacuation. People in Sudan were Women, Peace and Security being killed amid fighting between rival political factions. Clashes broke out between troops loyal Approximately eighteen years ago, the United to President Salva Kiir and Vice-president Riek Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 Machar who have been in a power struggle since (UNSCR 1325) reaffirmed the need to implement 2013 and has killed 50,000 people. The Minister a fully international humanitarian and human of State External Affairs led the government’s rights law that protects the rights of women and “Operation Sankat Mochan” to evacuate the girls during and after conflicts.104 UNSCR 1325 Indians. Several countries, including the India, affirms the role of women in the prevention the United States (U.S.), Germany, and Sudan, and resolution of conflicts and peacebuilding, arranged to have their nationals evacuated from 102 and stresses their equal participation and full the country. involvement in all efforts for the promotion of In April 2015, India led rescue efforts of peace and security.105 This created the Women, foreign nationals, including Americans trapped Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. In the years in Yemen due to the escalating conflict. A

Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 27 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

since, it has adopted seven further resolutions Against Women (IUCAW) in 150 police districts on women, peace, and security that call for the where incidents of crimes against women are full participation and inclusion of women at all high. The objective of these IUCAWs is to assist decision making levels as well as the protection local police in the intestigation of crimes against and promotion of women’s rights.106 women.111 Ensuring gender equality is a development Self-Employed Women’s Associations’ (SEWA) challenge in India. India ranks 136 out of Afghan Women’s Empowerment Program is 186 countries in the UN’s Gender Inequality an Indian women’s cooperative with more than Index.107 Women have an empolyment rate of 1.9 million members. USAID partners with 29 percent. Approximatley 37 percent of women the Governments of India and Afghanistan experience lifetime intimate partner violence to support SEWA. SEWA is expanding its and often have a low perception of safety in their previous work with government and civil society communities.108 stakeholders in India and Afghanistan to develop There is a need for increasing the number skills among women in five Afghan provinces.112 of women in the police forces in India. India’s In Rural India, there are economic average representation of women in the police empowerment program that has affected more forces is only 5.33 percent. However, there has than 45 million women through self-help groups been an encouraging increase in the number of and covers more than 40 percent of rural India. women participating in economic development India’s National Rural Livelihood Mission initiatives (public and private sectors). Women (NRLP) is a large-scale economic empowerment in leadership positions are also increasing. The project aimed at reducing poverty and creating Second Administrative Reforms Commission sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor, has made recommendations for recruitment especially women. of women. An advisory by the Ministry of The USD$500 million National Rural Home Affairs (MHA), was issued to encourage Livelihoods Project has promoted women's affirmative actions by States to increase women economic empowerment in 13 low-income states in the police force to 30 percent. The 5th National in India as part of its support to the government Conference of Women at its meeting in Trichur of India's flagship rural poverty reduction recommended that there should be at least four program, the National Rural Livelihood Mission women per police station in all rural areas and (NRLM), since 2011. It is based on the Bank even higher in urban areas.109 supported Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project, Under the Sexual Harassment of Women at known as "Jeevika," which means "livelihoods" in the Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Hindi. Redressal) Act 2013, the Government of India The purpose of NRLP is to make the rural pledged to establish One Stop Crisis Centres and poor more self-reliant. Before the project started, the creation of a fund to respond to Violence rural households in Bihar struggled to access against Women and Girls. The Criminal Law credit from formal sources because they did (Amendment) Act of 2013 expands the scope not have credit history or money. Poor women of sexual and gender based crimes against especially did not have a voice or agency to women.110 The MHA has also proposed to the engage productively with local markets or Chief Ministers/Administratiors of all States in support when they were faced with challenged. India to set up Investigative Units for Crimes Now they do.

28 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK

five million people homeless in 1999. The same occurred in 2007, displacing 3.5 million. National Framework Floods in August-September 2010 left around two million people homeless and cost dozens of lives in northern India. More than half of Country Overiew India is prone to earthquakes and New Delhi is reported to be one of the most earthquake- India is the second-most populous country prone cities in India because of its proximity to in the world with over 1.2 billion people.113 High fault lines, suffering five earthquakes measuring population density exists through most of the 5.5 or higher in the past 300 years. The last country with the core of the population residing major earthquake took place in Gujarat, India along the banks of the Ganges to the north, and in January 2001 causing an estimated 25,000 other river valleys and southern coastal areas.114 deaths, and resulting in 600,000 to be homeless. The country is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal Many deaths were caused by the collapse in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the of substandard buildings. The Tsunami in Indian Ocean to the south. Border countries December 2004, caused by an earthquake off the include Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north- coast of Indonesia measuring 9.0, greatly affected west; China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north; the Indian islands of Nicobar and Andaman, and Myanmar (Burma) to the east; and Bangladesh to southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, the east of West Bengal.115 In terms of land area, and Kerala. This disaster resulted in more than India is the seventh largest country in the world 10,000 deaths in India.121 and is surrounded by three different bodies of India has a Natural Hazard and Exposure Risk water.116 of 7.4/10; a Vulnerability score of 4.6/10; and a The country has 22 official different languages Lack of Coping Capacity score of 4.6/10 on the though Hindi is the most widely spoken in INFORM Risk Model. Physical exposures to North India. Hindus constitute 80.5 percent of flood (8.5), tsunami (8.3), earthquake (7.9), and the population. Muslims make up 13.4 percent, tropical cyclone (7.6) are the highest (Figure 5). and the rest of the religious makeup includes Risk involves exposure to hazards, vulnerability, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and others.117 as well as lack of coping capacity is important India has a tropical climate marked by factors in Disaster Risk Management.122 relatively high summer temperatures and dry INFORM is a global, objective, and winters. The main seasons include; a) Winter transparent tool for understanding the risk of (December-February); b) summer (March-June); humanitarian crises. INFORM is a composite c) South-West monsoon (June-September) and indicator, developed by the Joint Research d) Post monsoon (October-November).118 Center, combining 53 indicators into three India is one of the most disaster-prone dimensions of risk: hazards (events that could areas of the world due to its location and occur) and exposure to them, vulnerability (the climate. Increasing population, urbanization, susceptibility of communities to those hazards) development within high-risk zones, and the lack of coping capacity (lack of resources industrialization, environmental degradation, that can alleviate the impact). It is a collaboration and climate change heighten India’s of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee vulnerabilities. Various human-induced activities Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and can accelerate the impact and accelerate the Preparedness and the European Commission. frequency of disasters.119 A large part of the INFORM gives each country a risk score of 1-10 country is exposed to natural hazards which can (1 being the lowest and 10 the highest) for each easily become natural disasters. These disasters of the dimensions, categories, and components often cause significant damage and disruption of risk, as well as an overall risk score. The higher leading to loss and property in India.120 the score the more vulnerable a country is. The India is subject to droughts, floods, cyclones, purpose of INFORM is to provide an open, and earthquakes. The country experienced a transparent, consensus-based methodology for severe period of drought resulting in 1.5 million analyzing crisis risk at global, regional or national deaths between 1965 and 1967. Increasing level.123 droughts have affected some parts of India for an extended period of time. India also suffers from periodic flooding and floods left approximately

30 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure for India

determination to practice mitigation in order National Policies, Plans, Frameworks, to prevent damage and destruction caused and Agreements by natural and man-made disasters. The government focuses on combining efforts with National Disaster Management Agency all government agencies, Non-Governmental The Prime Minister of India serves as Organizations (NGOs) and the people’s chairman of the National Disaster Management participation. India plans on achieving this by Authority (NDMA) in India. In 2005, the adopting a technology-driven, pro-active, multi- Disaster Management Act established hazard, and multi-sectoral strategy, which in turn the NDMA, as well as organization of the will create a disaster resilient country. institutional mechanisms at the State and District The Vision of the NDMA is “To build a levels. safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, India’s vision in disaster management focuses pro-active, technology driven and sustainable on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. development strategy that involves all The government of India promotes a national stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention,

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 31 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK

preparedness and mitigation.”124 Figure 6 depicts determined by the Central Government; the NDMA Organizational Structure. • Take such other measures for the prevention The NDMA is responsible for the policies, of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness plans, and guidelines, as well as to ensure timely and capacity building for dealing with and effective response to disasters. Therefore, it threatening disaster situations or disasters as has the following responsibilities: it may consider necessary; and • Develop policies on disaster management; • Establish broad policies and guidelines for • Approve the National Plan; the functioning of the National Institute of • Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Disaster Management.125 Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan; Government Disaster Response Plan • Create guidelines to be followed by the State The following information on the National Authorities in drawing up the State Plan; Policy on Disaster Management and the National • Promulgate guidelines to be followed by Disaster Management Plan, have been retrieved the different Ministries or Departments of directly from the NDMA Policy website. the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009 disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their The National Policy framework has been development plans and projects; prepared after due deliberation and keeping • Coordinate the enforcement and in view the National Vision to build a safe and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster-resilient India by developing a holistic, disaster management; proactive, multi-disaster and technology- • Recommend provision of funds for the driven strategy for DM. This will be achieved purpose of mitigation; through a culture of prevention, mitigation and • Provide such support to other countries preparedness to generate a prompt and efficient affected by major disasters as may be response during disasters. The entire process

CHAIRMAN

VICE CHAIRMAN

MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER SHRI R K JAIN LT GEN N C MARWAH SHRI KAMAL KISHORE DR. D N SHARMA

SECRETARY (I/C-MEMBER SHRI R K JAIN)

FINANCIAL ADVISOR ADDITIONAL SECRETARY JOINT SECRETARY (ADMIN) ADVISOR (POLICY & PLAN) ADVISOR (MITIGATION) ADVISOR (OPS & COMN.) SHRI RAVINESH KUMAR, & PROJECT DIRECTOR Vacant DR. V THIRUPPUGAZH, IAS SHRI ANIL K SANGHI, ITS BRIG AJAY GANGWAR IDAS DR. PRADEEP KUMAR, IAS

JOINT ADVISOR (R&R) JOINT ADVISOR (MP & DIRECTOR (ADM) DEPUTY PROJECT LT COL RAHUL P) JOINT ADVISOR (OPS) DIRECTOR (FINANCE) SHRI YOGESHWAR LAL VACANT DIRECTOR DEVRANI SHRI PUSHKAR SAHAY SHRI S S JAIN UNDER SECRETARY DR. SECY (PP) JOINT ADVISOR (MP) UNDER SECRETARY (OPS) ASST FINANCIAL ADVISOR (A&C) SH. PARTHA SMT ALICE KUJUR SHRI VIJAY S NEMIWAL SHRI TURAM BARI SHRI M A PRABAKARAN PROJECT MANAGER KANSABANIK SHRI NARAYANAN P E DY. SECY (PR&AG) UNDER SECRETARY (OPS) ASST ADVISOR (GEN) JOINT ADVISOR (IT & C) SHRI BHUPINDER SHRI R K MISHRA SMT AMRAPALI DIXIT SHRI ANURAG RANA SINGH DUTY OFFICER JOINT ADVISOR (CBT) ASST ADVISOR (PR&AG) ASST ADVISOR (IT) SHRI DEEPAK AHLAWAT COL. AMIT KHOSLA SHRI NAVEEN KUMAR ASST ADVISOR (PP) DUTY OFFICER ASST ADVISOR (CBT) SHRI PANKAJ KUMAR ASST ADVISOR (COMN) SHRI SUSHEEL KR. ATRI SHRI R K BANDHU SHRI K K RAO ASST ADVISOR (RR) SHRI M L SHARMA ASST ADVISOR (MIT-I) SHRI AMAL SARKAR

ASST ADVISOR (MIT-II) SHRI S S RAWAT Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure

32 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance will center-stage the community and will be in the areas of awareness generation and provided momentum and sustenance through capacity development; the collective efforts of all government agencies • Ensuring efficient response and relief with and Non-Governmental Organizations. a caring humane approach towards the In order to translate this vision into policy vulnerable sections of the society; and and plans, the NDMA has adopted a mission- • Making reconstruction an opportunity to mode approach involving a number of initiatives rebuild back better and construct disaster- with the help of various institutions operating resilient structures and habitats.126 at the national, state and local levels. Central ministries, States and other stakeholders National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), have been involved in the participatory and 2016 consultative process of evolving policies and The National Disaster Management Plan guidelines. (NDMP) provides a framework for and direction This Policy framework is also in conformity to government agencies for all phases of the with the International Strategy for Disaster disaster management cycle. The NDMP will be Reduction, the Rio Declaration, the Millennium updated periodically with emerging global best Development Goals and the Hyogo Framework practices and the expanding knowledge base in 2005-2015. The themes that underpin this policy disaster management. It is in accordance with are: the provisions of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the guidance given in the National Policy • Community-based disaster management, on Disaster Management, 2009 (NPDM), and including last mile integration of the policy, the established national practices. The NDMP plans and execution; recognizes the need to minimize, if not eliminate, • Capacity development in all related areas; any ambiguity in the responsibility framework. • Consolidation of past initiatives and best It, therefore, specifies who is responsible for what practices; at different stages of managing disasters. The • Cooperation with agencies at the national, NDMP is envisaged as ready for activation at all regional and international levels; and times in response to an emergency in any part • Compliance and coordination to generate a of the country. It is designed in such a way that multi-sectoral synergy. it can be implemented as needed on a flexible and scalable manner in all phases of disaster From the national vision and the theme management: a) mitigation (prevention and risk mentioned earlier, the objectives guiding the reduction), b) preparedness, c) response and d) policy formulation have evolved to include: recovery (immediate restoration to build-back better). • Promoting a culture of prevention and The NDMP is consistent with the approaches preparedness – by center-staging DM as promoted globally by the United Nations, in an overriding priority at all levels and at all particular the Sendai Framework for Disaster times; Risk Reduction 2015-2030. It is a non-binding • Encouraging mitigation measures based agreement, which the signatory nations will on state-of-the-art technology and attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis. environmental sustainability; India will endeavor to contribute to the • Mainstreaming DM concerns into the realization of global targets by improving the development planning process; entire disaster management cycle in India • Putting in place a streamlined institutional by following the recommendations in the techno-legal framework in order to create Sendai Framework and by adopting globally and preserve the integrity of an enabling accepted best practices. The four priorities for regulatory environment and a compliance action under the Sendai Framework are: 1. regime; Understanding disaster risk 2. Strengthening • Developing contemporary forecasting disaster risk governance to manage disaster and early warning systems backed by risk 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for responsive and fail-safe communications and resilience 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for Information Technology (IT) support; effective response and to “Build Back Better” in • Promoting a productive partnership with recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.127 the Media, NGOs and the Corporate Sector

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 33 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Government Agencies Table 1 represents a list of Government Agencies.

Agency Resource Ministry of Home Affairs The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for North Block internal security, border management, Centre-State relations, New Delhi - 110001 administration of Union Territories, management of Central India Armed Police Forces, disaster management, etc.128 Ministry of Drinking Water and MDSW is responsible for the overall policy, planning, Sanitation (MDWS) funding and coordination of two flagship programs of the C Wing, 4th Floor, Pandit Government of India.129 Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 Phone-011-24361672 Fax-011-24361669 Ministry of Consumer Affairs, The Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) is one of the Food, and Public Distribution two departments under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110114 Food & Public Distribution. It was constituted as a separate Website: http://fcamin.nic.in, Department in June 1997 as it was considered necessary to http://consumeraffairs.nic.in have a separate Department to give a fillip to the nascent National Consumer Helpline consumer movement in the country.130 Number: 1800-11-4000 Ministry of Health and Family The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has two Welfare departments. They are both headed by the Secretary to the Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi - Government of India: 110011 • Department of Health and Family Welfare Ph: 91-011-23062205(O) • Department of Health Research131 Ministry of Defence The Defence Ministry obtains policy directions on all Room No 234 - South Block, defense and security related matters. It communicates Ministry of Defence, New Delhi them for implementation to the Services Headquarters, Inter-Services Organizations, Production Establishments and Research and Development Organizations. Ministry of Defence comprises of four Departments viz. Department of Defence (DOD), Department of Defence Production (DDP), Department of Defence Research & Development (DDR&D) and Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare and also Finance Division. Ministry of External Affairs The Ministry of External Affairs of India is also known as the Foreign Ministry. It is the government agency responsible for the conduct of foreign relations.132 Table 1: Government Agencies in India

34 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance improvement of social conditions of women India Civil Societies and Non- and girls. Other programs include improving Governmental Organizations education, health, and disaster management. CARE has been working in India for over 65 India has a long history of civil society based years, focusing on alleviating poverty and social on the concepts of daana (giving) and seva exclusion through comprehensive programs (service). Voluntary organizations, which are in health, education, livelihoods, and disaster defined as organizations that are voluntary in preparedness and response. The overall goal spirit and do not have profit-making objectives, is to empower women and girls from poor were active in cultural promotion, education, and marginalized communities, leading to health, and natural disaster relief as early as the improvement in their lives and livelihoods.136 medieval era. Some Civil Society and NGOs in India are listed below:133 Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) CSE is an environmental NGO specializing ActionAid India in sustainable natural resource management. The Indian branch of ActionAid International It is based in New Delhi and believes in aims to fight poverty and injustice in India ‘knowledge-based activism’ to cope with India’s and works in partnership with 400 NGOs to environmental threats (ecological poverty, land reach five million people including the tribal degradation and toxic degradation). population, bonded laborers, sex workers, AIDS patients, women, and the rural and urban poor. Centre for Social Research (CSR) They are based in New Delhi, India. ActionAid CSR is a non-profit, non-governmental India is part of a global federation and a full organisation based in New Delhi. Its mission affiliate of ActionAid International that has is to empower the women and girls of India, presence in over 40 countries worldwide. In guarantee their fundamental rights, and increase 2006, ActionAid was registered as an Indian understanding of social issues from a gender organization called ActionAid Association.134 perspective.

ADRA Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP) The Adventist Development and Relief Agency CJP is a group of citizens in Mumbai, founded (ADRA) is a global humanitarian organization to react against the Gujarat genocide. It promotes that provides individual and community communal harmony, rationalism, tolerance, development and disaster relief.135 and religious and social reform to improve the conditions of women and disadvantaged groups Arghyam Trust in India. The public charitable foundation was set up in 2001 in Bangalore by Rohini Nilekani. CRY (Child Rights and You) It works with NGOs, research institutions Cry is India’s leading advocate for child rights and government agencies for sustainable and spreads awareness about the right of children development in the water sector. Domestic to education, safety, basic needs, health etc. and groundwater management, and rainwater harvesting are projects. Habitat for Humanity India It is a not-for-profit organization dedicated Bachpan Bachao Andolan to building housing for the poor; has resource It is a grassroots movement for the protection centers in Bangalore, Chennai, New Delhi and of children, ensuring their quality education. It Mumbai and satellite centers in the south and was founded by Kailash Satyarthi, Nobel Prize east; and also has a disaster-response program. winner. Areas of activity include child labour, trafficking, victim assistance, prosecution, Indian Red Cross Society rehabilitation and education. Within India, the Indian Red Cross (IRC) has a unique relationship with the Government CARE India as it was incorporated by an act of Parliament. CARE is a non-governmental humanitarian The IRC is the largest national Red Cross organization in New Delhi that fights global society in the world and is also a member of the poverty. Its network in India aims for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 35 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Crescent Societies (IFRC).137 IRC has access to conditions in the world’s poorest countries by large amounts of international knowledge and drawing on its combined global resources and experience on disaster response issues. The IRC expertise. The prominent international and non- is a voluntary humanitarian organization having government organizations in India include:139 a network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of disasters/ Asian Development Bank (ADB) emergencies and promotes health & care of the ADB is an International organization with vulnerable people and communities.138 a focus on capacity building, economic sector studies, social development, poverty reduction Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) India and urban development.140 MSF is an Indian branch of an independent international medical aid organization that Caritas delivers emergency aid to people affected by Carita is an international organization with armed conflict, epidemics, natural or man-made a principal function of disaster management disasters, and exclusion from health care in more activities and education, rehabilitation, AIDS than 70 countries. MSF is based in Delhi. prevention and education, health promotion, TB and malaria prevention and education programs Ramakrishna Mission, Shivanahalli on gender equality and social justice in India.141 It is a branch of Ramakrishna Mutt & Mission, and a philanthropic, volunteer organization Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) founded by Swami Vivekananda. It improves The FAO is an international (UN) education, health care, rural development, tribal organization working in India to address hunger, welfare, and environment conservation. food security issues, food safety, clean water, and poverty reduction. The FAO promotes primary SEEDS India education, security programs, and nutrition Sustainable Environment & Ecological awareness.142 Development Society (SEEDS) is a non-profit voluntary organization associated with disaster International Fund for Agriculture Development management programs. It also publishes journals (IFAD) which serves as a knowledge resource in disaster IFAD is an international (UN) organization risk reduction. with a focus on poverty reduction, agricultural development, capacity building, small and Tarun Bharat Sangh medium enterprise development, fisheries, food It is a non-governmental organization production and rural development in India.143 formed to bring people together on the issues of management of forests and water resources in International Labour Fund (ILO) Alwar, Rajasthan and has been enaged in rain ILO is an international organization working water harvesting, natural resource development, in India to promote social justice, labor rights, and tree plantation. employment, social protections, human rights, and education. ILO also provides training and WOTR (Watershed Organisation Trust) research activities.144 WOTR is a not-for-profit NGO operating in five 5 Indian states – Maharashtra, Andhra International Monetary Fund (IMF) Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and IMF is an international organization working Jharkhand. It attempts to reduce poverty through in India with a primary focus on secure financial stability, employments, poverty reduction, participatory watershed development & climate 145 change adaptation. technical assistance, research and statistics.

Oxfam International Non-Governmental Oxfam India promotes empowering the Organizations in India impoverished and marginalized person of India, working to obtain their rights through International organizations and non- engagement with those above the poverty line governmental organizations are specialized to become active and supportive. Oxfam focuses agencies whose mandate is to promote and on advocating for an effective and accountable accelerate sustainable development in developing state and making markets work for marginalized countries and work towards improving the living people. Oxfam was a significant part of the

36 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance coalition of WNTA, the conveners of the civil United Nations Population Fund (UNDP) society group for the India National Consultation UNDP is an international (UN) organization on the post 2015 development framework, and in India which focuses globally on poverty play a key role in the dialogues on poverty, reduction, AIDS prevention, gender equality, sustainable development and gender. Oxfam reproductive health, AIDS education, reduction Trust is an Indian NGO registered in Delhi and of violence against women and children, skill part of Oxfam International. It currently supports training, family counselling, self-help groups and work in Delhi, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh women’s empowerment.152 and Uttarakhand and has started projects on education, livelihoods, emergency response & United Nations Development Fund for Women women’s empowerment. Oxfam India works to (UNIFEM) address root causes of poverty and inequality.146 UNIFEM is an international (UN) organization working in India with a primary Save the Children focus on poverty reduction, reduction in violence Save the Children (SC) is the leading against women, AIDS prevention and gender independent organization creating lasting change equality.153 in the lives of children in need around the world, operating in over 120 countries with more than United Nations Educational, Scientific and 15,000 employees and raising USD$1.3 billion Cultural Organization (UNESCO) annually. In 2010, Save the Children’s work UNESCO is an international (UN) reached 100 million children. Save the Children organization which promotes education, gender in India on issues such as child survival, child equality, AIDS prevention and education, rural protection and education and were an active development, malnutrition, drug and alcohol participant of the civil society consultations for abuse treatment and education, water-borne the India National Consultation on the post 2015 diseases, poverty reduction and sustainable development framework.147 Save the Children is developments.154 a global non-profit organization and it is India’s leading independent child rights NGO. As of United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and December 2017, Save the Children works in the Empowerment of Women 19 states of India.148 The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in an UN High Commission for Refugee (UNHCR) (UN) international organization with a primary UNHCR is an international organization function of promoting women empowerment, which provides shelter assistance and gender equality, women security, human rights rehabilitation for refugees globally. UNHCR and the reduction of feminized poverty in provides for livelihood opportunities, protection India.155 and the social and economic rights of refugees through capacity building, sanitation, and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) refugee registration and food security.149 UNICEF promotes health, hygiene, nutrition, education, protection and social development of US Agency for International AID (USAID) children. UNICEF targets efforts for children at USAID is an international organization all stages of their life, from infant and mother to working in India to promote AIDS prevention, child and adolescent. UNICEF works to ensure maternal child health, reproductive child health, children survive and continue to thrive.156 food safety, TB control, Polio eradication, urban health programs, education, sanitation, World Food Programme (WFP) counselling centers, and gender equality.150 WFP is an international organization working in India to promote nutrition, food, hunger, United Nations (UN) combating malnutrition, agricultural production, The UN offers strategic assistance to India employment, income generation and sustainable to aid the nation in achieving its goals to end development.157 poverty and inequality and to foster sustainable development in line with the globally agreed World Health Organization (WHO) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The WHO is an international organization UN also supports India, as the world’s largest which promotes food safety, tobacco controls, democracy, in the county’s commitments to capacity building, child health, adolescent health, change and development priorities.151 immunizations, vaccine development, mental

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 37 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK

health, substance abuse, disability, rehabilitation, of 2005 (DM Act), each State Government nutrition and Tuberculosis (TB) prevention and is required to establish a District Disaster education programs.158 Management Authority (DDMA) for each district within the State. The DDMA will World Vision then be led by the District Collector, Deputy World Vision is one of the world’s leading Commissioner, or District Magistrate, whichever child-focused humanitarian organizations. the District has as representation. In addition, Through development, relief and advocacy, they a representative of the local authority will act provide fullness of life for every child by serving as the Co-Chair. The DDMA will act as the the poor and oppressed regardless of religion, 159 planning, coordinating, and implementing body race, ethnicity or gender. for DM at the District level and they will take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM Domestic Disaster Management in accordance with guidance from the NDMA Activities and SDMA. It is also responsible for preparing the DM plan for the District and monitoring the implementation of the all relevant national, Roles and Responsibilities of the State and state, and district policies and plans. The DDMA District Governments will ensure that the guidelines for prevention, State Governments in India have the primary mitigation, preparedness, and response measures responsibility for disaster management. That requested by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the district-level offices of the said, India has a community based disaster 162 management approach during any disaster, various departments of the State Government. acknowledging that communities are the first All districts in India need to prepare a District responders during time of crisis. Community Disaster Management Plan (DDMP). The DDMP needs to be approved by the State Disaster participation ensures local ownership, addresses 163 local needs, and promotes volunteerism and Management Authority (SDMA). mutual help to prevent and minimize damage. Therefore, states should make State Level Disaster Management all efforts to assist communities in Coordination Mechanism understanding their vulnerabilities and the lead role that they can play in managing risks with less dependence on external Central 160 Government entities, through robust campaigns. Ministries/ The State Disaster Management Departments Authority (SDMA) is headed by the State Disaster National Disaster Chief Minister of each state. Each state is Response State Government Management required to have DM Plan that outlines Force (SDRF) Authority the broad coverage of the plan as well as the requirements of consultation in the preparation of the state plans. From this, State Executive State Disaster the departments of the state governments Committee Management Authority are required to draw up their own plans in (SEC) (SDMA) accordance with the state plan. The state State plans are prepared by the State Executive Emergency Relief Committee (SEC), while conforming to the Operation Commissioner/ District Disaster Management Center Nodal Department guidelines given by the SDMA. The state Authority (SEOC) plan prepared by SEC needs to be approved (DDMA) 161 by the SDMA. Figure 7 represents State the State Level Disaster Management Department/ Coordination Mechanism. The figure Line Agencies represents the institutional pathways for coordination, decision-making and Agencies with Disaster communication for disaster management Management but does not imply chain of command. Responsibilities Per the Disaster Management Act Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic Institutional Framework

38 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

CONCLUSION

Conclusion India can play a major role in support of coastal regions flooding and cyclones are a disaster management capacity building efforts sizable concern with regard to loss of property in the Asia Pacific region. Moreover, its building and life. sustained regional and international partnerships Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a priority under the Sendai Framework. The country is for the Indian national government. India’s working with countries both within the region Ministry of Home Affairs and India’s National and outside to build more resilient societies. Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) India has also engaged with the international has the authority for oversight of for disaster community in providing humanitarian assistance management in the country. to other countries in need. The country is The Government of India recognizes the taking a leading role in strengthening regional need to shift from a post disaster reactive cooperation among South Asian countries for approach to a pre-disaster pro-active approach reducing disasters and playing a role in global which includes preparedness, mitigation, and initiatives on disaster management.164 prevention.166 The Government of India enacted India itself is one of the most disaster- a Disaster Management Act in 2005, adopted prone areas of the world due to its location a National Policy on Disaster Management in and climate. Increasing population, 2009, and in 2015 adopted three international urbanization, development within high- agreements including the Sendai Framework risk zones, industrialization, environmental for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable degradation, and climate change heighten India’s Development Goals 2015-2030, and the Paris vulnerabilities. Various human-induced activities Agreement on Climate Change.167 can accelerate the impact and accelerate the The government focuses on combining frequency of disasters.165 India is exposed to efforts with all government agencies, Non- many natural hazards including floods, cyclones, Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and droughts, and earthquakes. The country’s participation by affected communities. vulnerability varies from region to region, but India plans on achieving this by adopting a these disasters often cause significant damage to technology-driven, pro-active, multi-hazard, and property and loss of life. multi-sectoral strategy, which in turn will create India’s geographic location in the South Asia a disaster resilient country.168 Region places India in one of the most disaster India has emerged as one of the top bilateral venerable regions of the world. The climate and trade and direct foreign investments partners location of India make India among one of the in the region. Bilateral trade agreements most disaster-prone nations globally. Worldwide, with SAARC member nations and ASEAN India ranks second in total population (1.2 member nations continue to increase. Multiple billion) and is recognized as the seventh largest agreements on defense cooperation, regional country in the world. security, duty-free tariffs, maritime boundaries High population density throughout the and land borders have opened the region for nation contributes significantly to the impacts of greater levels of bilateral trade and commerce. natural and man-made disasters which affect the Additionally, India’s role throughout the region region. An expansive part of India is unprotected as an increasingly capable actor in disaster relief from natural hazards. and humanitarian assistance has reinforced India has coastal regions to its east, west India’s role promoting connectivity partnership and south borders. With the majority of the throughout the region.169 population residing near river banks and in

40 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

U.S. DOD DMHA RECENT ENGAGEMENTS WITH INDIA

ti.171 Malabar 2018 was conducted off the coast of Guam from 7-16 June 2018. At sea portions U.S. DOD DMHA of the exercise were designed to advance participating nations’ military-to-military coordination and capacity. Search and rescue Recent Engagements exercises, as well as other operations took place.172

with India Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise The U.S. and India have a range of common Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) is the largest security interests that include humanitarian international maritime exercise. RIMPAC assistance, disaster relief, maritime security, provides training that fosters and sustains counter terrorism, and having an active role cooperative relationships that are critical to building regional partner capacity and maritime ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security in domain awareness. This contributes to the overall the region. RIMPAC 2018 is an annual exercise in security in the region.170 the series that began in 1971. This year's exercise includes forces from India, the U.S., Australia, Exercise Malabar 2018 Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Naval engagements, such as the Malabar Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, exercise, improve the cooperation of U.S. and Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, the an Indian maritime force improves capacity. Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Exercise Malabar is a naval field training exercise Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, the United Kingdom, aimed at improving maritime relationships and Vietnam. Participating nations and forces and increasing understanding in multinational exercised in a wide range of capabilities and operations. In Photo 2, Sailors assigned to the demonstrated the range of maritime forces. These Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS capabilities included disaster relief, maritime Antietam conduct a replenishment training security operations, sea control, and complex exercise with the Indian navy oiler INS Shak warfighting.

Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018

42 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Executive Steering Group Meeting Exercise Malabar 2014 Indian navy and U.S. leadership met in Exercise Malabar was initiated in 1992 Pearl Harbor, HI, in January 2018 to discuss between the U.S. and Indian Navy. Ships from engagements and maritime cooperation between the U.S. and Indian navies and Japan Maritime nations in the upcoming year. This executive Self-Defense Force are seen in Photo 3, during steering group meeting also serves as the first Exercise Malabar 2014.173 touch point for planning of the next Exercise Malabar. Executive Steering Group Meeting Senior Air Force officials from India and the Exercise Malabar 2017 U.S. met at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam in The Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Hawaii from 12-15 December 2016, to discuss Force, and the U.S. Navy participated in Exercise operational concepts and build relationships. Malabar 2017. The exercise has grown in scope This meeting was part of the 20th Executive and complexity over the years to address the Steering Group.174 variety of shared threats to maritime security in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. Partnership, Frameworks, and Initiatives The U.S. and India also launched the U.S.- India Minister of Defence Meeting India Knowledge Partnership in Defense Studies, Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr., Commander, the Framework for the U.S.-India Defense United States Pacific Command met with India Relationship, and the Defense Technology and Minister of Defence, Manohar Parrikar at Trade Initiative (DTTI).175 Camp Smith, Hawaii in December, 2015. In the meeting, Adm. Harris and Minister Parrikar Yudh Abhyas Exercise, 2016 discussed the growth of the strategic partnership In 2016, Soldiers from the U.S. and India between the two nations. The importance of completed a two-week training exercise known expanded maritime security cooperation within as Yudh Abhyas at Chaubattia Military Station in the context of broader military-to-military ties, India. This has been a bilateral training exercise especially in the Indo-Asia-Pacific was also discussed.

Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 43 U.S. DOD DMHA RECENT ENGAGEMENTS WITH INDIA

for 12 years.176 Photo 4 shows an India soldier Peacekeeping Engagements with 12 Madras, and U.S. counterpart during India and the U.S. conducted a three-week field trauma management training during the combined peacekeeping course in 2016. The 2016 Yudh Abhyas Exercise on September 17, next iteration of the course will be held during 2016.177 the summer of 2017. The history of U.S.-India cooperation on UN peacekeeping goes back to Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange 2016 the deployment of the Indian Army 60th Field Nearly 500 senior military health officials Ambulance (medical paratroopers) which was a from 27 countries attended the 2016 Asia part of the UN mission in Korea. Pacific Military Health Exchange in Malaysia, in August 2016. The exchange was a forum to Defense POW/MIA Accounting Humanitarian share experiences and strengthen partnerships. Agency Missions The Asia Pacific Military Health Exchanges India and the U.S work together on a 2016 is a multilateral event focused on global humanitarian mission to locate, identify, recover, health interoperability. Representatives from and repatriate the remains of approximately India, the U.S., Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, 400 unaccounted-for U.S. service members Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, Chinese from World War II. The relationship began in Taipei, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, the 1978 when the Government of India voluntarily Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, the turned over World War II remains. Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, and Vietnam are Defense Trade and Technology Cooperation participating in this year’s exchange. The 2016 The U.S. and India have concluded more than Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange was co- USD$15 billion in defense trade since 2008, hosted by U.S. Pacific Command’s chief surgeon including the transfer from U.S. to India of C-17 and the Malaysian armed forces health services. transport aircraft. India used its C-17s to deliver humanitarian assistance to Nepal and evacuate civilians from Yemen.

Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Abhyas Exercise 2016

44 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

APPENDICES

poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic re- Appendices forms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India’s emergence as a regional and Country Profile global power. Location: The information in the Country Profile section is sourced directly from the CIA World Fact book. Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and Additional numbers on country comparison to the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan the world can be found by going directly to the CIA website.178 Geographic coordinates: Background: 20 00 N, 77 00 E The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world’s Map references: oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd mil- Asia lennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated Area: the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants Total: 3,287,263 sq km created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which Land: 2,973,193 sq km reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Water: 314,070 sq km Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Country comparison to the world: 8 Islam spread across the subcontinent over a pe- Area - comparative: riod of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established Slightly more than one-third the size of the US the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Land boundaries: Dynasty, which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing Total: 13,888 km footholds in India during the 16th century. border countries (6): Bangladesh 4,142 km, Bhu- By the 19th century, Great Britain had become tan 659 km, Burma 1,468 km, China 2,659 km, the dominant political power on the subconti- Nepal 1,770 km, Pakistan 3,190 km nent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resis- Coastline: tance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in 7,000 km Indian independence in 1947. Large-scale com- Maritime claims: munal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - Territorial sea: 12 nm India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of Contiguous zone: 24 nm which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In- Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm dia’s nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the In November 2008, terrorists originating from continental margin Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated at- tacks in Mumbai, India’s financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopu- lation, environmental degradation, extensive

46 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Climate: Natural hazards: Varies from tropical monsoon in south to tem- Droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread perate in north and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes Terrain: Volcanism: Barren Island (354 m) in the Anda- Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to man Sea has been active in recent years rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north Environment - current issues: Elevation: Deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; deserti- fication; air pollution from industrial effluents Mean elevation: 160 m and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean water is not potable throughout the country; 0 m huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources; preservation and quality of for- Highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,586 m ests; biodiversity loss Natural resources: Environment - international agreements: Coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron Party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth ele- Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic ments, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, dia- Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate monds, petroleum, limestone, arable land Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, En- Land use: dangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Agricultural land: 60.5 percent Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Arable land 52.8 percent; permanent crops 4.2 percent; permanent pasture 3.5 percent Geography - note: Forest: 23.1 percent Dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchen- Other: 16.4 percent (2011 est.) junga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal Irrigated land: Population: 667,000 sq km (2012) 1,281,935,911 (July 2017 est.) Population - distribution: Country comparison to the world: 2 With the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and Nationality: the mountain fringe in the north, a very high population density exists throughout most of Noun: Indian(s) the country; the core of the population is in the north along the banks of the Ganges, with other Adjective: Indian river valleys and southern coastal areas also hav- Ethnic groups: ing large population concentrations Indo-Aryan 72 percent, Dravidian 25 percent, Mongoloid and other 3 percent (2000)

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 47 APPENDICES

Languages: Median age: Hindi 41 percent, Bengali 8.1 percent, Telugu 7.2 Total: 27.9 years percent, Marathi 7 percent, Tamil 5.9 percent, Male: 27.2 years Urdu 5 percent, Gujarati 4.5 percent, Kannada 3.7 percent, Malayalam 3.2 percent, Oriya 3.2 Female: 28.6 years (2017 est.) percent, Punjabi 2.8 percent, Assamese 1.3 per- cent, Maithili 1.2 percent, other 5.9 percent Country comparison to the world: 139 Note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary of- Population growth rate: ficial language but is the most important lan- guage for national, political, and commercial 1.17 percent (2017 est.) communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41 percent of Country comparison to the world: 96 the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Birth rate: Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, 19 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely Country comparison to the world: 87 throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 est.) Death rate: Religions: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) Hindu 79.8 percent, Muslim 14.2 percent, Chris- Country comparison to the world: 118 tian 2.3 percent, Sikh 1.7 percent, other and unspecified 2 percent (2011 est.) Net migration rate: Age structure: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) 0-14 years: 27.34 percent (male 186,087,665/fe- Country comparison to the world: 85 male 164,398,204) Population distribution: 15-24 years: 17.9 percent (male 121,879,786/fe- male 107,583,437) With the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and 25-54 years: 41.08 percent (male 271,744,709/ the mountain fringe in the north, a very high female 254,834,569) population density exists throughout most of the country; the core of the population is in the 55-64 years: 7.45 percent (male 47,846,122/fe- north along the banks of the Ganges, with other male 47,632,532) river valleys and southern coastal areas also hav- ing large population concentrations 65 years and over: 6.24 percent (male 37,837,801/ female 42,091,086) (2017 est.) Urbanization: Dependency ratios: Urban population: 34 percent of total population (2018) Total dependency ratio: 52.2 Rate of urbanization: 2.37 percent annual rate of Youth dependency ratio: 43.6 change (2015-20 est.) Elderly dependency ratio: 8.6 Major urban areas - population: Potential support ratio: 11.7 (2015 est.) NEW DELHI (capital) 28.514 million; Mumbai 19.98 million; Kolkata 14.681 million; Bangalore 11.44 million; Chennai 10.456 million; Hyder- abad 9.482 million; Ahmadabad 7.681 million (2018) 48 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Sex ratio: Physician’s density: At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female 0.76 physicians/1,000 population (2016) 0-14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female Hospital bed density: 15-24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female 0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011) 25-54 years: 1.06 male(s)/female Drinking water source: 55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female Improved: 65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female Urban: 97.1 percent of population Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.) Rural: 92.6 percent of population Maternal mortality ratio: Total: 94.1 percent of population 174 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) Unimproved: Country comparison to the world: 56 Urban: 2.9 percent of population Infant mortality rate: Rural: 7.4 percent of population Total: 39.1 deaths/1,000 live births Total: 5.9 percent of population (2015 est.) Male: 38 deaths/1,000 live births Sanitation facility access: Female: 40.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Improved: Country comparison to the world: 47 Urban: 62.6 percent of population Life expectancy at birth: Rural: 28.5 percent of population Total population: 68.8 years Total: 39.6 percent of population Male: 67.6 years Unimproved: Female: 70.1 years (2017 est.) Urban: 37.4 percent of population Country comparison to the world: 164 Rural: 71.5 percent of population Total fertility rate: Total: 60.4 percent of population (2015 est.) 2.43 children born/woman (2017 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: Country comparison to the world: 81 0.3 percent (2016 est.) Contraceptive prevalence rate: Country comparison to the world: 80 53.5 percent (2015/16) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: Health expenditures: 2.1 million (2016 est.) 4.7 percent of GDP (2014) Country comparison to the world: 3 Country comparison to the world: 149

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 49 APPENDICES

HIV/AIDS - deaths: Male: 10.4 percent 62,000 (2016 est.) Female: 11.6 percent (2012 est.) Country comparison to the world: 3 Country comparison to the world: 122 Major infectious diseases: Country name: Degree of risk: very high Conventional long form: Republic of India Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, Conventional short form: India hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever Local long form: Republic of India/Bharatiya Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese Ganarajya encephalitis, and malaria Local short form: India/Bharat Water contact disease: leptospirosis Etymology: the English name derives from the Animal contact disease: rabies (2016) Indus River; the Indian name “Bharat” may de- rive from the “Bharatas” tribe mentioned in the Obesity - adult prevalence rate: Vedas of the second millennium B.C.; the name is also associated with Emperor Bharata, the leg- 3.9 percent (2016) endary conqueror of all of India Country comparison to the world: 189 Government type: Children under the age of 5 years underweight: Federal parliamentary republic 35.7 percent (2015) Capital: Country comparison to the world: 2 Name: New Delhi Education expenditures: Geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E 3.8 percent of GDP (2013) Time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) Country comparison to the world: 134 Administrative divisions: Literacy: 29 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Total population: 71.2 percent Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhat- tisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Male: 81.3 percent Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kar- Female: 60.6 percent (2015 est.) nataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajas- education): than, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal Total: 12 years Note: although its status is that of a union terri- Male: 12 years tory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi Female: 12 years (2014) Independence: Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: 15 August 1947 (from the UK) Total: 10.7 percent

50 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance National holiday: Cabinet: Union Council of Ministers recom- mended by the prime minister, appointed by the Republic Day, 26 January (1950) president Constitution: Elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elect- History: previous 1935 (preindependence); latest ed members of both houses of Parliament for a draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 5-year term (no term limits); election last held November 1949, effective 26 January 1950 on 17 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral Amendments: proposed by either the Council of college consisting of elected members of both States or the House of the People; passage re- houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term quires majority participation of the total mem- limits); election last held on 5 August 2017 (next bership in each house and at least two-thirds to be held in August 2022); following legislative majority of voting members of each house, fol- elections, the prime minister is elected by Lok lowed by assent of the president of India; pro- Sabha members of the majority party posed amendments to the constitutional amend- ment procedures also must be ratified by at least Election results: Ram Nath KOVIND elected one-half of the India state legislatures before president; percent of electoral college vote - Ram presidential assent; amended many times, last in Nath KOVIND (BJP) 65.7 percent Meira KU- 2016 (2017) MAR (INC) 34.3 percent; M. Venkaiah NAIDU elected vice president; electoral college vote - Legal system: M. Venkaiah NAIDU (BJP) 516, Gopalkrishna Common law system based on the English GANDHI (independent) 244 model; separate personal law codes apply to Mus- Legislative branch: lims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts Description: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha International law organization participation: (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reser- state and territorial assemblies by proportional vations; non-party state to the ICCt representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) Citizenship: and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat Citizenship by birth: no constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 ap- pointed by the president; members serve 5-year Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent terms) must be a citizen of India Elections: House of the People - last held April- Dual citizenship recognized: no May 2014 in 9 phases; (next must be held by May 2019) Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years Election results: House of the People - percent of Suffrage: vote by party - BJP 31.0 percent, INC 19.3 per- cent, AITC 3.8 percent, SP 3.4 percent, AIADMK 18 years of age; universal 3.3 percent, CPI(M) 3.3 percent, TDP 2.6 per- Executive branch: cent, YSRC 2.5 percent, AAP 2.1 percent, SAD 1.8 percent, BJD 1.7 percent, SS 1.7 percent, NCP Chief of state: President Ram Nath KOVIND 1.6 percent, RJD 1.3 percent, TRS 1.3 percent, (since 25 July 2017); Vice President M. Venkaiah LJP 0.4 percent, other 15.9 percent, independent NAIDU (since 11 August 2017) 3.0 percent; seats by party - BJP 282, INC 44, AIADMK 37, AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP 16, Head of government: Prime Minister Narendra TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9, LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5, MODI (since 26 May 2014) AAP 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, other 33, independent 3

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Judicial branch: YSR Congress or YSRC [Jagan Mohan REDDY] Highest court(s): Supreme Court (the chief jus- Note: India has dozens of national and regional tice and 25 associate justices) political parties Judge selection and term of office: justices ap- International organization participation: pointed by the president to serve until age 65 ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Subordinate courts: High Courts; District Courts; Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue Labour Court partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, Note: in mid-2011, India’s Cabinet approved the G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC “National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, Reform” to eliminate judicial corruption and IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, reduce the backlog of cases IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUS- Political parties and leaders: CO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL] SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNC- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam TAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, or AIADMK [Edappadi PALANISWAMY, Oc- UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, chaathevar PANNEERSELVAM] UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE] Diplomatic representation in the US: Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI] Chief of mission: Ambassador Navtej Singh SARNA (since 18 January 2017) Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Amit SHAH] Chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK] Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) Washington, DC 20008; telephone: [1](202) 939- [Sitaram YECHURY] 7000 Indian National Congress or INC [Rahul GAN- Telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 DHI] FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351 Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN] Consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad New York, San Francisco PAWAR] Diplomatic representation from the US: Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YA- DAV] Chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth I. JUST- ER (since 23 November 2017) Samajwadi Party or SP [Akhilesh YADAV] Embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh 110021 BADAL] Mailing address: use embassy street address Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY] Telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000 Telegana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chan- drashekar RAO] FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017 Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu Consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Hyder- NAIDU] abad, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)

52 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Flag description: India’s economic growth slowed in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high inter- Three equal horizontal bands of saffron (sub- est rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism dued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue about the government’s commitment to further chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white economic reforms and about slow world growth. band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity 2014, due to a reduction of the current account and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the deficit and expectations of post-election econom- blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in move- ic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital ment and death in stagnation flows and stabilization of the rupee. Growth rebounded in 2014 through 2016, exceeding 7 Note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a percent each year. Despite a high growth rate small orange disk centered in the white band compared to the rest of the world, India’s gov- ernment-owned banks faced mounting bad debt National symbol(s): in 2015 and 2016, resulting in low credit growth. The Lion Capital of Ashoka, which depicts four Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India and Asiatic lions standing back to back mounted on improving economic conditions in Western a circular abacus, is the official emblem; Bengal countries led investors to shift capital away from tiger; lotus flower; national colors: saffron, white, India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the green rupee through 2016. National anthem: The economy slowed in 2017, due to shocks of “demonetizaton” in 2016 and introduction of Name: “Jana-Gana-Mana” (Thou Art the Ruler of GST in 2017. Since the election, the government the Minds of All People) has passed an important goods and services tax bill and raised foreign direct investment caps Lyrics/music: Rabindranath TAGORE in some sectors, but most economic reforms have focused on administrative and governance Note: adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a changes, largely because the ruling party remains Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh’s national a minority in India’s upper house of Parliament, anthem which must approve most bills. Despite a high growth rate compared to the rest of the world, Economy - overview: India’s government-owned banks faced mounting India’s diverse economy encompasses traditional bad debt in 2015 and 2016, resulting in low credit village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, growth and restrained economic growth. a wide range of modern industries, and a mul- The outlook for India’s long-term growth is titude of services. Slightly less than half of the moderately positive due to a young population workforce is in agriculture, but services are the and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy major source of economic growth, accounting for savings and investment rates, and increasing nearly two-thirds of India’s output but employing integration into the global economy. However, less than one-third of its labor force. India has long-term challenges remain significant, in- capitalized on its large educated English-speaking cluding: India’s discrimination against women population to become a major exporter of infor- and girls, an inefficient power generation and mation technology services, business outsourcing distribution system, ineffective enforcement of services, and software workers. Nevertheless, per intellectual property rights, decades-long civil capita income remains below the world aver- litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agri- age. India is developing into an open-market cultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural economy, yet traces of its past autarkic poli- employment opportunities, high spending and cies remain. Economic liberalization measures, poorly targeted subsidies, inadequate availability including industrial deregulation, privatization of quality basic and higher education, and ac- of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls commodating rural-to-urban migration. on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country’s growth, which averaged nearly 7 percent per year from 1997 to 2017.

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GDP (purchasing power parity): Imports of goods and services: -20.2 percent (2017 est.) $9.447 trillion (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: $8.852 trillion (2016 est.) Agriculture: 16.8 percent $8.265 trillion (2015 est.) Industry: 28.9 percent Note: data are in 2017 dollars Services: 46.6 percent (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 4 Agriculture - products: GDP (official exchange rate): Rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, $2.439 trillion (2017 est.) lentils, onions, potatoes; dairy products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish GDP - real growth rate: Industries: 6.7 percent (2017 est.) Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, trans- 7.1 percent (2016 est.) portation equipment, cement, mining, petro- leum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals 8 percent (2015 est.) Industrial production growth rate: Country comparison to the world: 15 7.5 percent (2017 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): Country comparison to the world: 21 $7,200 (2017 est.) Labor force: $6,800 (2016 est.) 521.9 million (2017 est.) $6,400 (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 2 Note: data are in 2017 dollars Labor force - by occupation: Country comparison to the world: 156 Agriculture: 47 percent Gross national saving: Industry: 22 percent 28.6 percent of GDP (2017 est.) Services: 31 percent (FY 2014 est.) 29.7 percent of GDP (2016 est.) Unemployment rate: 31.8 percent of GDP (2015 est.) 8.8 percent (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 32 8 percent (2016 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: Country comparison to the world: 122 Household consumption: 58.7 percent Population below poverty line: Government consumption: 11.6 percent 21.9 percent (2011 est.) Investment in fixed capital: 27.5 percent Investment in inventories: 4 percent Exports of goods and services: 18.4 percent

54 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Household income or consumption by percent- Fiscal year: age share: 1 April - 31 March Lowest 10 percent: 3.6 percent Inflation rate (consumer prices): Highest 10 percent: 29.8 percent (2011 est.) 3.8 percent (2017 est.) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 4.5 percent (2016 est.) 35.2 (2011 est.) Country comparison to the world: 151 37.8 (1997 est.) Central bank discount rate: Country comparison to the world: 97 6.25 percent (31 December 2017 est.) Budget: 7.75 percent (31 December 2016 est.) Revenues: $248.7 billion Note: this is the Indian central bank’s policy rate Expenditures: $330.3 billion (2017 est.) - the repurchase rate Taxes and other revenues: Country comparison to the world: 69 10.2 percent of GDP (2017 est.) Commercial bank prime lending rate: Country comparison to the world: 213 9.6 percent (31 December 2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 9.67 percent (31 December 2016 est.) -3.3 percent of GDP (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 86 Country comparison to the world: 125 Stock of narrow money: Public debt: $429.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.) 50.1 percent of GDP (2017 est.) $294.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) 50.3 percent of GDP (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14 Note: data cover central government debt, and Stock of broad money: exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the $2.063 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) data include treasury debt held by foreign enti- ties; the data exclude debt issued by subnational $1.773 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra- Country comparison to the world: 9 governmental debt consists of treasury borrow- ings from surpluses in the social funds, such as Stock of domestic credit: for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold $1.795 trillion (30 September 2017 est.) at public auctions $1.622 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 104 Country comparison to the world: 14 Market value of publicly traded shares: $1.516 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) $1.558 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)

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$1.139 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) Debt - external: Country comparison to the world: 11 $483.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Current account balance: $456.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $-33.68 billion (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 25 $-15.23 billion (2016 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: Country comparison to the world: 197 $367.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Exports: $318.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $299.3 billion (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21 $268.6 billion (2016 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: Country comparison to the world: 21 $156.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Exports - commodities: $144.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) Petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, Country comparison to the world: 31 machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceu- tical products, cereals, apparel Exchange rates: Exports - partners: Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - US 16 percent, UAE 11.7 percent, Hong Kong 5.1 65.17 (2017 est.) percent (2016) 67.2 (2016 est.) Imports: 67.2 (2015 est.) $426.8 billion (2017 est.) 64.15 (2014 est.) $376.1 billion (2016 est.) 61.03 (2013 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12 Communications: Imports - commodities: Telephones - fixed lines: Crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer, plastics, iron and steel Total subscriptions: 24.404 million Imports - partners: Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (July 2016 est.) China 17 percent, US 5.8 percent, UAE 5.4 per- cent, Saudi Arabia 5.2 percent, Switzerland 4.2 Country comparison to the world: 12 percent (2016) Telephones - mobile cellular: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Total: 1,127.809 million $407.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (July 2016 $359.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) est.) Country comparison to the world: 8 Country comparison to the world: 2

56 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Telephone system: operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India general assessment: supported by deregulation Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM and liberalization of telecommunications laws stations have been permitted and their numbers and policies, India has emerged as one of the have increased rapidly (2015) fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; to- tal telephone subscribership base exceeded 1 bil- Internet country code: lion in 2015, an overall teledensity of roughly 80 percent, and subscribership is currently growing .in at roughly 5 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100 percent, and rural teledensity Internet users: has reached 50 percent Total: 374,328,160 domestic: mobile cellular service introduced in Percent of population: 29.5 percent (July 2016 1994 and organized nationwide into four met- est.) ropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles, each with multiple private service providers and one or Country comparison to the world: 3 more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the Transportation: form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world’s largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian Na- National air transport system: tional Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals Number of registered air carriers: 20 (VSAT) Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air international: country code - 91; a number of carriers: 485 major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Annual passenger traffic on registered air carri- Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 ers: 98,927,860 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site 1,833,847,614 mt-km (2015) at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Ma- VT (2016) dras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase Airports: in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat 346 (2013) (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Country comparison to the world: 21 Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Cal- Airports - with paved runways: cutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2015) Total: 253 Broadcast media: Over 3,047 m: 22 Doordarshan, India’s public TV network, has a 2,438 to 3,047 m: 59 monopoly on terrestrial broadcasting and oper- ates about 20 national, regional, and local ser- 1,524 to 2,437 m: 76 vices; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and 914 to 1,523 m: 82 satellite service providers; in 2015, more than 230 million homes had access to cable and satellite Under 914 m: 14 (2017) TV offering more than 700 TV channels; govern- ment controls AM radio with All India Radio

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Airports - with unpaved runways: Country comparison to the world: 15 Total: 93 Ports and terminals: Over 3,047 m: 1 Major seaport(s): Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bom- 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 bay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 Container port (TEUs): Chennai (1,571,000), Jawaharal Nehru Port (4,492,000) (2015) 914 to 1,523 m: 38 LNG terminal(s) (import): Dabhol, Dahej, Under 914 m: 45 (2013) Hazira Heliports: Military and Security: 45 (2013) Military expenditures: Pipelines: 2.47 percent of GDP (2016) condensate/gas 9 km; gas 13,581 km; liquid pe- 2.41 percent of GDP (2015) troleum gas 2,054 km; oil 8,943 km; oil/gas/water 20 km; refined products 11,069 km (2013) 2.5 percent of GDP (2014) Railways: 2.47 percent of GDP (2013) Total: 68,525 km 2.54 percent of GDP (2012) Broad gauge: 58,404 km 1.676-m gauge (23,654 Country comparison to the world: 37 electrified) Military branches: Narrow gauge: 9,499 km 1.000-m gauge; 622 km 0.762-m gauge (2014) Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011) Country comparison to the world: 5 Military service age and obligation: Roadways: 16-18 years of age for voluntary military service Total: 4,699,024 km (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, cur- Note: includes 96,214 km of national highways rently serve in combat roles as pilots, and will and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, soon be allowed in all combat roles (2016) and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2015) Terrorism: Country comparison to the world: 2 Terrorist groups - home based: Waterways: Hizbul Mujahideen (HM): 14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012) Aim: annex the state of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan Country comparison to the world: 9 Area(s) of operation: HM is an indigenous Kash- Merchant marine: miri militant group that operates in Jammu and Kashmir Total: 1,674 By type: bulk carrier 74, container ship 20, gen- eral cargo 571, oil tanker 126, other 883 (2017)

58 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Indian Mujahedeen (IM): Area(s) of operation: maintains a low-profile presence Aim(s): establish Islamic rule in India and, ultimately, convert all non-Muslims to Islam; Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM): stated goal is to carry out terrorist attacks against Indians for perceived atrocities against Indian Aim(s): enhance its networks and paramilitary Muslims training in India and, ultimately, annex Kashmir into Pakistan and establish an Islamic state in Area(s) of operation: formerly based in the west- Kashmir ern state of Maharashtra, India’s third-largest and second-most populous state, and now probably Area(s) of operation: conducts attacks against operates mostly outside India Indian troops and civilians in Kashmir Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS): Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM): Aim(s): spread the ISIS caliphate by eliminating Aim(s): annex Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan the Indian Government and, ultimately, unite Kashmir with Pakistan Area(s) of operation: operates primarily in Jammu and Kashmir State Area(s) of operation: maintains a recruitment presence in major cities (April 2018) Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LT): Terrorist groups - foreign based: Aim(s): annex Jammu and Kashmir State to Paki- stan and, ultimately, install Islamic rule through- Al-Qa’ida (AQ): out South Asia Aim(s): overthrow the Indian Government and, Area(s) of operation: operational throughout In- ultimately, establish a pan-Islamic caliphate un- dia, especially in the north in Jammu and Kash- der a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia mir State, since at least 1993 Area(s) of operation: maintains an operational Note(s): continues to be one of the largest and presence as al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent most deadly of the anti-India-focused armed groups Al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS): Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): Aim(s): establish an Islamic caliphate in the In- dian subcontinent Aim(s): enhance its networks in India and, ulti- mately, revive the movement to establish a Tamil Area(s) of operation: targets primarily military homeland and security personnel, especially in the states of Assam, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir; pres- Area(s) of operation: maintains safe havens, tran- ent in large cities, including Delhi sit routes, human trafficking, and an operational presence in an effort to revive the movement and Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI): conduct attacks (April 2018) Aim(s): enhance its networks and operational Transnational Issues: capabilities in India Disputes - international: Area(s) of operation: maintains an operational presence, especially in the south, including in Since China and India launched a security and Bangalore and Hubli foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI- their rugged, militarized boundary, regional B): nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other mat- Aim(s): enhance its networks in India and, ulti- ters continue mately, install an Islamic state in Bangladesh

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Kashmir remains the site of the world’s largest Refugees and internally displaced persons: and most militarized territorial dispute with por- tions under the de facto administration of China Refugees (country of origin): 110,098 (Tibet/Chi- (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and na); 63,162 (Sri Lanka); 15,561 (Burma); 7,693 Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) (Afghanistan) (2015) India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue IDPs: 806,000 (armed conflict and intercommu- in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have nal violence) (2017) maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of Illicit drugs: the Indus River and its tributaries world’s largest producer of licit opium for the UN Military Observer Group in India and pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined Pakistan has maintained a small group of peace- quantity of opium is diverted to illicit inter- keepers since 1949; India does not recognize national drug markets; transit point for illicit Pakistan’s ceding historic Kashmir lands to narcotics produced in neighboring countries and China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of discussions on a maritime boundary, India and methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed laundering through the Hawala system; licit ket- boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of amine and precursor production the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh’s Sep- tember 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Bound- ary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstand- ing boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangla- desh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insur- gents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

60 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym Definition ACD Asia Cooperation Dialogue ADB Asian Development Bank ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AfDB African Development Bank ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASEM Asia Europe Meeting BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative of Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BIS Bank of International Settlements BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CD Community of Democrats CECA Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement CEPEA Comprehensive Economics Partnership in East Asia CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research CFE-DM Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance CIA Central Intelligence Agency CICA Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building CMCS Civil-Military Coordination Section CMG Crisis Management Group CPMFs Central Paramilitary Forces CRS Catholic Relief Services DCA Defence Cooperation Agreement DCA Department of Consumer Affairs DDMA District Disaster Management Authority DDMP District Disaster Management Plan DFTP Duty Free Tariff Perferance Scheme DM Disaster Management DM Act Disaster Management Act DOS U.S. Department of State DPA Development Administration Partnership DPA Development Partnership Administration DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DTTI Defense Technology and Trade Initiative EAS East Asian Summit EWS Early Warning Systems FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FATF Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering FET Faculty of Engineering Technology G-15 Group of 15 G-20 Group of 20 G-24 Group of 24

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 61 APPENDICES

Acronym Definition G-5 Group of 5 G-77 Group of 77 GDP Gross Domestic Product GFMD Global Forum on Migration and Development HADR Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief HFA Hyogo Framework for Action HLC High Level Committee IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IC Incident Commander ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICRM Institute of Certified Records Managers IDA International Development Association IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IFAD International Foodservice Distributors Association IFAO International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IGMH Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital IHO International Hydrographic Organization ILO International Labour Fund IMF International Monetary Fund IMFFHTS Faculty of Hospitals and Tourism Studies IMG Inter-Ministeral Group IMO International Maritime Organization IMSO International Mobile Satellite Organization INSARAG International Search and Rescue Advisory Group IOC Interpol, International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration IORA Indian Ocean Rim Association IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IRC Indian Red Cross IRT Incident Response Teams ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology ITEC India Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union ITUC International Trade Union Confederation IUCAW Units for Crimes Against Women JCC Joint Consultive Commission JWG Joing Working Group Loc Line of Control

62 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronym Definition MCDA Foreign Military and Civil Defence Assets MDWA Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation MEA Ministry of External Affairs MGC Mekong Ganga Cooperation MHA Ministry of Home Affairs MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MoD Ministry of Defence MoF Ministry of Finance MOHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MOU Memorandum of Understanding NAM Non-Alignment Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCCF National Calamity Contigencey Fund NCMC National Crisis Management Committee NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDMP National Disaster Management Plan NDRF National Disaster Response Force NEC National Executive Committee NGO Non-Governmental Organization NO Nodal Officer NPDM National Policy on Disaster Management OAS Organization of American States OECD Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration PIF Pacific Islands Forum PMNRF Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund RO Responsible Officers SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACEP South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SDMA State Disaster Management Authority SDRF State Disaster Response Force SEC State Executive Committee SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Associations’ U.S. United States UN United Nations UN-CMCoord United Nations Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 63 APPENDICES

Acronym Definition UNDAC UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNISAF United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire UNSCR 1325 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 UNWTO World Tourism Organization UPU Universal Postal Union USAID United States Agency for International Aid UXO Unexploded Ordanace Virtual OSOCC Virtual Onsite Operations Coordination Centre WB Working Boundary WB World Bank WCO World Customs Organization WFP World Food Programme WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WPS Women, Peace and Security WTO World Trade Organization

64 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance List of References for Figures and Photos: Figures List of Photos

Figure 1: Map of South Asia Region Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015 Asia: South Asia Map with Capitals. August 1, 2018. http:// Washington Post. India leads rescue of foreign nationals, civilianledpolicing.org/south-asia-map-with-capitals/ including Americans, trapped in Yemen. Ishaan Tharoor. download-south-asia-map-countries-and-capitals-major- April 8, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ tourist-at-with-2/ worldviews/wp/2015/04/08/india-leads-rescue-of-foreign- nationals-including-americans-trapped-in-yemen/?utm_ Figure 2: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction term=.4207c9d41a21 2015-2030 PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018 for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www. U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. U.S., JMSDF, Indian preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworkchart. Naval Forces Conclude Malabar 2018. Photo by Mass pdf Communication Specialist 2nd Class (MC2) William McCann. June 19, 2018. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/ Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for News/News-Article-View/Article/1554776/us-jmsdf- Humanitarian Assistance indian-naval-forces-conclude-malabar-2018/ Chart created by Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Group. Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014 Issue 8. A review of Indian Participation in International U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. Photo by Mass Disaster Response. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/ Communication Specialist 3rd Class Chris Cavagnaro. publication/policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a- Exercise Malabar 2014. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/ review-of-indian-participation-in-international-disaster- Photos/igphoto/2001925460/ response.html Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Abhyas Exercise 2016 Evacuation Operations Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Soldiers Carnegie India. India’s Expatriate Evacuation Operations: with 5-20th Inf. Reg. conduct Field Trauma Management Bringing the Diaspora Home. Constantino Xavier. January training in India. September 27, 2016. Staff Sgt. Samuel 4, 2017. https://carnegieindia.org/2017/01/04/india-s- Northrup, 1-2 SBCT, 7th Infantry Division. https://www. expatriate-evacuation-operations-bringing-diaspora- dvidshub.net/image/2892194/soldiers-with-5-20th-inf-reg- home-pub-66573 conduct-field-trauma-management-training-india

Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure for India INFORM Index for Risk Management. 2018. India country risk profile. http://www.inform-index.org/Countries/ Country-profiles/iso3/IND Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure NDMA Retrieved 18 June 2018. NDMA Organisational Structure. https://ndma.gov.in/en/about-ndma/org- structure.html Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic Institutional Framework National Disaster Management Authority. 2016. DM Plan. https://ndma.gov.in/images/policyplan/dmplan/ National%20Disaster%20Management%20Plan%20 May%202016.pdf

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16 World Bank. 2018. Are we facing a jobless growth in References (Endnotes) South Asia? http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press- release/2018/04/15/south-asia-focus-growth-lead-jobless- 1 growth-create-more-jobs Military Times. INDOPACOM, it is: US Pacific 17 Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, Command gets renamed. Tara Copp. May 30, 2018. https:// Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/05/30/ 18 World Bank. 2018. Building a climate-resilient South indo-pacom-it-is-pacific-command-gets-renamed/ 2 Asia. http://live.worldbank.org/building-climate-resilient- Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume 1, Issue 2. south-asia International and external dynamics of regional 19 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination (UN- cooperation in Central Asia. Mirzokhid Rakhimov. CMCoord). United Nations Office for the Coordination of https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ Humanitarian Affairs. OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/ S1879366510000187 3 what-we-do/coordination-tools/UN-CMCoord/overview The Hindu. U.S. Pacific Command renamed U.S. Indo- 20 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A Pacific Command. Varghese K. George. May 31, 2018. review of Indian Participation in International Disaster https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us- Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy pacific-command-renamed-us-indo-pacific-command/ Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ article24043314.ece 4 policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- Reuters. In symbolic nod to India, U.S. Pacific Command indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. changes name. May 30, 2018. Idrees Ali. https://www. html reuters.com/article/us-usa-defense-india/in-symbolic- 21 PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework for nod-to-india-u-s-pacific-command-changes-name- Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www. idUSKCN1IV2Q2 5 preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworkchart.pdf The Hindu. U.S. Pacific Command renamed U.S. Indo- 22 UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc- Pacific Command. Varghese K. George. May 31, 2018. tion. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendaiframe- https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us- work pacific-command-renamed-us-indo-pacific-command/ 23 PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework for article24043314.ece 6 Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www. National Disaster Management Authority. preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworkchart.pdf Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. 24 UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). Reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/ file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster sendaiframework percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May 25 SAARC. Retrieved 5 July 2018. About SAARC. http:// percent202016.pdf 7 saarc-sec.org/about-saarc SAARC. Retrieved 5 July 2018. About SAARC. http:// 26 Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 2017. saarc-sec.org/about-saarc 8 India-Afghanistan Relations. https://www.mea.gov.in/ Building Material and Technology Promotion Council Portal/ForeignRelation/1Afghanistan_October_2017.pdf (BMTPC) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty 27 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. Alleviation, Government of India. 2016. Vulnerability 2015. India-Bangladesh Relations. https://www.mea.gov. Atlas of India First Revision: A tool to natural disaster in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bangladesh_September_2017_ prevention, preparedness and mitigation for housing en.pdf and related infrastructure. http://www.bmtpc.org/topics. 28 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 2015. aspx?mid=56&Mid1=180 9 India-Bhutan Relations. http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ National Disaster Management Authority. ForeignRelation/Bhutan_September_2017_en.pdf Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. 29 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 2016. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). India-Maldives Relations. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster ForeignRelation/MALDIVES_23_02_2016.pdf percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May 30 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 2017. percent202016.pdf 10 India-Nepal Relations. http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ NDMA Retrieved 18 June 2018. Logo. https://ndma.gov. ForeignRelation/Nepal_November_2017_new.pdf in/en/about-ndma/ndma-logo.html 31 11 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 2014. U.S. Department of State. 2015. Bureau of South and India-Pakistan Relations. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ Central Asian Affairs. Fact Sheet. U.S. Relation with India. ForeignRelation/Pakistan_April2014.pdf https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm 32 12 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 2015. U.S. Department of State. 2015. Bureau of South and India-Sri Lanka Relations. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ Central Asian Affairs. Fact Sheet. U.S. Relation with India. ForeignRelation/Sri_Lanka_November_2017_NEW.pdf https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm 33 13 U.S. Department of State. 2015. Bureau of South and Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, Central Asian Affairs. Fact Sheet. U.S. Relation with India. Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. 14 https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National 34 U.S. Department of State. 2015. Bureau of South and Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Central Asian Affairs. Fact Sheet. U.S. Relation with India. images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf 15 https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm World Bank. 2018. The World Bank in South Asia. Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/ overview

66 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 35 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 49 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India’s Multilateral Regional Organizations. India-Cambodia Relations. http:// Relations. Indian Ocean Rim Association and India’s Role. www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/1_Cambodia_ http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/IORA_new. November_2017.pdf pdf 36 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 50 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India’s Multilateral Regional Organizations. India-Thailand Relations. http:// Relations. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). http://www. www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/27_Thailand_ mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/ARF_May_2016.pdf November_2017_new.pdf 51 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 37 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India’s Multilateral Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional Relations. Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). http://www.mea. Organizations. India-Vietnam Relations. http://www. gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/ASEM_Brief_March2017_ mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bilateral_Relations_ new.pdf Website__Sept_17_.pdf 52 Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook. 2018. 38 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. India. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional factbook/geos/in.html Organizations. India-Brunei Darussalam Relations. 53 Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook. 2018. http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Brunei_ India. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- Darussalam_Aug_2017.pdf factbook/geos/in.html 39 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. 54 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Organizations. India-Philippines Relations. http://www. images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Philippines_ 55 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National October_2017.pdf Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ 40 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional 56 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Organizations. India-Laos. http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ ForeignRelation/Laos_October_2017.pdf images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf 41 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. 57 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Organizations. India-Malaysia. http://www.mea.gov.in/ images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf Portal/ForeignRelation/Malaysia_August_2017.pdf 58 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National 42 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf Organizations. India-Myanmar. http://www.mea.gov.in/ 59 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Portal/ForeignRelation/MYANMAR_August_2017_new. Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ pdf images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf 43 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 2017. 60 Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, Briefs on Foreign Relations. Briefs on India and Regional Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. Organizations. India-Singapore. http://www.mea.gov.in/ 61 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Portal/ForeignRelation/Singapore_new_updated.pdf Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ 44 National Disaster Management Authority. images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. 62 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May 63 Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, percent202016.pdf Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. 45 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. 64 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Overseas Indian Affairs. Multilateral Co-operation: Global Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Forum on Migration and Development. http://www.mea. images/guidelines/national-dm-policy2009.pdf gov.in/multilateral-co-operation.htm 65 Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. National 46 Government of India. Ministry of External Affairs. Policy on Disaster Management 2009. https://ndma.gov.in/ Overseas Indian Affairs. 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69 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A 81 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. India review of Indian Participation in International Disaster goes from aid beneficiary to donor. July 1, 2012. Elizabeth Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Roche. http://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media. Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ htm?dtl/19976/india+goes+from+aid+beneficiary+to+do policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- nor indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. 82 Regulation of Foreign Aid: India. The Library of html Congress. Last updated 6/9/2015. https://www.loc.gov/law/ 70 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A help/foreign-aid/india.php#_ftnref32 review of Indian Participation in International Disaster 83 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy review of Indian Participation in International Disaster Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- html indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. 71 National Disaster Response Force. Ministry of Home html Affairs Govt. of India. Director General’s Message. http:// 84 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A www.ndrf.gov.in/ review of Indian Participation in International Disaster 72 Economic Times. India Times. India rushes aid to Sri Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Lanka as floods claim 122 lives. May 28, 2017. https:// Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- india-provides-help-as-death-toll-tops-100-in-sri-lanka- indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. floods/articleshow/58871892.cms html 73 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A 85 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. India review of Indian Participation in International Disaster goes from aid beneficiary to donor. July 1, 2012. Elizabeth Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Roche. http://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media. Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ htm?dtl/19976/india+goes+from+aid+beneficiary+to+do policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- nor indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. 86 28 June 2018. http://www.mea.gov.in/development-part- html nership-administration.htm 74 UN Chronicle. The Humanitarian Response to the 2015 87 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A Nepal Earthquake. May 2016. https://unchronicle.un.org/ review of Indian Participation in International Disaster article/humanitarian-response-2015-nepal-earthquake Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy 75 Economic Times. India Times. India’s ‘Operation Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ Maitri’ in quake-hit Nepal ends. June 4, 2015. https:// policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and- indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. nation/indias-operation-maitri-in-quake-hit-nepal-ends/ html articleshow/47544840.cms 88 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A 76 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A review of Indian Participation in International Disaster review of Indian Participation in International Disaster Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. html html 89 Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 77 The Telegraph. India to donate $1 billion to Nepal. June Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund. Page last updated 25, 2015. https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150625/jsp/ 8/4/2015. http://www.mea.gov.in/prime-ministers- frontpage/story_27732.jsp national-relief-fund.htm 78 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Ministry of 90 National Disaster Management Authority. Home Affairs Govt. of India. International Operations: Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. Earthquake/Tsunami Irifu Cho Japan. http://ndrf.gov.in/ National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). Japan file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster 79 ReliefWeb. Government of India. Statement by Official percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May Spokesperson on India’s relief assistance to Myanmar. May percent202016.pdf 8, 2008. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/statement- 91 National Disaster Management Authority. official-spokesperson-indias-relief-assistance-myanmar Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. 80 Humanitarian Policy Group. Overseas Development National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). Institute. HPG Background Paper. Diversity in donorship: file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster the changing landscape of official humanitarian aid. percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May Gareth Price, Head, Asia Programme, Chatham House. percent202016.pdf 2005. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/ 92 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A publications-opinion-files/416.pdf review of Indian Participation in International Disaster About HPG The Humanitarian Policy Group at the Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy Overseas Development Institute is dedicated to improving Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ humanitarian policy and practice. It conducts independent policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- research, provides specialist advice and promotes informed indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. debate. India’s official aid programme html

68 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 93 Humanitarian Policy Group. Overseas Development 107 UN News. Gender equality one of “most pressing” Institute. HPG Background Paper. Diversity in donorship: development challenges facing India. June 19, 2014. https:// the changing landscape of official humanitarian aid. news.un.org/en/audio/2014/06/589752#.U6PI6PmSyqt Gareth Price, Head, Asia Programme, Chatham House. 108 Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace, and Security 2005. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/ (GIWPS). India Country Profile. https://giwps.georgetown. publications-opinion-files/416.pdf edu/country/india/ About HPG The Humanitarian Policy Group at the 109 Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs. Overseas Development Institute is dedicated to improving Advisory on Increasing the Number of Women in Police humanitarian policy and practice. It conducts independent Forces in the States. April 22, 2013. https://mha.gov.in/ research, provides specialist advice and promotes informed sites/default/files/AdvisoryWomenPolice-290513.pdf debate. India’s official aid programme 110 United Nations. Gender Equality and Empowerment. 94 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A 111 Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs. review of Indian Participation in International Disaster Investigative Unites for Crime Against Women (IUCAW). Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy January 5, 2015. https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ CrimesagainstWomen0601.PDF policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- 112 USAID. U.S. India Triangular Cooperation. Last updated indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. June 22, 2018. https://www.usaid.gov/india/us-india- html triangular-cooperation 95 Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, 113 National Disaster Management Authority. Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. 96 Email communication with Arjun Katoch, Senior Fellow, National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). Delhi Policy Group. July 24, 2018. file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster 97 Delhi Policy Group. November 2017. Vol. II, Issue 8. A percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May review of Indian Participation in International Disaster percent202016.pdf Response. Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi Policy 114 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. South Group. http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/ Asia: India. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ policy-notes/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-8-a-review-of- resources/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html indian-participation-in-international-disaster-response. 115 National Portal of India. India at a Glance. Last updated html August 17, 2017. https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/ 98 United Nations Department of Economic and Social profile Affairs. International Migration Report 2015. http://www. 116 Maps of India. Retrieved 6 July 2018. Geography of un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/ India. https://www.mapsofindia.com/geography/ publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_ 117 National Portal of India. India at a Glance. Last updated Highlights.pdf August 17, 2017. https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/ 99 Carnegie India. India’s Expatriate Evacuation Operations: profile Bringing the Diaspora Home. Constantino Xavier. January 118 National Portal of India. India at a Glance. Last updated 4, 2017. https://carnegieindia.org/2017/01/04/india-s- August 17, 2017. https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/ expatriate-evacuation-operations-bringing-diaspora- profile home-pub-66573 119 National Disaster Management Authority. 100 Rescue Operations by India. 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128 Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 2 July 2018. About 145 Documentation Centre for Women and Children the Ministry. https://mha.gov.in/about-us/about-the- (DCWC). National Institute of Public Cooperation and ministry Child Development. 2011. Directory of International 129 Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitatio. Retrieved 2 Organisations in India. http://nipccd.nic.in/dcwc/dir/oio. July 2018. About us. https://mdws.gov.in/about-us pdf 130 Department of Consumer Affairs. Retrieved 2 July 146 Oxfam. Oxfam India. https://www.oxfamindia.org/ 2018. About us. https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/forms/ 147 Save the Children. About Us. https://www. contentpage.aspx?lid=37 savethechildren.in/ 131 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Retrieved 2 Jul 148 Save the Children. Retrieved 7 July 2018. India. https:// 2018. About the Ministry. https://mohfw.gov.in/about-us/ www.savethechildren.in/ about-the-ministry 149 Documentation Centre for Women and Children 132 Ministry of External Affairs. 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70 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 163 NDMA. 2007. District Disaster Management Plan. 177 Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. https://ndma.gov.in/en/policy-and-plan/ddmp.html Soldiers with 5-20th Inf. Reg. conduct Field Trauma 164 National Disaster Management Authority. Management training in India. September 27, 2016. Staff Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. Sgt. Samuel Northrup, 1-2 SBCT, 7th Infantry Division. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2892194/soldiers-with-5- file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster 20th-inf-reg-conduct-field-trauma-management-training- percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May india percent202016.pdf 178 CIA World Factbook Last updated on July 3, 2018. South 165 National Disaster Management Authority. Asia: India. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. resources/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May percent202016.pdf 166 Building Material and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. 2016. Vulnerability Atlas of India First Revision: A tool to natural disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation for housing and related infrastructure. http://www.bmtpc.org/topics. aspx?mid=56&Mid1=180 167 National Disaster Management Authority. Government of India. May 2016. New Delhi. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). file:///E:/India percent20National percent20Disaster percent20Management percent20Plan percent20May percent202016.pdf 168 NDMA Retrieved 18 June 2018. Logo. https://ndma.gov. in/en/about-ndma/ndma-logo.html 169 SAARC. Retrieved 5 July 2018. About SAARC. http:// saarc-sec.org/about-saarc 170 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. U.S., JMSDF, Indian Naval Forces Conclude Malabar 2018. MC2 William McCann. June 19, 2018. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News- Article-View/Article/1554776/us-jmsdf-indian-naval- forces-conclude-malabar-2018/ 171 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. U.S., JMSDF, Indian Naval Forces Conclude Malabar 2018. Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class (MC2) William McCann. June 19, 2018. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/ News/News-Article-View/Article/1554776/us-jmsdf- indian-naval-forces-conclude-malabar-2018/ 172 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. U.S., JMSDF, Indian Naval Forces Conclude Malabar 2018. MC2 William McCann. June 19, 2018. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News- Article-View/Article/1554776/us-jmsdf-indian-naval- forces-conclude-malabar-2018/ 173 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Chris Cavagnaro. Exercise Malabar 2014. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/ Photos/igphoto/2001925460/ 174 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. U.S., Indian Air Forces Solidify Cooperation through Steering Group. Master Sgt. George Maddon. December 19, 2016. http://www.pacom. mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1033956/us- indian-air-forces-solidify-cooperation-through-steering- group/ 175 U.S. Department of Defense. Fact Sheet: U.S. -India Defense Relationship. https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/ Documents/pubs/US-IND-Fact-Sheet.pdf 176 ‘Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Ghost Brigade’ Soldiers complete two-week training mission in India. September 27, 2016. Staff Sgt. Samuel Northrup, 1-2 SBCT, 7th Infantry Division. https://www.dvidshub.net/ news/211099/ghost-brigade-soldiers-complete-two-week- training-mission-india

081518v1.0 India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 71 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Avenue, Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam, Hawaii 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org