Horticulture Business Opportunities in Ghana: 2019 Sector Report 1 Table of Contents

Foreword ...... 3 Acknowledgements ...... 4 Abbreviations & Acronyms...... 5 1 . Introduction...... 7 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector...... 8 3 . Opportunities in the Vegetable Sector ...... 14 4 . Competitiveness of Ghana’s Vegetable Sector ...... 18 5 . Access to Finance...... 22 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana ...... 26 7 . Pesticide Choice and Use for Vegetable Production...... 34 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results...... 38 References...... 44 Annex 1 . HortiFresh...... 46 Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana...... 48 Annex 3 . Dutch Horticulture Sector Linkages...... 57 Foreword | 3

Foreword

This HortiFresh Business Opportunities report presents The Hortifresh Business Opportunities Report will help the state of the art of the horticulture sector in Ghana companies in Ghana to make decisions on their future and Ivory Coast . Over the past years major progress has investment strategy . I would strongly recommend you been made in professionalizing the fruit and vegetable to make use of the great opportunities the HortiFresh sector of the two countries . Especially in Ghana, the has on offer. private sector has stepped up its involvement and both exports and domestic market activities have thrived . Let us grow great fruits and vegetables together! The Netherlands Government considers the HortiFresh program as one of its flagship programs in the agri- cultural sector . Being part of our ‘Ghana and Holland Growing Together’ Agenda, it contributes strongly Ron Strikker to growing more top-quality and healthy fruits and Netherlands Ambassador to Ghana vegetables . More recently, the need to improve access to finance for small- and medium-sized companies has been incorporated into the program . Access to credit and equity have for long been one of the main bottle- necks for agricultural growth in Ghana . Through the HortiFresh program, we now have robust instruments in place that can assist professionally run companies to have indeed better access to finance and hence make it to the next level. Specific access to finance opportunities as presented in this report exist for greenhouse farming, exporter-outgrower models and solar irrigation . Horticulture in Ghana and Ivory Coast are currently at a crossroads . On the one hand, increased competition and strict EU regulations are setting the bar high for the private sector and government institutions . On the other hand, entrepreneurs and government have shown that they are committed to rise to these challenges by having undertaken important steps . Initiatives like the Ghana Green Label scheme, the Ghana Incentive-based Risk- Sharing system for Agricultural Lending (GIRSAL) and the envisaged Horticultural Development Agency are major moves forward . 4 | Acknowledgements Abbreviations & Acronyms | 5

Acknowledgements Abbreviations & Acronyms

This report has been made possible by the concerted BBC ...... Bacteria Black Spot Disease IRAC ...... Insecticide Resistance Action Committee efforts of numerous institutions and individuals both BRC ...... British Retail Consortium ISO ...... International Organization for within and outside the West African region where CABI ...... Centre for Agricultural and Bioscience Standardization HortiFresh is currently being implemented . HortiFresh International KIA ...... Kotoka International Airport is grateful to these institutions, organizations, CAGR . . . . . Compund Annual Growth Rate MoFA . . . . . Ministry of Food and Agriculture companies and individuals whose contributions and EC ...... European Commission NABC . . . . . Netherlands African Business Council collaborations made this report possible . EPA ...... Environmental Protection Agency PERD . . . . . Planting for Export and Rural Professor Frank Kumaga, Dr Ken Okwae Fening and EU ...... European Union Development Dr Max Billah, all of the University of Ghana, conducted FAO ...... Food and Agriculture Organisation of the PPRSD . . . . .Plant Protection and Regulatory Services and provided reports on ‘onion variety trials’ and United Nations Directorate ‘roadmap for pest reduction in fruits and vegetable FDA ...... Food and Drugs Authority SMEs . . . . . Small and Medium Scale Enterprises exports in Ghana’, respectively . Ms Pamela Okyere, FRAC . . . . . Fungicide Resistance Action Committee SPS ...... Sanitary and Phytosanitary Senior Independent Consulltant led in the findings for FSC ...... Forest Stewardship Council TA ...... Terpinyl Acetate opportunites in the fruit sector . Anitra van der Kraan FVO ...... Food and Veterinary Office TML ...... The lures Trimedlure and Chi Di Giulio, of the Netherlands-African Business GDP ...... Gross Domestic Product US FDA . . . . .United States Food and Drug Council (NABC) supported with the summary of Dutch GFFB . . . . . Great Fruit Fly Bait Administration Companies and their details . GIZ ...... Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale USA ...... United States of America Zusammenarbeit USAID . . . . .United States Agency for International Finally, the HortiFresh team played both leading GMP . . . . . Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Development and coordination roles in providing additional GSA ...... Ghana Standards Authority WHO . . . . . World Health Organisation information on key sections of this report . The contri- HACCP . . . . .Hazzard Analysis and Critical control Point ZECC ...... Zero Energy Cooling Chamber butions of Sheila Assibey-Yeboah, Adelaide Tetteh, Ernest IFPRI . . . . . International Food Policy Research Acheampong, Hilarion Nyarko, Patricia Asamoah, Institute Ellen Acquaye, Rosina Obeng, Jemima Djah, Moussa Coulibaly, Hanson Arthur, Wim Spieringhs, Joep van den Broek, Sjoerd Herms and Irene Koomen are invaluable . 1 . Introduction | 7

1. Introduction

A growing population and urbanization, as well as inputs, the produce can fetch high prices from relatively better education in health and nutrition, is leading to small pieces of land, and as a result significantly boost an increased consumer preference for healthy fresh, local economic growth . processed and ready-to-eat products in Ghana . In Realizing the potential of horticulture value chains and addition, market liberalization and a trend towards taking full advantage of emerging market opportuni- export diversification have played an important role in ties, requires substantial efforts from both public and stimulating the exports of high-value horticulture crops . private actors in and around the horticulture sector . The recent ban on export of fresh vegetables from Key policy factors essential for a successful horticulture Ghana to the EU show the vulnerability of export sector development in West Africa include: dependence and the need to respond quickly to nn Political and economic stability changes in the market . Although perceived as more lucrative, the EU export market is characterised by high nn Sound implementation of Sanitary and Phytosanitary costs and stringent requirements . It is therefore often (SPS) measures more profitable to invest in products for the domestic nn Investments in applied horticultural research and and regional markets . Regional trade of horticulture training; especially on irrigation and pest and commodities is increasing; such as tomatoes and disease management onions from Burkina Faso to the coastal urban centres nn Linking smallholders to high-value national and in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire . In the period 2014–2016, the export markets combined imports of vegetables of Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo doubled, with the share of nn Development of the logistics sector, including imports from the region increasing from 21% in 2014 seaports and air transport to 46% in 2016 . (Source: Tradeline) West Africa needs more agribusiness; and horticulture Most of donor attention has gone to smallholder should be seen as a business opportunity rather than fruits and vegetable producers . It is obvious that the a development challenge . HortiFresh therefore particu- inclusion of existing smallholders can enable them to larly invests in the growth of agribusiness like those capture higher returns and income, but only when this active in: input supply, food processing; professional is done in a sustainable way looking at the available wholesale and retail markets; and food service; as well resources and the equitable distribution of benefits as financial service providers. between the farmer and the buyer . Experience shows This report, a sequel to the business report series of that the inclusion of smallholder farmers in highly GhanaVeg, outlines a number of innovative business competitive value-chains such as fruits and vegetables opportunities and business cases, which are based on is a complex process which requires time and the opportunities that have been identified in the sector. building of strong partnerships . At the same time the HortiFresh is ready to support potential investors that horticulture sector by its nature of being intensive and are interested in the business cases outlined, and can high-value, is an excellent sector to enhance youth facilitate market and finance linkages where needed. employment, increase rural incomes and reduce In the end, the West African horticulture sector can only poverty . When crops are produced in the right way, grow on the back of strong growth of individual private applying good agronomic practices and using quality sector companies and farmers . 8 | 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector | 9

2. Opportunities in the Fruit Figure 2. Prouduction of the major fruit in Ghana (MT), 2007–2017. Source: FAO Stats Sector 2.1 Overview of the Fruit Figure 1. Map of Production Areas in Ghana Industry in Ghana Fruit production plays a crucial role in Ghana’s economy and it is one of the major sources of export earnings contributing 15 .74% to the Ghanaian economy in 2015 (source: Agriculture in Ghana – Facts and Figures 2015, MoFA) . The country is endowed with a variety of fruits such as pineapple, mango, banana, citrus, papaya, passion fruit, coconut, among others . The According to data compiled by FAO Stats in 2017, Ghanaian fruit & vegetable market is going to witness a opportunity exists to transform these fruits into value banana, citrus and coconut production have been healthy growth in the 2017–2022 forecast period . added products such as juice, dried fruit and concen- growing steadily (Figure 2) . After a dip in 2007 and 2008 trates to increase trade for the domestic, regional and due to delays in shifting production from the Smooth 2.3 Value Chain of the Fruit export markets . However, few local companies have Cayenne variety to MD2, production of pineapple and mangoes have also increased over the years . Sector taken advantage of this opportunity for fruit processing, An analysis of the value chain of the fruits sector could currently these are mainly exported as fresh whole fruit . According to Mordor Intelligence, the economic be looked at in three main areas . These include the Considering the economic importance of these fruits, drivers for the Ghanaian fruit and vegetable market fresh exports, fruit processing and the local market . the Government of Ghana has over time implemented is the growing middle class with a heightened health- programs and policies together with donors to promote awareness, coupled with the rise of supermarkets . Fresh exports The proximity to the European markets and increasing the fruit industry . Currently, under its program Planting Exports of fresh tropical fruits commenced in Ghana irrigation facilities are also stimulating the increased for Export and Rural Development (PERD), the govern- in the 1980s with smooth cayenne pineapples, relying production . The potential for growth in the fruit ment seeks to promote the production, export and on smallholders who contributed about 50% of export industry is still high as fruits consumption is increasing value-addition of crops such as mango, coconut, citrus, Legend: Pineapple Coconut volumes . This was followed with commercial produc- with the growing urban population in Ghana and the cashew, shea, and other tree crops to increase exports Banana Papaya tion of banana, mango and passion fruit for the fresh increasing awareness of a healthy lifestyle . earnings and provide sources of income for farmers in Mango Passion fruit export market . Exports of pineapple, banana, mango, the rural areas and generate employment for youth Citrus In Ghana, domestic consumption represents 70% of citrus and papaya is about $59 .9M and constitutes and rural people . the fruit and vegetable market . Vegetable consumption about 73% of horticultural products (Source: GEPA in Ghana is still relatively small but is expanding rapidly . Export Data 2016) . There are seasonal variations in the supply of fruit, Apart from local vegetables, the most important vegeta- 2.2 Production Areas The export sub-sector has experienced declining there are for instance two seasons for crops such as bles are tomato, pepper (both sweet and hot chilies), Ghana’s agro-ecology offers favourable conditions for volume of exports due to a number of reasons . For mango and citrus, a short season in December to onion, and okra . Especially, the market for tomato the cultivation of tropical fruits and its proximity to pineapple the reason was a shift in variety based on February – complement the traditional May to July and pepper has boomed recently . This can be easily EU market gives it a comparative advantage in terms market demand from smooth cayenne to the MD2 for the production of mango . In the case of citrus the gauged by the fact that tomato production witnessed a of marketing . Although tropical fruits can be found all variety of pineapple . Coupled with this is the tough harvest season ranges from October to March and CAGR of 4 .6% and chili production recorded a CAGR of over Ghana, commercial production of fruit is mainly competition from Latin American companies such as from April to July for the lean season depending on the 8 .81% over the 2011–2014 period . A total of 78,000 ha found in eleven regions stretching from the middle belt Dole and Del Monte producing at a much cheaper cost varieties . Pineapple is however grown all year round of land acreage is dominated by vegetable production to the south . It is worth mentioning that mango is also than their Ghanaian counterparts who were transi- as is banana production under drip irrigation, both are in Ghana . In the fruit segment, orange dominates the cultivated in five regions in the Northern part of Ghana tioning to growing MD2 . Ghana has 20% gross margin commercially available all year round . fruit segment, followed by pineapple . Orange produc- (Figure 1) . of turnover compared to Costa Rica which has 49% tion witnessed a CAGR of 4 .78% over the 2011–2014 gross margin and six times more revenue per hectare period . The trends are a clear indication that the 10 | 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector | 11 than Ghana (FAO report 2013) . In addition to this, the There is a current deficit of 550 MT/day and the nn Lack of irrigation facilities to address drought and 2.5 Business Opportunities in fresh export market faces challenges in production, low potential therefore exists to increase production . prolong the seasonality of fruits such as citrus, the Fruit Industry productivity and response to market shifts and transi- On the domestic market, fruit processing is undertaken mango, papaya . tioning to new varieties of the product . It is therefore by Vintage Farms, Crescent Juice, Kalyppo, St Michael, nn Value chain actors in the fruit industry have partial Production Opportunities crucial to address these challenges to increase fresh Healthy Life, Papso to mention a few . However, the knowledge of production potential, available exports and most importantly, strengthen the supply companies face competition from imported fruit juices varieties, post-harvest practices, market access 1. Healthy Orchards and Planting Materials chain for the existing processing firms established in such as Don Simon, Ceres, Frutelli, Sammi, Stute, etc . requirements, demand trends and international Healthy seedlings affect the development of various the country . competition . orchards in terms of production cost, yields and quality Regional Market of produce . The current fruit sector is challenged with nn Poor post-harvest practices in the area of fruit Fruit Processing pest and diseases which increases the cost of produc- Currently, the regional market for tropical fruits is handling, transportation, among others, lower the Fruit processing companies can be categorized into tion and reduces yields drastically . Introduction of dominated by itinerant traders from Cote d’Ivoire quality of fruits produced as well as contributing to companies producing for the export as well as the improved technologies into the production of seedlings and Burkina . Oranges are purchased and transported post harvest losses . local market and those producing solely for the local by these buyers to Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso in a protected environment (greenhouse) will market . The six major fruit processing companies are during the harvesting seasons . Copra is also traded by nn Difficulty of producers and exporters in main- contribute to healthy seedlings and orchards . This is Blue Skies, HPW Fresh & Dry Ltd, Bomarts Farms Ltd, Nigerian buyers and the demand for copra is growing taining international quality standards (GlobalGAP, an excellent opportunity for investors to help introduce Pinora, Peelco and Fruittiland Processing Company . on the regional market . Fairtrade, Organic) certification due to the associ- disease resistant varieties by using tissue culture tech- These companies are mainly operating in the free zone ated costs, hence low volumes of fresh exports nology . Tissue culture is a new technology which helps enclaves and export the following products mainly to Local Market and challenges in supplying excess production in producing true to type planting materials which are the EU market: to fruit processing companies . In addition, some The local market for tropical fruits is dominated by local also disease free . There is also business opportunity in processing companies are confronted with trace- nn Fresh pre-cut fruit such as mango, pineapple, market women, supermarkets, hotels, schools, etc . Apart exploring the development early maturing varieties for ability issues and meeting local and international papaya, passion fruit, etc for exports; from pineapple, banana and passion fruits where farmers . Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) certifica- greater volumes are exported, about 35% of mango, Mango nn Dried mango, pineapple, coconut, papaya and tions such as HACCP, ISO, BRC, US FDA, SGF citrus and coconut are sold at the farm gate to these banana; (customer certificate) etc. On the local food some The current plantations face with many pest and buyers. Prices for the fruit usually fluctuate depending of the processing companies lack or have failed to diseases challenges . Currently, Bacteria Black Spot nn Mango fruit bars and rolls as snack packs; on the seasons . renew food safety standards certifications such Disease (BBS) is major issue in the mango sector nn Orange and pineapple juice, concentrate and EPA, FSC, FDA, GSA etc . to enable them operate leading to significant crop losses and its impact on the ready-to-drink juice (both conventional and 2.4 General Challenges in the effectively. income of farmers. This disease affects the crop at all organic), mango juice and fruits blend juices are stages. This offers opportunities for business entities Fruit Sector nn At the processors end we see difficulties in sold mainly on the local market; (especially agro-input supply companies) to explore The fruit industry covers key export commodities and meeting consistency and quality of product nn Essential oils . effective management practices to ensure disease free offers great potential for contributing to Ghana’s effort supply, frequent equipment breakdowns (fruit orchards . Total exports volumes of the various processed at enhancing the non-traditional export economy in silos may spoil if it takes a longer time to be products is about 20,500 MT per annum . Fresh and for accelerating the domestic fruit processing repaired), which affects production volumes, risk Coconut sub-sector. However, some production difficulties pre-cuts constitute a larger share of exports, repre- of contamination, increased production cost and Coconut farms along the coastal belt are being attacked are hindering its export and processing activities as senting 64%, followed by concentrates 27% and then other constraints . by the Cape St Paul Wilt disease which is reducing dried fruits 9% . In terms of processing, mango consti- indicated below: nn Competition from imported fruits juices which acreage under cultivation and yield . The sector tutes about 60% of the companies’ production of both nn Various diseases (anthracnose, powdery mildew, invariably are cheaper on the local market . requires new and resistant varieties to combat this fresh pre-cuts and dried fruits products, followed by alternaria, stem-end rot, pseudocercospora disease which is wiping away the coconut plantations The results of these problems are low yields, poor pineapple 25% for dried fruits and the rest for coconut, leaf and fruit leaf disease of citrus, Cape St Paul along the coast . Resistant varities have recently been quality fruits and high post-harvest losses per acre, papaya and banana . Additionally, orange concentrate wilt for coconuts, bacteria black spots (BBS) on developed, these are early bearing and high yielding . which leads to low competitiveness on the interna- is about 21% and single-strength pineapple juice is mango) and pests (fruit fly, mealybug, termites, However, the planting material of these varieties tional market, where potentially a lot of revenue can about 6% . Together, these companies have a theoretical mango bugs, etc .) are major concerns and have a need to be multiplied in mass quantities for supply to be obtained . processing capacity of 1,600 MT per day, but currently direct economic impact on the various operators, farmers especially along the coastal areas. This offers they are producing at a total capacity of 1,100 MT/day. despite some success in controlling diseases . 12 | 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector 2 . Opportunities in the Fruit Sector | 13 an excellent opportunity for investors to nurseries for capacity of the farmers with post-harvest skills and the Marketing Opportunities exploited . The common varieties grown in Ghana rapid multiplication of cocoa seedlings for farmers . introduction of basic storage facilities along the value The fruit sector offers a wide range of opportunities for include the Purple Passion (passiflora edulis), Orange/ Passion Fruit chain of these actors . In addition, the introduction of investors to explore, specific opportunities for some Yellow Passion (passiflora flavicarpa) and Giant Passion . handling facilities, like creates for harvesting and trans- commodities are: The export fresh market demands the purple small The production of passion fruit planting material is porting produce will help increase the shelf life of the fruit which is a special variety for that market . The small fairly new . The production of the purple colour passion fruits and reduce the post-harvest losses . Value chain Mango scale processers require juicy varieties for the blending . (small size) by tissue culture is an opportunity for actors who are into storage facilities operation and Introduction of early maturing mango varieties will Those into the production of fresh juice and smoothies investors. This tissue-cultured plants offer growers the pack house activities can explore this opportunity to to help expand the harvesting period and make the have seen the increase demand from the hospitality opportunity to get true to type varieties, uniformity of enhance the activities of the farmers, wholesalers and sector more competitive . This will attract international sector as driver of their business because of the taste and growth and also avoid the stress of going through the the retailers of the fresh produce . fresh exporters to Ghana because exporters will have flavour the commodity adds to their products. The supply nursery activities . extended season . of passion fruit is currently not sufficient. 4. Irrigation Citrus A challenge is however the unavailability of a ready Citrus Water is an important element in plant development In the citrus sub-sector, about 85–90% is orchards market for fresh mango export contributes to more The current lack of activities by the citrus value chain are planted with the Late Valencia variety, this offers right from the nursery stage to orchard establishment . than 16% of the various issues accounting for a total Supply of water to orchards may be rainfed or through actors have rendered the sector inactive resulting in an opportunity for early varieties to be introduced into postharvest loss of 45 .6% (IFPRI, 2018) . A study in the farmers having challenges in marketing of their fruits the sector . irrigation. Sufficient, regular and reliable supply of North (Augustus, 2016) revealed that about 65% of water to orchards helps in the early development of and most of the processing companies are not func- farmers harvest their produce when fully ripe, with tioning well . However, there are opportunities for 2. Professional Services in Production the orchards resulting in uniform growth and a contin- 32% of them harvesting at half ripe state with less than uous and consistent supply of fruit . Yields from such investors in the area of processing fruits into single The provision of professional services has become 3% of farmers harvesting their fruits at physiologically orchards are high and farmers are able to manage their strength for the domestic and regional markets and a necessity in orchard management because of the matured stage . In the middle belt, postharvest losses fruit availability timings to their advantage . Supply of concentrate for both international and domestic current challenges farmers face in their activities . The are about 35% due to lack of market opportunities, water to many orchards in Ghana is not consistent and market . Ghana currently imports tons of concentrates . control and management of fruit fly, BBS and others in especially for fresh export and processing . The distance this affects the yields and consistent supply of fruits. Production of essential oil from the peels isan addi- orchard have become critical hence the need to have a from the North and the middle belt to the port or the tional commodity for processors with a fair demand professional service provider to handle it, this creates This gap offers a good opportunity for investors to south where most processors are based is a contrib- for export as is dried peel . the opportunity for skilled service providers who invest in the drilling of boreholes in fruit orchards . uting factor to the marketing problem . Investment in Papaya have technical know-how . Provision of farm services Further opportunities exist in the area of irrigation value added processing of fresh fruits to juices and in orchard management which involves pruning, systems, whether drip, furrow, sprinklers and any form concentrates will offer potential market avenues for The crop thrives well in different areas in Ghana and spraying, harvesting and other activities offers oppor- that farmers can use to supply water to their plants in mango farmers and also reduce postharvest losses . its commercial production sees a vibrant export of tunity for investors . Demand of service from skilled their orchards . The adoption of any of these systems by Coconut papaya . There is high demand for the commodity in harvesting team have become necessary because farmers will increase their yields and the sectors contri- the local market but production is inadequate to serve Coconut has seen a growth in the international, farmers do not have permanent staff for this activity, in butions to GDP . Consistent and timely supply of fruits this market as well as the export market . Papaya from regional and local markets in its fresh, dried, processed addition market requirements for quality fruits keeps will enhance competitiveness of the sector . Ghana to the international community have a unique forms and also its by-products . Over the years, the on increasing hence the need for trained harvesters characteristic of taste and freshnes through same day Diesel and petrol pumps are the most common export of dried coconut was common, but currently who will offer this service. known system in Ghana but not used by many orchard exports to the EU market gives the country an edge over the demand for fresh coconut for export has increased other competitors . There is the need to build produc- The demand for small chain saw machines, spray operators, the system is suitable for small, medium significantly. The consumption of fresh coconut domes- tion volumes for the Ghana to be competitive . The machines, and other logistics for the pruning of mango and large scale orchards owners. This pumps can fit tically also increased drastically and the price per fruit demand for papaya by processors for drying in also and citrus orchards have become an opportunity for a variety of irrigation systems. Solar irrigation offers a ranges from GHS 1 at the production centre to GHS 2 .5 increasing gradually . The number of farmers producing investors to explore . In addition, logistics for pruning big opportunity for operators of this service because and GHS 3 in Accra . The consumption of coconut virgin papaya is limited and they do not have access to the and supporting passion orchards offer another oppor- most of the orchards do not have access to electricity oil is increasing hence the demand of copra by coconut right varieties demanded by the export market . There tunity for investors . to enable them use electric pumps for their irrigation processors, this offers investment opportunity. system . This is a new system which turns to be an is a business opportunity for agro-input companies to 3. Improved Fruit Handling, Transport and Storage ideal option for farmers to adopt but it requires more Passion Fruit invest in supply of different varieties of papaya. This also offer a good opportunity for any exporter who is awareness creation and marketing efforts. There is an increase in demand of this tropical crop Post-harvest losses in the fruit sector is high and contrib- willing to allocate resource to develop the sector and on the international, regional and local markets both utes to the percentage loss of the farmer . Building the buy the fruit for export . fresh and processed, a potential that should be further 14 | 3 . Opportunities in the Vegetable Sector 3 . Opportunities in the Vegetable Sector | 15

follows the produce all the way to consumers on the will lead to greater availability of quality products in the 3. Opportunities in the domestic market on top . market in the coming years . The domestic vegetable sector is plagued with a Private Extension Services Vegetable Sector number of challenges at various stages of the value chain . These challenges can be grouped into three Under GhanaVeg, a quick scan was implemented to 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Opportunities for the categories: farmer practices, post-harvest management explore private sector driven technical support services and market dynamics . Related to these challenges a in Ghana’s vegetable sector . Below the main technical Vegetable consumption in Ghana is still relatively low Domestic Vegetable Sector number of value chain innovations have been designed . support needs are listed for differentiated per supply in comparison to other African countries like Kenya, One in two Ghanaians buys fresh vegetables from a These value-chain innovations relate to: i) improved chain actor: but is increasing rapidly . Apart from the consumption limited number of local markets dotted around the inputs and farmer practices in order to increase the nn Commercial growers: of local vegetables, the most important vegetables are country (AgriImpact, 2013) . These markets are mostly productivity and safety of the product; ii) post-harvest ŸŸ Production and investment planning (assessing tomato, pepper, both sweet and hot chillies, onion and operated by so-called “market queens” who serve as innovations to prevent losses and preserve quality; and qualitative and quantitative demands; financial okra . Tomato production in particular has increased a point of sale for most buyers who run corner shops, iii) marketing innovations . Irrigated agriculture is on the planning and funding; dealing with uncertainties) significantly in the last ten years, more than doubling hotels and restaurants . There are market queens for increase, leading to new production areas around the from 180,000 tons (t) in 2007 to more than 370,000 t vegetables like tomato, onion, hot pepper and okra . Volta and Volta Lake as well as specific irrigated areas ŸŸ Cultivation (irrigation, pest and disease manage- in 2017 . The vegetable traders in Ghana are organized by the around Accra . ment, soil fertility) market queens, who in turn settle disputes between Traditionally, vegetables in Ghana are mostly eaten ŸŸ Product handling (preservation, sorting, grading, processed or cooked as both a spicy tomato paste traders, and represent them in negotiations . Each crop Improved inputs and farmers practices handling, packing) (shito) as well as ‘soups’ with banku or fufu . More has a specific market queen selected by all traders, and In a recent IFPRI study (Lolavalli et al ., 2017) on the ŸŸ Quality assurance and traceability recently, the urban population is turning to fresh is later introduced to the local traditional community competitiveness of vegetable production in Ghana salads . This is mainly a result of Ghana’s sustained leaders and the district assembly . Market queens are the overall conclusion was that productivity lacks nn Emerging commercial grower economic growth that has led to the emergence of a never removed but rather retire or get replaced when behind neighbouring countries and that the lack ŸŸ Cultivation (choosing the right cultivars, soil middle class of consumers demanding higher quality they pass away (Peppelenbos et al ., 2008) . of well-adapted inputs are an important cause for fertility management, irrigation, crop protection fresh products . Thismiddle-class is demanding better The traditional open market comprises approximately low productivity . The study further recommends the and safe use of chemicals, harvesting) quality products, including a greater emphasis on 80 percent of the fresh fruit and vegetable market increased availability of seeds (and new varieties), food safety . In turn, this is leading to a greater market in Ghana . The main ones are Makola, Techiman, irrigation technology and crop protection products . It ŸŸ Product handling (preservation, grading) segmentation between specialized food service and Agbobloshie and Abinkyi markets and are mostly is in this line that a host of initiatives have started up, nn Input suppliers (wholesale/large scale) retail markets on the one hand, and wholesale bulk operated by market queens . Figure 3 depicts the introducing: (‘wet’) markets on the other, catering for different ŸŸ Trends and opportunities in the sector general value chain for vegetables serving the domestic nn New hybrid varieties of the main vegetable crops production-consumption systems . nn Input suppliers (rural shops) market . It starts with production at the bottom, and (e .g . with companies like East West, RijkZwaan and Syngenta expanding their activities) . ŸŸ Cultivation (choosing cultivar, soil fertility Figure 3. Simplified value chain map for the vegetable sector in Ghana.Source: Adapted from Agri-Impact, 2013 management, crop protection, etc .) nn New types of irrigation (including solar irrigation), with new systems being introduced to the country nn Handling agents and logistical service providers like SunCulture and FuturePump . ŸŸ Quality management systems and traceability In the same vein, good agricultural practices are being ŸŸ Handling of vegetables (sorting, grading, promoted through the Ghana Green Label initiative . processing and packing fresh vegetables) Ghana Green Label is a local certification scheme that promotes sustainable agricultural practices and safe Based on the assessment of technical support needs, fruit and vegetables . The initiative is now championed the available know-how and expertise and the opera- by a number of supermarkets in Accra . This is creates tional and financial possibilities, three types of private the necessary pull for the hundreds of farmers that extension services are recommended: have been certified in the last years. It is expected that nn Local GAP advisors for smallholder vegetable the combination of better inputs and better practices growers who (wish to) supply high-end markets 16 | 3 . Opportunities in the Vegetable Sector 3 . Opportunities in the Vegetable Sector | 17 nn Vegetable study groups for (emerging) commer- more than 65 cabbages each . A study in Tanzania Processing A business case was made for an export farm which cial growers producing the same type of vegetable (Barrett et al ., 2014) shows that also there wooden In Sub-Saharan Africa there are many examples of local cultivated three vegetables, bitter gourd, okra and crops crates are generally rough and large (up to 50 kg) . The companies that invest in processing fresh vegetables in hot pepper on a 20 ha equally demarcated plots researchers there developed a number of improved producing 240 t of various Asian vegetables. The nn Vegetable business development coaches for order to store them for longer periods . Tomatoes are a large-scale commercial growers and wholesale locally made crates, including half sized crates, smooth favourite produce used for processing purposes, about unit produced 93 t of hot peppers, 60 t of okra and traders/exporters. wooden crates (sanded inside) and liners for crates . 1 litre of concentrate requires 7 kg of fresh tomatoes 87 t of bitter gourd per season. All vegetables were The study showed that simply by decreasing the size of (Gathani & Stoelinga, 2013) . In addition, large volumes sold in 4 5. to 5 .5 kg carton boxes . The business case Postharvest innovations large packaging material (crates, sacks or baskets) the of water and sugar are needed for processing tomatoes, assumed a finance model whereby 30 percent invest- damage to the produce can be reduced by 50 percent ment comes from own capital and 70 percent comes Various low cost initiatives have been tested in devel- adding serious costs . To establish tomatoes processing or more . through a loan at 25 percent interest with a grace period oping countries, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia . facilities, the expected total investments costs are high of 2 years after loan disbursement in 2015 . An invest- An important source for post-harvest innovations and since (over-) supply is seasonal in most African Marketing ment plan envisioned the farm was prepared using in Sub-Saharan Africa is the Horticulture Innovation countries the facilities are only running during a small the estimates of equipment of lasting and enduring Lab which is a collaborative research project imple- Besides improved agronomic practices and technical period of the year, making it an inefficient business. quality . Investments were made for soil testing and mented by UC Davis and funded by the Feed the innovations, there are also ways to bridge the gap In addition, most African countries face large imports of soil adjustment and planting materials, construction Future program of the U .S . Agency for International between farmers and consumers in such a way that post- cheap tomato paste and ketchup from other countries works, plant production products, packhouse, office Development (USAID) (WFLO, 2010) . The Horticulture harvest losses can be reduced and value can be added . (i .e . Italy, China, USA) . The imported products use equipment, refrigerated trucks and cooling rooms and Innovation Lab promotes smallholder participation in Some examples: specific types of open field tomatoes with high yields GlobalG.A.P certification. markets and post-harvest innovation in 35 projects . (up to 100 t/ha) that are machine-harvested, leading nn Home or office delivery: Energy Africa Ltd, a to a competitive cost advantage . In brief, revenues generated from the export of Asian In order to reduce postharvest losses farmers can local company operating in Kenya, expanded its vegetables in the international market would be introduce innovations in cooling and packaging of services by introducing home delivery of organic GHS 1,394,700 annually . On the other hand, variable a vegetables . The loss of quality of the product at fresh fruits and vegetables . They operate from a 3.3 Opportunities for Export costs (seeds, fertilisers, etc .) on 20 ha would amount to harvest often relates to high temperatures . High nucleus farm and work with outgrowers, supplying Sector: A Business Case GHS 699,700 and fixed costs would set at GHS 195,250 temperatures are known to result in increased rates more than 15 different fruits and vegetables. A detailed financial analysis showed, that a medium per year . Fixed costs included the loan disburse- of respiration, deterioration and water loss in fresh nn Prepackaged selections: In South Africa, a local sized export company of around 20 ha, that is profes- ment, depreciation on total assets, fixed labour and produce . Therefore, there is a business opportunity to company ‘Wild Organic Foods’ offers a choice of sionally run, can expect a profit before tax of more than land rental . The payback period for the model export decrease the temperature after harvesting and during three bags directly to consumers: the standard GHS 500,000 annually. Table 1 shows the profit calcula- farm was 2 years given the amount of investment . This the entire process of handling, storing and transporting bag, the mini-bag and the made-to-order bag . tion for the farm as a whole . The farm gate price for each means that it will take 2 years for the investor to break of fresh vegetables . Both the standard and mini-bag include a seasonal product has been derived from interviews with various even on the initial capital investment . selection of products . In the made-to-order bag stakeholders in Ghana and the UK . Packaging the consumer chooses the products from the Packaging that adequately protects (fresh) food products catalogue . Importantly, bags are delivered to a can significantly extend shelf-life. Shelf-life duration is collection point from which consumers can collect Table 1. Economic indicators for a 20 ha mixed cropping farm (in GHS) influenced by environmental factors such as tempera- at any preferred time . Ref Indicator Total Ref Indicator Total ture and light, as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels . Good packaging is essential to maintain quality nn Farm to consumer: In South Africa, a nonprofit A Total Volume produced 240 t C Total Revenue per year (A x B) GHS 1,394,700 development organization developed a marketing throughout the chain . Currently the volumes packed in - Hot pepper 93 t D Total Variable costs per year GHS 699,573 one crate or sack are too large and the materials used project through which micro-farmers would sell - Okra 60 t (seeds, fertilizer, labour, their excess of organically-grown vegetables, for packaging have a high contamination risk . - Bitter Gourd 87 t packaging, certification, packed in boxes, to consumers . The project, called transport) In Ghana most vegetables are packed in traditional Harvest of Hope, ensures that farmers are paid at B Final Farm Gate price per ton E Total Fixed costs per year GHS 195,250 sacks or wooden crates . For tomato, the common way the moment of delivery . Members of Harvest of - Hot pepper 4,100 GHS/t of packaging for transport is a large wooden crate of Hope sign up for a box and pay for their weekly - Okra 5,000 GHS/t F Total Costs per year (D + E) GHS 515,350 about 20 kg . Cabbages are packed in sacks that contain delivery of vegetables in advance . - Bitter Gourd 8,200 GHS/t G Profit before tax per year (F − C) GHS 500,000 18 | 4 . Competitiveness of Ghana’s Vegetable Sector 4 . Competitiveness of Ghana’s Vegetable Sector | 19

$9 .3 million annually over the period . Regardless of the of 11.8 mt/ha. Ashanti tomatoes averaged a yield 4. Competitiveness of Ghana’s source, these import figures appear to be gross under- of 6.2 mt/ha. Yields were lower in the Upper East in estimates . Porous borders, poor enforcement and irrigated conditions – 4.6 mt/ha – and much lower Vegetable Sector rent seeking results in large trade volumes going unre- than estimates from Robinson and Kolavalli (2013) . We ported. Although, official figures for carrot and chili found that tomato yields in Keta, Volta Region, were A study was commissioned on the Competitiveness of expenditure (35 .2 percent), followed by onion imports appear to be more reliable as these vegetables slightly higher, at 6.64 mt/ha. The International Water the Ghana Vegetable Sector (IFPRI, 2017) . The study expenditure (19 .0 percent) and chili expenditure enter the country through major ports, the IFPRI report Management Institute (IWMI) estimates show yields examined the competitiveness of tomato, onion, (9 .7 percent) . The IFPRI report found out that, while states that there is also significant unreported regional ranging from 5.2 mt/ha in Bawku West to 6.2 mt/ha carrot, and Scotch Bonnet peppers in relation to vegetable spending patterns were similar across rural trade . Ghana imports vegetables from its neighbors in in Talensi, and 7.9 mt/ha in in West Mamprusi, all imports . These are four vegetables that are essential and urban areas there were spatial differences in and countries in the region . Burkina Faso accounted for under irrigation. However, all of these figures are lower for Ghanaian diets and for which a significant portion spending . The six southern regions devoted a much 96 percent of all official tomato imports while Niger than those from neighboring countries . of consumption is met by imports . For the study, higher budget share (36 .8 percent) to tomatoes than and Burkina Faso accounted for 92 percent of all official The type of seeds and varieties used by Ghanaian competitiveness was defined as the ability to deliver the northern regions (28 .7 percent), while the four onion imports from 2013–2015 . Netherlands however, producers is one of the reasons for the low yields goods and services in the time, place, and form desired northern regions devoted a much higher budget share was the largest source of carrots and chili, with 82% of obtained . We found that most seeds were either by consumers at prices as good as or better than those (21 .9 percent) to onions than the southern regions carrot imports and 79% of chili imports . recycled or obtained from the local market . Tomato and of other potential suppliers while earning at least (12 .3 percent) . Production of the selected vegetables has been Scotch Bonnet seeds were largely recycled, while onion opportunity costs of resources employed (Sharples In terms of trade, despite government’s push to increasing annually but has not been enough to keep seeds were most likely to be from the local market . and Milham, 1990; Abbot and Bredahl 1992) . Three increase horticulture exports, vegetables exports pace with growing demand . It was noted that commer- Carrots were the exception, as 82 percent of the seeds indicators were used: 1) per unit cost of production; remain low . Vegetable exports are not well monitored, cial vegetables production in Ghana is concentrated used were from private input dealers . Most tomato, 2) per unit cost of vegetable delivered to markets thus export data for vegetables is hard to validate on a line running southeast from Sunyani to Ho, with onion, and Scotch Bonnet pepper farmers could not in which they need to compete with imports; and 3) creating a gap, but the IFPRI report made estimates additional planting running south from Bolgatanga to name the variety they planted, unlike the carrot farmers gross margins per hectare (ha) . The selected indicators based on available information . Taking a looking at the Tamale . While commercial production is concentrated who knew . Vegetables are usually cultivated in plots of measured competitiveness in production, efficiency export of the common vegetables produced in Ghana; in the Northern, Upper East, Ashanti and Brong Ahafo less than one ha . Vegetables production is generally of the marketing system, and whether farmers had tomatoes, onions, carrots and chili, Ghanaian exports regions, household vegetable production is more irrigated in the Upper East, Northern, and Volta incentives to produce the selected vegetables instead of tomatoes, onions and carrots are relatively small . widespread . Although Ghanaian vegetable produc- regions . The use of irrigation did not increase yields . of other crops that they could cultivate . On the other hand, Chili exports are quite significant; tion does not currently meet local demand, vegetable Nearly all vegetable farmers surveyed used fertilizer, exports averaged $5 .7 million annually between 2013 production is spread across the country and Ghana Use of manure and mulch were much less common . 4.1 Overview of the and 2015 . The United Kingdom was the largest trade benefits from having several climatic zones, giving it Famers used pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and partner and accounted for 95 percent of chili exports the potential to supply vegetables year-round . weedicides to protect their plants . Seventy-seven Vegetable Sector percent of farmers used either insecticide or pesticide . (Consumption, Trade, from Ghana . However, all exports of capsicum (chili) to the EU were banned in October 2015 due to failure to 4.2 Yield and Practices in Ghana The application of herbicide or weedicide was less Production) comply with sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures . While yield estimates for vegetables in Ghana vary common . Vegetables especially tomato, Scotch Bonnet and Vegetable imports are key to meeting Ghanaian between sources, all estimates of vegetable yields in onion forms an important part of the Ghanaian diet . 4.3 Competitiveness consumption demand. While official estimates suggest Ghana are significantly lower than those in - neigh In 2010, vegetable consumption per capita in Ghana that over the period 2009 to 2013, tomato imports boring countries . MoFA estimated that in 2013 the (Production Cost, Marketing, was estimated at GHS159 (World Bank, 2010) . This made up only 2 percent of consumption, chili imports average tomato yield was 7.5 mt/ha. This is only Gross Margins) represents approximately 10 percent of total food 50 percent of what they deemed an “achievable yield” made up less than 1 percent of consumption and onion Competitiveness in international markets is indicated consumption . These vegetables and their processed of 15 mt/ha. Robinson and Kolavalli (2010) found that imports accounted for 34 percent of consumption, by the cost of production relative to alternative products (tomato paste, shito) are used in traditional in 2009, rainfed tomato yields in Brong Ahafo were evidence from traders suggest that imports are much supplies, either imports or exports . The IFPRI study foods such as jollof rice and soups . 14 mt/ha and irrigated yields in the Upper East were more essential than these official data suggest. Official used three indicators: per unit cost of production at 15 mt/ha. They found much lower yields (5 mt/ha) in the Vegetables are widely consumed in Ghana with estimates of Ghanaian imports of tomatoes, onions the farm level; per unit cost of vegetables delivered to Greater Accra Region, both in irrigated and rainfed household estimated spending on vegetables being and carrots are relatively small . Tomato imports were markets in which they compete with imports, and gross conditions . Ayerh (2015), in a recent survey of mainly 12 .8 percent of total food expenditures in 2012–2013 . $1 .2 million annually over the period 2013 to 2015 . margins per hectare to assessed competitiveness of rainfed tomato farmers in the Ashanti Region, found Tomato made up the highest share of vegetable Onion imports were substantially larger, averaging the Ghanaian vegetable sector . that yields averaged 7.0 mt/ha, with maximum yields 20 | 4 . Competitiveness of Ghana’s Vegetable Sector 4 . Competitiveness of Ghana’s Vegetable Sector | 21

Ghanaian vegetable farmers produce at relatively low Bonnet farmers in Kassena mainly sold their crops to Most farmers who transported their crops to the buyer and diseases – 68 percent . Farmers also had issues costs, less than 1,000 GH¢/mt. the study found per local buyers whereas Tolon pepper farmers sold their used buses . Traders who wish to transport products accessing credit, inputs and water for watering – 46 mt costs varied by production system . Further, some crops to traders . to major markets buy directly from producers rather percent, 43 percent and 42 percent respectively . value chains faced higher costs than others, particu- Tomatoes, during peak harvest season in September, than from local markets . Aggregation does not seem to larly those in Kassena and Keta . Two broad patterns farmgate prices are at their lowest . Farmgate prices take place in smaller markets for movement to larger 4.4. Conclusion emerge from the per mt cost of production data . are highest during April, May, and June when there is markets . Many traders obtain their requirements from Ghana depends on imports to meet total consumption First, in some cases, input use intensification did not limited local production . Wholesale and retail margins producers through contract farming with supply of requirements of essential horticultural foods such increase yields, which resulted in high per mt costs . In are also highest during this period . Wholesale margins credit to various degrees . Most vegetable farmers in as onions, tomatoes, Scotch Bonnets and carrots Kassena, Scotch Bonnet farmers had high input costs are also high from November through January when Ghana only sell to one buyer, which decreases their because domestic production does not meet demand 640 GH¢/mt, because of very high pesticide use. Since production is concentrated in the Upper East . Onion marketing power . With access to few buyers, and no despite growth in recent years . Quantifying the trade this high pesticide use did not increase yields, per mt farmgate prices are at their lowest in April and May, storage, vegetable farmers are forced to sell their crops in vegetables is difficult because the bulk of it takes costs were high . Further, these farmers reported which is not during the peak harvest season in Ghana, at the price set by the wholesaler . place informally across borders . However, discussions that pests consumed on average 18 percent of their but instead when prices are lowest in Niger . Finally, Vegetable production is profitable in Ghana. Our survey with traders in major markets suggest that imports are Scotch Bonnet fields. fresh chili farmgate prices fall dramatically from June data show that gross margins for tomato, onion, carrot significant. Seasonality is one reason that vegetable Except for irrigated carrots grown in Mampong, more to December . During this period, wholesale margins and Scotch Bonnet are high and much larger than the production cannot meet local demand . Although than 50 percent of the vegetables are sold at the increased from only 12 percent of wholesale prices gross margins for staples such as maize and rice . Our several production systems under the diverse agro- farmgate . Farmgate sales are higher than 80 percent from January through May to 52 percent of wholesale survey indicates that gross margins for tomatoes range ecological conditions in Ghana can supply vegetables for Scotch Bonnets produced in Kassena and tomatoes prices . from 2,339 (GH¢/ha) in irrigated Keta (Volta) to year-round, vegetables such as onions are produced in produced in Upper East . Producers sell to an average of Contrary to the expectation that sales at farmgate are 9,565 (GH¢/ha) in rainfed Ashanti, and 8,113 (GH¢/ha) significant quantities in just one season. Low-yields are little more than one buyer . likely to yield lower prices than at nearby markets, in irrigated Bawku East (Upper East) . Onion farmers in another important reason for limited supply response . The buyers at the farmgate are of two kinds: local tomato prices were nearly GH¢80 greater on average the Upper East had lower gross margins, 4,171 (GH¢/ha), One of the reasons for low-yields is the varieties used . market buyers who may retail and sell to retailers in per crate if the sale was made at the farm as opposed but this was still high compared with staple farmers . Despite low yields, average gross margins that do not nearby markets; and traders or agents of traders who to off the farm. Likewise, onion prices were GH¢40 Moreover, carrot farming is very lucrative, with gross take into consideration value of household labor for transport the produce to major markets . The type of greater per maxi bag if the sale was made at the farm . margins for irrigated production around 13,756 (GH¢/ha) the selected vegetables are much higher than can be buyer gives an indication of where the vegetables will Scotch Bonnet farmers in Kassena received GH¢50 in Mampong (Ashanti) . Finally, Scotch Bonnet peppers obtained from the cultivation of crops like maize and be retailed . Ashanti rainfed farmers, for example, most more per maxi bag for an on farm sale . In Tolon, also have high returns; gross margins ranged from rice . Though the margins are good, the vegetable often sell to traders, whereas Upper East irrigated however, there was no statically significant differ- 20,926 (GH¢/ha) in Kassena Nankana East (Upper sector in Ghana is regarded not competitive in their tomato farmers mainly sell to local market buyers . ence between prices for on farm and off farm sales, East) to 4,928 (GH¢/ha) in Tolon (Northern Region). production because they simply do not produce Onion and carrot farmers usually sell to traders . Scotch but this appears to be due to lack of buyers in Tolon . In the producer survey, farmers were asked to list any enough despite the importance of these vegetables problems that they faced during vegetable production . in local Ghanaian diet, and the potential for crop The biggest issue identified by farmers was pests diversification. Table 2. Source: SRID MSU, 2016 Table 3. On-farm and Off-farm Sale Prices Source: Author’s calculations based on the Producer Survey, 2017: Note units are: crates for tomato, maxi-bags for onion and pepper

Chili Onion Tomato District/Production Systems On-farm Farmgate price (GHc/kg) 7 .2 3 .0 4 .0 Off-farm Wholesale price (GHc/kg) 8 .9 3 .6 5 .5 Ashanti Rainfed 227 124 Wholesale margin (GHc/kg) 1 .6 0 .6 1 .6 Keta Irrigated Tomato 226 142 Percent of Wholesale price 18% 18% 29% Upper East Irrigated Tomato 139 115 Retail (GHc/kg) 10 .1 4 .8 6 .6 Bawku Irrigated Onion 145 106 Retail margin (GHc/kg) 1 .3 1 .2 1 .0 Kassena Irrigated Scotch Bonnet Pepper 207 166 Proportion of retial price 12% 25% 16% Tolon Irrigated Scotch Bonnet Pepper 30 39 22 | 5 . Access to Finance 5 . Access to Finance | 23

5. Access to Finance

There is a need for more sustainable financing structure production can be made profitable. A minimum size of for the fruit and vegetable sector shifting from less aid 1,000 m² as recommended . towards more of trade and an increased focus towards In addition, earlier work (Elings et al ., 2015) indicated loans obtained from commercial or development that there are serious flaws with the design of the banks. To support this shift in the financing structure, existing greenhouses . Given the high temperatures and the Access to Finance component was designed to humidity in the Southern production belt, the report serve as a platform by which horticultural companies strongly recommends natural ventilation through Greenspan greenhouse with umbrella vent (9,6 m bay width) and commercial and development banks are linked . top vents so that hot air can leave the greenhouse . There are four types of finance that are being explored, Secondly, the report recommends more attention greenhouse, exporter-outgrower, solar irrigation and for the professional skills of the greenhouse growers height of 5 meter, allowing for hot air to rise up and 5.3 Financing input packages financial products. These products have seriously looking at well-adapted varieties (heat and to leave the structure . The side netting has a relatively been developed in close collaboration with companies coarse mesh size allowing for sufficient ventilation into The greenhouse pilot project is financed by a loan of disease resistance) and judicious pest and disease the Rabobank Foundation that covers 80% of the invest- that (largely) are the agent or distributor for the management (i .a . through biological control) . the greenhouse, and the structure can handle crop products . loads of 25 kg/m², which is sufficient for crops like ment . It is estimated in the business plan that, while In the new programme, HortiFresh has taken these tomato, bell pepper and cucumber . The greenhouse taking into account annual loan repayments in year 2, Additionally, HortiFresh seeks to support individual three recommendations on board: (1) promote 3 and 4, a net profit of US$ 40,000 can be achieved in horticultural companies in the entire value chain with can be built in modules of 1,690 m² and comes with bigger-sized greenhouses; (2) encourage better a separate nursery building for transplant raising . year 2, growing to US$ 130,000 in year 4 . The business the development of sound business plans and financial designed greenhouses with top ventilation; and (3) plan assumes commercial vegetable production of linkages to obtain loans and equity through a network In the first prototype project with Fruitmaster three invest in the capacity of greenhouse farmers . This was multispan structures and a nursery house are erected, tomato, bell pepper and cucumber with two seasons of private equity funds and loan providers, individual combined with the need for sustainable financing of per year and a conservative benchmark productivity of company support . totaling 5,070 m² of greenhouse area . Including the the greenhouses; ensuring investor farmers or SMEs costs for construction, pumphouse, fertigation facili- 15 kg/m² for tomato. The overall internal rate of return can afford the more professional structures. As such ties, generator, propagation materials (tables and seed (IRR) for a 7-year project is 63% with a loan payback 5.1 Greenhouse Financing a financial product on greenhouse financing has trays) and all production equipment (ground cover, period of 2 .4 year . Over the past years many investments have been commenced in HortiFresh . medium, troughs) the greenhouse arrives at a price done in greenhouse production in Ghana . Both the The purpose of the greenhouse financing project is of less than US$ 30 per m² . 5.4 Technical support and government and development projects promoted to: (a) establish a proof of concept that commercial Upscaling the introduction of small-sized (135–270 m²) tunnel greenhouse horticulture is feasible in terms The first demonstration project with Fruitmaster started structures with the objective of modernizing Ghana’s profitability and technical production, while ensuring late 2018 . The project is being supported by HortiFresh agriculture, creating jobs for young people and the production of safe and quality vegetables; and through technical support, bringing in an international producing quality and healthy vegetables . The most (b) develop a strong and supportive knowledge greenhouse expert (on consultancy basis) and financial important two of these structures it is difficult to make infrastructure on greenhouse farming . support for the very experienced farm manager . To them profitable (Herms et al., 2016), due to high this end, a Technical Assistance Agreement was signed upfront investments (e .g . in a borehole and generator) . between Rabobank Foundation, HortiFresh and the The report also undertook three scenario analyses; 5.2 The Greenhouse Fruitmaster . (1) increasing potential yields, (2) increasing the size of The Greenspan greenhouse design has been carefully the greenhouse and (3) cutting on costs like borehole selected from a wide range of options, looking at Dependent on the proof of concept, anticipated for and office (assuming the investor already has these criteria like the design, value-for-money and dura- the end of 2019, HortiFresh is looking for companies in place) . The result of the analysis clearly showed bility . The selected Greenspan 960 modular multispan to upscale its greenhouse activities . Already a number that only by increasing the size of the greenhouse the greenhouse offers top ventilation in two direction Signing ceremony of TA Agreement between Rabobank, of financial institutions have been identified that are (through an umbrella vent) and has a high gutter Fruitmaster and HortiFresh interested to invest in sustainable greenhouse projects 24 | 5 . Access to Finance 5 . Access to Finance | 25

(either through debt financing or equity). Interested on average in the rainy season while 25 outgrowers Table 4. Project details and results of analysis companies can approach HortiFresh for more cultivate 1 acre in the dry season with irrigation . The information . exporter’s nucleus farm cultivates another 20 acres Project details Exporter-Outgrower in both the rainy and dry season as financing covers Loan details 5.5 Exporter-Outgrower irrigation equipment . The focus crops for the exporter- Amount $ 74,000 outgrower model are Asian vegetables, specifically Interest rate % 12 Financial Product Legon 18 chilli, birds-eye chilli, okra, ravaya and turia . Commercial farmers operating large scale farms Repayment period years 4 currently exist with some focusing on the Asian export Funding for the project came from a bank in the form Moratorium on Principal Repayment year 1 market producing and supplying Asian vegetables such of a loan. The bank especially financed the capital Use of funds expenditures and the outgrower scheme expenses . as: chillies, turia, marrow, ravaya, tinda and okra . The Capital expenditure $ 55,000 The company itself contributed to the working capital fruits and vegetable export market has a positive outlook Outgrower-scheme $ 19,000 given low airfreight costs from Ghana, the good quality expenditures . The outgrower scheme expenses of produce and the large market in the UK and EU region . covered the pre-financing of the quality seed as well Results Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Interestingly, Ghanaian exporters are unable to meet the as Ghana Green Label training for outgrowers . In a Production volume tons - 356 407 457 508 current demand due to investment and working capital tripartite agreement between the bank, the company Turnover $ - 361,347 412,968 464,589 516,210 constraints . The huge unmet demand in the UK and EU and HortiFresh the additional support has been laid Profit after tax $ (67,033) 52,881 60,315 78,397 94,343 out . As such, HortiFresh co-finances the agronomy serves as a financing opportunity for financial institutions Payback period years 2 9. involved in agriculture lending in Ghana . support and outgrower training and certification . Table 4 on next page summarizes the loan details, the 7-Year IRR % 57 Operational Models – What Really Works? use of funds and the results of the analysis . and outside to provide various financing solutions. projections are made looking at the technical capacity In Ghana’s horticultural export sector, two operational Based on the results and interactions with horticultural Interested companies seeking to move to their next of the company, its track record and financing needs. models are adopted by exporters. The first is an export companies, HortiFresh has designed the level of growth can contact the HortiFresh team for From the financing side, HortiFresh has established a integrated system where exporters have their exporter-outgrower financial product, a tailored further information . own nucleus farm and also work with a dedicated financial product that aims to improve access to finance strong network of financial institutions that are inter- ested in investing in sound horticultural projects . The outgrower base (exporter-outgrower) while exporters for export companies and smallholder farmers in a 5.6 Individual Company adopting the second operational model only maintain sustainable manner . The approach is a combination financial institutions range from commercial banks, a dedicated outgrower base and basically operate of financing of investment capital for the exporter and Support development banks to equity investors, with diverse as traders . The latter model is usually adopted by value chain financing for the outgrower. The financing Financing is one of the key constraints for the growth of terms and conditions . Typically they are looking for relatively small exporting companies that dominate typically is brokered through a partner financial the horticulture sector . From the side of the companies, companies with at least two years track record and the sector in terms of numbers . In terms of volume institution of HortiFresh with HortiFresh providing interest rates are seen as too high, lending conditions a minimum project size of US$ 100,000 . At the same however, the players that utilise the first model are the support for project implementation and technical are too complex and most financial institutions focus time, HortiFresh is exploring a ‘Horticulture Fund’ for largest . Even for this category of exporters, the focus on assistance . This model aims to ensure that the exporter on short-term loans (for working capital) . From the smaller sized projects, together with another develop- nucleus farm cultivation has been limited, with most of accessing the funding has sufficient capacity to manage side of the banks, horticulture financing is seen as risky; ment initiative, for which projects can apply with a them cultivating around 10 acres of land . the project; and whereas the outgrowers have access companies have limited track-record and projects are financing need in the range of US$ 20,000–100,000. to the right quality and volume of inputs, including often too small . In order to accommodate both parties’ Analyses carried out by the HortiFresh Team showed Interested companies can approach HortiFresh for fertilizers, pesticides and seeds . The model puts the concerns, HortiFresh brokers financial agreements that the exporter-outgrower model is more financially more information . When applying, be prepared to responsibility for the payment of the loan with the between professionally run horticulture companies and viable with shorter payback periods and higher IRRs . provide the following information: exporter, making the loan management easy to handle financial institutions (both debt financing and equity). For example, for a financing need of about US$74,000 nn Financial statements for the last three years for the financier. for capital investments on an exporter’s nucleus farm HortiFresh has developed a portfolio with business nn Summary of project plans and envisaged budget cases of well-respected horticulture companies with as well as an input support package system for the Conclusion needs expansion of an outgrower base alongside training clear plans for expansion and/or innovation. Business through a team of dedicated agronomists, the project In 2019 and 2020, HortiFresh is looking to upscale its cases range from fruit processing to farm expansions; nn Company registration certificate exporter-outgrower financial product to benefit a lot had a payback period of 2 .9 years and a 7-year IRR of and from irrigation projects to retail innovations . For Contact details: info@hortifresh .org (subject: Access to more companies in the horticultural space . To this end, 57% . For the project, 60 outgrowers cultivate 1 .5 acres these companies detailed business cases and financial Finance) it is partnering with financial institutions both in Ghana 26 | 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana | 27 6. Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana

There is also a huge market for fruits and vegetables vegetables, so as to boost their export to the EU and both locally and internationally and constitute a good other international markets . Turia (Luffa acutangula) Bitter Gourd (Momordica Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus) source of foreign exchange for the nation if measures charantia) are put in place to produce quality and safe fruits 6.1 Crop/Pest-Specific and vegetables that will meet the expectations and Management Interventions thrips commonly reported to be intercepted on the However, food baits must be placed within the crop demand of consumers . Despite their importance, cucurbits, especially Turia in the UK, is Thrips palmi . field as short range attractants and must be replen- fruits and vegetables production are faced with several The target vegetables which are normally exported and intercepted for quarantine pests include gourds ished weekly, as they always need to stay fresh and challenges, most importantly the attack by insect pests in Management of fruit flies on vegetables attractive . The lures are long-range attractants and the field which have over the years resulted in reduced (ridged, bottle and bitter gourds), tinda, chillies (long 1 . Preventive measures: Orchard or field sanitation: could have activity periods of 1–2 months, and yields and quality, thus, the inability of farmers and chillies and bed eye chilies), eggplant (African eggplant Keep farm free of weeds, collect all fallen fruits and must be placed along the borders of the field. exporters to meet the strict phytosanitary regulations and aubergines), Turkey berries and leafy vegetables . tie them in thick black polythene bags and expose Yellow sticky traps with lures can also be used to in international trade and export (GhanaVeg Sector Similarly the fruits that are normally intercepted with bags to the sun (10–14 days) . Alternatively, burry mass trap fruit flies in the vicinity of the crop as this Reports 2017) . For example, Ghana was placed under pests at the exit point at KIA include; mangoes, pine- fallen and infested fruits beyond a depth of 30 cm. was found to be very effective during our field trials a ban by the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) of the apples, pawpaw, and white star apple (Chrysophyllum 2 . Monitor: Look for fruit fly damage symptoms on with the farmers and exporters . European Commission (EC) for some vegetables, albidum or ‘alasa’) . fruit, e .g . oviposition punctures, rot, exit holes . 4 . Use of bio-rational insecticides: Use neem seed extract mainly Capsicum sp . (pepper), Solanum spp . (eggplant The roadmap for pest reduction was developed from Cut fruits to observe the presence or absence of @ 50 g/L of water, neem oil at 30–60 ml/15L of and aubergine, other than tomato and potato) and the a participatory field research study with farmers and larvae (maggots). Trap target fruit fly species using water . An alternative is Maltodextrin, which is Gourds (Luffa, Bitter and Bottle gourds) until December exporters, and the outcome was compiled into an the appropriate attractants or lures at the four applied at 150 ml/15 of water. These two products 2016, which was further extended to December 2017 . Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy consisting corners of the field. Rotate different lures and trap will interfere with egg laying by the fruit fly on the The ban was a result of several interceptions due to of a three step approach, made up of pest prevention positions weekly . Use Methyl eugenol (ME) for fruit surface as fruit becomes smooth and unat- the presence of harmful organisms, mainly insects . techniques (prevent), monitoring for timely decision- Bactrocera spp . (e .g . B. dorsalis) and CueLure for tractive for egg laying . Key among them were thrips, false codling moths, making (monitor) and what to do (act) to control the Z. cucurbitae and Dacus bivittatus . Use of protein food whiteflies and fruit flies in exported produce. The pest . In international trade, the acceptance levels for bait to attract fruit flies within the crop field also ban was lifted after its expiration on 31st December quarantine pests is zero i .e . zero tolerance . Therefore, takes attention of flies from the fruits. A few traps 2017 due to the handwork and coordinated efforts these pest management measures must be strictly will be enough for monitoring for timely decision- from Ghana’s NPPO (i .e . PPRSD), other players of enforced to ensure the produce is completely free making to control the pests . the Ministerial Taskforce for Export with the support from pests . 3 . Act: Fruit flies can be successfully managed by using of GhanaVeg (now HortiFresh), CABI, GIZ and USAID . a combination of protein food bait, e .g . Great Fruit A major contributor to the lifting of the ban was also Pests of cucurbits and their management Fly Bait (GFFB) and SUCCESS® Appat (GF-120) the development of the roadmap for pest reduction The cucurbits include the gourds, ridged gourd or turia and more of the lure-baited traps for mass trapping which was sponsored by GhanaVeg and was adopted (Luffa acutangula), bottle gourd or marrow (Lagenaria and population suppression . The food bait can be by PPRSD as the protocols for managing the key pests siceraria), Bitter gourd or Karela (Momordica charantia) applied in traps (as trap lures) or as spot sprays of quarantine importance in vegetables exported from and Tinda or Apple gourd (Praecitrullus fistulosus) . The on portions of the foliage, making sure fruits are Ghana to the EU . major pests that attack the cucurbits include fruit flies avoided during spotting . The protein food bait The current article will offer updated information on and thrips. The most important fruit fly species are the when applied effectively will kill both sexes and how to sustainably manage these pests of quarantine Melon fly, Zeugodacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae and the all the stages of the different species of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp . (B. dorsalis) . The important species of Selective and restricted use of protein Food bait on a importance in some commonly exported fruits and thereby serving as a key management intervention . mango tree 28 | 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana | 29

Note that the conventional insecticides may not be Pests of eggplant effective in controlling fruit flies in the field. The above The quarantine pests normally intercepted on eggplant tactics of food baits and lures can be used to control are the Eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), Leucinodes fruit flies on different crops. On chillies, the target fruit orbonalis, thrips, whiteflies, fruit flies and occasionally fly species are Ceratitis spp. (C. capitata and C . cosyra) . the False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta . The lures Trimedlure (TML) and Terpinyl Acetate (TA) The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is are needed to control them on chillies, respectively . On also one of the quarantine pests of concern recently eggplant the most important species are Zeugodacus added by EU, and which should also be monitored cucurbitae and Bactrocera spp . and thus, CueLure and in the eggplant field. The lepidopteran borers (EFSB, Methyl Eugenol (ME) are needed, respectively . FCM and FAW) could be managed as follows; Prevent Well-managed Fresh chilli fruits Green chilli fruits showing exit hole of FCM by establishing your seed nursery and seedlings in a Management of thrips on vegetables protective net or screen house, to prevent the EFSB both the synthetic and the biological pesticides to avoid The most commonly reported thrips species inter- from laying into the young shoots of the developing Turkey berries and leafy vegetables the accumulation of residues in harvested produce . cepted on cucurbits and eggplants at the EU is Thrips seedlings . Keep farm free from weeds and remove all The key pest of Turkey berries, Solanum torvum, is palmi . The preventive measures for thrips include crop residues which serve as hideouts for pests . Deep Management of whiteflies and thrips the EFSB . The management interventions described keeping the crop field clean from weeds and destroying plough to burry or harrow or rake to expose larvae earlier are applicable . However, since most of the leftover crop residues after harvesting, which serve as or pupae to harsh weather conditions (e .g . excessive Thrips can be managed as described above under Turkey berries are harvested in the wild without any harbouring places for the insects . Monitor for thrips in sunlight) and natural enemies . Destroy infested and cucurbits. Prevent whitefly infestation by keeping form of pest control, it is advisable that farmers begin flower buds, flowers, young leaves and their damage fallen fruits by tying them in thick black polythene bags the crop field clean from weeds as these serve as to cultivate Turkey berries and have pest manage- scars on fruits (e .g . damage scars on eggplant fruit) . and exposing them to the sun or by burying them about harbouring places for them . Protect seedlings with ment plans . Also, proper sorting should be done in Beware of high proportion of flower abortion, and 30 cm deep . Monitor adult moth population by using insect netting material at the nursery stage . Monitor the packhouse to remove all rotten, punctured, black open them to check for presence of thrips with the species-specific pheromone traps with lure for EFSB, whitefly population by regularly scouting for eggs, and soft fruits or berries that are likely to harbour the aid of a magnifying hand lens or head visor . Trap FCM and FAW (Fening and Billah, 2017; GhanaVeg nymphs and adults on the young shoots and leaves, EFSB larvae . It appears the EFSB survives well and even thrips with blue sticky traps (with or without lure) to Sector Reports 2017) . One trap per hectare for moni- especially at the underside . Yellow sticky traps (with prefers the Turkey berries to the eggplant fruit based monitor their population at the early stages of crop toring each of the moths is recommended . Sample or without lure) could be used to monitor whitefly on our observations at KIA during inspections . growth . Act by using EPA approved binary synthetic populations . Other control measures (use of synthetic fruits, both healthy and fallen fruits and dissect for the The common pests normally intercepted on the leafy insecticides such as Acetamiprid + Indoxacarb; Lambda and biological pesticides) described earlier on for presence of larvae or damage symptoms like emergent vegetables at KIA are the eggs and nymphs of white- cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid; Dimethoate + Cypermethrin; thrips is also applicable to whiteflies. The immobile holes . Act by destroying egg masses . Mass trap the flies on the underside of leaves (e.g. Cocoyam leaves, Imidacroprid + Emamectin benzoate; Emamectin stages (eggs and nymphs) of whiteflies are the stages different moths using their species-specific lures as a Cassava leaves, Sweetpotato leaves, Corchorus, benzoate + Acetamiprid), etc. These synthetic insec- normally found on commodities (leafy vegetables) population suppression tool . About 10–20 traps per Amaranthus, etc .) . Thus, the control methods suggested ticides could be used from the seedling stage up to meant for export at KIA and also in the UK . hectare of field will be very useful. The pheromone earlier for whiteflies are applicable. The main species flowering. During the flowering and fruiting stages, use traps reduce the male moth population, and thereby of whitefly intercepted is the Sweetpotato whitefly, Neem seed extract, Neem oil, Maltodextrin, Beauveria Pest of chillies their inability to frequently mate with their female Bemisia tabaci. However, the spiralling whitefly, bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae and pyrethrins to counterparts, leading to population suppression – the The key pests normally intercepted on chillies are the control thrips. Removal of dried/fresh floral parts from higher the number of traps, the better the outcome . FCM, fruit flies, thrips and whiteflies. The methods fruits such as Turia and Eggplant and washing them in The use of the following bio-rational insecticides described earlier on for these pests are applicable . It is mineral oil solution will ensure thrips are detached during fruiting can also minimise infestation by these recommended to set at least 15 pheromone traps per from fruits . Exporters need to monitor fruits sorted moths . For instance, Neem oil, Neem seed extract, hectare for FCM in addition to other control methods, and processed at the packhouse are devoid of thrips Maltodextrin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Beauveria especially in areas with high pest pressure (hotspots) . by using head visors which will magnify the thrips to bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae, Bt + Peris rapae Look for small emergent holes of FCM larva on fruit be seen easily, as most of them are very tiny when Granulovirus (PrGV), Bt + Monosultap, Creptophlebia with yellowish-brown edges . Control methods for fruit observed with the naked eyes . granulovirus (CrleGV) for FCM and Emamectin flies and whiteflies are as described earlier on. The benzoate . Strictly follow the pre-harvest interval for Ceratitis spp . (C. capitata and C. cosyra) of fruit flies are the most important pests on chillies . Leucinodes obonalis larva 30 | 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana | 31

adult weevils . Although, adult weevils have been collected in various traps, their use for monitoring has not been very effective as the weevils are poor fryers. The use of plastic materials with a thin film of insect glue on the surface can also be used around the stem as a band to monitor movement and also capture weevils . Act by using chemical control targeting adult populations . The main strategy for chemical control is to attack diapausing adults by trunk applications and Fresh green Turkey berries, Solanum torvum Freshly harvested Aubergines, S. melongena foliar sprays at the time of oviposition . Examples of Adult Mango seed weevils, Sternochetus mangiferae insecticides known to be effective include Imidacloprid, Deltamethrin, Chlorpyrifos, Neem seed extract or Aleurodicus dispersus, which is a non-quarantine pest, Management of the mango stone weevil Neem oil (Azadirachtin) and Mineral oil . Spraying of Management of mealybugs on mangoes, pineapples is also found sometimes especially on Cocoyam leaves Prevent infestation by employing good orchard insecticides about 2–3 times at 14-day-intervals on and pawpaw for export . Other pests intercepted locally on the leafy sanitation which is an effective way to reduce adult mango trees initiated at pea size fruiting stage was also The Mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens, the vegetables include Spodoptera spp . and thrips . populations . This involves the destruction of all fallen effective. Promote conservation practices that enhance Pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes and the fruits, stones and fruits with seed weevil damage the action of bio-control agents . For example, the Mango Pawpaw mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, are the during, and immediately after mango harvest, and weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina and O. longinoda key species on the above crops . The most successful Mango is normally exported to the UK in the green proper management of waste . Waste management have been effective bio-control agents of S. mangiferae control for mealybugs is through control of the ant or unripe form and also to Lebanon . The key pests includes treatment of the waste (e .g . deep burial, adults in Australia and Tanzania, respectively (Peng populations that tend to the pests . Without the care of normally intercepted on mango include the Mango composting, incineration, chipping, production of and Christian, 2007; Abdulla et al ., 2016) . Use of ants, the mealybugs become much more susceptible stone weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae, and fruit flies, of bio-energy, etc.) in authorised facilities and official sticky bands: In areas with a history of high infestation, to predators and parasitoids, and the effectiveness of which the most common is Bactrocera dorsalis . Another restriction on the movement of waste . Roguing and applying sticky bands (with a thin layer of Tanglefoot® biological control increases . Ant bait traps and other pest that might reduce the productivity of mango is pruning will complement these efforts. Also ensure glue or grease) or tangle trap at the upper end of tree ground traps have also been effective. Biological the mango mealybug . The mango mealybug lives in only healthy mangoes are transported from one trunks when the trees start flowering helps reduce control is also very effective for mealybug control. association with a mould or fungus resulting in the location to the other to prevent the spread of weevils . migration of weevils to branches for egg laying . The parasitoid, Gyranusoidea tebygi has been used production of sooty mould or black soot which covers This is because, although the mango stone weevil Physical treatments on consignments or during processing successfully to control mango mealybugs in commercial the leaves and fruits of mango leading to reduced can fly, it is considered a poor flyer. Individuals often mango plantations in Ghana by PPRSD . The encyrtid photosynthetic ability of the plant, yield reduction and remain within the vicinity of the original mango tree on Irradiation is the most effective method of killing or endoparasitoids Acerophagus papayae, Anagyrus reduced marketability . Even though the mealybugs are which they developed . This can be inferred from the sterilising weevils within fruit . An irradiation dose of loecki and Pseudleptomastix mexicana were brought to not quarantine pests, they also form large colonies normally aggregated distribution patterns observed 300 Gy is approved for control of mango seed weevil in Ghana and mass reared in PPRSD insectary for mass on the mango fruits making them unattractive and in infested areas (Billah et al ., in press) . Therefore, mangoes exported from Hawaii to the continental USA release to control the invasive papaya mealybug . The unmarketable . S. mangiferae spreads over long distances mostly by (US Federal Register, 2002) . In South Africa, irradiation establishment of the parasitoids in the field have been transportation of infested symptomless fruits, since of ripe, marketable fruit protected it from damage and confirmed in a recent study by Glikpo (2017). Management of fruit flies attacking mango this weevil develops within the mango seed and thus prevented adult emergence (Kok, 1979) . Phytosanitary The control methods described earlier for fruit flies remains most often unnoticed until adult emergence . measures are currently applied to mango seeds, whose We have detected high levels of mealybugs in are applicable . In addition, bagging of fruits prevents The use of resistant mango varieties (thick fresh and introduction into EU protected zones is banned unless pineapple consignment at the airport . It is recom- fruit flies from laying eggs on the fruits, and provides hard stone) is encouraged, if available . originating from a Pest Free Area (PFA) . Phytosanitary mended that exporters do proper sorting and grading physical protection from mechanical injuries (scars at the packhouses . Washing of pineapple in water to It is important to monitor or scout for the early measures also apply to mango fruits from third party and scratches) . Although laborious, it is cheap, safe, clean them from debris and pests is highly recom- detection of the presence of the stone weevils . Monitor countries, which are subject to a plant health inspec- and gives a more reliable estimate of the projected mended . Other recommendations include the use of by cutting open of mango fruits and seeds with knife tion before being permitted to enter the community . harvest . Bagging does not only protect fruit from fruit head visors, especially by the Quality Control Officers to observe damage symptoms (internally infested fruits fly damage but protect the fruit from physical damage, for effective detection of mealybugs in pineapple fruits, rot from the outer surface of the stone, which show thus improving the aesthetic appearance of fruits . and use of high pressure air compressor to blow off holes with the cotyledons turning black and becoming However, it is only practicable on small trees, under (detach) mealybugs from pineapple fruits is also effective. a rotten mass), and the presence of larvae, pupae or scale production or where cost of labour is cheap . 32 | 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana 6 . Roadmap for Pest Reduction in Fruit and Vegetable Exports in Ghana | 33

Mealybugs are generally difficult to control by chemical measures for pests, involving cultural control practices Box 1 Safe pesticide application and handling insecticides due to their thick waxy cottony sacs, and such as farm sanitation, removal and destruction are often concealed inside damaged leaves and buds . of crop residues . There is the need to monitor, Fruits and vegetable growers must wear Personal stored separately from food stores, such as vegetables Adult mealybugs are also more difficult to control than detect and establish pest levels for timely control . Protective Equipment (PPE) before the application and fruits packhouses, and in well-ventilated stores younger instars. The application of effective treatments Monitoring could also be done by scouting plant parts of pesticides (for both synthetic and botanicals) . meant only for that purpose . Insecticide stores must at the field level, such as the use of the physically-acting such as leaves and fruits for the presence of pests The applicator must carefully read the pesticide be labelled to caution people about the risk involved . insecticide, Eradicoat T GH (Maltodextrin @150 g/15 L or their characteristic damage symptoms . Various label and strictly follow the instructions, such as the Do not use chemicals with the same mode of action of water) and detergent (e .g . local soap alata samina, traps (pheromone, blue and yellow sticky traps recommended rate of application, bearing in mind the year after year as this could lead to the development pre-entry period, pre-harvest interval and frequency of resistance by pests . Farmers must select novel, less- 8 g/L of water) to suffocate and dehydrate the with or without lures) can be used to monitor pest of application . The right applicator i e. . 15 or 16 L persistent and narrow-spectrum (specific) insecticides, mealybugs, respectively, thereby killing them is also populations . There is the need to act or initiate control capacity Knapsack sprayer fitted with the cone nozzle as opposed to persistent and broad-spectrum recommended . measures on time . The control options may include is preferred for insecticide application on vegetables, insecticides that could pollute the environment and mass trapping of pests as a population suppression while the motorised knapsack or mistblower is suitable also impact negatively on beneficial organisms (e.g. Pests of passion fruits strategy to avoid build-up of pest populations . The for tree crops like mango, banana and passion . Use natural enemies of pests and pollinators) and other The pests of passion fruits are mites, fruit flies (e.g. use of effective and less-persistent binary insecticides the appropriate spray equipment and calibrate it non-target insects . Persistent insecticides may also B. dorsalis), thrips, aphids, beetles, barnacle scales (Acetamiprid + Indoxicarb; Lambda cyhalothrin + before use for the first time. Only EPA approved leave high levels of residues in produce, especially if and mealybugs. Fruit flies are usually injurious to Acetamiprid; Imidacroprid + Emamectin benzoate; insecticides must be used . Always consult the most they are not properly applied . Thus, their use must be young passion fruits in areas where wild guavas and Emamectin + Acetamiprid), and single formulation recent list of registered pesticides of MoFA Ghana, discouraged . Pesticide containers must be properly which is approved by EPA . Insecticides should be disposed of after use . other host fruits are present. The flies tend to move insecticides (Deltamethrin, Imidacroprid, Emamectin into passion fruit orchards after the fruiting season benzoate, etc .) are recommended to manage pests of the wild hosts . Control methods are applicable as during the seedling and vegetative stages of the crop . discussed earlier . At the onset of flowering and fruiting, bio-rational pesticides (Neem, Bt, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium Fruit flies attacking banana anisopliae, Pyrethrins, Maltodextrin, local soap, etc .) Bactrocera dorsalis and C. capitata are the key species would be the best option to control pests to ensure of fruit flies attacking banana. Fruit bagging: Bagging food and environmental safety, promote activities of consists of placing a special ‘breathable’ paper bags natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects like or cover over the bunch to protect the fruits against pollinators (bees) to enhance the yield of crop . Care damage caused by insects and other animals . It also must be taken during harvesting and transportation to protects fruits from rubbing against leaves and/or maintain the quality of commodities . At the packhouse, protecting against drift during application of chemical exporters need to do sorting and grading, and final products . Control methods are applicable as discussed post-harvest treatment, depending on commodity, to earlier for the fruit flies. ensure they are pest free and packaged in durable user-friendly and aerated packing materials for 6.2 Discussion and Conclusion export . This will result in a boost in the export of these commodities to the international market without any Exporters and their out-growers have to strictly interception of pests . With the implementation of the follow these pest reduction protocols in the field new EU Plant Health Regulations, which comes into and packhouse to ensure commodities (fruits and effect December 14th 2019, Ghana has to position vegetables) for export are free from pests, especially itself well by ensuring that all the requirements are met those of quarantine importance . Key among the to ensure we continue to export our high quality fruits management interventions are the preventive and vegetables to the EU and all international markets .

Farmer showing the pesticide product he uses on his vegetable crop 34 | 7 . Pesticide Choice and Use for Vegetable Production 7 . Pesticide Choice and Use for Vegetable Production | 35

pesticide registration, distribution and use is properly recommendation from agrodealers, extension officers, 7. Pesticide Choice and Use implemented in Ghana . A study by Ngowi et al . colleagues, and sometimes their own intuition on (2007) revealed that information from the registration how to apply the pesticides . This might be a major for Vegetable Production authorities is not disseminated easily to the farmers contributing factor to the excessive use and hence and neither is information on the status of pesticides the abuse or misuse of pesticides (Afari-Sefa et al ., Jemima Djah, Herman de Putter and Irene Koomen Nonetheless, many farmers across the country do regularly published . It is expected that the registration 2015) . Continuous use of the same pesticide against not have access to quality pesticides . Only the larger authorities would seriously engage the services and a particular pest can lead to the development of 7.1 Availability of pesticides suppliers have a few branches in regions outside expertise of the extension staff to disseminate informa- resistance by the pest against the pesticide, thereby Accra and Kumasi . The majority of farmers obtain tion to the farmers . rendering the pesticide ineffective. Usually, the in Ghana their pesticides from local agrochemical input dealers Our own assessment of availability of pesticides for different insecticides that are applied have the same The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the (Afari-Sefa et al., 2015) or extension staff (Ngowi vegetable production revealed that for fungicides 29 active ingredient and similar concentrations, albeit with Pesticides and Fertilizer Regulatory Division of the et al ., 2007) . Many farmers are unable to distinguish different active ingredients (a.i.) with 64 products different trade names, a fact that is hardly understood Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) are respon- between different pest and disease pathogens and are registered by the EPA while for insecticides these by many farmers . In the cocoa belts of Ghana it is sible for the registration and issuance of pesticide control measures such as insecticides and fungicides numbers are respectively 49 and 205, the majority are likely that pesticides approved for controlling pest and use permits . As no pesticides are produced in Ghana and therefore rely on information and advice provided generic pesticide that have their patent expired and diseases on cocoa are used on vegetable crops, even itself all products and formulations are imported . by local agro-input dealers for the decision making . as such there are multiple formulations and brands though there is no registration for this, or vegetables are FAO statistics show that the volume (in US$) has been Mattah et al . (2015) recommended that equipping available of the same a .i . E .g . for insecticides most contaminated with these pesticides when intercropped rapidly increasing (Figure 4), as was confirmed by pesticide sellers with relevant and adequate infor- products are based on active ingredients from Mode with cocoa (Afari-Sefa et al ., 2015) . Onwona et al ., 2018 . An average of 814 tons of pesti- mation and involving them in farmer education on of Action groups 1A, 1B, 3A and 4 . When we assessed This brings the justification of the need for a tool that cides was imported into the country every year between pesticide use will greatly complement the work of the the stock available at agrodealers this consisted assists extension staff, agrodealers and farmers to 1995 and 2000 (Fianko et al ., 2011) . This increased extension workers . mainly of the insecticides belonging to the pyrethroids select the appropriate pesticides from a list of approved from 7763 metric tons in 2002 to 27,886 metric tons (group 3A), neonicotinoids (group 4A) and emamectin pesticides . For this purpose the Pesticide Selection Tool in 2006 . This increase includes both the number of Ghana has implemented regulation on the registra- tion, distribution and usage of pesticides in order to benzoate (group 6) and for fungicides mainly has been developed by the HortiFresh programme . chemicals and quantities registered as well as recorded mancozeb+metalaxyl is available. For a rationale crop by the competent authorities and regulators such as the evaluate their environmental and human health effects (Onwona et al ., 2018) . However, environmental moni- protection programme farmers should be aware of 7.3 The Pesticide Selection Tool Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), EPA, Ghana Standards using more than 1 type pesticide to avoid resistance Authority (GSA) and the MoFA (Onwona et al ., 2018) . toring and certified laboratories for pesticide analysis The Pesticide Selection Tool (PST) is an interactive, are lacking . Pesticide misuse, misapplication, contami- and agrodealers should be able to offer a range of digital tool which provides information regards the Other economic activities such as sheries and tourism products to give farmers a better choice . Although the [2,8,9] . In the cocoa belts of Ghana it is likely that pesti- nation of the environment and human exposure pesticides registered by EPA on their use on crop/pest are problematic, and little is known to what extent more novel pesticides are more costly than the old combinations . cides approved for controlling . generic ones as currently sold, they are more effective and are an essential part of the resistance strategy . The starting points Figure 4. Ghana – Pesticides imports (current US$). Source: FAO In the long run farmers will save money . For selecting a pesticide the following parameters are 7.2 Current Situation and of importance: Knowledge of Pesticide use Efficacy by Vegetable Farmers in Ghana The efficacy of the pesticides in the programme is A study by Dzobo (2016) noted that farmers, of whom based on information provided in The Pesticide most can read (Mattah et al ., 2015), have good Manual (18th edition) published by the British Crop knowledge of the effect of pesticides on human health Protection Council . Based on expert opinion a simple and the environment, but this does not translate into rating is applied in terms of adequate and good for good work practices . In spite of this, many of them the time being . Based on further developments of the do not read the labels and instructions on pesticides programme and local information this rating could be before using them . They rather depend on the fine-tuned. 36 | 7 . Pesticide Choice and Use for Vegetable Production 7 . Pesticide Choice and Use for Vegetable Production | 37

Toxicity and continuous use of pesticides with the same Figure 6. Pesticide Selection Tool screen on website Each screen provides additional information and Toxicity of pesticides is based on The WHO mode of action . On pesticide packages one can easily choices to be made . On screen 3 next for each active Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard detect the brand name and to some extend the active ingredient the following information is presented: ingredient(s) . Recently agrochemical companies start and Guidelines to Classification 2009. In the tool nn 1st column: in order from lowest to highest WHO toxicity is given for the active ingredient and not for to print the mode of action group on the label like the class toxicity classification the final product. In some cases toxicity of the final examples below: nn 2nd column: efficacy rating of the active ingredient formulated product could be less than the toxicity given for the active ingredient in the tool . Toxicity of nn 3rd column: the active ingredient(s) of available the active ingredients in the Pesticide Selection Tool is formulated products rated as can be seen in Table 5 . nn 4th column: Mode of action(s) according to IRAC or FRAC Table 5. Toxicity of pesticides as indicated by the WHO classification By clicking on the brand name additional information on pests and crops the products is registered for will More information of pesticide resistance and how to WHO show up . Description prevent can be found on the websites of the Fungicide Class The mode of action codes are defined by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) and the Insecticide Intended users Resistance Action Committee and the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) . Ia Extremely hazardous Resistance Action Committee . These organisations In the first place the tool is developed for extension officers, agrodealers and key farmers. Without proper Ib Highly hazardous are founded by Crop Life which is an association of Registered product II Moderately hazardous the agrochemical producers . The committees provide knowledge about the toxicity and mode of action a user After an active ingredient is selected a user needs to information about the active ingredients grouped will not be able to select the proper pesticide . The user III Slightly hazardous know which product he can buy . Based on the most according to the mode of action . should also have good knowledge about strategies to U Unlikely to present acute hazard recent list of registered pesticides by the EPA all prevent resistance . Based on the information on Mode of Action and crop registered brand names are listed in the Pesticide Since the tool presents current available and registered protection strategies a user has better information Selection Tool . Once the user has selected the active products the tool will be maintained by the EPA Automatically the tool presents the list of active which pesticide based on mode of action should ingredient he wants to use a list of all brand names will who have access to the latest information of newly ingredients controlling a selected pest or disease in be used in order to prevent resistance of pests pop up . order from low to high toxicity . and disease . General advice is to use same type of registered or banned products to keep the information pesticides in a period of 3 to maximal 4 weeks only The tool to the users up to date . Proposed is to improve the tool Mode of Action in 2019, to start a pilot with intended users (extension) and after that change to products from a completely Currently the Pesticide Selection Tool is a web based Resistance of pests and diseases is a worldwide different mode of action. in 2020 and after making adjustments based on their version but can be used on a smart phone as well since feedbacks hand over the tool in 2021 . problem caused by indiscriminate use of pesticides it will resize automatically when opening it with a web browser on the smart phone . Figure 5. How to position pesticides based on mode of action Conclusion The user will be asked to: The Pesticide Selection Tool is only an aid to allow 1 . Make a choice between pest or disease (screen 1) advisors, agrodealers and farmers to make an 2 . Select a specific pest or specific disease tobe informed choice which pesticide to use and on which controlled (screen 2) crop . However, unless the range of pesticides, and 3 . In the next screen a list of all Active ingredients particularly those pesticides with low-toxicity and effective to control the selected pest or disease biologicals is increased and made available through will appear (screen 3) . Here the desired active agrodealers, farmers will continue to use the same ingredient can be selected range of pesticides as they do now, This will lead to 4 . After selecting the desired active ingredient a resistance, issues with maximum residue levels (MRLs) complete list of all registered Brand names containing and unnecessary exposure of both farmers and the this active ingredient will appear (screen 4) environment while alternatives can be made available . 38 | 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results | 39

to the manual weed control to improve aeration of the Harvesting soil and aid percolation of water . At maturity, plants were harvested from an area of 2 4. m² for yield determination . Data was taken 8. Onion Variety Trial Results Storage Equipment on number of plants harvested, bulb length, bulb Wooden structures of length 90 cm, width 40 cm diameter and weight of bulbs . Varieties and height 180 cm was used at Legon . The individual 8.1 Introduction compartments measured 40 × 28 cm . Five kilograms Farmer’s Evaluation Onion (Allium cepa L.), is one of the major vegetables Six hybrid varieties and two standard open pollinated of cured and field air dried onion of each variety was Before harvest, farmers’ evaluation of onion varieties grown in West Africa (Norman 1992) . In Ghana, it varieties (OPV) were used at all the three locations . weighed and number of bulbs counted and then was conducted at all three locations and graded . is grown on large scale in the Northern and Upper These were BGS 329F, Dayo, Neptune, Orient F1, randomly allocated to the compartments . Minimum Region of Ghana especially in Bawku and Bolgatanga Prema, Sivan, Bawku Red (OPV) and Red Creole (OPV) . and maximum temperature and humidity was taken Data collected was analysed using the analysis of (Norman 1992) . The common varieties grown are At Yemu, seedlings were raised in wooden trays, filled for six months using a thermos-hygrometer . Results variance (ANOVA) for randomized complete block ‘Bawku Red’ (a local variety), ‘Early Texas Grano’ and with carbonated rice husk, whilst in Legon and Tegbi, on performance of the varieties in storage are shown design (RCBD) with the aid of Genstat 12th Edition ‘Red Creole’ (Abbey et al ., 2000) . Demand for onion seedlings were raised on nursery beds . Pesticides in Figure 7, 8 and 9 on pages 39–40 . Experimental software. Means which differed significantly were in Ghana is higher than production to the extent that (Imidacloprid 200 g/L and Mancozeb 5 g/L) were design used was Completely Randomized with three compared using the Fisher’s Protected Least Difference there is presently substantial importation of onion from sprayed to protect the seedlings . Fertilization was replications . (LSD) at 5% level of significance (ρ=0.05). neighbouring countries such as Mali and Niger . The done with NPK 15-15-15 dissolved in water . Five week low supply may be attributed to low yields, seasonal old seedlings were transplanted at Yemu while at 8.3 Data collection 8.4 Results and small scale production . On average, 34,387 MT Legon and Tegbi, the seedlings were six weeks old at The following data were collected during the trials and of onion is imported annually into the country (FAO, transplant . Performance 2013) . In order to reduce the high levels of importation, results are shown in tables and figures below. The performance of the eight onion varieties in the The experimental plot size was 10 meters long farmers have to increase the scale of onion production nursery and the field are shown in Table 6 below. and one meter wide and seedlings were spaced at in the country . This may be achieved through the intro- 10 cm × 10 cm . The design used at all the three sites duction of high yielding hybrid varieties and improved were Randomized Complete Block Design with three Table 6. Percent seedling establishment of eight varieties of onion at 7 and 14 days after transplanting (DAT), number of agronomic practices . replications . leaves, bulb length and diameter of eight onion varieties grown at Legon The objectives of this study were to: At Yemu, the crop was grown under drip irrigation but i) Evaluate the growth and yield of six hybrid onion at Legon the crop was rainfed but supplemented with Variety Plants at Plant at Plant at Number of Bulb length Bulb length varieties and two local controls in three zones hand watering when necessary . At Tegbi the crop was 7 days 14 days harvest leaves per (mm) (mm) of Ghana; rainfed but supplemented with sprinkler irrigation . (DAT) % (DAT) (%) plant Legon Tegbi ii) Evaluate the performance of the onion varieties At Legon, 10 kg of chicken manure was applied to in storage . each plot and worked into the soil two weeks before Bawku Red 95 7. 93 4. 63 9 38 4. 48 7. transplanting the seedlings . Two weeks after trans- Red Creole 89 6. 82 6. 47 9 40 43 8. planting 471/kg NPK (1515-15) fertilizer was applied BGS 729 F1 98 6. 97 9. 95 9 40 9. 45 6. 8.2 Methodology to each bed and stirred into the soil . Fifty-six (56) Orient 99 2. 99 0. 96 10 47 4. 47 3. Experimental Sites days after transplanting, 200 g of potassium nitrate (KNO3) was dissolved in water and applied to each Dayo F1 99 0. 97 5. 89 9 44 8. 49 9. The trials were conducted in three locations: Yemu bed . Fertilization at Yemu was a basal application of Prema F1 99 5. 98 3. 95 10 48 2. 45 1. in the Northern Savanna agro-ecological zone, Legon 7 .5 kg Triple superphosphate followed by Yara winner Sivan F1 99 5. 93 3. 87 7 51 4. 42 3. (Accra) in the middle zone and Tegbi (Keta) in the (15:9:20), Yara Nitabor (15:4:0) and 25 .6% calcium, at Coastal Savannah agroecological zone of Ghana . At Netpune F1 96 3. 95 4. 95 9 58 6. 55 7. the rate of 120:70:100 per hectare . Yemu two trials were conducted between September LSD (P≤ 0.05) 3 6. 5 7. 17 9. 1 4. 5 7. 6 9. 2016 and March 2017 as well as December 2017 Weeds were controlled manually at all three locations and March 2018 . The trials at Tegbi and Legon were but at Yemu there was an initial application of pre- conducted from May to October 2017 . emergence herbicide, Topstar at the rate of 40 ml/16L of water . Stirring of the soil was also done in addition 40 | 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results | 41

Yield colour, bulb size, yield and overall impression . Bawku factor in onion production, especially when transplants may be obtained from production was about GH¢ Yield information comprises bulb characteristics as Red on the other hand had the lowest score for bulb are used. Seedling age at transplant may have an effect 219,500.00 hectare. This figure may however be on the well as total yield . These are shown separately as bulb colour, bulb size, yield and overall impression . Red on subsequent establishment of seedlings . Preferably, slightly high side . characteristics and yield of the eight onion varieties are Creole had similar scores with the hybrid varieties with seedlings should be transplanted between 25–30 days shown in Table 7 and 8 respectively below . the exception of Neptune (Table 9) . after sowing . Performance in storage The cured onion bulbs were stored for a period of 6 Farmer Evaluation of Varieties Seedling Emergence and Establishment Bulb characteristics and yield months . Percentage bulb weight loss during storage, The evaluation scores based on bulb colour, bulb size, The differences in seedling emergence at the different Bulb length and diameter varied among the varieties . percent sprouted bulbs and percent rotten bulbs were yield and overall impression are presented in Table 9 locations could be as a result of their storage condi- Neptune which had the highest bulb length and observed and results are shown in Figure 7, 8 and 9 on next page . Neptune had the highest score for bulb tions . Field establishment is an equally important diameter was most preferred to varieties with smaller respectively below and on next page . bulbs, during the evaluation. In effect, Neptune also By the twelfth week of storage, there was a significant recorded the highest bulb weight and the highest Table 7. Bulb weight at harvest, bulb weight after curing, weight per bulb and yield per hectare of onion varieties grown increase in weight loss, up to an average loss of about at Legon yield per hectare . The two local varieties Bawku Red 30% in all varieties . However the weight loss for the and Red Creole were the lowest yielding among the next twelve weeks was slower and at the end of the Variety Bulb weight Bulb weight Percent weight Weight per Yield varieties as a result of poor establishment in the field. storage period average weight loss was about 40% at harvest after curing loss after bulb (tons/ha) At harvest, (63%) Bawku Red and (47%) Red Creole, but Neptune had a weight loss of 57% . Sprouting (kg/m²) (kg/m²) curing (kg/m²) (g) after curing compared to (95%) in Neptune plants had survived . started from the sixth week after storage and increased Bawku Red 3 .7 2 .9 22 53 29 .0 The average bulb yields obtained at Legon in this with time. The difference among varieties ranged trial were quite high compared to an average yield of Red Creole 2 .3 1 .8 23 63 .6 18 .0 between 2 .4% in Dayo to 54 .9% in Orient . The highest 15.0 t/ha for Bawku Red at the same location recorded BGS 729 F1 5 .4 4 .5 16 53 .5 45 .5 percentage of rotten bulbs occurred in Neptune and by (Akuamoah–Boateng, 2016) . The net revenue that the least in the local check, Bawku Red and Red Creole . Orient 6 .0 5 .1 15 56 .6 51 .0 Dayo F1 5 .9 4 .8 20 61 .9 47 .5 Prema F1 5 .3 4 .0 24 53 .5 40 .5 Figure 7. Percentage bulb weight loss of eight (8) onion varieties stored for six month under room temperature and humidity Sivan F1 5 .0 4 .4 11 52 .4 44 .0 Netpune F1 7 .9 6 .8 14 101 .1 67 .7 LSD (P≤ 0.05) 1 .8 1 .5 10 .1 23 .6 15 .5

Table 8. Yield tons/ha of onion varieties grown in the Northern Table 9. Average scores for the evaluation of eight onion and coastal ecological zones of Ghana in 2017 and 2018 varieties by farmers at Legon Location

Yemu Variety Tegbi Legon Variety S1 S2 S3 Mean Bulb colour Bulb size Overall impression Yield Dayo 47 .5 9 .0 20 9 3 .2 17 .7 Bawku Red 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 Prema 40 .5 13 .0 25 6 3 .3 17 .6 Red Creole 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 Neptune 67 .7 4 .0 10 13 3 .7 19 .7 BGS 729 F1 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 4 .0 Sivan 44 .0 30 .0 30 12 3 .7 23 .9 Orient 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 Orient 51 .0 13 .0 20 9 2 .5 19 .1 Dayo F1 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 BGS 45 .5 9 .0 25 11 5 .3 19 .2 Prema F1 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 Bawku Red 29 .0 9 .0 15 9 3 .2 13 .0 Sivan F1 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 4 .0 Red Creole 18 .0 2 .0 32 8 4 .3 12 .9 Netpune F1 5 .0 3 .0 5 .0 5 .0 Mean 40 .9 11 .1 22 .1 9 .6 3 .2 ??? LSD(P≤ 0.05) 0 .72 1 .00 0 .82 0 .86 42 | 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results 8 . Onion Variety Trial Results | 43

Figure 8. Storage effect on percentage sprouting of eight (8) onion varieties for six months under room temperature and 8.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis Table 10. Cost-benefit analysis of eight cultivars of onion humidity produced at Legon The cost-benefit analysis for the cultivation of eight cultivars of onion indicated a net revenue of GH¢ Cost Items 5,268 .50 based on 240 m² area as shown in Table 10 (GH¢) on the right . Land preparation (ploughing and harrowing) 30 8.6 Recommendations Making of 24 beds 165 Cost of manure 24 Onion production depends largely on the raising of healthy seedlings and good establishment after the Cost of seeds (eight varieties) 500 seedlings have been transplanted in the field. Viable Labour for transplanting seedlings 240 seeds are necessary for the production of healthy Labour for stirring and picking of weeds for 520 seedlings . As a recommendation, seeds should be the period stored in a cool place preferably in a refrigerator Cost of insecticides and fungicides 75 (5–10%) to ensure that they remain viable over a Cost of harvesting bags 120 reasonable period of time . Labour for harvesting of onions . 320 Total expenditure for cultivation 1994.00 8.7 Conclusions Total cost of onion at harvest 7262.50 Figure 9. Storage effect on percentage rotten bulb of eight (8) onion varieties for six months under room temperature and The potential for onion production in Ghana is quite Cost benefit (revenue from onion humidity high provided supplementary irrigation can be harvested–total expenditure for 5268.50 provided when necessary and adequate pest and cultivation) disease control put in place . The six hybrid varieties produced higher yields than the local checks Bawku Red and Red Creole . However storage may be better in the local checks than most of the hybrids . This implies that some varieties cannot be stored for long period of time and should therefore be marketed immediately after curing . 44 | References References | 45

Kingombe, C . (2014) Africa’s Rising Middle Class and Robinson, J .Z .E ., Kolavalli, S .L . (2010) The case of Extreme Poverty Amid Plenty . tomato in Ghana: Processing . Ghana Strategy Support Kitinoja, L ., Thompson, J .F . (2010) . Pre-cooling systems Program (GSSP) Working Paper No 21 . Accra: IFPRI . References for small-scale producers. Stewart Postharvest . Robinson, J .Z .E ., Kolavalli, S .L . (2010) The case of Kok I . B . (1979) Control of the mango seed weevil by tomato in Ghana: Institutional Support . Ghana Strategy Abbey, L ., Danquah, A .O ., Kanton, R . A .L ., Olympio S .N . FAO (2017) FAOSTAT http://www.fao.org/faostat/ trapping and irradiation . Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Support Program (GSSP) Working Paper No 22 . (2000) Characteristics and storage performance of en/#data/QC Rome: FAO . Journal, 552: 14–16 . Accra: IFPRI . eight onion cultivars . Ghana Journal of Science 40:9-13 . FAO (2011) retrieved from https://tradingeconomics. Kolavalli, S .,van Asselt, J ,. Masias, I ., Adobor, S . (2017) US Federal Register (2002) Irradiation phytosanitary Abdulla, NR, Rwegasira, G . M ., Jensen, K-M .V ., com/ghana/pesticides-imports-fao-current-us$-wb- Competitiveness of tomato, onion, carrot and scotch treatment of imported fruits and vegetables . Rules and Mwatawala, M. W., Offenberg, J. (2016) Control data .html bonnet pepper production in Ghana, IFPRI/GhanaVeg Regulations, 67:65016–65029 . of mango seed weevils (Sternochetus mangiferae) FAO (2013) FAOSTAT database collections . Food and Mattah, M .M, Mattah, P .A .D ., Futagbi, G . (2015) Vegetable Business Opportunities report (2016) using the African Weaver Ant (Oecophylla longinoda Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Rome . Pesticide Application among Farmers in the Catchment Private Extension Services for Commercial Vegetable Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) . Journal of Applied Fening, K . O ., Billah, M . K . (2017) Roadmap by of Ashaiman Irrigation Scheme of Ghana: Health Sector Development, Chapter 3 . A GhanaVeg project . Entomology 140: 500–506 . Ghana’s NPPO to address important amendment to Implications . Journal of Environmental and Public Health . World Food Logistic Organization (2010) Identification Afari-Sefa V ., Asare-Bediako E ., Kenyon L ., Micah J .A . EU plant health regulations affecting export of chillies Volume 2015, Article ID 547272, 7 pages . http:// of appropriate postharvest technologies for improving (2015) Pesticide Use Practices and Perceptions of and peppers (Capsicum) – to ensure produce is free dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/547272 market access & incomes for small horticultural Vegetable Farmers in the Cocoa Belts of the Ashanti from the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta MOFA (2015) Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and farmers in sub- Saharan Africa & Asia, WFLO . and Western Regions of Ghana . Adv Crop Sci Tech 3: (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) . National Plant Figures (2014) . Statistics, Research and Information 174. doi:10.4172/2329-8863.1000174. Protection Organization (NPPO) – Plant Protection Directorate (SRID) . Accra: Ministry of Food and Akuamoah-Boateng, M. (2016) Effect of poultry and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD) of MoFA, Agriculture . Websites manure and N .P .K fertilizer on the growth, yield and Ghana pp . 14 . MoFA (2011) Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and figures. http://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.23026 mineral composition of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown Fianko, J . R . (2011) Agrochemicals and the Ghanaian Accra: Statistics, Research and Information Directorate . http://www.feedthefuture.gov/ in Acid Soil . Unpublished M .Phil Thesis . University of Environment, a Review . Journal of Environmental Ghana, Legon, Accra . pp . 153 . Ngowi, A . V . F ., Mbise, T . J ., Ijani, A . S . M ., London, http://storeitcold.com/ Protection 2, 221–230 . L ., Ajayi, O .C . (2007) Smallholder vegetable farmers htt://horticulture.ucdavis.edu/main/36_posthar- Ayerh, F. (2015) Technical Efficiency of Tomato Gathani, S ., Stoelinga, D . (2013) Understanding in Northern Tanzania: Pesticides Use Practices, vest_Zambia .html Farmers in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . (Unpublished Rwanda’s Agribusiness and Manufacturing Sectors . Perceptions, Cost and Health Effects. Crop Protection, Master’s dissertation) . University of Ghana, Legon, GhanaVeg Sector Report (2017) Roadmap for 26:1617–1624 . http://www.feedthefuture.gov/ Ghana . pest reduction in Ghana’s export vegetable sector . Norman J .C . (1992) Tropical Vegetable crops . Aurher Barrett, D ., Kitinoja, L ., Chen, J ., Nenguwo, N . (2014) GhanaVeg, Accra, Ghana, pp . 28 . Stockwell Ltd . U .K . pp 139-148 . Pilot Project Final Report . USAID Horticulture . Glikpo, R . K . (2017) Assessment of the establishment Onwona, K ., M ., Mengistie, B ., Ofosu-Anim, J . (2018) Billah, M . K ., Adzim, C .A ., Afreh-Nuamah, K . (in press) of Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff – a natural Pesticide registration, distribution and use practices in Ecology and management of the Mango Seed Weevil, enemy of the Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Ghana . Environ Dev Sustain . https://doi.org/10.1007/ Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: in the Eastern Region of Ghana . M .Agric Thesis, s10668-018-0154-7 Curculionidae), in the Volta Region of Ghana . University of Ghana, Legon, pp . 64 . Peng R.K., Christian, K. (2007) The Effect of the Dzobo, A . (2016) Knowledge, Practices and Self – Herms, S ., Saavedra, Y ., Dijkxhoorn, Y . (2016) The Weaver Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Reported Symptoms of Pesticides use among performance of greenhouses in Ghana: Cost-benefit Formicidae), on the Mango Seed Weevil, Sternochetus Vegetable Farmers: A Cross Sectional Study in the analysis of Amiran and Envirodome models, Greater mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Mango Offinso North District. School of Public Health, College Accra Region, GhanaVeg Business Case Reports 2 . Orchards in the Northern Territory . International Journal of Health Sciences University of Ghana . University of Joosten, F ., Asante Mensah, S . (2015) Private of Pest Management, 53:15–24 . Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh referred, Feb 27, 2019 . Extension Services For Commercial Vegetable Sector Peppelenbos, L . (2008) Trading up; building coopera- Elings, A ., Saavedra, Y ., Nkansah, G .O . (2015) Development – Consultancy Report, 07 July 2015 . tion between farmers and traders in Africa . KITT and Strategies to support the greenhouse horticulture Tetreived from Innovation lab online . IIIR . pilot%20project_5 .23 .14 .pdf . Review . Online via sector in Ghana, GhanaVeg Sector Reports 2 . http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1594.pdf 46 | Annex 1 . HortiFresh Annex 1 . HortiFresh | 47

The other four modalities have a grant component and are aimed at stimulating innovative business ideas from the sector, targeting smallholder farmers: Annex 1. HortiFresh nn Horticulture cluster development funds; focusing on geographical hotspots of mango, tomato and The mission of the HortiFresh – Commercial Fruit focuses on the existing platforms of the Export onion production, addressing joint problems of and Vegetable Sector Development in West Africa Taskforce in Ghana and the activities of Ghana Green productivity and environmental sustainability . – programme is to establish “a sustainable and inter- Label . The programme will address other regulatory nn Innovation funds; focussing on specific technical nationally competitive fruit and vegetable sector that issues in the area of: imports, registration of crop and organizational innovations in the horticulture contributes to inclusive economic growth, food and protection products and food safety . value-chains . These can range from increasing nutrition security” in Ghana and Ivory Coast . availability of (new) inputs, to establishing new Inclusive and sustainable growth of the fruit and The HortiFresh programme consists of two compo- market outlets and (value-added) horticulture vegetable sector nents: fruits and vegetables . In Ghana activities focus products to agronomic support services . HortiFresh training program HortiFresh will create opportunities for women and on both the fruit and vegetable sectors while in Ivory nn Youth employment fund; aiming at increasing youth to engage in the horticulture sector . In addition, Coast the focus is on the fruit sector . HortiFresh support opportunities for youth to engage in the horticul- it will contribute to food and nutrition security . The transformation of the sectors through improving ture sector, and setting up their own business . Business Platforms and Events productivity; facilitating more efficient markets, aspect of sustainability will focus mostly on increasing the long-term economic viability and the environmental HortiFresh continues the biannual Business Platform including linking producers and other value chain Technical Assistance: Business Management and Agronomy meetings with active matchmaking sessions for service operators with the Dutch private sector; improving impact of the activities and enhancing the resilience of The programme provides technical assistance to fruit providers, retailers/wholesalers, producers, proces- the business climate and further professionalizing the the sector to various kind of shocks be it financial or and vegetable companies to support the implementa- sors and traders in the fruit and vegetable sector . In value chain for fruit and vegetable production and climate related . tion of the access to finance modality and co-financing addition, a number of Round Table meetings will be consumption in Ghana . The programme aims to grants . With respect to business management; organized, focusing on emerging topics in the sector, reach 15,000 farmers and increase their productivity What does HortiFresh do? companies receive support in business planning and like food safety and peri-urban horticulture . The by 20% by 2021 . Enabling Environment project management . For up to date knowledge on programme will take the lead in organizing a dedicated Horticulture Trade Fair, to facilitate companies to What does HortiFresh want to achieve? HortiFresh continues its work with the Ministry of Food agronomy, a training programme is being organized, and Agriculture (MoFA) and other institutions and donor and individual company visits and coaching is in place . exhibit their products and increase business-to- A competitive and innovative high-value fruit and agencies in building the capacity and strengthening business trade deals . vegetable sector consumer confidence in the consumption of fruits and Employment, Social Inclusion and Nutrition Trade Promotion HortiFresh West Africa supports the sector through vegetables . HortiFresh aims at a close collaboration An important element of the programme is to enhance activities and funds that contribute to: increasing with Ghana’s lead financial institutions, including employment and social inclusion in the horticulture HortiFresh will expand its network with the Dutch the value of exports, both to the EU and to regional GIRSAL and EXIM Bank . sector . In order to facilitate this, the programme’s private sector, both for fruit and vegetables . Companies markets; improving quality and value-added in the partners engage in increasing young men and women’s from the Netherlands include leading input supply domestic market, aiming at reducing imports . This Financial support services opportunities in finding jobs. The programme further companies (e .g . seeds and greenhouse technology), will be achieved through business partnerships and The programme’s backbone consists of four financing aims at improving the nutritional status of workers importers of fruit and vegetables, as well as service cluster development activities focusing on innovation modalities . One of these modalities focus on increasing in horticulture companies, through trainings and providers . The programme further invites relevant and scaling . Importantly, it will stimulate the banking the access to (semi-)commercial financing for the coaching . In addition, the programme will work on financial parties from the Netherlands that want to sector to develop tailored financial products for the horticulture sector . These are: increasing the awareness of the general public about invest in Ghana and Ivory Coast . HortiFresh does this horticulture sector . the nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables. through the organization of Trade Missions and indi- nn Sustainable financing for the horticulture sector; vidual matchmaking . including exporter-outgrower financing and A conducive business climate greenhouse financing as well as assisting horticul- HortiFresh aims at improving the business climate for ture SMEs to access loans and equity, and provide SMEs and international companies active in the F&V technical and management support for project sector of West Africa . The programme particularly implementation . 48 | Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana | 49 Annex 2. Directory of Horti- culture Sector Actors in Ghana Address P . O Box 1857 Achimota- Accra PMB 18, KANDA-ACCRA Address P . O Box WV 2442, Kwabenya, Accra P . O BOX ST 461 P . O Box CT 8630 Cantonment- Accra Ghana H/No OB 136/16, Kasoa Bawjiase Rd, C/R P . O Box 3785, Fumesua – Kumasi, Ghana P.O.BOX 74 Kade E/R P . O BOX 40-4190 CA Geldermalsen Waardenburg . 4-4181 Koeweistraat The Netherlands Former Publishing Building Heavy Industrial Area, Tema P . O BOX CO 4388,Comm 1 Tema - Ghana P . O Box KIA 30408, Accra-Ghana P . O BOX CN10761, CANTOMENTS No . 5 9th Road Gamel Avenue south Ridge, Accra- Ghana 11 Salamander Close, Community 18, Lashibi P . O BOX LG 1108 UNIVERSITY POST OFFICE LEGON - ACCRA P . O Box 167, Sogakope, Ghana P . O Box AN6769, Accra- Ghana P . O BOX 124, Nsawam ER, P . O Box KIA 9732, Kotoka International Airport P . O Box MBA 37, Accra P . O Box 3403, Accra P . O Box 7155, Accra, Ghana P . O Box 11595 CE II, Tema Website www . abfarmventures com www . agri-impact com Website - www . cabi org www . cropresearch org www . ici-group com www . everris com www . amaristerminal com www . agritopgh com www . agrosealgh com www . arbapexbank com www . ardhiinvestment com www . aqsghana com - - www . bomarts com www . biotropicalghana com www . mofa gov gh www.dizengoffgh.com - - Location Nsawam Accra Location Kwabenya Accra No . 6 Agostino Neto Road Airport Residential Accra Kasoa Fumesua -Kumasi Kade Geldermalsen Koeweistraat Tema - Accra Accra ACCRA Accra Accra Sogakope Accra Dobro – off Nsumia Road Accra Accra Circle Accra Tema Email Abfarm2013@gmail . com dencherama@gmail . com info@agritopgh . com Email tdannyame@gmail . com chrisplandge@yahoo . com westafrica@cabi . org Crescentfarms2013@ gmail . com Csir . cridirector@gmail com wildans1@yahoo . com Folasade . rufai@ vodafone . com philippe . daubresse@ everris . com ropoku@amaristerminal . com agrosealgh@gmail . com Akofa . ata@ ardhiinvestment . com Sam . lefoneh@aqsghana com cametefe@yahoo . com beausant5@yahoo . co uk abotchway@bomarts . com marian@ biotropicalghana . com [email protected]/ info@dwag . com edarkey@yahoo . com - Phone Phone 0244798691 0555603481 +233 (0) 246996905 0244762300 / 0272698096 +233 (0) 302797202 0244228074 +233 (0) 322060396 322062522 +233 (0) 3420610258 / 244707370 0208217731 +31-418-655778 / 6-53339916 +233 (0) 201489031 / 501422220/1 +233 (0) 302772129 0557662172 +233 (0) 302665066 0559484779 +233 (0) 553030053 207386033 +233 (0) 244971439 +233 (0) 208111814 +233 (0) 244467928 / 208122924 0244 514 824 +233 (0)302221831 302227601 + 233 (0) 302780924 +233 (0) 244806263 302660842 Organization Organization AB Farms Ventures Agri-Impact Consult Agritop Limited Chilli Central Chriss Organic Farms Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI) Crescent Farms Crop Research Institute CSIR-OPRI Dawa Foods ltd AICL Specialty Fertilizers Amaris Terminal ARB Apex Bank Agroseal Ghana Limited Directorate of Crop Services Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) Ardhi Investment Group Ascend Quality Services ATC Farms Beausants Farms BOMARTS Bio Tropical products Company Limited Dizengoff Ghana Ltd E Darkey and Associate Ebenliz Farms 50 | Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana | 51 P . O Box KF 2439, Koforidua Ghana PMB 16, Tamale, N/R, Ghana 71 NTWAABAN ROAD SECONDI -TAKORADI No . 24 Duchessville development 2nd Circular Road Cantonments Address P . O BOX An 11175 Accra – North H/No. Block G/335 – Okatabanman P . O Box 165, Legon-Accra P . O BOX 233, Abeka Lapaz office location . Nii Okaiman Main Road H/No 221 Taborah P . O Box CT 5084, Cantonments, Accra-Ghana Address H No . 6 central Link Road, Okpoi Gonno Near Spintex Road, Ghana P . O Box 10849 Accra North 12th Floor Premier Towers, Ministries Accra 2nd Floor, Old Revenue House, Mile 7 Achimota P . O Box M146 Accra PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION ENZIMITIANU WESTERN REGION 42 Ring Road Central, Accra - Ghana P . O Box KN 2358 Kaneshie P . O Box 10878, Accra-North, Ghana . P . O Box CT 2783 Cantonments – Accra Ghana P . O BOX GP 3856, ACCRA - www . greenef com www . avacoconutoil com - Website www.eclipsemfi.com www . edentreeltd com - - Website - - www . gain com gh - www . gepaghana org www . greencesta com - www . esoko com - - www . fdaghana gov gh www . foodservegh org Koforidua Tamale Trade Fair, Accra Takoradi Accra Location Adenta - Newsite Accra Tabora - Accra Aburi Location Accra Adenta- Accra Ministries Accra 2nd Floor, Old Revenue House, Mile 7 Achimota Opposite cedi house Ambassadorial Enclave Accra Enzimitianu Accra Accra Accra Accra Accra sirhatsun@yahoo . com greenefebv@gmail . com www . ghanagreenlabel org fknustuego@gmail . com nunoo . kojo@ avacoconutoil . com hendyfarmsgh@gmail . com Email Info.eclipsemfi.com / k . amegah@eclipsemfi com edentreegh@gmail . com Samuelanaba14@yahoo . com / ekklesiafarms@ gmail . com info@eltrut . com Email Kwa_adjei@yahoo . com, ftfghana@gmail . com kwawstephen@gmail . com info@gain . com gh gavexghana@gmail . com gepa@gepaghana . org onofori@greencesta . com oforiobengnketiah@ gmail . com castro@esoko . com farmklass19@gmail . com Francis_koranteng@ yahoo . com fda@fdaghana . gov gh harry@foodservegh . org +233 (0) 242684426 +233 249667347 / 207581311 055 843 9499 +233 (0) 500554130 Phone Phone +233 (0) 261278292 / 501394401 / 303930150 +233 (0)302812266 302815625 +233 (0) 246688486 / 203797498 233 (0) 542692079 +233 (0) 243058283 202660433 +233 (0) 244205071 / 208000008 0206621106 +233 (0) 303935097 +233 (0)303 965689 / (0) 248 121512 +233 (0) 302673153, +233 (0) 302675234 0546202405 +233 (0) 302211611 / 264658527 0241528764 +233 (0) 244639215 +233 (0) 302233200 235100 0244926735, 0266497408 GKV Investments Ltd Green gold Organic Farm G reenEf eco-business village Green Label Ghana Foundation Hendy Farms Organization Organization ECLIPSE MICROFINANCE LTD Eden Tree EKKLESIA FARMS LTD Eltrut Enterprise ENZIMITIANU VIRGIN COCONUT OIL FTF COMPANY LTD Ghana Institute of Entrepreneurship Development (GIED) Ghana Angel Investment Network (GAIN) Ghana Association of Vegetable Exporters Ghana Export Promotion Authority (GEPA) Greencesta Ventures and Consultancy Limited Esoko Farmklass Company Limited F . Odoro Koranteng Limited Food and Drugs Authority Foodserve Consulting 52 | Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana | 53 Address P . O BOX CT 9183, CANTONMENTS 1 Adjetey Din Avenue, Ashaley Botwe, Adenta Municipality East Legon Accra Ghana P.O.BOX NW 740, Nsawam, E/R, Ghana PO BOX 61 34 Spintex Road 8 Yapel link, Airport Residential Area, PMB CT 35 Cantonments P . O BOX 2104, Takoradi C 34 Sapara Grant Street, Effiakuma Newsite House No . 9 Taifa Community School Street P . O Box AN19083, Accra P . O Box 01063 Osu-Accra Address P . O Box NK 306, North-Keneshie Accra-Ghana P . O BOX CT 3434 Cantonments Accra Ghana P . O Box CT 4031 Cantonments, Accra Box TN906 Asafoatse Dodoo street PMB 283, COMMUNITY 1 P . O Box LG1094 P . O BOX 293, Somanya ER, Ghana Lakeside Estate, behind Madina, University of science and technology , Ashaley Botwe P . O Box KIA 18118, Accra P . O BOX 660, Cape Coast Mile 13, Adenta – Off Aburi Road P . O BOX 331 Asamankese Website www . hensongeodata com www . hmrcollections com www . hpwfnd com www . iribov com www . htcghana com www . iwadghana com - www . jegscompanylimited . com - www . joekopangh com Website www . lakesydefarms com www . meridianseedsgh com www.petersfield-rey.com www . pegafrica com - Location Accra Accra Accra Adeiso, Bawjiase Road Sokakope Accra Accra Takoradi Accra Accra Accra Location Accra Accra Tamale Teshie Nungua Estate Accra Accra Accra Somanya Accra Accra Ataabadze, Elmina Accra Asamankese nfo@jegscompanylimited . Email info@hensongeodata . com / bdk.henaku@ hensongeodata . com hettie@hmrcollections . com / hettiemr@gmail. com samuel@ honeycombfoods . com maik . blaser@hpwag com d . invitrolabs@gmail com elquartey@gmail . com sara . hatoum@htcghana com busia@iwadghana . com samueladjapii@gmail . com i com Jegscompanylimited@ gmail . com joekpeng@gmail . com info@joekopangh . com Email josephtonto@yahoo . com m . dohmen@ knowledgeandskills . org seiduhisham@gmail . com lakesydefarms@yahoo . com schekles@yahoo . com Stephen . tour@ldc com aaron . ampofo1@gmail com nkaastcompany18@ gmail . com noveltycoconut@gmail . com paramproduce@yahoo . com jonathandennisabraham@ yahoo . com Julian . ayim@pegafrica com marcio . simon@ sonointernational . com Phone Phone +233 (0) 501295252/ 555191950/ 302511115 +233 (0) 262967014 / 265258858 200832677 +233 (0) 268989898 / 244658871 +233 (0) 271934060 0244880902 +233 (0) 544313146 / 302797316 +233 (0) 244983038 +233(0)- 243543535 +233 (0) 244316355 +233 (0) 302407407 +233 (0) 302221947 244382227 +233 (0) 244221666 +233 (0) 264988197 208114488 0243968479 0243347098 0544310634 0249618162 0244561416 +233 (0) 268640889 244250653 +233 (0) 244513076 +233 (0) 244659109 / 208254030 0244907209 0203005311 +233 30 2680994 / 0501566196 Organization Organization HENSON GEODATA TECHNOLOGIES HMR Collections HONEY COMB HPW Fresh & Dry Ltd Iribov West Africa IrriGate IWAD JAPSON COMPANY LTD JEGS Company Limited Jodek Farms Joekopan Enterprise Joro Farms Agriculture Processing Ltd KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL Kukobila NAsia Farms Ltd Lakesyde Farms LovingHut Natural Food MacroFertil Ghana Limited Meridian Seeds and Nurseries Gh Ltd NKASST ENTERPRISE NOVELTY COCONUT LTD Param Farms PETERFIELDS & REY GROUP LTD PEG Ghana Solar PINORA 54 | Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana | 55 3 Ankua Mansah Link, Dzorwulu, 3 Ankua Mansah Link, Dzorwulu, Accra P . O Box PT32, Takoradi, Western Region, Ghana P.O.BOX TH 436, TECHIMAN, B/A REGION Terra Agric Group Ltd P . O Box Ax222 Takoradi-Ghana P . O BOX 1371 Office.No.1, Lumumba Loop, Comm 3, Tema, Ghana 1, Post Office Box Wa East, Funsi, Upper West Region . P . O Box YK632, East Legon, Accra- Ghana 5B Libreville Street, East Legon, Accra- Ghana No . 14 Narku Ipan Rd , near Nyaho Clinic, Airport Residential Area . P . O Box 7593, Accra - North P . O Box GP 3049, Accra P . O BOX TD175, TAKORADI P . O Box Tn1170, Teshie Nungua Estates, Accra P . O Box AH 217, Ayim Ghana Address Office location Near Adom guest house P . O Box TF313,Trade Fair, Accra P . O Box CT 8566 Cantonments, Accra 71 Bamako Road – East Legon Rainbow House, Hospital Road by Pass, Sixth Avenue, behind NHIS Office, Community 8, Tema, Ghana Address P . O Box GY 117 Adoagyri Nsawam- Ghana www . syecomp com https://www.facebook. com/symboilghanaltd/ www . tepcogh com - http://www. thefarmersmarketgh . com www . winrock org www . rmgghana com www . senamfoods com www . sgafarms com https://www. socialfarmghana.com/ www . startrightfoods net Website - www . quinorganic com - https://www. facebook.com / rejuvenategaiagloballtd/ www . rainbowchem com www . ribeth com Website - www . sokocentre com Accra Western Region Techiman Tema Accra Accra Tema Upper East Region Accra Accra Takoradi Takoradi Dansoman Accra Ayim Accra Location Kintampo – Near New Market Accra Accra Accra Tema Accra Location Adoagyir Nsawam Accra team@syecomp . com symboilghana@yahoo . com [email protected] / wilofori@tepcogh . com info@terraagric . com info@tikolaltd . com frederick . asare@ thefarmersmarketgh . com Mgariba2002@yahoo . com mahamasufuyani@gmail . com Mina . Lassey@winrock org ken . addy@rmgconcept com ropryn@gmail . com senamfoods@gmail . com bobby@sgafarms . com info@socialfarmghana . com kobinahudson@ gmail . com, kobi@ sowgreenfarms . com veeose@gmail . com Email asensomensahyaw@ yahoo . com info@quinorganics . com marjorieabdin@gmail . com beatrixakogyeram@ gmail . com r . obengfrimpong@gmail com george . ocloo@ rainbowchem . com Alex . kodwiw@ribeth com Email ponsaatheesh@hotmail . com leodekukojo@yahoo . fr 0201442191 +233244362473 +233 (0) 542576540 200721963 +233507635758 0501481140 0243150250 0560893614 0245284091 +233-541656680 0544312841 0244041224 0244011020 +233 (0) 507579504 0244046334 +233 (0) 241234234 0550352976 Phone Phone +233 (0) 242984157 / 205545715 +233 (0) 302500999/ 287010438 +233 (0) 244379173 0240118387 0262227638 +233 3 03317028 / 501479715 - +233 (0) 302412685 0553151971 SyeComp Ghana Ltd Symboil Ghana Limited TEPCO LTD Terra Agric Group Ltd Tikola Ghana Ltd The Farmer’s Market The Fruit Master Tuurosong M . S Farms Company Limited USAID Farmer-to- Farmer (F2F) Winrock International RMG Ghana ltd Ropryn Company Limited Senam Foods ltd . SGA FARMS LTD Socialfarm Company Ltd SowGreen Farms Start Right Nutrition Limited Organization Organization Plant Pests & Disease Control Company LTD Quin Organics Quist Farms Rejuvenate Gaia Global Limited Rainbow Ribeth Hygenyk Foods Srighan Farms (GH) Ltd Sokocentre . com 56 | Annex 2 . Directory of Horti-culture Sector Actors in Ghana Annex 3 . Dutch Horticulture Sector Linkages | 57 Annex 3. Dutch Horticulture Sector Linkages

Company Product / Services Contact 1 DuijdamGreenconsult Agro Consultancy martienduijndam@gmail .com 2 Wegdam Meat Link Meat Distributor logistics@wegdamml com. 3 WUR International Office Higher Education Jennie vandermheen@wur. .nl; Matthijs .montsma@wur .nl 4 Enza Zaden Seeds m devoogd@enzazaden. .nl 5 Daapah Performance Improvement Processing Dapaah dpi@gmail. com. 6 Eosta Import Fresh Produce (Organic) Henk Zoutewelle@eoasta. .com P . O Box KA 9116, Accra Ghana P . O Box DT 604, Tema 4TH FLOOR, OKSART PLACE, RING 4TH FLOOR, OKSART PLACE, RING ROAD, ACCRA Agomeda Somanya road Address P . O Box PMB MD 210 Madina, Accra, Ghana P . O Box SD 239 Accra- Ghana West Park Enterprise Limited The West Park Enterprise Limited The Grand Oyeeman – Mezzanine #9 Airport commercial centre 37 ration road, Accra Ghana P . O Box AH 1374, Achimota, Accra Ghana P . O Box AN7593, Airport-Accra P . O Box CT 5258 ,Accra,Ghana 7 Ferm-o-Feed Fertilizers sales@fermofeed com. 8 Syngenta Agrochemicals & Seeds anoma .lokossou@syngenta .com 9 KBAgro Export Support and Advice kbagro@gmail .com 10 Bon Berger International NGO info@csbonberger .org 11 AgriProFocus Agribusiness Development nmetz@agri-profocus nl. Cooperation www . guamaninfusions com - www . viamo io www . voltapresentation com Website www . vegpro-group com www . vegghana org www . westparkghana - www . wienco com www . yara com gh 13 SIMONIS B .V . Fertilizers fertilizer@simonisbv .nl 14 Bejo Zaden Seeds a .dekker@bejo .nl 15 PowerNed Energy donald keus@gmail. .com 16 Rijk Zwaan Export B V. . Vegetable Distributor c .mannee@rijkzwaan .nl 17 Tikola Ghana Ltd Seeds and AgriDev korritsema@hotmail .com Tema Accra Agomeda Sogakope Location Accra Accra, Ghana Accra Accra Accra Achimota Accra Accra 18 Celtic Cooling Cooling dz@celtic nl. 19 BoP Innovation Center Development Cooperation vandijk@bopinc .org 20 Emprise Projects Consultancy wouter@empriseprojects .com 21 Nanafico Marketing Company Ltd Marketing [email protected] 22 NNZ Agri Packaging jcoetzee@nnz .nl

23 WorldwideFood Export Food Export marcel@worldwidefoodexport com. Jake_fenning@welgrace . com pcruz@westparkghana . com [email protected] vicdavmangoproducts@ gmail . com hannah . dorkenu@ ashesi . edu gh Email jagdish@vegpro-group . com josephton@yahoo . com kbraimah@gmail . com whytebage@yahoo . com Roland . quaye@wienco com Ken . addy@wienco com Kwame . okyere@yara com 24 Bakker Brothers Seeds jacob@bakkerbrothers nl. 25 Hoogendoorn Growth Management Horticulture Innovation ks@hoogendoorn .nl 26 Agriment International BV Consultancy r .oostewechel@agriment com. 27 Netherlands Export Combination Export Support and Advice dam@nec .nl +233 (0) +233 (0) 303306697 +233 (0) 505282170 / +351 918628825 0264370536 +233 (0) 242911605 / 240099998 +233544799109 Phone +233 (0) +233 (0) 269547415 +233(0) 244382227 0553556279 +233 (0) +233 (0) 248121512 268121512 +233 (0) 302772251 30773458/9 0302779854 28 East West International B .V . Seeds eastwestafrica@gmail com. 29 Jofox B .V . Fruit & Vegetable Trader Sales@jofoxbv .nl 30 Berg Hortimotive Agri Logistics [email protected] 31 Remco Afrique Services mititelu@hafkon .com 32 Hortimat Horti Equipment marco@hortimat com. 33 Farming Africa Consultancy marc@farmingafrica .net Welgrace Research Farm WestPark Viamo Technologies Viamo Technologies Limited VICDAV Volta Presentation Company Limited Organization Vegpro Ghana Ltd VEPEAG Vegetarian Association of Ghana Whytebage Int . Ltd Wienco Ghana Ltd Yara Ghana limited 58 | Annex 3 . Dutch Horticulture Sector Linkages Annex 3 . Dutch Horticulture Sector Linkages | 59

Company Product / Services Contact Company Product / Services Contact 34 Berenschot Consultancy ljv@berenschot .nl 71 Enza Zaden Seeds mdevoogd@enzazaden nl. 35 Sweere Agricultural Equipment Agri Equipment info@sweere .net 72 Golf du Benin Import and Export Support laliki@gmail .com 36 Eel Consult Agro Consultancy elijah .bediako@yahoo .com 73 BDO Accountants & Accountancy adan ashkir@bdo. . 37 Dapaah Performance Improvement Processing Dapaah .DPI@gmail .com Belastingadviseurs B .V 38 Viscon Group Design & Engineering & Greenhouses rj .intveld@viscon .eu 74 Q-Point B .V . Consultancy m bos@q-point-bv. nl. 39 AfricanWise Legal Consultancy frans@africanwise .com 75 Pionira Logistics info@pionira nl. 76 Quatin B .V . Services marjon .castelijns@yahoo .es 40 Bakker Brothers Seeds ed@bakkerbrothers .nl 77 AgDevCo Agribusiness Development jhidanovic@agdevco .com 41 Bejo Zaden Seeds a .dekker@bejo .nl Cooperation 42 GroetenFruit Huis Fruit and Veg verbaas@FrugiVenta .nl 78 EMSA Advice & Private Sector Consultancy [email protected]/nl 43 Amatrex Agro Equipment & Consultancy info@amatrex .nl 79 East West Trade & Consulting Consultancy [email protected]/nl 44 Amatrex Agro Equipment & Consultancy info@amatrex .nl 80 Slavenburg en Huyser B .V . Logistics g ponstein@slavenburg-en-huyser. com. 45 Friss B .V . Greenhouse grower/Investment Project jjmcof2000@yahoo .com 81 Tikola Ghana Ltd Seeds and Agri Development Korritsema@hotmail .com 46 Takii Seeds Europe Seeds sni@takii .eu 82 East West International Seeds maaike .groot@eastwestseed .com 47 Agri BSA Organic fertilizer Chris .strijbosch@agribsa .com 83 Friss B .V . Greenhouse grower/ Investment jjmcof2000@yahoo .com 48 Looye Kwekers Tomato Grower michiel .bontebal@looye .com Project 49 Roveg Fruit importer/trader ben_burgers@roveg .nl 84 Horticon B .V . Horti Equipment Retailer fer weerheijm@dutchplantin. com. 50 BIO Invest Investment (Belgian FMO) Dimitry .vanraemdonck@bio-invest .be 85 Rijk Zwaan Export B .V . Vegetable Distributor h gyasi@rijkszwaan. .nl 51 Eoasta Organic F&V Distributor Fresh Fruit & Vegetables sander@eosta .com 86 Inclusive B .V . Development Cooperation roland waardenburg@inclusive. .com 52 NL MoFA West Africa Policy officer trade relations Africa larens .den .hartog@minbuza .nl 87 Tradin Organic Culture B V. . Organic Products Sourcer & maren .peters@tradinorganic com. 53 RVO Partners in Business, PSD Coach rosalind .boschloo@rvo .nl Distributor 54 Biotropic Import Bio Foods rnv@biotropic .nl 88 Celtic Cooling Cooling albert .obadia@celtic .nl 55 East West International Seeds maaike .groot@eastwestseed .com 89 Stichting Koppert Foundation Sustainable Agro Solutions emoerman@koppert .nl 56 CBI Promotion of Imports pjonkers@cbi .eu 90 SI Technologies International Soil Technology bart@sitecin .com 57 Ferander (Bamboobikes) Import Bamboo, Bikes ferdinand@ferander .nl 91 Soil Cares Holding B .V Agro and Soil Technology [email protected]/nl 58 Delphy Greenhouse Expertise and Training l .bakker@delphy .nl 92 Aminocore Organic Fertilizers & Biostimulants Stephan hoving@aminocore. .nl 59 Suba Seeds Seeds Bernhard .krikke@subaseeds .com 93 Simonis Fertilizers Fertilizers fertilizer@simofert .nl 60 OTC Holland Organic fruit & veg distributor nuriavlonk@otcorganics .com 94 Mantis/Mankar Spraying Systems F .Verder@mantis-ulv .com 61 Topsector T&U - info@topsectortu .nl 95 Bakker Brothers Seeds coen@bakkerbrothers .nl 62 Celtic Cooling Cold Storage dz@celtic .nl 96 Jiffy Products International Propagation &Hydroponic Systems, Ganga.wijayawardaane@jiffygroup. 63 Agri BSA Organic Fertilizers Chris .strijbosch@agribsa .com Containers and Substrates com 64 Takii Europe B .V . Seeds sni@takii .eu 97 Agrocares AgriTech pascal .murasira@agrocares 65 Suba Seeds Seeds Bernhard .krikke@subaseeds .com 98 HAS Hogeschool Higher Education M Baeten@has. .nl 66 Green Farming Greenhouse Suppliers Nspdegroot1953@gmail .com 99 Olmix Group Bio-Nutrition for Plants and Animals AMainguy@olmix .com 67 Your Business Expansion Export Support and Advice peterobeng@ 100 Delphy Greehouse Expertise and Training e vanzandwijk@delphy. .nl yourbusinessexpansion .com 101 Dapaah Performace Improvement Processing Dapaah .dpl@gmail .com 68 Delphy Greenhouse Expertise l .bakker@delphy .nl 102 Enza Zaden Seeds m devoogd@enzazaden. .nl 69 BIO Invest Development financing Dimitry .vanraemdonck@bio-invest .be 103 Ferm-O-Feed Fertilizers sales@fermofeed com. 70 Omnivent Storage (potato/onion) Paul .kok@omnivent .nl 104 Eosta Import Fresh Organic Produce Henk Zoutewelle@eosta. .com Company Product / Services Contact 105 Greenfresh Trader in Fresh Herbs Willemkea@greenfresh .nl 106 Total Produce Import of Fruits sales@totalproduce .nl 107 SI Technologies Soil Technology bart@sitecin .com 108 JoFox Fruit & Vegetable Trader sales@jofoxbv .nl 109 Looye Kwekers Tomato Producer Michiel .botental@looye .com 110 Friss B .V . Greenhouse grower/ Investment Jjmcof2000@yahoo .com Project 111 Growpact/Viscon Group Agri Equipement sales@viscon .eu

Figure 10. Company sectors 2014–2019 HortiFresh West Africa Sheila Assibey-Yeboah Program Manager (+233) 263794715 [email protected]