Initial Environmental Examination

Ghyampesal - Bakot - Palkhu - Swara - - Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project

July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Prepared by District Coordination Committee (Gorkha)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environmental Assessment Document

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Ghyampesal - Bakot - Palkhu - Swara - Saurpani - Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project

July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001

Prepared by the Government of for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarilyThe views expressed represent herein those are those of ADB's of the consultantBoard of and Directors, do not necessarily Management, represent or thosestaff ,of and ADB’s may bemembers, preliminary Board ofin Directors,nature. Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination of Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani- Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha

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Submitted to Government of Nepal National Reconstruction Authority Singhadurbar,

Submitted through Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by District Coordination Committee, Gorkha

July, 2017

Executive Summary (Nepali) k|:tfjs of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg uf]/vf lhNnfsf] ;'nLsf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] j8f ^ -tTsflng tfs'sf]6 uf=lj=;=_ b]lv ;'nLsf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] j8f $ -tTsflng ;f}/kfgL uf=lj=;=_ hf]8\g] k|:tfljt *=@ ls=dL -r]g]h (+!))–!&+#))_ nfdf] x/]s df};ddf rNg]] ;8s k'glgdf{0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s/:jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]u / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgL cGt{ut e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGt/ut lhNnfdf sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, uf]/vf -tTsflng lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt uf]/vf_ ePsf]n] £ofDk];fn–afsf]6–kfNv'–:jf‘/f–;f}/kfgL ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] k|:tfjs klg lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt uf]/vf xf] . k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'lnotk'{0f C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] cfof]hgf xf] . o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk / @)&@ a}zfv @( ut]sf] k|d'v k/fsDkg kl5 e"sDkLo If]qdf k'glgdf{0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf sfo{df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofªsg ;DaGwL] sfo{ljlw @)&@ -klxnf] ;+;f]wg @)&#_ tyf PlzofnL ljsfz j}+s ;'/If0f gLlt syg - ;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_, @))(, cg';f/ lhNnf ;8ssf] lgdf{0f÷k'glgdf{0f÷k'g{:yfkgf ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . of] cWoog k|ltj]bg ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno - ;rLj :t/_ sf] @)&@÷!@÷!@ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ :jLs[t sfo{;"rL (ToR) sf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] / sfo{;"rLdf o:sf] nDafO #) ls= dL= /x]sf] 5 hg' k|f/lDes ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . t/ ;'?sf] (=! ls=dL= nfdf] ;8s, ;8s ljefun] sfnf]kq] ug{ lnPsf] 5 / !&=# ls=dL= b]lv k5f8Lsf] ;8s pRr u|]8sf] sf/0f /B ul/Psf] 5 / Tolx cg';f/ *=@ ls=dL= -r]g]h (+!))–!&+#))_ nfdf] ;8ssf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg agfOPsf] 5 . e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@ nfu' eP kZrft o; k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f (IEE) sf] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o k'glgdf{0f k|flws/0fdf k]z ul/g]5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . cWoog k|s[of @)&@ ;fn r}q @* b]vL @)&# a}zfv & ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ tyf cGo pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha i k|:tfjsf] ;fGb{lestf o; k|:tfljt ;8s e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .o; ;8ssf] k'glgdf{0f tyf k'g{:yfkgfaf6 uf]/vf lhNnfsf] k"j{ / pQ/ efusf dflg;x?sf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tyf b]zsf cGo efu;Fu ef}lts tyf cfly{s kx'Frdf ;xh x'g hfg]5 . cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f / ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo l:ylt £ofDk];fn – afsf]6– kfNv' – :jf‘/f – ;f}/kfgL ;8s x/]s df};ddf rNg] ;8ssf] ?kdf :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 . ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= / hDdf nDafO{ *=@ ls=dL= Pj+ ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=? @&@,#@^,!%@=&) h;df OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=? @$%,(&(,(!^=)) /x]sf] 5 . of] ;8s ;d'b|L ;txb]lv !,)%* dL= sf] prfO{df /x]sf] ;'nLsf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] j8f ^-tTsflng tfs'sf]6 uf=lj=;=_ af6 z'? eP/ ;d'b|L ;txb]lv !,#%* dL= prfOdf /x]sf] ;'nLsf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] j8f $ - tTsflng ;f}/kfgL uf=lj=;=_ df 6+'luG5 . k|:tfljt ;8s pkf]i0f hnjfo' ePsf] If]qdf /x]sf] 5 / o; If]qsf] tfks|d clwstd / Go"gtd s|dz @!º ;] / #=%º ;]N;Lo; /x]sf] 5 eg] cf};t jflif{s jiff{ !,&@) ld=ld= /x]sf] 5 . of] ;8s v]tL ul/Psf] hdLg, afemf] hldg, a:tL / jg eP/ hfG5 . of] ;8sdf Pn'lePn, sf]n'lePn / /]l;l8of]n k|sf/sf df6f]x? kfO{G5g\ . o; ;8s v08 dWo a]l;s /s, /fgLdf6f kmd{];g / 3gkf]v/L kmd]{;gdf k5{ . ;8s v08df kfgLsf d'Vo >f]tx?df x'8L vf]nf -r]= !)±&#%, !! ±)!), !$ ±&@) / !%±@@)_ /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljs ;8s If]qsf] jfo' tyf kfgLsf] :t/ ;kmf g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 ;fy} Wjlg k|b'if0fsf] ;d:of Go"g 5 . o; ;8ssf] j/Lk/L lrnfpg], s6';,plQ; cflb k|hfltsf af]6–la?jf kfO{G5g\ . o; If]qdf kfO{g] d'Vo jGohGt'df af‘Fb/ kb{5 . 9's'/, sflnh cflb k+IfLx? klg oxfF kfO{G5 . o; ;8sn] s'g} klg ;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q nfO{ 5F'b}g t/ of] cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos jg / /fli6«o jg eP/ hfG5 . o; ;8ssf], :jf‘/f, ;f}/kfgL uf= lj= ;= -xfn ;'lnsf]6 ufFpkflnsf _ sf] & j6f j:tLx?df $,)#) dflg;x? -^*# 3/–w'/L_ a;f]af; ub{5g . oL j:tLx?df afxsf]6, kfNv', dfemsf]6, l;Da', emFflqm:jfF/f, e08f/L ufpF / ;f}/kfgL x'g\ . o; ;8sdf kg]{ j:tLx?df g]jf/, a|fxd0f, u'?ª, If]qL, 7s'/L, blnt / a/fd clb hftLsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . v]tL–kftL tyf kz'–kfng o; If]qsf] d'Vo k]zf /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf dflg;x?sf] cGo k]zfdf Hofnf dh'b/L, gf]s/L tyf Aofkf/–Aoj;fo /x]sf 5g\ .

;sf/fTds k|efj oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfn] :yflgo afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjgdf y'k}| ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?n] >dLssf] ?kdf /f]huf/L -*,(&) bIf >dLs lbg / #@,&(@ cbIf >dLs lbg_ k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ . o; r/0fdf x'g] cGo nfex/mdf Jofkf/sf] a[l4, pkcfof]hgfn] k|bfg u/]sf] zLkd'ns tyf hgr]tgfd'ns tflnd tyf ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xefuL eO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;Lk a[l4 x'g] cj;/ kb{5g\ .

;8ssf] ;+rfngsf] cj:yfdf To; If]qdf vfBfgsf] cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ eO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs :yfoLTj a9\g hfg]5 . ;fy} ;8s oftfoftn] ubf{ u|fdL0f e]ujf6 ahf/ If]q / ahf/ If]qjf6 u|fdL0f e]udf ;]jf

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha ii tyf ;fdfgx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/ l56f], 5l/tf], ;'ne tyf ;:tf] x'g hfg]5 . b]p/fnL, kfGb|'ª, afxsf]6, kfNv', dfemsf]6, l;Da', emFflqm:jfF/f, e08f/L ufpF, ;f}/kfgL / £ofDk];fn h:tf If]qdf ahf/ ljsf; eO{ oxfFsf afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ x'g hfg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf ;fy} ahf/ If]qsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ hUufsf] d"Nodf ;d]t j[l4 x'g hfg]5 . gsf/fTds k|efj ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjx?df e":jfdLTjsf] k|of]udf jbnfj, le/fnf] hUufdf klx/f] hfg], jfo' tyf kfgLdf k|b"if0f, vg]sf] df6f] hyfefjL kmflnbf kg]{ k|efjx? d'Vo 5g\ . o;} k|sf/ h}ljs k|efj cGt/ut )=#(* x] jg gf]S;fgL x'g'sf] ;fy} jGohGt'sf] a;f]jf;df cK7\of/f] kg{ hfg]5 . /fli6«o jgaf6 !&$, ;fd'bflos jgaf6 $! / lghL hUufaf6 !** u/L hDdf $)# ?v x6fOg]5g\ . o; ;8sdf jGohGt'x?sf] pNn]vlgo jf;:yfg gkg]{ x'Fbf ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{n] vf;} gsf/fTds k|efj kfb}{g . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k|efj cGt/ut ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ )=##) x] v]tL ul/g] hdLg ;8s lgdf{0f x'Fbf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ hfg]5 . k|:tfljt ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ lghL ;+/rgf cGtu{t @ j6f 3/ r]g]h -!# ±**) / !% ±#))_ x6fpg' kg]{ x'G5. To:t} ;fd'bflos ;+/rgf cGtu{t s'g} klg ;+/rgf x6fpg' gkg]{ /x]sf] 5 .

;8s ;~rfngsf] r/0fdf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfjudgaf6, jiff{ofdsf] kfgLaf6 tyf :yfgLo le/kx/fx/mdf ufO{j:t' r/fpbf jf ?v lj/mjf sf6\bf cl:y/tf a9\g uO{ klx/f] hfg ;Sg]5 . ;8s lsgf/fsf gfnL af6 ju]sf] clgolGqt kfgLn] ;8s d'lgsf v]tjf/Ldf e'Ifo x'g ;S5 . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] a[l4n] w'nf] tyf WjgL k|b'if0f a9\g]5 . To;}u/L ;8ssf] ;'wf/ ;+u} jg If]q;Dd ePsf] kx'Frn] ubf{ jg ;Dkbf tyf jGo hGt'df rfk a9\g uO{ jg ;Dkbfsf] gf]S;fgL / hLjhGt'nfO{ c;/ kg{ ;Sg]5 .

;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo 7]s]bf/ / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @)% dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 . gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo le/fnf] hldgnfO Aoa:yfkg ug{ jfof]OlGhgLol/Ë -h}ljs_ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 / To;}u/L tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf df6f] kmfNg] sfd ul/g] 5 . 6]jf kvf{n nufO{ df6f] pTvgg\ / kmfNg] sfo{nfO Aoa:yfkg ul/g] 5 . ;8sdf k/]sf] hUuf tyf cGo ;+/rgf, ;Dkltsf] k|fKtL tyf Ifltk"lt{ ;DjlGw s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g 5'§} k'g{jf; of]hgf agfO{Psf] 5 . g]?= @$,^@%,!&(=@) hUuf tyf ;+/rgfsf] Ifltk"ltsf] nflu 5'§fOPsf] 5 . pkcfof]hgfn] k|efljt 3/–w'/LnfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{df tyf ;Lkd'ns tflnddf k|fyldstf lbO{g]5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;'/Iffsf ;fwgx? -x]Nd]6, df:s, dkmN;_ lbO{g] 5 / sfdbf/sf] nflu vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ tyf c:yfO{ vfN6] rkL{ x? agfOg] 5g\ . ;fy]} kfgLsf] >f]tdf vlgPsf] df6f] kmflng] 5}g . sfdbf/x?sf] nflu cf}ifwL tyf b'3{6gf aLdfsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

;8s ;+rfngsf] cj:yfdf ;fgf ;fgf klx/f] tyf df6f]sf v;]sf l9:sfx?nfO{ t'?Gt} plrt k|ljlwaf6 ;kmf ul/g] 5 . 8\fOe/x?nfO ;r]t u/fpg jg, :s"n / cfjf; If]qdf xg{ ahfpg lgif]w ul/Psf ;fOgaf]8{x? /flvg]5g\ . Joj:yLt a:tL ljsf;sf] nflu hgr]tgf hufpg] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ul/g]5g\ . ;fy} ;+efljt b''3{6gf af6 hf]ufpg pko'Qm ;8s ;'/Iffsf pkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5g\ .

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha iii ;8s lgdf{0fsf] nfuL jg If]q k|of]hg ug{ lhNnf jg sfof{no -lh=j=sf=_ af6 l:js[tL lng' kg]{ 5 . o;} k|sf/, /fli6«o jgnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k $,#%) -!M@% sf] cg'kftdf_ tyf ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k !,)@% ?vx? -!M@% sf] cg'kftdf_ j[Iff/f]k0f u/fpg / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u -;fd'bflos jgnfO cg'dflgt nfut g]?= !^#,&##=%) tyf /fli6«o jgnfO cg'dflgt nfut g]?= ^($,*^(=))_ ;fy} :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO{ !** ?vx? !M! sf] cg'kftdf -cg'dflgt nfut g]? !@,$%%_ j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ ;xof]u lbOg]5 .

;8s ;+rfngsf] cj:yfdf ;fgf ;fgf klx/f] tyf df6f]sf v;]sf l9:sfx?nfO{ t'?Gt} plrt k|ljlwaf6 ;kmf ul/g] 5 . 8\fOe/x?nfO ;r]t u/fpg jg, :s"n / cfjf; If]qdf xg{ ahfpg lgif]w ul/Psf ;fOgaf]8{x? /flvg]5g\ . Joj:yLt a:tL ljsf;sf] nflu hgr]tgf hufpg] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ul/g]5g . ;fy} ;+efljt b''3{6gf af6 hf]ufpg pko'Qm ;8s ;'/Iffsf pkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5g\ .

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] nflu !% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf >L ;dfrf/kq /fli6«o b}lgsdf lj=;+= !*÷!@÷@)&@ df k|sflzt u/L tTsflng lh=lj=;=, tTsflng ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=, lh=j=sf=, ljBfno, :jf:y rf}sL, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf AolQm jf ;+:yfx?af6 /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL k|sfzLt u/l/Psf] lyof] . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f agfpg] ;dodf ;8s lgdf{0f glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF–:t/Lo lgdf{0f tyf ;dGjo ;ldtLsf ;b:ox?, lzIfs tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . o;}sf] cfwf/df k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs ul/of] . o;}u/L PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s / /fli6«o k'glgdf{0f k|flws/0faf6 cfPsf] /fo ;'´fj ;dfj]z u/L k|fl/Des jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nfuL k7fO{g]5 . l:js[t k|ltj]bg ;/f]sf/jfnf / cGo AolQm jf ;+:yfx?sf] kx'rsf] nfuL uf]/vf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldtLsf] ;'rgf s]Gb|, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, /fli6«o k'glgdf{0f k|flws/0f tyf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) sf] j]e;fO6df /flvg]5 .

U'fgf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq (Grievance Redress Mechanism) :yfgLo lgsfo tyf k|efljt AolStx?sf] ;DalGwt u'gf;f]x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|To]s pkcfof]hgdf u'gf;f] lgbfg ;ldtL (Grievance Redress Committee) :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;ldlt dfkm{t k|efljt AolStn] cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt hgu'gf;f] p7fpg kfpg]5g\ . o; ;ldtLdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] jftfj/0f tyf ;fdflhs OsfOsf] k|d'vn] sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5 . jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf (Environmental Management Plan) o; k|ltj]bgdf jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf cGtu{t cfof]hgfaf6 kg]{ ;+efljt c;/x?, c;/x?sf] k|efj, Go"lgs/0f ljlw, cg'udg ljlw tyf sfo{tflnsf k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Go'lgs/0fsf pkfox?sf] tyf cg'udg sfo{sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfox?sf] klg klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs–cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts jftfj/0fsf ljleGGf cg'udg ;'rfÍx?sf] klg klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;d:6Lut ?kdf cfof]hgf :t/sf] cg'udg /fli6«o k'glgdf{0f k|flws/0f, dGqfnosf] jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg zfvfaf6 x'g]5 eg] pkcfof]hgf :t/sf] cg'udg k|To]s

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha iv lhNnf :t/Lo sfo{Gjog zfvfdf /x]sf] jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff sIf (Environmental Safeguard Desk) af6 x'g]5 . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfo{fGjog ug{ hDdf ? #,@*$,(^*=!! vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] ? !,&^#,(!)=^! l;len nfutdf ;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 . lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? £ofDk];fn – afsf]6– kfNv' – :jf‘/f – ;f}/kfgL pk–cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] ;sf/fTds k|efjx? gsf/fTds k|efjsf] t'ngfdf j9L dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] / nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] / gsf/fTds k|efjx? Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . of] ;8s pkcfof]hgfsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|of{Kt /x]sf] 5 . k|efjx?sf] Go"lgs/0f / ;+nUg jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha v Executive Summary (English)

Proponent This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report has been prepared for the construction of 8.2 km (Ch 9+100 to 17+300 km) long all weather district road connecting Bakot of Sulikot rural municipality-6 (then VDC) with Sulikot rural municipality-4 (then Saurpani VDC) in . The District Coordination Committee (DCC), Gorkha is the implementing agency at the district level under Asian Development Bank (ADB)/Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and Government of Nepal (GoN) funded Earthquake Emergency Assistance project (EEAP) and the proponent of the IEE study for the road sub-project. . Background EEAP is a project being implemented by covenant loan and grant assistance from ADB, grant technical assistance from SDC, counterpart funding from GoN participating districts and contributions from project beneficiaries. The goal of the project is to support Government of Nepal to accelerate rehabilitation and reconstruction following the devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will support the rebuilding of schools, roads, and district-level government buildings, and strengthen resilience to future disasters.

Rationale of the IEE Preparation of IEE for district road is mandatory according to Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2015, Rule relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2016, Working procedure relating to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2016 (first amendment, 2016) as well as ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. This IEE report of Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road sub project Gorkha district is prepared based on Terms of Reference (ToR) approved on 25/03/2016 A.D by the Secretary level decision of the Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development (MoFALD). Total road length in ToR was 30 km as per initial survey. However, initial 9.1 km has been taken by Department of Road for black topping and remaining length after Ch 17+300 is cancelled due to high grade. Therefore, IEE report has been prepared for the length of 8.2 km length only. With the promulgation of Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2015, final IEE report will be submitted to National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for approval.

Objectives of the IEE study The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio- economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement environmental management plan for the sub-project.

Methodology The findings and conclusions of the initial environmental examination report are based on the analysis of the information collected from the field from 10-20 April 2016 AD by undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the proposed route and secondary

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha vi information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the resettlement survey and detail survey.

Relevancy of the Proposal This proposed road is an upgrading of the existing road as it provides access to the Gorkha district headquarters Gorkha Bazaar and other parts of the country. This road will provide physical and economical accesses to the people within the Zone of influence (ZoI).

Description of the Project and its Environment The proposed Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani- Barpak road is a district road and has been proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction as all-weather road. The road formation width is 6.25 m and total length of this road is 8.2 km and total estimated project cost is NRs. 272,326,152.70 of which NRs. 245,979,916.00 is civil work cost.

The elevation of road alignment ranges from 1,058 m above msl at Ghyampesal to 1,358 m above msl at Barpak. This sub-project lies in sub – tropical region and the average maximum and minimum temperature is 210 C and minimum of 3.50 C respectively. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1,720 mm. The road mainly passes through agricultural land, forest land, barren land and settlement area. Total of 0.330 ha agricultural land 0.398 ha forest area, and 0.322 ha barren land and 0.030 ha build up area will be converted to the road built up area.

Geologically, the road lies in Lesser Himalaya of Western Nepal. The road passes through residual soil deposits. Majority of road passes through ranimatta formation followed by basic rocks, ulleri formation and Ghanapokhari formation. The road passes through Hudi khola (at various Ch 10+735, 11+010, 14+720 and 15+220). Ambient air and water quality in the proposed project area is found to be good and there’s no noise pollution

The dominant forest species reported along the forest of the road are Chilaune (Schima Wallachia), Katus (Castanopsis idica), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) etc., Badar (Macaca mulatta) is the wild animal reported in the forests of road corridor. Similarly, birds are Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Dhukur (Streptopella senegalensis) etc. The road does not fall under any protected or buffer zone area. However, the road passes through community forest and national forest.

There are 7 settlements along the ZoI of the proposed road in Sulikot rural municipality (then Takukot, Swara and Saurpani VDCs) with population of 4,030 persons (683 households). These settlements are Bahakot, Bhanjyang, Palkhu, Majhthar, Bhandari Gaun, Jhakriswara Saurpani and Simbu. Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar, Baram, Gurung, Thakuri, Muslim and Dalit (occupational caste) live within the settlements of this road.

The main occupation of the people residing along the proposed road is agriculture and livestock. People are carrying out other economic activities like working as labor, employment in government and non-government organizations, business and cottage industries.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha vii Beneficial Impacts The immediate beneficial impacts from road development are apparent in the construction phase like there will be various employment opportunities (skilled 8,970 and 32,792 unskilled person days). Other beneficial impacts include enhancement of local business, development in skills of local people from skill developing training, awareness raising training and involvement in the construction of the project.

During operation stage, an improved road access will bring an improvement of food security situation and overall economic and social stability. The road will also provide cheap, safe and fast transport of goods and services from rural areas to urban centers and vice versa. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the local markets along the road alignment like in Bahakot, Bhanjyang, Palkhu and Saurpani settlements. In addition, construction of road will lead to appreciation of land values particularly near the market and settlement areas.

Adverse Impacts The physical adverse impacts during construction of the road will be due to change in land use, slope instability and air, dust and water pollution and indiscriminate spoil disposal. Similarly, biological impacts during construction will be loss of 0.398 ha forest area and disturbance to wildlife and bird habitat. Total of 403 trees, 174 from the national forest, 41 from CFs and 188 from private land will be cleared. The road is not significant habitat of wildlife and therefore implementation of project will not have major mpact on their habitat.

Socio-economic impacts during the construction works will be loss of 0.330 ha agricultural land. During upgrading of the road, two houses at ch (13+880 and 15+300) will be affected. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected.

During operation stage, vehicular movement, monsoon rain and cutting of trees on the unstable slopes might result in slope instability and hence erosion and landslides might occur. Flowing water on the side drain of the road might cause erosion of soil on adjacent agricultural land. Vehicular emissions will result in air and noise pollution. Because of easy accessibility to the forest, it will affect forest resources and wildlife.

Benefit Augmentation Measures Life skill training such as income generation activities, construction of soft engineering structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted to improve their livelihood. Awareness rising for environmental awareness will be conducted. More emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.

Mitigation Measures Bioengineering will be done to stabilize slopes and spoils will be disposed in identified spoil disposal sites. There is provision of toe walls for balancing cut and fill volume. A separate Resettlement Plan (RP) has been prepared to address land and property acquisition as well as compensation issues. NRs. 24,625,179.20 has been allocated for compensation of land and structure and training from affected persons. The construction of road will be based on Contract. Affected families will be given high priority for employment and skill development trainings. The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles depending on the nature of the construction work. Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha viii constructed and disposal of excavated materials in the water bodies will be avoided. Workers will be provided with medicines and group accidental insurance facility.

Forestry clearance approval will be obtained from the District Forest Office (DFO) in order to fell tree from the construction site. DFO will be provided support for the compensatory plantation and protection for 5 years of 4,350 trees (estimated cost is NRs. 694,869.00) in national forest (at the ratio of 1:25). Likewise, CFUGs will be provided support through DFO for the compensatory plantation and protection for 5 years of 1,025 trees (with estimated cost of NRs 163,733.50) in their CFs (at the ratio of 1:25). Similarly, plantation of 188 trees (estimated cost is NRs. 12,455.00) will be done in private lands (at the ratio of 1:1).

During operation stage, minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology. Appropriate sign boards will be erected informing drivers about prohibition of blowing horns in the forest areas and potential areas for wildlife crossing. For developing managed settlement, awareness programs will be conducted. Appropriate road safety measures will be applied.

Public Consultation and Information Disclosure In order to prepare the IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road sub-project, 15 days public notice was published on 31/03/2016 A.D in Himalaya Times national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from then concerned VDCs, then DDC, DFO, CFUGs, schools, health posts and related local organizations. Public consultation was done with the local people living near the road, teachers and local leaders during the preparation of IEE report. Similarly, meetings were held with the local community in order to aware them of incoming road sub-project and to identify the possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project.

IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared in for public disclosure. Likewise, after the incorporation of comments from ADB and NRA, final IEE report will be sent for approval. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and the general public through the information center of Gorkha DCC and websites of NRA, ADB and EEAP.

Grievance Redress Mechanism A four level Grievance Redress Mechanism has been provision in project to address the grievances of local bodies and affected person. Affected person can register grievances related to project. These grievances will be addressed from sub-project level to Grievance Redress Committee (GRC).

Environmental Management Plan An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation and monitoring method and schedule. Different monitoring indicators on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment have also identified. Overall project level monitoring will be conducted through the environmental management section (EMS) of NRA whereas the sub- project level monitoring will be arranged through safeguard desk in each DTO. For the

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha ix Implementation of EMP, total amount of NRs. 3,284,968.11 has been proposed. Out of which, NRs 1,763,910.61 has been included in civil work cost already.

Conclusion and Recommendation The IEE study of the proposed Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani- Barpak road sub-project reveals that the benefits from the implementation of the proposed road project are more significant and long term in nature against the adverse impacts most of which could be mitigated or avoided. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the proposed road sub-project. This sub-project is recommended for the implementation with the incorporation of mitigation measures and environmental management.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha x ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Person CBO Community Based Organization CDC Compensation Determination Committee CDO Chief District Officer CF Community Forest CFUG Community Forest Users Group Ch Chainage CISC Central Implementation Support Consultants CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit CR Critically Endangered DADO District Agriculture Development Office DCC District Coordination Committee DDC District Development Committee DFO District Forest Office/Office DIA Direct Impact Area DIMU District Implementation Management Unit DISC District Implementation and Support Consultant DoLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads DOR Department of Road DLPIU District Level Project Implementation Unit DPR Detail Project Report DRCN District Road Core Network DSC Design and Supervision Consultant DTO District Technical Office EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project EFLG Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMG Environmental Management Guidelines EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management Section EN Endangered EPA Environmental Protection Act EPR Environmental Protection Rules FGD Focus Group Discussion GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GHG Green House Gases GO/NGO Governmental Organization/ Non-Governmental Organization GoN Government of Nepal GRC Grievance Redress Committee Ha Hectare

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xi

Hh Household IIA Indirect Impact Area ILO International Labour Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LAC Local Area Committee LC Least Concern LDO Local Development Officer LEP Labour based, environment friendly and participatory LR/nt Lower Risk/Near Threatened MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action NCB National Competitive Bidding NRA National Reconstruction Authority NRs Nepali Rupees NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products PIU Project Implementation Unit PMC Project Management Consultant PMU Project Management Unit RM Rural Municipality RoW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment STI Sexually Transmitted Infections TMO Transport Management Office ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nation VDC Village Development Committee ZoI Zone of Influence

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xii Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Implementing Unit ...... 2 1.3 Consultant ...... 2 1.4 Objectives of the ToR ...... 2 1.5 Objectives of the IEE Study ...... 3 1.6 Rationale of the IEE...... 3 1.7 Limitations of the IEE study ...... 3 2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work ...... 4 2.1 Location and Access ...... 4 2.2 Salient Features of the Sub-project ...... 8 2.3 Components and Activities of the Sub-project ...... 9 2.3.1 Construction Approach ...... 9 2.3.2 Construction Materials Required ...... 9 2.4 Implementation Schedule ...... 10 2.5 Human Resource ...... 10 2.6 Land Requirement ...... 10 2.7 Cost and Benefit ...... 12 2.8 Imapct Zone ...... 12 2.9 Environment Protection Policy ...... 12 3. Methodology Adopted ...... 13 3.1 Desk Study and Literature Review ...... 13 3.1.1 Preparation of Household Survey Questionnaire, FGD and Checklists ...... 13 3.2 Project Area Delineation ...... 14 3.3 Field Investigation ...... 14 3.4 Initial Interaction and Public Consultation ...... 16 3.5 Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impact ...... 18 3.6 Study Team ...... 20 3.7 Information Disclosure ...... 20 4. Description of the Existing Environment ...... 21 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 21 4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology...... 21 4.1.2 Land Use ...... 22 4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology ...... 23 4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ...... 23 4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality ...... 23 4.1.6 Seismicity of the Project area ...... 23 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 24 4.2.1 Vegetation & Forest ...... 24 4.2.2 Mammals ...... 26 4.2.3 Birds ...... 26 4.2.4 Protected Fauna ...... 26 4.2.5 Fish ...... 26 4.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ...... 27 4.3.1 District Context ...... 27

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xiii

4.3.2 Direct Impact Area ...... 27 4.3.3 Core Project Area ...... 32 4.4 Status due to Earthquake ...... 34 5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ...... 36 5.1 Beneficial Impacts ...... 36 5.1.1 Construction Phase...... 36 5.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 37 5.2 Adverse Impacts ...... 37 5.2.1 Construction Phase...... 37 5.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 40 5.3 Climate Change Impacts ...... 41 5.4 Cumulative Impact ...... 43 6. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 45 6.1 No Action Alternative ...... 45 6.2 Proposal Alternatives ...... 45 6.3 Alternative Alignment ...... 45 6.4 Alternative Design and Construction Approach ...... 45 6.5 Alternative Schedule and Process ...... 45 6.6 Alternative Resources ...... 46 6.7 No Forest Alternative ...... 46 7. Environmental Impact, Augumentation, Remedial and Mitigation Measures ...... 47 7.1 Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ...... 47 7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design ...... 47 7.2 Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures ...... 47 7.2.1 Construction Phase...... 47 7.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 48 7.3 Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 48 7.3.1 Construction Phase...... 48 7.3.2 Operation Phase ...... 52 7.4 Climate Change Impacts ...... 54 8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project ...... 55 9. Environmental Management Plan ...... 60 9.1 Institutions and Their Roles ...... 60 9.2 Implementation of benefit augmentation and mitigation measures...... 63 9.3 Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ...... 74 9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ...... 74 9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ...... 75 9.4 Matters to be monitored while implementing the Proposal ...... 76 9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring ...... 76 9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring ...... 76 9.4.3 Impact Monitoring ...... 77 9.4.4 Project Performance Monitoring ...... 77 9.4.5 Safeguards Monitoring ...... 77 9.5 Monitoring Parameters ...... 77 9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 77 9.5.2 Construction Phase...... 78 9.5.3 Operation Phase ...... 78 9.6 Monitoring Indicators ...... 79

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xiv

9.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 85 10. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 88 References ...... 89

List of Tables Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Gorkha District ...... 1 Table 2: Salient Feature of the Sub-project ...... 8 Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ...... 10 Table 4: Required Land to Acquire for the Road Construction ...... 11 Table 5: Categories of Several Project Affected Areas ...... 14 Table 6: Summary of Meeting Minutes ...... 17 Table 7: Summary of the Surface Geology along the Road ...... 21 Table 8: Land Use Type along the Road ...... 22 Table 9: Forest along Road ...... 25 Table 10: List of Protected Fauna Found along the Project Area ...... 26 Table 11: Distribution of Population with Household along the ZoI ...... 27 Table 12: Major Existing Agricultural Production (Cereals, Cash Crops, Livestock) ...... 29 Table 13: Summary of Public Educational Institution according to Settlement ...... 30 Table 14: Scope of Proposed Linkage ...... 31 Table 15: Religious, Cultural and Historical Sites ...... 32 Table 16: Rural Municipality along the Road ...... 33 Table 17: Other Facilities along the then VDCs ...... 33 Table 18: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project ...... 34 Table 19: Types of Climate Change Impacts, Possible Consequences for Transport and Insight from Climate Change Scenarios on Regions Affected and Associated Level of Confidence...... 42 Table 20: Review of Environmental Acts, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 55 Table 21: Institutions and Their Roles ...... 60 Table 22: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ...... 64 Table 23 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 66 Table 24: Environemntal Monitoring Cost ...... 75 Table 25: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ...... 75 Table 26: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ...... 79 Table 27: Compliance Monitoring for Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road ...... 80 Table 28: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road ...... 82

List of Figures Figure 1: Map showing Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road ...... 5 Figure 2: Map showing Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road ...... 6 Figure 3: Ecological Map of Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road Sub- project, Gorkha ...... 7 Figure 4: Geological Map of the Road Alignment and Surrounding Area ...... 21 Figure 5: Seismic Risk Map of Nepal ...... 24 Figure 6: Percentage of HHs with Occupation ...... 28 Figure 7: Land Holding Pattern of Settlements along the Road Corridor ...... 30

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xv

Figure 8: Number of Households Belonging to different Food Security Category ...... 31 Figure 9: Earthquake Affected District ...... 34 Figure 10: Housing Damage due to Earthquake...... 35 Figure 11: Source Of drinking water Damage due to Earthquake ...... 35 Figure 12: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ...... 63 Figure 13: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 86

Appendixes Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study ...... 92 Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ...... 103 Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 105 Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist ...... 108 Appendix V: Project Cost ...... 116 Appendix VI: Public Notice ...... 126 Appendix VII: Deed of Enquiry (Muchulka) ...... 128 Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letters ...... 142 Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes with Local People ...... 147 Appendix X: Socio-economic Data of Sub-project Area ...... 156 Appendix XI: Name of Organization Contacted ...... 159 Appendix XII: List of Persons Contacted ...... 160 Appendix XIII: Trees to be Cut Down ...... 161 Appendix XIV: Detail Information of Affected Private Structure ...... 175 Appendix XV: Photographs ...... 176

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha xvi

1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented with the loan financing of ADB, Swiss technical support and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). EEAP will support GoN to accelerate recovery and reconstruction following the devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The Project covers 12 affected districts1 in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal. The project will support rebuilding of schools, roads and district-level government buildings, and strengthening resilience to future disasters. A total of 450 km district roads damaged by the earthquakes and landslides will be rehabilitated and reconstructed under the EEAP. Project roads and bridges will be rehabilitated following the Build Back Better features for road safety and climate resilience.

2. Earthquake Emergency Assisstance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district road sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU), headed by Project Manager to implement the rehabilitation and reconstruction program. CLPIU is supported through its District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU). The technical and environmental supervison is supported by DCC/DTO.

3. Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palku – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak road in Gorkha District is 8.2 km long, earthen district road that is proposed for upgrading. The sub-project has been given a high priority as it provides access to the northern part of Gorkha District (Sulikot Rural Municipality) to district headquarter Gorkha Bazaar and other parts of the country. Upgrading of this road will provide easy physical and economical access to the people within zone of influence (ZoI). After the road upgrading, this road can serve as a means and catalyst for different development activities like water supply, irrigation, health and education facilities etc. in the area. Local products can get market with improved transportation facility so that people from the area may have better earning opportunities.

4. The project affected then Takukot, Swarpani, Swara VDCs are now restructured as wards of Sulikot Rural Municipality (RM), then office of Takukot VDC will be the centre of Sulikot Rural Municipality. Office of then DDC, Gorkha has been acting as office of District coordination committee (please refer Table 1 for detail).

Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Gorkha District

VDC Mentioned in Report Ward of then VDC Current Reformation Swara VDC 1-9 Sulikot Rural Municipality -3 Saurpani VDC 1-9 Sulikot Rural Municipality -4 Takukot VDC 1-9 Sulikot Rural Municipality -6

1 Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavre, Dolakha, Ramechhap, Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Chitwan, Gorkha, Lamjung and Sinduli

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 1 1.2 Implementing Unit 5. This IEE Report has been prepared for rehabilitation and reconstruction of 8.2 km long (Ch 9+100 to Ch 17+300 km) district road connecting Bakot of Sulikot Rural Municipality-6 (then Takukot VDC) with Sulikot Rural Municipality-4 (then Saurpani VDC) in Gorkha District.

6. The District Coordination Committee (DCC), Gorkha is the implementing agency at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) and the proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of road sub-project.

Address: District Coordination Committee, Gorkha Phone: 064-420144/420238 Email: [email protected] Fax: 064-420377 Website: http://www.ddcgorkha.gov.np/

1.3 Consultant Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC) Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Ekantakuna, Lalitpur P.O. Box 113 Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43 Fax No: 977-1-5543144 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.drilpnepal.org

7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of BEAM Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Cemeca Consultant Pvt. Ltd and Digicon Engineering Consult Pvt. Ltd.

BEAM Consultants Pvt. Ltd Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 01-5542783/ 5520577 Website:http://www.beamconsultant.com Email: [email protected]

1.4 Objectives of the ToR 8. The ToR acts as a guideline for the preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the sub-project to fulfill the requirements GoN as well as ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. Besides, other specific objectives of the ToR were:

 To identify the different environmental issues that are consequences of the Sub-project activities  To delineate the specific activities to perform on IEE study,  To identify all the potential beneficial and adverse impacts likely to arise as a result of the implementation of the Sub-project,

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 2  To set out a time frame with the required expert manpower for carrying out the IEE study together with the necessary budget required,  To systematize the Working Procedures,  To identify data requirements and describe methodologies to collect data and information,  To provide framework for accomplishing the work within specified timeframe.

1.5 Objectives of the IEE Study 9. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and to propose mitigation measures to avoid, mitigate, reduce and minimize such impacts. The specific objectives of the proposed IEE study include to:

 identify the major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area  recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement environmental monitoring plan for the sub-project  make sure that IEE is sufficient for the proposed road sub-project  Provide information on the general environmental setting of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palku – Swara – Saurpani area as baseline data.

1.6 Rationale of the IEE 10. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental consequences of the rural road construction activities and suggest appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision, September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads. Therefore, it is a legal requirement by the Government of Nepal (GoN) to carry IEE for district road according to clause 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure relating to Environemntal Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures (First Amendment, 2016).

1.7 Limitations of the IEE study 11. The study has following limitations.

 Plan for roadside plantation is prepared however, area is not specified.  Recommendation of detail spoil management plan is suggested, however, it has not been attached as a part of IEE.  Site specific EMP has to be prepared during the construction phase.

2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 3 2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work 2.1 Location and Access 12. The proposed Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palku – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak road sub- project lies in the northern part of Gorkha District in western Development Region of Nepal. It starts from Bakot of Sulikot Rural Municipality-6 (then Takukot VDC) at an altitude of 1,058 m above msl. It passes through major settlements like Takukot, Majhthar, Simbu, Jhaktiswara, Bhandari Gaun and ends at Sulikot Rural Municipality-4 (then Saurpani VDC) at an altitude of 1,358 m above msl. This road is an upgrading of the existing road. The road does not pass through any protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas.

13. This earthen road has been proposed for blacktopped road as upgrading for rehabilitation and reconstruction. The road passes through forests, cultivated land, barren land and settlement area crossing streams (khola/kholsi) at some location.

14. The road sub-project is accessible through Abukhairini-Gorkha Highway. Gorkha bazar is nearest bazar from road sub-project which is around 34 km. Similalry, another market area is Patechaur, which is 16 km from Ghyampesal (9 km from road head). The road meets Abukhairini-Gorkha Highway through Daraundi Link Road. Daraudi Link road is around 16 km from 12 kilo bus stand along the Abukhairini-Gorkha Highway. And, the road head of sub-project heads 4 km North from Daraundi Link Road at then Takukot VDC. The location of the road is illustrated by the Figure 1, 2 and ecological features by the Figure 3.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 4 End point

Start point

Figure 1: Map showing Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road Sub-project, Gorkha District

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 5

Figure 2: Map showing Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road Sub-project, Gorkha District

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 6

Figure 3: Ecological Map of Ghyampesal- Bakot- Palkhu- Swara- Saurpani Road Sub-project, Gorkha

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 7 2.2 Salient Features of the Sub-project Table 2: Salient Feature of the Sub-project

Parameter Descriptions Start point Bakot of Sulikot Rural Municipality-6 (then Takukot VDC), 84o72’78’’ N and 28 o11’55’’ E End point Sulikot Rural Municipality-4 (then Saurpani VDC), 84o70’50’’ N and 28 o 11’55’’ E Project starting date April, 2016 Project ending date June, 2019 Geographical features Terrain Rolling Alignment Ridge and Valley Altitude 1,058 m to 1,358 m Altitude at starting point 1,058 m Altitude at ending point 1,358 m Climate Sub-tropical Soil Residual soil Classification of road District Road Core Network (DRCN) Length of Road 8.2 km Existing Road Earthen Proposed Pavement Blacktop with Premix Carpet and Semi-Grout macadam for grade higher than 12% Construction period Three Years Minimum radius in 10 m horizontal curve Minimum grade 0.5% Maximum grade 12% DTMP code 36DR023 Name of settlements Takukot, Majhthar, Simbu, Jhakriswara, Bhandari Gaun, Saurpani No. of households 683 Rural Municipality (then Sulikot Rural Municipalit (then Takukot, Swara and Swarpani VDCs) along the road VDCs) Cross-section Right of way 10 m on either side from centerline of the road Formation width 6.25 m Carriage way 3.75 m Retaining structures Stone Masonary wall 2,112.74 m3

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 8 Parameter Descriptions Gabion Retaining wall 2,605.00 m3 Bioengineering works 863,910.61 (NRs.) Earthwork Cutting 119,862.64 m3. Filling 12,107.56 m3. Total Civil Cost (NRs.) 245,979,916.00 Cost per Kilometer of 22,155,053.81 construction work (NRs.) Mitigation Cost (NRs.) 1,371,057.50 Monitoring Cost (NRs.) 150,000.00 Total EMP Cost (NRs.) 1,521,057.50 Bio-engineering Cost 863,910.61 (NRs.) Total Project Cost NRs 272,326,152.70 (NRs.) Employment generation (Total person days) Skilled 8,970 Unskilled 32,792

2.3 Components and Activities of the Sub-project 15. Total length of the road is 8.2 km with 6.25 m formation width. Project components are: construction of drainage structures like side drain (covered trapezoidal, open trapezoidal, open cascade and closed cascade), pipe culvert, retaining structures like stone masonry wall, gabion retaining and breast wall as well as earthwork like cutting and filling. Bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the activities during the construction of this road sub-project.

2.3.1 Construction Approach 16. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out employing Labour by the contractor with following features.

 Use of (external) labour, hand tools and small equipment and heavy machinery for construction.  Balancing cut and fill as well as reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and managing excess spoils as far as possible.  Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.

2.3.2 Construction Materials Required 17. The construction materials like gravel and aggregrates can be extracted from Budi Gandaki river which is about 10 km from Ghyampesal. Other construction materials such as

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 9 cement, reinforcement, GI wire and hume pipes will be procured from Patechaur which is about 25 km from proposed road.

2.4 Implementation Schedule 18. Following Table 3 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.

Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule

S. Activities 2016 2017 2018 N I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 1 Detailed survey, design and estimate 2 Preparation of resettlement plan 2.1 Life skill and income generation training 3 Environmental Assessment and Implementation 3.1 IEE report preparation and approval from NRA and ADB 3.2 Implementation of EMP 3.3 Environmental Monitoring 4 Work Implementation 4.1 Civil construction work by Contractor Note: I - January, February, March II - April, May, June III - July, August, September IV - October, November, December

2.5 Human Resource 19. The project requires both skilled and unkilled human resource. Total 13,512 person days skilled and 46,237 person days unskilled human resource are required to carryout civil work activities.

2.6 Land Requirement 20. Land use pattern of the area through which the road passes have been classified into four types; settlement area, agricultural land, forest land and barren land. The road requires 2.52 ha of additional land for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of road. 0.54 ha of settlement area, 1.13 of barren land, 0.55 ha of agriculture land and 0.29 ha of forest is required for as shown in Table 4.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 10 Table 4: Required Land to Acquire for the Road Construction Type of Chainage Length Existing Additional Existing Additional Total Land, From To (m) width (m) width (m) Area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) Ownership Agricultural 9+100 9+150 50 4.5 1.75 0.023 0.009 0.031 land, 9+750 9+800 50 4.5 1.75 0.023 0.009 0.031 Private 10+250 10+280 30 4.5 1.75 0.014 0.005 0.019 10+450 10+460 10 5 1.25 0.005 0.001 0.006 10+520 10+530 10 5 1.25 0.005 0.001 0.006 10+540 10+550 10 4.5 1.75 0.005 0.002 0.006 10+560 10+580 20 4.5 1.75 0.009 0.004 0.013 10+600 10+910 310 4.5 1.75 0.140 0.054 0.194 11+200 11+220 20 5 1.25 0.010 0.003 0.013 11+270 11+550 280 5 1.25 0.140 0.035 0.175 12+700 12+750 50 5 1.25 0.025 0.006 0.031 14+150 15+300 1150 4.5 1.75 0.518 0.201 0.719 Sub-Total 1990 0.914 0.330 1.244 Barren 9+150 9+450 300 4.5 1.75 0.135 0.053 0.188 Land, 11+550 12+100 550 5 1.25 0.275 0.069 0.344 Private 12+750 13+755 1005 4.5 1.75 0.452 0.176 0.628 17+100 17+300 200 5 1.25 0.100 0.025 0.125 Sub-Total 2055 0.962 0.322 1.284 Forest, 9+450 9+750 300 4.5 1.75 0.135 0.053 0.188 Public 9+800 10+250 450 4.5 1.75 0.203 0.079 0.281 10+280 10+450 170 4.5 1.75 0.077 0.030 0.106 10+460 10+520 60 4.5 1.75 0.027 0.011 0.038 10+530 10+540 10 5 1.25 0.005 0.001 0.006 10+550 10+560 10 5 1.25 0.005 0.001 0.006 10+580 10+600 20 4.5 1.75 0.009 0.004 0.013 10+910 11+200 290 4.5 1.75 0.131 0.051 0.181 11+220 11+270 50 4.5 1.75 0.023 0.009 0.031 12+100 12+700 600 5 1.25 0.300 0.075 0.375 13+755 13+850 95 5 1.25 0.048 0.012 0.059 13+880 14+150 270 5 1.25 0.135 0.034 0.169 15+500 17+100 1600 6 0.25 0.960 0.040 1.000 Sub-Total 3925 2.056 0.398 2.453 Build up 17+100 13+880 30 4.5 1.75 0.014 0.005 0.019 area, 13+880 15+500 200 5 1.25 0.100 0.025 0.125 Private Sub-Total 230 0.114 0.030 0.144 Total 8200 4.046 1.08 5.125 (Source: Field survey, 2016)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 11 2.7 Cost and Benefit 21. Length of this road is 8.2 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total project cost of the road from Ch 9+100 to Ch 17+300 km is estimated to be NRs. 272,326,152.70 (Refer Appendix Vb) and civil work cost is NRs. 245,979,916.00 (Refer Appendix Va). It provides access to the northern part of Gorkha District to district headquarter Gorkha Bazaar and other parts of the country.

2.8 Imapct Zone 22. The project will have direct impact on ward 3, 4 and 6 of Sulikot Rural Municipality (then Swara, Saurpani and Takukot VDCs) and indirect impact on remaining wards of Sulikot Rural Municipality of Gorkha District. Detail on delination of impact zone is given in Chapter 3, Table 5.

2.9 Environment Protection Policy 23. The project has aimed to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in build back better features for road safety and climate resilience. The project activities are primarily guided as per National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S., Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S., Rule relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. Project has carried out IEE study and prepared the report as per the Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (First Ammendment, 2016 A.D.) and Environment Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) of ADB.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 12 3. Methodology Adopted 24. ToR was approved on 2072/12/12 B.S. (25/03/2016 A.D) by the Secretary level decision of Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development (MoFALD) which is given in Appendix I as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997. Total road length in ToR was 30 km as per initial survey. However, initial 9.1 km has been taken by Department of Road for black topping and remaining length after Ch 17+300 is cancelled due to high grade. Therefore, IEE report has been prepared for the length of 8.2 km length only. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and environmental checklist (Appendix IV) were also considered during IEE report preparation. Necessary information was collected through literature review and field study to accommodate all issues as included in the approved ToR to analyze environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural issues.

25. The IEE approach, methodology and procedure were followed according to the provisions of the Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures (First Amendment, 2016). It followed methodology suggested in the approved ToR for IEE Study (review of literature, sample survey/inspections/observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment).

26. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have been identified, mitigation measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.

3.1 Desk Study and Literature Review 27. IEE study team collected and reviewed the available secondary sources of information for physical, biological, socio-econmic and cultural envionment. a. Physical Environment 28. From various available sources of secondary information (e.g. Topographical Map, Regional Geological Map, DHM, MoPE, and information on topography, geology and precipitations, temperatures were reviewed and collected. b. Biological Environment 29. The important secondary sources of information were reviewed from relevant literatures including other projects IEE/EIA reports, then VDC Profiles, and websites of MoPE, DoF, MoFSC, and DNPWC. c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 30. During desk study necessary secondary data and information were gathered from related organizations/institutions. These documents were reviewed and relevant information for the study was assembled.

3.1.1 Preparation of Household Survey Questionnaire, FGD and Checklists 31. During desk study the survey tools such as household survey questionnaire, FGD and environemntal checklists were prepared for physical, biological and socio-econmoic and cultural environment, based on the ToR for IEE study.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 13 3.2 Project Area Delineation 32. The project influence area and the impact area were identified during the preparation of ToR. Such areas were delineated based on the field conditions and nature of project development using the similar past experiences of the experts involved in the IEE process. Based on the environmental impacts of the project, the project-affected areas are classified as the following Table 5.

Table 5: Categories of Several Project Affected Areas

Category Description

Directly Impact Area Construction areas of project activities. Such area includes (ward level) the formation width, Right of Way (RoW), and ancillary structure sites camp facilities area, excavation area /quarry sites and stock piling sites including their access components. (Considering administrative boundary: Sulikot Rural Municipality – 3,4 and 6) Indirectly Impact Area Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low (RM level) impacts. Such area covers area beyond the DIA and within 100 meters each side from the centerline of road including a buffer area of about 100 meters from the ancillary structure sites. (Considering administrative boundary: Sulikot Rural Municipality) Zone of Influence 1.5 hours walk from the road within the settlement of then (Settlement level) project VDCs (Swara, Saurpani and Takukot), excluding zone of influence of similar or higher category roads) through which the road traverse. Project Affected District Project district, the districts where the project shall be implemented, Gorkha District

3.3 Field Investigation 33. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 10/04/2016 to 19/04/2016 AD (2072/12/28 BS to 2073/01/07 BS) by the the IEE study team. During field investigation, different tools (i.e checklists, questionnaires, and guidelines) were used individually for each component of environment. In addition to, data and information gathered through secondary information were also validated during field visit. Various steps used as per domin are discussed as follows. a. Physical Environment 34. The main techniques used to investigate physical environment include direct observation and study of the topography and consultation with locals. Applying such approach, information and data on physical environment such as topography/terrain types, land use, geology, soils, slope stability, landslide/soil erosion prone zones were generated and gathered.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 14 35. The information and data on topography/terrain types (i.e elevation, aspects, and slopes) were generated with the help of GPS, tpographic maps), google earth image, and compass. Then the investigated data and information were gathered systemically. Regional eological map, geological hammer, measuring tape and digital camera as per need including checklist were used for investigation of necessary data and information. Surface geology of the road alignment was measured and described in the site.

36. Slope stability and natural hazards information were investigated through topography/terrain observation and with consultation of local people. Likewise, landslide and soil erosion prone sections were observed critically. Field investigation was based mainly on site observation and key informants' interviews.

37. Present air, water and noise pollution’s qualitative data was collected through direct observation, consultation with local people. Study of land use types was carried out mainly through field observation with the help of strip map, topographical maps and consultation with local key informants. During detailed field investigation land use data available from Walkthrough Survey was also verified. b. Biological Environment 38. Relevant information and data were collected through alignment walkthrough, discussions with knowledgeable key informants, CFUGs and other stakeholders at the site. In general, possible impact on forest area, especially on road formation width (i.e. especially 6.25 m including areas with drains and other structures) were discussed. Name and address of forest with chainage, forest type by management, existing road width in forest area. Name and number of trees species to be cut from each forest and private land were identified with the help of member of CFUG. Total eneumeration was done for tree loss assessment. For information on terrestrial as well as avifauna, consultation was done with member of CFUGs and other forest user groups, and key informants involved in the forest related activities including local knowledgeable persons. Data on NTFPs was collected through direct observation and consultation with locals. c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 39. Local enumerators and assistants were hired for administrating household survey questionnaire from the project affected area. They were trained on survey methodology, tools and process to identify likely affected land plots and their owners for household census survey. Then, the trained local enumerators and assistants were mobilized for administrating household survey and data collection. The Socio-economic Surveyor supervised the enumerators whereas the Socioeconomist and the Team Leader monitored the data collection process in the field. Field survey for collection of baseline data/information on socio-economic and cultural environment was conducted in the proposed project area (i.e. road alignment from Bakot of Sulikot Rural Municipality – 6 (then Takukot VDC) with Sulikot Rural Municipality – 4 (then Saurpani VDC).

Households (HHs) Survey 40. The detailed household survey was carried out with all project affected households whose land and other properties (e.g. structures, fruit, fodder, timber trees) was to be fallen within corridor of impact and would be permanently acquired. The project affected households were identified after delineating likely affected parcels of land on Cadastral

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 15 Survey Map and with the help of local key informants especially who were involved in walk through survey time. Trained local enumerators visited each identified households and interviewed the household heads or/ available respondents and filled out the survey forms under direct supervision of Socio-economic Surveyor and monitoring by the Socio- economist.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 41. This method was administrated with local community within the major clusters / locations. In general, the participants were local persons of the affected households including other households from the project community. The discussions was focussed to record the existing baseline socioeconomic condition including opinion, issues and concerns of the project affected people and stakeholders related to the proposed road project. The FGD also gave opportunities to interact with the concerned public and stakeholders, to know their concern, views and suggestions on road alignment route and location, land acquisition, relocation of private and public infrastructure and utilities, including other social issues and concerns, and to know their view on likely environmental issues/impacts and suggestions and advices need to be considered in the IEE study.

Key Informants Interview (KII)/Stakeholder Consultation and Observation 42. The KII technique was applied among the key informants and the relevant stakeholders such as local elite people, community leaders, school principles / teachers, business and governmental and nongovernmental organizations / institutions. With the help of KII technique information on socioeconomic and cultural environments and also potential impacts due to project intervention were gathered. In addition, overall observations were made and photographs were taken to cross check the data and information.

3.4 Initial Interaction and Public Consultation 43. During the IEE report preparation, district project team met, discussed and interacted with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal, then DDC, municipality, then VDC in the district head quarter and teachers, community based organization member and knowledgeable key persons of surrounding areas within the Zone of Influence (ZoI), please refer Appendix XI & XII). In order to ensure public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.

44. Publication of notice – According to Working Procedure relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, 7 days notice had to be published in national daily newspaper. However, 15 days public notice was published in 2072/12/18 B.S. (31/03/2016 A.D), Himalaya Times, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix VI) seeking written opinion from concerned then VDCs, DFO, then DDC, schools, health posts and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the above mentioned organizations and a deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VII for deed of inquiry). Recommendation letters were also obtained from the VDCs and Thampakha CFUG as given in Appendix VIII.

45. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and related stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions. Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information regarding the bio-

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 16 physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road sub-project. A summary of meeting minutes with local people is given in Table 6 and the meeting minutes are in Appendix IX.

Table 6: Summary of Meeting Minutes SN Date Place for No. of Issues and Decisions of Meeting Public Participants Meeting Male Female 1 2072/12/30 BS Sulikot RM - 6 10 7  Proper drainage system should 2016/04/12 AD (then Guthi, be built up. Takukot-5/6)  Afforestation on ZoI of road for construction of greenery road.  Compensation for affected households.  Physical structures should not be destroyed. 2 2072/12/30 BS Sulikot RM - 6 13 5  Preservation of forest, chautari 2016/04/12 AD (then Palkhu , and Deurali. Takukot-4)  Conservation of historical places.  Road should be blacktopped as soon as possible and during construction water should be sprayed for mitigating pollution.  Proper drainage system should be built up.  At the sources of water the road should not be constructed.  Road construction should be done by proper grading and technically with minimum mistakes. 3 2072/12/30 BS Sulikot RM - 3 11 9  Reduction on deforestation. 2016/04/12 AD (then Majhkot,  Compensation for affected Swara-6) households.  Proper drainage system should be built up.  Road should be blacktopped as soon as possible for health access. 4 2073/01/03 BS Sulikot RM - 4 6 8  There may arise negativity on 2016/04/15 AD (then Simbu, the village with the development. Swarpani-9)  Road may affect the village therefore retaining wall should be constructed.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 17 SN Date Place for No. of Issues and Decisions of Meeting Public Participants Meeting Male Female 5 2073/01/02 BS Sulikot RM - 4 9 6  With road there will be easy 2016/04/14 AD (then access to health and education Jhakriswara, facilities. Swarpani-9)  Compensation for affected households.  Road should be wide and better. 6 2073/01/02 BS Sulikot RM - 4 14 16  Proper drainage system should 2016/04/14 AD (then be built up. Bhandari  Reduction on deforestation. Gaun,  Compensation for affected Swarpani-9) households. 7 2073/01/02 BS Sulikot RM - 4 14 6  Reconstruction of Government 2016/04/14 AD (then and non-governmental offices Saurpani, and private properties of affected Swarpani-4) households due to the Earthquake.  Road should be blacktopped as soon as possible.  Environment and natural resources should be maintained and preserve and should be less affected.  Road should be built without any political issues and road should be strong & sustainable  Easy import and export facility.  Priority on tourism and natural resources for sustainable road. (Source: Field survey, 2016)

3.5 Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impact a. Data Analysis and Interpretation 46. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 18 Physical Environment 47. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography (i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyesd. For instances, measure discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. Likewise, slope stability in rocks was analyzed with the help of dip version 5.1. The output of analyzed information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.

Biological Environment 48. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. Forest type with management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare and Threatened Plant Species published by GoN.

Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 49. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as required. Similalrly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was analysed to create the existing baseline. Suggestions made by the local people and stakeholders' during public consultation was was considered for benefit augmentation measures and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are proposed. b. Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method Impact Identification 50. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may trigger due to project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were categorized as per environmental domain (i.e physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the assessment.

Impact Prediction Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.

Impact Assessment/Evaluation 51. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline environmental conditions of the affected environment with the project activities in relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term). Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 19 3.6 Study Team 52. Field investigation of the project area was carried out by a multidisciplinary IEE study team.The study team members are listed below.

Team Member: Dr. Madhav Giri – Environment Expert Ms. Nita Adhikari – Environment Expert Ms. RamanKala Majakoti – Environment Expert Mr. Tulsi Giri – Sociologist Mr. Madan Neupane – Geologist Mr. Hari Krishna Shrestha –Road Engineer Mr. Ram Prasad Pathak – Biologist

3.7 Information Disclosure 53. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts, recommended mitigation measures and the EMP has been prepared and distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned Rural Municipality, then VDCs for public disclosure. The draft IEE report will also be kept in information centre of DCC Gorkha for public disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews and group discussions. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and the general public through the information centre of Gorkha DCC and websites of EEAP. The following offices will get the approved IEE report.

1. District Coordination Committee, Gorkha 2. District Technical Office, Gorkha 3. Sulikot Rural Municipality, Gorkha 4. National Reconstruction Authority 5. Ministry of Population and Environment 6. Asian Development Bank, Nepal Resident Mission 7. Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Earthquake Emergency Assistance project

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 20 4. Description of the Existing Environment 54. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio- economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows.

4.1 Physical Environment 55. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.

4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology Geology and Soil type 56. Geologically, the road lies in the Higher Himalayan of Western Nepal. The road passes through alluvial and colluvial, residual soil deposits. Majority of road passes through Ranimatta formation followed by basic rocks, Ulleri formation and Ghanapokhari formation. The details of the geology of the road are given in the Table 7 and Figure 4 below.

Table 7: Summary of the Surface Geology along the Road S.N. Chainage Geology and Details From To soil 1 9+100 9+200 Basic rocks Basic types of rocks including alluvial, colluvium. 2 9+200 16+400 Ranimatta Grey greenish, grey grittly phyllites, grilstones with Formation Conglomerates and white massive quarzites in the upper parts basic instrusions are noted. 4 16+400 17+300 Ghanapokhari  Black to grey Carboneus slates and green Formation shales.  Chour carbonates white to grey compact dolomite and dolomitic limestones interbedded with shales beds. (Source: Geological map of Central Nepal)

(Source: Geological map of Central Nepal) Figure 4: Geological Map of the Road Alignment and Surrounding Area

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 21 Landslides and Slope Stability 57. Slope Stability depends on the existing geological structures, lithology of the rock units, soil type, topography and hydrological condition of the particular sides. The active gully and rills in the colluvium surface exhibits high mass waste phenomena. The slope with loose colluvium soil is highly susceptible to sliding after water saturation due to increased pore water pressure, which ultimately increases the driving force.

58. Very few cut slope failures are observed along the road alignment. There is very less chances of occurring failure because of opposite natural hill slope. Chainage 11+250- 11+320, 11+540 - 11+650 and 11+800 - 11+850 is landslide prone area of the road.

59. Along the road alignment where the loose soil exposed and prone area of the groundwater, it is suggested to manage the drainage surface water and apply the bioengineering works.

4.1.2 Land Use 60. Land use pattern of the area through which the road passes have been classified into three types; settlement area, agricultural land, forest land and barren land as shown in Table 8 below.

Table 8: Land Use Type along the Road

Chainage Type of Land Land Ownership From To 9+100 9+150 Agricultural Land Private 9+150 9+450 Barren Land Private 9+450 9+750 Forest Public 9+750 9+800 Agricultural Land Private 9+800 10+250 Forest Public 10+250 10+280 Agricultural Land Private 10+280 10+450 Forest Public 10+450 10+460 Agricultural Land Private 10+460 10+520 Forest Public 10+520 10+530 Agricultural Land Private 10+530 10+540 Forest Public 10+540 10+550 Agricultural Land Private 10+550 10+560 Forest Public 10+560 10+580 Agricultural Land Private 10+580 10+600 Forest Public 10+600 10+910 Agricultural Land Private 10+910 11+200 Forest Public 11+200 11+220 Agricultural Land Private 11+220 11+270 Forest Public

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 22 Chainage Type of Land Land Ownership From To 11+270 11+550 Agricultural Land Private 11+550 12+100 Barren Land Private 12+100 12+700 Forest Public 12+700 12+750 Agricultural Land Private 12+750 13+755 Barren Land Private 13+755 13+850 Forest Public 13+850 13+880 Build up area Private 13+880 14+150 Forest Public 14+150 15+300 Agricultural Land Private 15+300 15+500 Build up area Private 15+500 17+100 Forest Public 17+100 17+300 Barren Land Private (Field survey, 2016)

4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology 61. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The sub-project has sub-tropical climatic condition with average maximum temperature of 21°C and average minimum of 3.75°C. The average annual rain fall of the district is 1,720 mm (DCC, Gorkha). It crosses Hudi khola at four chainage (10+735, 11+010, 14+720 and 15+220).

4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area 62. Though most of the road passes through hill area, there are no significant problems of active landslides. Landslide prone area is at the chainage (11+250 to 11+320, 11+540 to 11+650 and 11+800 to 11+850).

4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality Ambient Air Quality 63. This is existing road alignment; however air quality observed is normal as no heavy vehicle runs in this road.

Noise 64. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.

Water Quality 65. Water quality in the road section is observed to be good since it is used for drinking purpose and there is no biotic interference. There is no defecation problem observed near and around the drinking water sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to the accumulation of silt.

4.1.6 Seismicity of the Project area 66. As we know, the evolution of the great Himalayan arc is the result of collision between the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and as the Himalaya lies in the plate

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 23 boundary, the region is considered as one of the active seismic zone of the World. Being a part of the Himalaya, Nepal is considered to be an active seismic zone. The existence of tectonic features such as MCT, MBT, HFT and other active regional faults further accelerates the rate of seismic risk. However, the project area is fairly far from such features. In order to determine seismic coefficient, a seismic design code for Nepal has been prepared. Bajrachrya (1994) divided the whole country into five seismic risk zones (Figure 5). According to the map of Bajracharya (1994), the road sub-project lies in the medium seismic risk zone of Nepal (Figure 5). However, Gorkha District was one of the affected districts due to the major Earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015.

Project Area

(Source: Bajracharya, 1994) Figure 5: Seismic Risk Map of Nepal

4.2 Biological Environment 4.2.1 Vegetation & Forest 67. The project area is dominated by trees characteristic Sub-tropical Broadleaved Forest like Chilaune (Schima wallichii) and Katush (Castanopsis indica) at higher elevations. Additionally, there are representations of Sub-tropical Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii) Forest and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) Forest with small tree, shrubs, and grasses. . This contains diverse types of plant species. Majority of large tree species have high timber and industrial value.

68. Species namely, Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Khiroo (Sapium insigne) and Bakaino (Melia azedarach) are the dominated species found in the road side. The road passes through National Forest (NF) and Community forest (CF). The details of national and community forest are given in Table 9.

69. Titepati (Artemisia spp), Tejpat (Cinnamonum tamala), Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) etc. are NTFP reported along the forests of the proposed road.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 24 Table 9: Forest along Road

Name of Chainage Length Main Floral Species Total Handed Mammals Found Birds Found along Forest, From To (m) area of Over along the C.F C.F Address, Forest date Condition (ha) Thampakha 13+755 13+850 95 Chilaune (Schima Not 2070 Deer (Muntiacus Kalij (Lophura CFUG, then 13+880 14+150 270 wallichii), Bakaino (Melia Available muntjak), Badar leucomelanos) Saurpani -3, azedarach), Uttis (Alnus (Macaca Luinche (Gallus Medium nepalenses) , Khiroo mulatta) gallus), Jureli (Sapium insigne) Shyal (Canis (Hypsiperes sp), aureus) National 9+450 9+750 300 Uttis (Alnus nepalenses), N/A N/A Malshapro Luinche (Gallus forest, 9+800 10+250 450 Chilaune (Schima (Martef gallus), Pigeon Bahakot, wallichii), Bakaino (Melia flabigula), (Columba livia), Titre 10+280 10+450 170 then azedarach) Banbiralo (Felis (Francolinus Takukor-5, 10+460 10+520 60 chaus), Shyal francolinus) Medium 10+530 10+540 10 (Canis aureus 10+550 10+560 10 10+580 10+600 20 10+910 11+200 290 11+220 11+270 50 11+220 11+270 50 12+100 12+700 600 15+500 17+100 1600 Total 3925 (Source: Field survey, 2016)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 25 70. Number and species of trees directly affected by the road is given in Appendix XIII a, b and c. The road does not fall under any protected or buffer zone area.

4.2.2 Mammals 71. Jackal (Canis aureus), Monkey (Macaca mulatta), Lokharke (Ratufa bicolor), Nyauri Musa (Herpestes urva), Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Janglee Biralo (Felis chaus), Fyauro (Vulpes vulpes), Leopard (Panthera pardus) are the wild animals reported in the forests of proposed road area.

4.2.3 Birds 72. Similarly, birds reported in the forests of the road alignments are Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Pigeon (Columba livia), Dhukur (Streptopella senegalensis), Titre (Francolinus francolinus), Jureli (Hypsiperes sp), Crow (Corvus splendens), Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Gauthali (Hirundapus caudacutus) and Luinche (Gallus gallus) etc.

4.2.4 Protected Fauna 73. The sub-project corridor provides habitat for different types of mammals. The mammals found along the road corridor are Badar (Macaca mulatta) and Jackal (Canis aureus) etc.

74. The protected fauna found in the forest along road corridor area given in Table 10.

Table 10: List of Protected Fauna Found along the Project Area

SN Local Scientific Name Remarks Name IUCN 2008 CITES Code GoN

1 Badar Macaca mulatta NT Appendix II3 2 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC 3 Deer Muntiacus muntjak LC 4 Banbiralo Felis chaus LC Appendix II 5 Shyal Canis aureus LC 6 Pegion Columba livia LC Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, (Source: Field survey, 2016)

75. Number and species of trees directly affected by the road is given in Appendix XIII a, b and c. The road does not fall under any protected or buffer zone area.

4.2.5 Fish 76. Fishes found in the river area are Asala (Schizothoraichthys progastus), Goira (Acanthocobitis botia), Til kabre (Myersglanis blythii), Singhe (Heteropneustes fossilis) and Hile (Channa orientalis), Katle Machha (Accrocheilus spp), Kabre (Pseudecherieis serracula) etc.

3 Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 26 4.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 4.3.1 District Context 77. The proposed road lies in Gorkha District. According to CBS 2011, there are 66,506 households with total 271,061 populations. Among them, 121,041 are males and 150,020 are females. The average household size is 4.08 and population density is 75 / km2. Among the 66,506 HHs, few households were absentee and therefore CBS had interviewed 66,458 HHs only. Out of 66,458 HHs, 41,743 HHs use water from pipeline, 18,640 from sprout, few (20 HHs) have tube well facility and remaining households depend on other sources of water. In term of energy for cooking, 56,049 HHs use firewood, 7,214 HHs use LP gas, 268 HHs use kerosene and remaining household use cow dung, electricity etc. Most of the households (50,788) use electricity for lightning, followed by 11,131 HH using kerosene (2,890) and few household have solar panel too. 17,916 HHs had not constructed toilet, remaining HHs have toilet with/without flush system.

4.3.2 Direct Impact Area Population Distribution, Caste/Ethnicity and Occupation 78. There are 7 major settlements along the road. The proposed road passes through Sulikot RM (then Takukot, Swara and Swarpani VDCs), with the total population of 4,030 persons with 48.38 % of male and 51.61 % of female distributed in 683 Households (HHs) as shown in Table 11. Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar, Gurung, Thakuri, Muslim and Dalit (occupational caste) live within all the settlements of the proposed road.

Table 11: Distribution of Population with Household along the ZoI Total Population Caste/ SN Settlement Then VDC & Ward HHs Male Female Total Ethnicity Newar, Baram, Sulikot RM - 6 (then 1 Bahakot 150 280 380 660 Thakuri, Gurung & Takukot-5/6) Dalit Sulikot RM - 6 (then 2 Palkhu 54 180 130 310 Newar & Gurung Takukot-4) Sulikot RM - 3 Baram, Gurung & 3 Majhkot 56 200 150 350 (then Swara-6) Thakuri Sulikot RM - 4 (then 4 Simbu 52 150 170 320 Gurung Swarpani-9) Sulikot RM - 4 (then 5 Jhakriswara 60 200 250 450 Gurung Swarpani-9) Bhandari Sulikot RM - 4 (then 6 59 240 350 590 Gurung Gaun Swarpani-9) Sulikot RM - 4 (then Brahmin, Chhetri, 7 Saurpani 252 700 650 1,350 Swarpani-4) Muslim, Newar & Dalit Total 683 1,950 2,080 4,030

Percentage 48.38 51.61 (Source: Field Survey, 2016)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 27 79. All of the households are involved 100.00 Agriculture & 4 in agriculture and livestock (please refer 100 Livestock Figure 6). High number of household are 90 Labour & Porter engaged in labour work (64.57%). Some 80 households (11.13%) are employed as 70 64.57 Business / 60 business and commerce. Very less Commerce households are engaged in Cottage 50 industry (2.34%). Some households are 40 Cottage Industry percentage percentage employed in government and 30 nongovernment jobs (14.93%). Details 20 14.93 GO / NGO 11.13 are shown in Appendix Xa. Employees 10 2.34

0 Occupation (Source: Field survey, 2016) Figure 6: Percentage of HHs with Occupation

Local Economy 80. The economy of the area is predominantly agriculture based. However, large number of households are engaged in labour and porter work. With growing closeness of the project area with market centres and district headquarters, farming as well as market linkage of medicinal herbs, potato and goat in a commercial manner seems to gain momentum in presence of transportation facility.

Migration Pattern 81. According to Field Survey 2016, almost two third of the households (404 HHs) temporarily migrates to Golf counties and Kathmandu for wage and labour works. The seasonal migration is not in practice. Details of migration pattern according to the settlements are shown in Appendix Xb.

Farming Pattern 82. Major crops that are cultivated in the project area are Maize, Rice, Millet, wheat etc. Major cash crops grown are oils, potato, vegetables and ambriso etc. Details of farming pattern of the people according to the settlements are shown in Table 12.

Livestock 83. Cows, buffaloes, goat and Poultry are main livestock reared along the ZoI of the proposed road. Details of farming pattern of the people according to the settlements are shown in Table 12.

4From the graph it shows that the agriculture and livestock is primary occupation for all the people living in road corridor and they have secondary occupation as well.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 28 Table 12: Major Existing Agricultural Production (Cereals, Cash Crops, Livestock)

Cereals Crops cash crops Livestock and Fisheries

Settlement Pig Rice Goat Millet Maize Cattle Wheat Potato phaper Poultry Ambriso Tobacco Oil Seeds Beans/Dal Vegetables Bee-keeping

Bahakot 3 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 4 2 1 3 0 0 Palkhu 3 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Majhkot 3 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 4 2 1 3 0 0 Simbu 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Jhakriswara 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Bhandari 0 3 1 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Gaun Saurpani 2 4 1 3 5 1 4 2 3 0 0 2 1 3 5 4

Industry, Trade and Commerce 84. Some local people are engaged in grocery and tea shop. The area has potentiality of the livestock rearing such as cow, Buffalo, goat, and Poultry farming. The major items that are exported from project area are goats, hens, buffalos and some medicinal herbs and potatoes. Goods of daily commodities are major imports in the project area, which includes salt, sugar, packed food items, spices, clothes and other items of daily uses. Average travel time ranges from hour to 4 hour to reach the settlement from the road head.

Business Facilities 85. There are 4 lodges in Bahakot Bhanjyang, 2 lodges in Majhthar 1 lodge in Simbu, 3 lodges in Saurpani. Likewise, 18 HHs in all settlement are engaged in running tea shops and 46 grocery shops. 18 household’s except in Simbu, Jhakriswara and Bhandari Gaun are engaged in stationery, medicine and fancy/clothes. Details about business and commerce according to the settlements are shown in Appendix Xc.

Public Services and Infrastructures 86. There are various social sector facilities and infrastructure in different settlements as given below. Details about business and commerce according to the settlements are shown in Appendix Xc.

Communication and Electricity 87. None of households have electricity from national grid line. However, 171 households have electricity from solar system and 510 HHs have electricity supply from micro hydro. All households use mobile for communication purpose.

Education, Health 88. There are 4 high schools in Bahakot Bhanjyang, Palkhu, Majhthar and Saurpani with 2,334 students. There are 6 primary schools with 551 students located in majority of the settlements of project ZoI. Detail of Education facility is shown in Table 13.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 29 Table 13: Summary of Public Educational Institution according to Settlement Settlement Educational institute Campus High School Primary School Total No. Student Total No. Student Total No. Student Bahakot 1 550 1 45 Palkhu 1 600 Majhkot 1 584 1 120 Simbu 1 81 Jhakriswara 1 85 Bhandari Gaun Saurpani 1 600 2 220 Grand total 0 0 4 2,334 6 551

89. There are 2 health posts one each at Palkhu and Saurpani settlement. There is 1 veterinary each in Majhthar settlement.

Water Supply and Sanitation 90. People of project area depend on either gravity flow or spring/dug wells for drinking water. There are 52 public taps and 2 spring/dug wells distributed all over the settlement within ZoI.

91. All the households have permanent toilet facility in all the settlements within ZoI.

Irrigation 92. None of households have irrigation facility. Farmers depend on rain water for irrigation during summer season.

Other Infrastructure 93. There are 10 weaving industry, 3 furniture industry, 6 rice and flour mill, 4 cooperatives, 16 community centers, 1 playground.

Land holding pattern 94. The Figure 7 shows the land holding pattern within the 10.40% ZoI of the road sub-project. It <10 ropani shows that majority of households (66.18%) have less than 10 ropani land. About one – 23.43% fourth households (23.43%) 10 to 20 have 10 to 20 ropani of land. ropani Few households (10.40%) have land more than 10 ropani (1 66.18% ha=19.6 ropani). However, none >20 ropani of households are landless. For details refer Appendix Xd.

(Source: Field survey, 2016) Figure 7: Land Holding Pattern of Settlements along the Road Corridor

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 30 Food Security

95. The Figure 8 below shows 4.39% the number of households Sufficient belonging to different food security for 9 category. Nearly two third months to 1 year households (61.93%) have enough food for three to nine months. Very 33.67% few households have food Sufficient for 3-9 sufficiency for nine months to whole months year (4.39%). About one third households (33.67%) have food 61.93% sufficient for less than 3 months. Sufficient None of the households have for less surplus food as this area is food than 3 deficit area. For details refer months Appendix Xe.

(Source: Field survey, 2016) Figure 8: Number of Households Belonging to different Food Security Category

Potential Area for Development 96. Most of the settlements are potential for agriculture and livestock rearing. There is potentiality for commercial horticulture and tourism development. For details refer Appendix Xf.

Scope of Proposed Linkage 97. People from all the settlements will be directly benefited through development in agriculture, education, health, food security sector. For details refer Table 14.

Table 14: Scope of Proposed Linkage

Settlement Directly benefited Description of potential development Sector

Bahakot Agriculture,  Cheap and quick transportation facility, Education, employment in construction activities, Palkhu Employment  Easy access to varieties of seeds, tools Majhkot generation, and market linkage to agricultural and non- Transportation, agricultural production, Simbu Health & Tourism  Build new infrastructure,  Market extension, Jhakriswara  Quick transport of books and stationary, Bhandari Gaun  Timely treatment and availability of medical facilities, Saurpani  Increase in land value,  Tourism promotion.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 31 Religious, Cultural and Historical Sites 98. Religious, cultural and aesthetic site within the ZoI are mentioned in the Table 15. However, these sites are not affected by the construction of the road.

Table 15: Religious, Cultural and Historical Sites

Settlement Resource Location Description From Road Bahakot & Ganesh than Temple 5 min Daily worshiped by Newar community Bhanjyang Narayansthan Sita cave 2 hours Different natural importance and celebration during chaite dashain festival Bhawani danda 15 min View purpose for beautiful and natural scene

Gaijatra 5 min Own cultural and historical Bhimsen jatra importance Palkhu Bhimsen Temple 5 min Partial damage due to Earthquake Bhimsen jatra 5 min Celebtaring from past times. Majhthar Bahumale Temple 25min Important place for buddist religion Sita cave 30min Big cave Sulikot 1 ½ hour Scenic view Simbu Bhairavsthan 15min Cultural importances Jhakri swara Devisthan 10min Worshiping from many many years. Bhandari Bhairavsthan 30min Worshiping from many many years. Gaun Kagate 30min Natural scenic view and bird viewing Loshar festival 30min New year of gurung community Swarpani Muldevi temple 1min Source of water for irrigation to hudiphat and old gyajikot Shiv temple 2min Baraha temple 10min Sita cave 30min Special program during Ram nawami festival (Source: Field survey 2016)

4.3.3 Core Project Area 99. Road passes through the ward 3, 4 and 6 of Sulikot RM (then Saurpani, Swara and Takukot) VDCs consisting of 3,012 households and a total population of 13,540. Among them 5,944are males and 7,596 are females. (Please refer table 16 for detail).

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 32 Table 16: Rural Municipality along the Road Then Reconstructed Total Population Caste/Ethnicity VDCs Municipality HH Male Female Total Saurpani Sulikot Rural 1,325 2,614 3,344 5,958 Brahmin/ Chhetri/ Gurung/ Municipality-4 Baram/ Dalit Swara Sulikot Rural 785 1,665 2,048 3,713 Brahmin/ Chhetri/ Gurung/ Municipality-3 Baram/ Dalit Takukot Sulikot Rural 902 1,665 2,204 3,869 Brahmin/ Chhetri/ Gurung/ Municipality-6 Baram/ Dalit Total 3,012 5,944 7,596 13,540 (Source: CBS 2011)

100. According to CBS 2011, Saurpani VDC has a HH size of 4.5. 943 HHs use water pipe to fulfil drinking water requirement. For cooking purposes, 1,304 HHs use firewood, 9 HHs use kerosene, 4 HHs use LP-gas and 3 HHs use Bio-gas. Remaining households use other energy sources like cow dung. 714 HHs in Saurpani VDC use electricity for lighting while 566 HHs use kerosene. About 37 HHs use alternative solar energy for lighting houses. 679 HHs of this VDC are without toilet facility at home while 286 HHs have flush toilet and 360 HHs have ordinary toilets. Similarly, Swara VDC has a HH size of 4.73. 466 HHs use water pipe to fulfil drinking water requirement. For cooking purposes, 774 HHs use firewood, 4 HHs use kerosene, 5 HHs use LP gas and none of HHs use Bio-gas. Remaining households use other energy sources like cow dung. 137 HHs in Swara VDC use electricity for lighting while 522 HHs use kerosene. About 124 HHs use alternative solar energy for lighting houses. 562 HHs of this VDC are without toilet facility at home while 152 HHs have flush toilet and 71 HHs have ordinary toilets. Finally, in Takukot VDC, there is a HH size of 4.29. 229 HHs use water pipe to fulfil drinking water requirement. For cooking purposes, 876 HHs use firewood, 3 HHs use kerosene, 11 HHs use LP-gas and Bio-gas each. Remaining households use other energy sources like cow dung. 376 HHs in Takukot VDC use electricity for lighting while 432 HHs use kerosene. About 93 HHs use alternative solar energy for lighting houses. 299 HHs of this VDC are without toilet facility at home while 134 HHs have flush toilet and 469 HHs have ordinary toilets. Detail is given in the Table 17 below.

Table 17: Other Facilities along the then VDCs Then VDCs HH Drinking Cooking Lighting Toilet size Water

gas Water/pipe Water/pipe Kerosene Firewood gas LP Bio- Electricity Kerosene Solar Without toilet Flush Ordinary Saurpani 4.5 943 9 1304 4 3 714 566 37 679 286 360

Swara 4.73 466 4 774 5 0 137 522 124 562 152 71 Takukot 4.29 229 3 876 11 11 376 432 93 299 134 469 (Source: CBS, 2011)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 33 4.3.4 Socio-economic Profile of the Project Affected Households 101. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households status. The affected families were included only within the road length. The road affects 16 families along the road alignment. The socio – economic survey was carried for 16 families as interviewed households. The interviewed households have 102 populations with average 6.37 family sizes. The area is inhabited by janajati, Bramhin and Chhetri community. Out of total interviewed families, 10 are janajati and 6 are Brahmin/Chhetri. The detail is given in the Table 18 below.

Table 18: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project

S.N. Variable Count 1 Total affected households 16 2 Female headed HHs 2 3 Janajati HHs 10 4 Brahmin/Chhetri HHs 6 (Source: Households Survey, January 2017)

102. The survey showed that the maximum families are engaged in agricultural activities and few are involved non-agricultural activities. The average agricultural income of the 16 affected families is NRs 100,000 annually. Similarly, the average food sufficiency of the APs from their own agriculture production is 9 months. However, the APs major income source is the non-agricultural sector which remains unaffected by the sub-project. The APs are involved in small business activities, like grocery shop, tea shop, restaurants etc. The other non-agricultural incomes of the interviewed HHs are remittance, private and government services and wage labor. The APs will be incorporated in Income Restoration and Rehabilitation Training program under RP.

4.4 Status due to Earthquake 103. Most rural homes badly damaged and people are forced to live in tents. 91% of houses destroyed, 318 human casualties, and 548 of 594 government schools are destroyed (as reported in District-wise summary record). Most of the houses of ZoI are damaged by the earthquake. The devastating earthquake mostly destroyed the physical properties rather than human beings. Please refer Figure 9 for earthquake affected districts.

Figure 9: Earthquake Affected District

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 34 Summary of the earthquake in Gorkha District

104. On 25 April 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal with its epicenter in Gorkha District, approximately 81 km North West of the country capital, Kathmandu. Another earthquake of magnitude 7.3 followed on 12 May 2015 in . REACH, through its partnership with the Global Shelter Cluster, was deployed to Nepal to facilitate the development of a comprehensive shelter and settlements recovery strategy for the Nepal Shelter Cluster, and establish a baseline for analysis of the recovery process. The data presented in this factsheet is the result of a stratified, random survey of 122 households, including those with damaged and non-damaged shelters. Findings can be generalized at district level with a 95% level of confidence and a 10% margin of error.

Housing Damages in Gorkha

105. It was reported that 98% of the households were reported to be damaged by the earthquake (please refer Figure 10 and 11).

Figure 10: Housing Damage due to Earthquake

Figure 11: Source of drinking water Damage due to Earthquake

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 35 5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment 106. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out by considering the proposed proposal activities examined in terms of the construction and operation stage. Several such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey and information obtained from the stakeholders, with a few being identified on value judgment. The impact of the activities will be on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources within the ZoI. Impacts from the proposed road sub project can be both beneficial as well as adverse. Most of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7.

5.1 Beneficial Impacts 5.1.1 Construction Phase Employment Generation and Increase in Income 107. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the road during the construction stage is the creation of employment opportunities for the external people which business creates opportunity for the local people. The road construction will create 32,792 of unskilled and 8,970 skilled jobs. Employment generation for the local people will minimize seasonal migration to other parts of the country, as well as to foreign countries. There will be positive impacts in other economic activities in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. This is one of the direct and high impacts of the projects but it is of short-term and local in nature.

Enterprise Development and Business Promotion 108. During the construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into operation in order to meet the demand of workers. Since they will have good purchasing power, they will regularly demand for different types of food, beverage and other daily necessary items. To meet these demands, many local and outside people may operate a number of small shops and restaurants around the vicinity of the construction sites. Various farm based enterprises, including a wide range of agricultural and livestock products, will also gain momentum as a result of increased demand by labours during construction. This will increase local trade and business in the area during construction period. The impact is also direct, low, local and short term in nature.

Rent from Land Acquired Temporarily during Construction 109. During the construction period there is a need to acquire private land temporarily in order to set up campsite, stockpile the construction materials, etc. Thus, the local people whose land has been acquired for such purposes will be provided with the rent of his land. This will ultimately enhance his income and serve positively to upgrade the economic status of his family. However, this positive impact will be of low magnitude, short term and site specific in nature.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 36 Women Empowerment 110. All the people will be benefited from the road construction. However, women may be benefited more from improved access to the market centers and various service providing agencies like health centers, banks, training institutions, women development office etc. 20% of women participation is provided in labor work bio-engineering and plantation activities during the construction of road. Frequency of visit to such agencies will increase awareness level and empower them. The project will have indirect, high, local and long-term impact.

5.1.2 Operation Phase Improvement in Accessibility and Saving of Time and Transportation Cost 111. After the completion of road will enhance the easy access to 3,012 households with total population of 13,540 of then Takukot, Swara and Swarpani VDC to social services, and quick transportation of goods and business. Travelling time will be reduced by half and the cost of transportation will be cheaper by around two times. This is the direct, regional impacts and will have long-term benefits.

Access to Inputs and Services 112. Once the road project is completed, the people living within the road corridor will have easy access to cities and markets. This will enhance the transaction of goods and access to social services. Access to input and services will increase, which will be cheaper due to transportation facility. This is the direct, high, regional and will have long term benefits.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers 113. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the minor local markets along the road. The farmers will be more interested to increase agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources. There will be many non-farm employment opportunities for the growing rural population especially for occupational caste groups due to extension of market center and development of small towns. Similarly, market linkage of Commercial products and the cash crops will get high priority. The project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Appreciation of Land Value 114. Construction of the road leads to appreciation of land values, particularly near the market and settlement areas. It is expected that land price will increase by two times due to the construction of the road. Local people can start their own business by mortgaging their land. The impact is indirect, high, local and long term in nature.

5.2 Adverse Impacts 5.2.1 Construction Phase Physical Aspects Change in Land Use 115. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use. Due to the rehabilitation and reconstruction of road, there will be additional conversion of 0.330 ha Agriculture land, 0.398 ha Forest, build up area

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 37 0.030 ha and 0.322 ha barren land in to the road changing, the 1.08 ha land further. Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of road. The impact from changes in land use will be high, direct, local and long term in nature.

Hazards due to Spoil Disposal 116. Fresh cuts also invite landslides and erosion, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are; gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of vegetation, crops and property at downhill. The impact from spoil disposal will be direct, medium, site specific and long term in nature.

Slope Instability and Soil Erosion 117. Removal of vegetation and open cuts with soil exposed to rain will cause soil erosion as well as landslides. The stability of slopes along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock discontinuities and hydrological conditions. Instability and soil erosion prone areas are seen from chainage 11+250 - 11+320, 11+540 - 11+650 and 11+800 - 11+850. The likely impact of slope instability and soil erosion is indirect, medium, site specific and long term in nature.

Disruption of Surface Water Flow and Drainage (Drainage and Cross Drainage Works etc.) 118. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting the stability of the road. The impact will be indirect, site specific and medium term.

Air Dust, Noise and Water Pollution 119. Although the air quality of the project area is not measured, the air does not appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may affect the local people and workers, as well as agricultural crops. Dust may create nuisance to markets, schools and health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.

120. The project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However, use of rock breaker, excavator and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the workers and people living in nearby areas. The impact of noise will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.

121. The water quality within the project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of water in the water bodies within the project area appears to be fairly good as they are widely used by households for drinking purpose. During construction, water bodies may be polluted by spoil and construction wastes, open defecation in natural streams by construction workers. The impact will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.

Impact due to Quarrying 122. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials. The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts can damage the local environment. The construction materials like gravel and aggregrates can be extracted from Budi Gandaki river which is about 10 km from Ghyampesal. The potential

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 38 adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. The likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be direct, low in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.

Location of Camp Sites and Solid Waste Management 123. Camps are necessary for the sub-project. So, in contractor package, contactor needs to establish camps for the workers as they will be hired from outside. Siting of camp may cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage, solid waste and black water waste problems. The impact will be direct, medium significance, site specific and for short-term.

Construction Equipment Vehicles 124. The contractor based construction will use machineries and tools. The related negative impacts are increase in air pollution due to emission of smoke and dust, and increase in vibration due to vehicular movement. The likely impact from the operation of vehicle and equipment will be direct, high in magnitude, local nature and short term duration

Use of Bitumen 125. Bitumen is required for black topping which needs heating before using. Contractors tend to use local fuel wood collected from nearby forest to heat bitumen. Spillage of bitumen also damage soil productivity. The impact will be direct, high, local and long term.

Biological Aspects Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation 126. In total, 0.398 ha of forest will be affected due to this sub-project. A total of 403 of trees (188 trees from private land and 174 from NF and 41 for Thampakha CF) need to be cut down, refer Appendix XIIIa-c for detail. The impact on vegetation/forest resources have been considered to be high in magnitude, site specific in extent.

Impact on Wildlife and Bird Habitat 127. The proposed area is not a significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However, the construction of the road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor. The movement of labor, use of construction equipments, and noise during construction may affect the home range of the fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.

Impact on Aquatic Life 128. The proposed area is not a significant habitat aquatic life. However, road crosses Hudi khola at many chainages and haphazard disposal of spoil may disturb aquatic life of Hudi khola. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and short term in nature.

Impacts on Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) 129. However, the proposed area is not significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. The construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor due to increased noise level. Some protected wild fauna such as Syal (Canis aureus), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), and Monkey (Macaca mulatta). The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 39 Socio-economic Aspects Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity 130. In total conversion 0.330 ha of agricultural land will be acquired for the sub-project. Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the agricultural productivity of their land. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local in extent and of long term in duration.

Impact on Private Properties 131. During upgrading the road, two houses at ch (13+880 and 15+300) will be affected as given in Appendix XIV. The impact will be direct, high, site specific and long term in nature.

Impact on Community Infrastructure 132. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected.

Occupational Health, Safety and Sanitation 133. This earthen road is proposed to blacktopped road for the rehabilitation and reconstruction due to the devastating earthquake. Thus, during construction the labor are exposed to different level of risks. The potential impacts to health are respiratory and eye diseases due to the exposure on dust, risk of accident during works. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.

Conflict between Local and Construction Workers 134. Employment opportunity and increased income level may bring social nuisance like increase in alcohol consumption, gambling which may cause conflict between local and construction workers. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.

Human Trafficking 135. Workforce from outside the project area can increase the contact with local people. The increased contact can increase the chances of human trafficking. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.

5.2.2 Operation Phase Physical Aspects Road Slope Stability and Management 136. There is possibility of slope instability caused by the opening of branch roads connecting village settlement with RM /DCC funding. Likewise, inadequate maintenance of the road, blockage of drains and human activities such as grazing and irrigation water may cause slides and slope failure. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long term in nature.

Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution 137. During operation period, a number of vehicles will ply along the road and will emit gaseous pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road corridor. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water sources. As this road falls under DRCN, the vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will be direct, low, local and long term.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 40 Biological Aspects Depletion of Forest Resource 138. The forest resources depletion may occur due to ineffective drainage works, inappropriate spoil disposal and construction practices. The development of market centers may exert pressure on forest and eventually depleting the forest resources. To meet the increasing needs of the forest products, illegal felling/cutting of poles and trees may occur. Operation of road may increase in timber smuggling due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.

139. The pressure on forest resources during road operation is likely to occur. The mitigation measures recommended are awareness raising programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests.

Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting 140. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the forest area will have impact on the wildlife and bird species. There may occur illegal hunting during operation period by the people from market areas due to easy accessibility. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Fragmentation of Ecosystem 141. The road passess through 3925 m length of CF and NF. The road is in already operation stage and proposed for rehabilitation only, with the intervention of project, there will be no ecosystem fragmentation.

Socio-economic Aspects Ribbon Settlement Development 142. Increased opportunities for trade and commerce along the roadside will attract people to build shops, restaurants, stalls and hotels and may encroach RoW. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term in nature.

Road Safety Measures 143. Movement of vehicles in the road will invite accidents. Moreover, inadequate provisions of road safety measures like no provisions of signals and lack of enforcement of traffic rules during operation period may invite accidents. The impact will be direct, medium, local and long term in nature.

Cultural Invasion and social disputes 144. Inflow of people from around the surrounding area along the RoW of the proposed road alignment during the operation stage will bring drastic differentiation on the local culture. Large number of local people would change their culture and this cultural transformation is likely to bring conflict in the community. This impact is indirect, low significance, site specific and medium-term in duration.

5.3 Climate Change Impacts 145. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas. The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 41 precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.

146. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions, of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures) which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g. Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and operations.

147. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures) for more detail refer Appendix II and Table 19

Table 19: Types of Climate Change Impacts, Possible Consequences for Transport and Insight from Climate Change Scenarios on Regions Affected and Associated Level of Confidence. Climate Projected trends and magnitude Overview of potential impact on impact transport system Increased Increase in frequency, intensity Asphalt rutting summer Increase in inter-annual overheating of diesel engine temperature variability and changes in cold and warm extremes larger and faster than the corresponding changes in mean. Increased Reducing constraints for road Winter maintenance, Temperatures Change construction seasons Increased In summer, the region would Flooding of land transport Precipitation experience increased precipitations infrastructures, and amount but decrease rainfall wet pavements and safety risks. flooding days. Trends would be inconsistent. Embankment collapse, Winter seasons; The regions would More frequent landslides and experience less associated risks. precipitation. Extreme Expected extreme wind speeds Damage to infrastructure on winds roads, pipelines, road signs Disturbance to transport electronic infrastructures, signalling, etc.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 42 Temperature and rainfall- Most of the respondents of the zone of influence felt that both summer and winter temperature is increasing remarkably since last decades. People have noticed that the rainfall days are decreased in last 8-10 years, however amount rainfall is IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha almost the same. It means both drought and cloud burst scenarios are increasing nowadays due to erratic rainfall.

Flash floods, as associated with heavy rainfalls (in case of thunderstorms for instance) are expected to become more frequent in this region. There is only one stream named Hudi khola. So, it might affect the road during the rainy season.

Landslides and soil erosion are the consequences of multi-factors, including soil moisture – as influenced by rainfalls intensity, soil types and slopes. Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road lies in the hilly region. So, there is possibility of flood, landslides and soil erosion.

5.4 Cumulative Impact 148. Cumulative impact is the impact caused due to the natural calamity (earthquake) and its aftershocks for a long period. Some of the impact caused by the devastating earthquake and its aftershocks are as follows.

 Landscape patterns  Water quality and quantity  Air quality  Transportation patterns  Noise level  Visual character  Damage houses due to earthquake and construction of road  Expansion of the cracks  Soil erosion

149. There are no other projects which will cause significant impacts in the surrounding of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Sub-project in Gorkha District. However following cumulative impacts may arise due to the construction of this road sub-project.

Beneficial Impacts 150. There will be increase in number of immigrants, due to various infrastructure facilities such as employment generation during road construction. The availability of the road can enhance the business, market and other infrastructural developments.

151. Construction of road will enhance the access of people by reducing travel time and costs as well as quick transportation of goods. Various farm based enterprises, including a wide range of agricultural and livestock products, will also gain momentum as a result of transportation facilities. Vegetables, fruits, cash crops, sale of farm, fruit and livestock products will be increased in almost all the settlements along the road corridor. Similarly,

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 43 there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources.

152. Due to an increase in employment opportunities, trade, business and agricultural income, money will be channelled into the local economy. This will increase income level of the individual household and the local community. It is possible that some money may be spent by the individual for community development activities such as education, school, health and sanitation services.

Adverse Impacts 153. Fresh cuts also invite landslides and erosion, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands and crops as well as property at downhill. The concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting the stability of the road.

154. This sub-project passes through four community forests. Minimum vegetation loss from the forests during construction of the road will be considered. Increase in vehicular movement will further affect the movements of wildlife. Felling of 403 trees, further change in land use due to potential trading opportunity and increased number of vehicles will lead to high GHGs emission as well as low carbon sequestration. Similarly change in land use might accelerate soil erosion.

155. Loss of private properties, crops and trees from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households. Increased opportunities for trade and commerce along the roadside will attract people to build shops, restaurants, stalls and hotels and may encroach RoW. Movement of vehicles in the road may invite accidents. Also pollution might increase with vehicular movement. The socio – economic aspect might disappear slowly. The aftershock of the devastating earthquake may affect the stability of the road and might collapse the built up road.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 44 6. Analysis of Alternatives 156. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub- project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following sub-sections.

6.1 No Action Alternative 157. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the Proposal. This alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.

6.2 Proposal Alternatives 158. Then Gorkha DDC has selected Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road sub-project as it provides access to west and south part of district.

6.3 Alternative Alignment 159. This is an existing track and the only route to connect Ghyampesal with Barpak. Therefore, other alternative alignment has not been surveyed.

6.4 Alternative Design and Construction Approach 160. There are two types of road design approach-conventional and green road approach. In conventional method, heavy machineries and equipment, explosives, heavy concrete structures with the application of bituminous surfacing, side drains, bridges and culverts etc. are extensively involved. On the other hand, labour based, environment friendly and participatory (LEP) approach or the green road approach focuses to conserve the delicate mountain ecology through the protection of vegetation cover as means of soil conservation.

161. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NCB approach by using local labour and spoil disposal is balanced with cutting and filling as far as possible. There will be minimum use of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction. Simple dry stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are used to the maximum extent possible.

6.5 Alternative Schedule and Process 162. During the rainy season, construction work is stopped to allow the natural compaction of the road. The road construction work will be carried out during the remaining months.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 45 6.6 Alternative Resources 163. The physical resources consumed during the construction of the proposed road will mainly include boulders for gabions and stones for dry stone masonry and gabion walls. The proposed construction will optimally use the local people and local materials.

6.7 No Forest Alternative 164. This is a existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction passing throug a CF and a NF. The project would have no impact on the community forest and national forest. The widening of the road to prescribed standard is expected to affect a very narrow strip of forest at few shorter sections. Realignmet of the road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private land that increase compensation and resettlement cost. Additional forest to be affected by the project is only about 0.39 ha. Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road sub-project. However, the use of forest land is limited to formation width only.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 46 7. Environmental Impact, Augumentation, Remedial and Mitigation Measures 165. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified, predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation measures.

7.1 Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase 166. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are preventive in nature and have two basic objectives. a. Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and b. Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road construction and operation.

7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design 167. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.

168. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have been addressed under respective mitigation measures. Therefore, no separate mitigation measures are warranted for the concerns raised by the local people.

7.2 Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures 7.2.1 Construction Phase Employment Generation and Increase in Income 169. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

 Uplifting the socioeconomic condition of the affected people through the life skill training  Awareness programme for the locals.

Enterprise Development and Business Promotion 170. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Rent from Land Acquired Temporarily during Construction 171. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Women Empowerment 172. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 47 7.2.2 Operation Phase Improvement in Accessibility and Saving of Time and Transportation Cost 173. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Access to Inputs and Services 174. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers 175. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Appreciation of Land Value 176. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

7.3 Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures 7.3.1 Construction Phase Physical Aspects Change in Land Use 177. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land into built up area.

. Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the remaining land will not be lost due to erosion. . Roadside plantation of trees will be done within corridor of impact to discourage encroachment of land for settlement to encourage greenery . During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.

Hazards due to Spoil Disposal 178. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

. Adopting cut and fill balance. . Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas etc. . Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land . Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques after surplus material is tipped. . Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farmland, marshy land, forest areas, natural drainage path, canals and other infrastructures. . After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and adequate protection against erosion. . Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.

179. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. Adopted guidelines for retaining structures are as per DOR. In this project, the types of retaining

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 48 structures are Gabion retaining wall, stone masonry retaining wall, Stone masonry Breast Wall and Stone Masonry Revetment Wall.

180. Spoil disposal management plan will be prepared for the proper disposal of spoils. Proposed spoil disposal sites are at 3 places at the chainage of 11+400, 15+300 and 16+400. Suitable materials obtained from excavation will be used for embankment filling, and backfilling of structures. Despite this, the surplus excavated materials obtained will be disposed at construction site as required. Wherever possible, the surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas. Dry stone toe walls are required in some locations for disposal of spoils.

Slope Instability and Soil Erosion 181. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.

 Ensuring minimum cut slope  Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type  Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native plant species  Adoption of bio-engineering techniques  Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction  No construction work during rainy season  Mass balancing in cut and fill volume  Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes

Disruption of Surface Water Flow and Drainage (Drainage and cross drainage works etc.) 182. In order to address this, following mitigation measures will be under taken.

. Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area, . Avoid surface water discharge into farmland or risky locations, . Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal of spoils. . Adopt outward road slope as per green road standard to minimize water accumulation

183. Stone Masonry causeways will be constructed at following chainage required to mitigate the water induced adverse impacts; Ch 9+300, 9+480, 9+720, 10+660, 12+980 and Gabion Barrier will be constructed at Ch (9+200, 9+280, 10+240, 11+380, 11+400, 11+440, 11+560, 11+620, 11+640 and 13+180.

Air Dust, Noise and Water Pollution 184. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

 Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation  Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier  Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 49  Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies.  Construction of toilets in camp sites.

Quarrying Activities 185. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

.Quarry operation plan will be prepared. .After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local landscape, plantation will be done and drainage will be provided.

Location of Camp Sites and Solid Waste Management 186. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas at ch 9+680; pay compensation for using private farm or lands for storage or camp. Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers. Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed. Construction material will be properly stored.

Construction Equipment Vehicles 187. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

 All equipment/vehicles deployed for construction activities shall be regularly maintained.  All the vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent possible.  In any case all material movement routes shall be inspected daily twice to clear off any accidental spills.  Materials under transportation shall be covered.

Use of Bitumen 188. Measures: The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

 Use kerosene for heating and strict prohibition to heat bitumen by using fuel wood.  Appropriate storage of material.  Use of appropriate safety gears to ensure safe health of workers such as masks, boot, gloves, hat.

Biological Aspects Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation 189. The following activities are proposed to cut the trees from the forest area during the road construction.

. Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the DFO and MoFSC. . Government procedures such as counting the number of trees to be felled, marking and measuring wood quantity etc. will be followed. . After approval of tree cutting plan, trees will be felled by CFUG or DFO (for NF) . Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 50 190. According to the Government of Nepal (2071/01/12 BS): Standard for Removing Government Trees, 2071 BS , the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest Office. Total 41 trees need to be cut down from community forest. So, in total 1,025 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs. 163,733.50 as given in Appendix XIIIa. This cost will be provided to CFUGs through DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the CFUGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and protected species. The forest products from the forest will be used by CFUGs. Likewise, Total 174 trees need to be cut down from national forest. So, in total 4,350 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs. 694,869.00 as given in Appendix XIIIb. This cost will be provided to DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the DFO. The forest products from the forest will be sold by the DFO. Likewise, for the 188 trees to be cut down from the private land plantation at the ratio of 1:1 trees will be done by the sub- project or the seedling and plantation cost will be provided by the sub-project. For the plantation, total estimated cost is NRs. 12,455.00 as given in Appendix XIIIc. Computation of per plant plantation cost in private land and compensatory plantation/national forest is given in Appendix XIIId & e. For the compensatory plantation in CF &NF, compensatory plantation cost, sample agreement between DFO and DCC/DTO has been attached in Appendix XIIIf. Similalry plantation plan has been given in Appendix XIIIg. Ornamental Plants with minimum height of 5 feet will be planted along the roadside in consultation with local people, please refer Appendix XIIIg for roadside plantation plan. NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.

Impact on Wildlife and Bird Habitat 191. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

 Construction activities near the forest areas will be done only in day time.  Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers.  Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts and regulations strictly.  Awareness programme for the construction workers before the implementation of sub-project.

Impact on Aquatic Life 192. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

 Management of spoil to decrease sedimentation, management of campsite waste  Awareness programme for the construction workers before the implementation of sub-project.

Impacts on Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) 193. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

. Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals. . Coordination with DFO to control the activities like illegal hunting and poaching by enforcing acts and regulations strictly.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 51 Socio-economic Aspects Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity 194. Mitigation measures will be as follows.

. Compensation for loss of land equivalent to NRs. 20,064,000.00 will be provided to AP, please refer Appendix Vc.

Impact on Private Properties 195. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 200,000.00 will be provided as per the resettlement plan to the affected person for the displacement of houses, please refer Appendix Vc and Appendix XIV.

Impact on Community Infrastructure 196. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected. Therefore, no mitigation is required.

Occupational Health, Safety and Sanitation 197. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

. The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles and boots depending on the nature of the construction work. . Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established to control open defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers . First aid box will be kept at work sites. . Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers. . First aid training will be provided to field staff. . Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management. . Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be strictly prohibited.

Conflict between Local and Construction Workers 198. Awareness raising programs will be conducted to minimize possible conflict.

Human Trafficking 199. Awareness raising campaign will be conducted in ZOI against such activities.

7.3.2 Operation Phase Physical Aspects Road Slope Stability and Management 200. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

. Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical areas. . Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works. . Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology (bioengineering).

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 52 Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution 201. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

. Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized . Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and settlements. . Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust and noise barrier. . Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

Biological Aspects Depletion of Forest Resource 202. The mitigation measures recommended are awareness raising programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests.

Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting 203. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned impacts.

. Appropriate sign boards will be erected informing drivers  Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas  Potential areas for wildlife crossing . Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with. . Awareness raising programmes about importance of biodiversity to the local people, students, and vehicle operators will be conducted.

Fragmentation of Ecosystem 204. Since there will be no more ecosystem fragmentation due to sub-project implementation, no mitigation measures are proposed.

Socio-economic Aspects Ribbon Settlement Development 205. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.

. Awareness raising programs to regulate settlements . Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within RoW. . Plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is not encroached

Road Safety Measures 206. The mitigation measures adopted will be

. Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering, Enforcement and Education. . Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area. . Awareness program on road safety will be organized for school student

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 53 Cultural Invasion and social disputes 207. Awareness raising training will be organized in ZOI as mitigation measures. Detail plan will be prepared by DLPIU in TA of CISC/DISC and will be submitted to CLPIU.

7.4 Climate Change Impacts 133. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the construction and operation of the road. .Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc. .Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done. .Awareness raising activities will be conducted about climate change issues and adaptation and mitigation measures. .No tree or vegetation will be removed unless absolutely necessary to reduce deforestation and compensatory plantation will be done to cut carbon per capita emissions

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 54 8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project 208. In Nepal, various legal instruments are in place to ensure the integration of environmental aspects in development proposals. This IEE reviewed the following legislative provisions and environmental guidelines to ensure compliance of the Project.

Table 20: Review of Environmental Acts, Regulations and Guidelines A Constitution The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity. B Plans and Policies National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.): It has identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives. Forest Policy, 2071 B.S. (2015 A.D.): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal. Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D.): This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic conidition of project affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and implementation of infrastructure development projects. Three Years Interim Plan, 2070/71-2072/73 B.S. (2013/14-2015/16 A.D.): Identified the importance of road sector in promoting national unification, socio-economic development and regional balance contributing to overall development of the country and also in promoting the access to service and facilities. It aims to achieve sustainable, broad- based, inclusive economic growth. The plan also addresses climate change adaptation and mitigation and overall environment protection. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D.: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation. 20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S. (2002-2022 A.D.): With main objectives of development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and countries Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE,EIA and Monitoring.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 55 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and priorities for action. C Acts Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2015 A.D.): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years (which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31). Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S. (2011 A.D.): It outlines the duties of local government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities detrimental to the intentions of the Act. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Engaging children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body. Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.): Empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of timber and other commodities. Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.): It has legal arrangements for determining beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the water resource as prescribed. The Labor Act, 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.): Regulates the working environment, deals with occupational health and safety. Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S. (1982 A.D.); It empowers GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of the acts has been done Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S. (1974 A.D.): Act mandates requirement of permission from the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the limits of the public roads.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 56 National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S. (1972 A.D.): This act provides protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles. Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing and maintenance works of the roads. D Rules and Regulations Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA and District Coordination Committee. Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.): It provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act. Forest Rules, 2051 B.S. (1995 A.D.): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid. Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintainance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is responsible for districtroad. DCC will prepare annual road maintainance plan and forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan. Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S.: It outlines that every waste generator shall segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized waste pickers. E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and municipality with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4 metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC. Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) and First Ammendment, 2073 B.S. (2016 A.D.): These provide procedural guidelines for undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S.) and grievance management (2073 B.S.). It determines the format of IEE and EIA. The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE study and approval. Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074 B.S. (2017 A.D.): Following are the main features: • EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance. • Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation. • Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 57 Conservation before approving IEE/EIA • Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of 1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO. Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S.): Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamaties, wildlifes and forest fire ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D. for EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans. ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D. for EEAP: It guides the preparation of resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and ADP SPS. Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S. (2013): It provides guidance for local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects; construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own. Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D.): This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main objectives of this framework are as follows:  Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in local development planning process.  Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.  Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.  Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.  Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable development of environment. Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D.: Sets the classification and geometric design standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs, DoLIDAR and its development partners. National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S. (2010 A.D.): The NAPA has been instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including infrastructure. Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues. Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Focuses in the practical implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 58 APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process. Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions. GIZ, 1999 A.D.: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management, bioengineering and phased construction. Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR, 2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12 categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage. Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S.): Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamaties, wildlifes nad forest fire National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.): Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of stone crushing plants etc. F International Conventions Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 2053 B.S., amended, 2059 B.S. (1973 A.D., amended 1979 A.D.): It regulates international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in case of their trade. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S. (1992): It focuses on the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity. Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries, 2046 B.S. (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories traditionally occupied by them.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 59 9. Environmental Management Plan 209. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles, environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1 Institutions and Their Roles 210. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these institutions are given in Table 21. The environmental management organizational structure is given in Figure 12.

Table 21: Institutions and Their Roles Institution Role Responsibility in the Project National Executive agency and  To review and approve IEE Reconstruction concerned IEE approval Report Authority authority as per Act relating  Conduct environmental to reconstruction of monitoring from central level. Earthquake affected structure/ Rule relating to reconstruction of Earthquake affected structure. MoFALD Co-ordination of project  Representation in IEE review activities with EEAP team constituted by NRA  Conduct environmental monitoring from district level. CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordination of project  Technical Unit to support and activities from center coordinate all activities for implementation of EEAP.  Review, comment and forward ToR for IEE and IEE report to ADB for concurrence and to NRA for approval. SPV (Executing As Project EA, manages  Monitors and ensures the Agency), Project overall project compliance of covenants, Management implementation and including submission of audited Office/Ministry of monitoring. project financial statements. Finance (interim)  Recruits pool of consultants for Coordinates with ADB and PMU and procures other agencies for smooth equipment and vehicles, if project implementation. necessary, for PMU.  Updates procurement plan and monitors the procurement process.  Guides, supports and monitors PIUs and field offices in implementing sub-

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 60 Institution Role Responsibility in the Project projects in respective project districts.  Communicates with ADB on project progress and any issues that may arise.  Maintains project documents, consolidates reports from PIUs and submits to ADB (as outlined in the PAM).  Opens and manages project account for Government funds.  Consolidates accounts and submits all audited project financial statements pertaining to the project to ADB within 9 months of the end of the fiscal year. CISC Support consultant at Central  Technical and management Level. support to CLPIU-EEAP  Supervises and monitors project consultants and contractors.  Implements and monitor resettlement plans and IEEs for the relevant sub-projects and prepares consolidated reports on these.  Ensures timely and effective implementation of the activities set out in the Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Action Plan.  Prepares progress reports, as outlined in PAM, for submission to PMU. District DCC is Project implementing  Implement IEE and EMP of sub- Coordination agency in district projects and conduct Committee environmental monitoring and reporting. District Technical Project implementation office  Responsible for overall activities Office working directly under DCC related to implementation of the works at field level. District Supporting DCC on  Assist DCC in environmental Environment and environment and energy safeguard issues

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 61 Institution Role Responsibility in the Project Energy Section issues  Represent DCC in Grievance Redress Committee District Level Supporting consultants at  Technical and management Project district level support to DTO/DCC for the Implementation implementation of project Unit activities in the districts. Responsible for supervision and monitoring at field level. Safeguard Desk Supporting unit for  The desk will conduct regular safeguards at district level. monitoring of EMP compliance Safeguard desk coordinator and record them. The safeguard will work as focal person for desk will organize monthly Safeguard desk. The safeguard meeting which will be safeguard desk has been participated by all technical, established in DCC, Gorkha environment and social team of comprising environment and the district project office. The social safeguard personnel safeguard desk will maintain has been assigned as minutes of meeting of each coordinator of the safeguard safeguard meeting and through desk. DTO will report all the safeguard matters along with copy of the minutes to the EEAP.  Responsible for supervising, coordinating, networking, monitoring and reporting environmental safeguard compliances. Grievance Support in addressing  Responsible for addressing Redress grievances caused due to grievances due to road Committee road construction related to construction which affects their environment. livelihood. Project Steering Provides overarching  Monitors and reviews project Committee guidance and policy level performance at an support to the project. inter-ministerial level and addresses key policy related issues.  Ensures collaboration and cooperation among central level agencies.

211. To support for smooth implementation of the project, there are various district level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the project.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 62

Government of Nepal ADB, SDC

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA)

Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development/ PCC

CLPIU-EEAP CISC Environment safeguard focal Environment Safeguard Unit person (Environment Specialist)

DLPIU Safeguard Desk  LDO DISC Environment + DFO/CFUG  CDE Resettlement + Social  Engineers  Accountant

Contractor

Figure 12: Environmental Management Organisation Structure

9.2 Implementation of benefit augmentation and mitigation measures 212. The DCC/DTO will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. Various agencies including CLPIU, local bodies and concerned governmental line agencies will support DCC/DTO for the implementation of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in environmental management plan is presented in Tables 22 and 23.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 63 Table 22: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures

Activity Effect Related Beneficial Type of Impact Benefit Responsible Agencies Impacts Augmentation Executing Supporting Measures Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Construction and Operation Stage Construction of Employment Increase in income D H LC ST VS Life skill training for DCC/ DL-PIU CL-PIU/ DISC/ road (Earth Generation (skilled level (60) (20) (5) (85) income generation CISC excavation, spoil 8,970 and 32,792 activities to improve disposal, site unskilled person their livelihood. clearance) days) and increase in income level Construction work Enterprise Enhancement in local D L LC ST INS No benefit DCC/ DL-PIU CL-PIU/ DISC/ Development and economy (10) (20) (5) (35) augmentation planned CISC Business Promotion Construction work Rent from the land Source of income for IN L SS ST INS No benefit DCC/ DL-PIU CL-PIU/ DISC/ acquired short time period (10) (10) (5) (25) augmentation planned CISC temporarily during construction Construction work Women Empower the women IN H LC LT VS No benefit DCC/RM/NGO CL-PIU/ DISC/ Empowerment (60) (20) (20) (100) augmentation planned CISC Operation of Road Improvement in Saving in travel time D H R LT VS No benefit RM DCC/DTO Accessibility and and travel cost (60) (60) (20) (140) augmentation planned Saving of Time and Transportation Cost

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 64 Activity Effect Related Beneficial Type of Impact Benefit Responsible Agencies Impacts Augmentation Executing Supporting Measures Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Operation of Road Access to Inputs Improvement in local D H R LT VS No benefit RM/NGO/CBO DCC/DTO and Services condition (60) (60) (20) (140) augmentation planned Operation of Road Increase in Trade, Shifts towards IN H LC LT S No benefit RM DCC/DTO Commerce and improved commercial (60) (20) (20) (100) augmentation planned Development of agriculture and Market centers increase in non- agricultural occupation Operation of Road Appreciation of Improvement in local IN H LC LT VS No benefit RM DTO/CDO/ Land Value economic condition, (60) (20) (20) (100) augmentation planned DCC Mortgaging of land

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 65 Table 23 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Construction Stage Physical Environment Earth Change in land use of Loss of D H LC LT VS Applying additional Contractor/ CLPIU/DCC Excavation 0.330 ha cultivated land agricultural land, (60) (20) (20) (100) protective measures like DLPIU/DC production, loss of bio-engineering and toe- C property wall that the remaining land will not be lost due to erosion. Spoil Spoil disposal and Gully erosion, D M SS LT S Separation and utilization DCC/Contr CLPIU/DCC/DLPIU Disposal imposed weight of spoil landslide, (20) (10) (20) (50) of top soil and proper actor on fragile slopes disruption of road, management of spoils and damage to waste, provision of proper farmland, water drainages, toe walls.The pollution etc. propoed spoil disposal sites are at Ch 11+400, 15+300 and 16+400. Site Slope Instability at the Erosion, landslide, IN M SS LT S Bio-engineering DLPIU/ CLPIU/DCC/CISC/ clearance, chainages 11+250 – loss of property (20) (10) (20) (50) application will be used to Contractor/ DISC earth 11+320, 11+540 – stabilize the slopes. DCC excavation 11+650 and 11+800 – Necessary slope

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 66 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si 11+850. stabilization structures will be constructed Construction Water management, Erosion, landslide, IN M SS MT INS Proper drainage structures DCC/Contr DCC/DTO/DLPIU/ of Road generation of large damage to (20) (10) (10) (40) (causeways) will be actor DISC volume of surface runoff farmland constructed. No blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and spoil disposal. Construction Air pollution due to dust Effect on local D L LC INS Use of face mask while DCC/Contr DLPIU/ DISC works, spoil from exposed surface, people and (10) (20) ST (35) working on dust prone actor and waste from construction workers health (5) areas, covering of dust disposal equipment and effect on sources. agriculture Noise pollution Disturbance and D L LC ST INS Restrict horn near school, DCC/Contr DLPIU/ DISC annoyance around (10) (20) (5) (35) health posts etc. actor school, health posts. Water pollution due to Risk of water D L LC ST INS Proper spoil management DCC/Contr DCC/ DLPIU/ DISC sediment level borne diseases (10) (20) (5) (35) and restriction in urination actor and defecation in open areas and water bodies.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 67 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Quarrying Quarry operation and its Water pollution, D L LC ST INS Preparation of quarry DCC/DTO/ CLPIU/DISC potential effect on damage to (10) (20) (5) (35) operation plan and DLPIU/Co instability. farmland, rehabilitation of quarry site. ntractor disturbance in natural drainage Establish Pollution and impact due Encroachment of D M SS ST INS Camp site will be located DCC/Contr DLPIU/DISC labor camp to location of camp sites forest, agriculture (20) (10) (5) (35) away from productive land. actor land, solid waste, Theproposed campsites and black waste are at Ch 9+680. Waste water may cause generated from camps will pollution be separated and managed. Operation of Construction Air pollution due to D H SS ST VS Equipment/vehicles Contractor DLPIU/DISC construction machineries and emission of (60) (10) (5) (75) deployed for construction equipment tools (Rollers, tippers, smoke, increase activities shall be regularly spreader, in vibration and maintained. All the water tanker etc.) noise pollution vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent possible. Bitumen Heating with firewood, Pressure in forest, D H LC(2 LT( VS(1 Use of Kerosene for Contractor DCC/DLPIU heating spillage of Bitumen decrease in soil (60) 0) 20) 00) heating, appropriate

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 68 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si productivity storage of material Biological Environment Clearance of Loss or Degradation of Loss of D H SS LT VS Compensatory plantation CFUGs/ DFO//DISC/CLPIU/ vegetation 0.398 ha Forests and environmental (60) (10) (20) (90) of 5,563 trees will be done. DLPIU/DF CISC necessary for 403 plant Vegetation- benefits from NRs. 871,057.50 has been O road vegetation, allocated for compensatory formation disturbance in plantation and NRs. ecological function 250,000.00 for roadside plantation.

Construction Impact on wildlife Disturbance to IN L LC ST INS Work only in day time; no Contractor/ DFO/CFUGs/ activity including birds wildlife including (10) (20) (5) (35) disturbance to wildlife, DLPIU DISC/ CISC birds awareness programme for workers.

Construction Sedimentation in Hudi Loss of aquatic life D L SS ST INS Spoil management and Contractor DLPIU/DISC activity khola (10) (10) (5) (25) awareness raising training

Construction Impact on Fauna as Loss of IN L LC ST INS Prohibiting workers for Contractor DFO/ DLPIU activity listed in CITES, IUCN biodiversity (10) (20) (5) (35) hunting/harassing wildlife /CFUGs/DISC and GoN.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 69 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Socioeconomic Environment Acquisition of Loss or Degradation of Reduced D H LC LT VS Minimize productive land DCC/DTO/ CDC5/DISC land for 0.330 ha agricultural production, loss of (60) (20) (20) (100) acquisition through DLPIU CLPIU maintaining Land and Productivity income selection, NRs. road width 20,064,000.00 will be provided to AP as compensation. Demolition of Private structure: two Loss of services D H SS ST S Compensation for affected DCC/ CDC/ DISC / structures houses at ch (13+880 provided by these (60) (10) (5) (75) private structures will be DLPIU CLPIU /RM along road and 15+300) will be structures done, NRs. 200,000.00 affected has been allocated. Construction Impact on occupational Injury, fatal D L LC ST INS First aid facility at sites Contractor DLPIU/DISC activity health and safety accidents, (10) (20) (5) (35) with health treatment outbreak of arrangements, proper epidemics and drinking water and toilet diseases, decline facility for construction in capacity to work workers, safety gears (helmet, face masks,

5The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1991 specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Construction Committee (also known as Compensation Determination Committee, “CDC”) for fixing the rate of compensation of private properties to be acquired, consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the DCC and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 70 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si goggles, gloves, boots) and accidental insurance of workers Construction Conflict between Local Increase in D L LC ST INS Awareness raising training DTO/DLPI DCC activity and Construction alcohol (10) (20) (5) (35) U Workers consumption, gambling which may cause conflict Construction Human Trafficking Increase contact D L LC ST INS Awareness raising training DTO/DLPI DCC activity between local and (10) (20) (5) (35) U local may lead to human trafficking Operation Stage Physical Environment Operation of Road Slope Stability and Slides and slope D M LC LT S  Regular maintenance RM DCC/DTO road Management failure, (20) (20) (20) (60) of slope protection Disturbance to structures and traffic flow, bioengineering pollution of water bodies, impacts on agriculture land, loss of

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 71 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si vegetation.

Operation of Air, Noise and Water Contaminaion in D L LC LT S  Community RM DCC/DTO vehicles Pollution drinking water and (10) (20) (20) (50) awareness, no horn increased level of signs near schools, ambient air quaity health posts.  Restriction on washing of vehicles in local streams.

Biological Environment Road Depletion of Forest Loss of timber, IN M LC LT S Awareness raising RM DFO/CFUGs operation Resources forest resources (20) (20) (20) (60) programmes for and benefits conservation of forest resources Road Disturbance to the Collision of wildlife IN L LC LT S Signboard on awareness RM DFO/CFUGs operation Wildlife and Illegal with vehicles, (10) (20) (20) (50) raising training to drivers to Hunting disturbance in limit speed and horn use their normal activities

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 72 Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Effects Impacts Measure Executing Supporting Agency Agency

ent gnificance gnificance Nature Nature Magnitue Ext Duration Si Socioeconomic Environment Road Ribbon Settlement Encroachment of D M LC LT S Awareness raising DDC/DTO DCC/Local operation Development RoW, increased (20) (20) (20) (60) programmes, enforcement administration accidents, delay in of law, planning of land traffic movement, development, plantation of depletion of local trees in RoW resources, water pollution Operation of Road Safety Increase in D M LC LT S Appropriate road safety RM DCC Road accidents (20) (20) (20) (60) measures, safety sign boards along the road. Construction Cultural invasion and Conflict due to IN L SS MT( INS Awareness Raising DLPIU/DIS CLPIU/CISC activity social dispute cultural (20) (10) 10) (40) Training C differentiation Note: Magnitude H= High (60) M= Moderate(20) L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)(10) Extent R= Regional(60) LC= Local(20) SS= Site specific (10) Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years)(20) MT= Medium term (3-20 years)(10) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)(5) Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect Impact upto 44; insignificance (INS) 45-74; significance(S) 75 or greater; very significance (VS)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 73 9.3 Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan 213. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities will be covered by the Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) component of the project. Costs for income generation and awareness programme activities for Affected Persons (APs) are included in Resettlement Plan. The design and cost estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil disposal, landslide construction will be incorporated in the design and cost estimates. However clear Bow will be prepared for supply of face masks, helmets, muffles, accidental insurance, bioengineering measures, plantation and environmental protection awareness trainings. Therefore, most of the mitigation measures suggested would be a part of road design and construction without additional cost. All proposed mitigation measures will be integrated in the sub-project design so that these measures may automatically form part of the construction and operational phases of the sub-project.

9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities 214. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU and the DIMU, will monitor and measure the progress of EMP implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work, deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress toward the final outcome.

215. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CLPIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and implementation reports to the PMU. The PMU will submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB. Project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring and reporting requirements. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the public.

216. The PMU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. The PMU, in each quarter, will study the compliance with the action plan developed in the previous quarter. Compliance with loan covenants will be screened by the executing agency.

217. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will be commensurate with the Project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project implementation:

 Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts; Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed with ADB;

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 74  Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and  Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.

218. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and report preparation) is estimated NRs. 150,000 as given in Table 24.

Table 24: Environemntal Monitoring Cost Manpower requirement Duration (days) Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 4 4,000 16,000 Engineer 2 3,000 6,000 Forestry expert 2 3,000 6,000 Socio-economist 2 3,000 6,000 Support staff 1 1000 1,000 Transportation cost LS 15,000 Report preparation LS 15,000 Central level monitoring LS 85,000 Total 150,000

9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures 219. The environmental management cost of this project is NRs. 3,284,968.11 and is summarized in Table 25. In addition to this cost, different environmental mitigation and management activites like bio-engineering, insurance of workers etc. are covered by civil work cost.

Table 25: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) Remarks 1.1 Environmental Management Cost 1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising training 150,000.00 Schedule before construction and during construction 1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost 871,057.50 for trees on CF and private land 1.1.3 Road side Plantation 250,000.00 1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00 1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00 Sub-total(i) 1,521,057.50 1.2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also) 1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA 900,000.00 insurance) 1.2.2 Bioengineering works 863,910.61 Sub-total(ii) 1,763,910.61 Total (i+ii) 3,284,968.11

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 75 9.4 Matters to be monitored while implementing the Proposal 220. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal. Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

221. The National EIA Guidelines (1993) and Working Procedure related to reconstruction of Earthquake affected structure, 2016 require monitoring plans and indicators, schedules and responsibility be identified in the IEE report. The following sub-sections deal with the various components of the monitoring programme in order to promote the full integration of monitoring activities in Project works and implementation.

9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring 222. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.

9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring 223. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

224. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

225. The borrower’s compliance with covenants will be monitored through ADB’s project administration missions – including the project inception mission, when the loan covenants’ compliance timetable will be discussed and agreed upon. Project review missions will appraise the borrower’s compliance with loan covenants vis-à-vis the timetable agreed in the loan agreement. Non-compliance or delay in compliance will be discussed and remedial measures shall be proposed to GoN for timely compliance. If required, the midterm review mission will review compliance of loan covenants and also assess whether the set of covenants are still relevant or need to be revised or waived due to changes in circumstances; if so, the mission will recommend revisions or waivers for consideration of ADB and GoN.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 76 9.4.3 Impact Monitoring 226. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction phase or within three years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps, wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible, condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status, impediment to wildlife movement, etc.

9.4.4 Project Performance Monitoring 227. The executing agency, in consultation with ADB, will develop within 6 months of loan effectiveness, a project performance monitoring and reporting system. The executing agency shall develop a web-based project performance monitoring and reporting system which will include functions for accounting and expenditures the recovery and reconstruction (R&R) program, concurrent evaluation of impacts, outcomes, outputs and activities in relation to targets and milestones established for the project and the overall R&R program for the earthquake affected areas in Nepal. The executing agency will prepare monitoring reports in a pre-approved uniform format for all donors, covering key aspects of the R&R program, with an additional annex specific to the Project for periodic submission to ADB as agreed.

9.4.5 Safeguards Monitoring 228. The PMC will brief the DLPIU and CLPIU Safeguards Focal Persons and the DIMU on monitoring requirements for EMP and resettlement plan implementation. Monitoring data will be generated by the DLPIU and DIMUs and provided to the CLPIU. The CLPIU will then verify the monitoring data and submit these and other required information to the PMU. The PMU will prepare semi-annual monitoring reports (one for environment and one for involuntary resettlement) that describe progress of safeguards implementation, compliance issues, and corrective actions. Reports will be posted in a location accessible to the public. Safeguards monitoring requirements including suggested monitoring report formats are in the EARF and Resettlement Framework.

9.5 Monitoring Parameters 229. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase 230. During this phase the Consultant (CLPIU) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 77 9.5.2 Construction Phase 231. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP. The specific monitoring tasks will include

. Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying measures as needed; . Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed; . Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions; . Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of responsibilities and costs; . Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their consequences; . Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and their consequences; . Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff; . Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife; . Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns; . Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities; . Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties; . Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences to be borne by the contractors in case of non-compliance.

9.5.3 Operation Phase 232. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include.

. Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and demographic composition that may be caused by the road development; . Verify and quantify resulting in encroachment and hindrance of traffic on the road; . Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed. . Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope protection and erosion control; . Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal lands, as well as on aquatic resources; . Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of responsibilities and costs; . Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and their consequences; . Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ;

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 78 . Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.

9.6 Monitoring Indicators 233. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed. Following Table 26 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 26: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring Soils, Landslides, . Number, location and extent of slope failures Erosion, Waste . Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made management sites . Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected . Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement failures . Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures . Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and garbage Bio-engineering . Number and plant species selected for bio-engineering, disaggregated by protective function Water pollution, water . Blockage of waterways – extent and secondary impacts resources and their . Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of waste uses and spoil . Damage to farm lands Air and noise level in . Assessment of noise level in site by direct observation and relation to traffic volume interview with stakeholders . Visual assessment of dust development at selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with local stakeholders . Traffic volume measurements Road safety . Number and type of road accidents recorded in the traffic police and in local health service centers . Suitability of local road signs Wildlife/Habitat . NOs and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife disturbance impacts on . DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife trade forest resources . Observations and handling of invasive species. Socio-economic . Number and extent of new settlements /types and ethnic development near road groups . Number and extent of new businesses . Number and extent of new services and utilities. Resettled households . Number of HHs resettled and livelihood restoration . Income situation and opportunities for the resettled HHs. . Verification of compensation and assistance to resettlers

234. The following Table 27 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities. Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 28 details the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 79 Table 27: Compliance Monitoring for Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Parameters/ Responsible Verifiable Verification Schedule Responsible Indicator Implementing Indicators Methods Monitoring Agency Agency Final alignment DLPIU Incorporation of walkover Walkthrough along final Initial stage of DCC/ DTO/ selection recommendations into alignment road alignment, preconstruction phase DLPIU selection process and design verifying sensitive document areas Land and property DTO and CDC with Cadastral records, land and properties Public consultation, Initial stage pre- DCC/ DLPIU acquisition and assistance of acquisition procedures; verification photos; geo- construction phase compensation DLPIU report referencing Site selection and DLPIU Project’s arrangement for materials Site observation, geo- Beginning of DTO/DCC preparation of storage, and construction activities referencing and construction period construction photographic logistics documentation Awareness and DLPIU Training programmes for skill Specifications; training Beginning of DCC/DTO orientation training development, occupational safety and records, check training construction and on road environmental protection associated programme reports, during construction construction to with road construction works assess feedback from technicians, and participants labourers Compliance to DLPIU Health and safety regulations, first aid Spot checks at work Throughout DCC/DTO/ occupational and medical arrangements, number sites, photos, accident construction activities DLPIU health and safety and type of safety equipment such as records, interviews matters mask, helmet, glove, safety belt, accidental insurance Grievance Contractor/DLPIU/ Project arrangements for the affected No of complaints and During construction DCC/DTO Redress DISU/ CLPIU/CISC people's concerns and grievances grievances record Mechanism about the project’s environmental and social performance

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 80 Parameters/ Responsible Verifiable Verification Schedule Responsible Indicator Implementing Indicators Methods Monitoring Agency Agency Vegetation Contractor/ DISC Actual number of trees felled during Record, inspection and After detail design and DTO/DCC/DF clearance construction works interview with local before construction O/CFUGs people work Measures to avoid DLPIU/DTO Use of firewood or fossil fuel by Inspection, interview Once a month during DTO/DCC/DF pressure on forest construction crew, events of hunting with local people construction O/CFUGs and wildlife and poaching of wildlife Measures to Contractor/DLPIU/ Dust level and noise level at work Visual observation and Once in a month DCC/DTO protect DTO sites, major settlements and sensitive discussion with during construction environment from spots like health centres and schools residents and workers air & noise pollution Measures to Contractor/DLPIU/ Visual observation, observation of Site inspection, Once in a month DCC/DTO protect water DTO open defecation and waste disposal interview with local during construction; bodies from around water sources near people upon demand for pollution construction sites testing with field kit Adequate DLPIU/DTO Adequate number of technicians Check number and Twice a month during DCC/DTO technical and regularly at site with ability to type of technicians construction environmental implement labour based road available at site, skill of supervision construction concept work carried out, discussion Clean up and DLPIU/DTO Decommissioned sites indicate no Site observation; At the end of DLPIU/DTO reinstatement of adverse/residual environmental comparing photos; construction period the construction impacts, and are rehabilitated to the consultation with land sites (camps, satisfaction of the supervisor and land owners and community quarries) owners based organizations

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 81 Table 28: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency Slope stability Inclination, slope failures, causes; Site observation, photos Near steep slopes Continuously during DLPIU during and erosion drainage facilities such as catch discussion with people and at landslide construction and construction; drain, side drains and functionality and technicians areas and sites operation DCC/Soil of cross drainage structures; fresh Conservation gullies and erosion; success/failure Office during of bio-engineering solutions operation Bio-engineering Re-vegetation through bio- Site observation; Cut slope area, During and at the DLPIU/DCC/DTO of disturbed engineering application on inspection of nursery where vegetation is end of sub-project slopes disturbed slope; establishment of and its production rate, cleared; nursery construction nursery photos, measurements sites Disposal of Affected aesthetic value, affected Site observation and At specific locations During construction DLPIU/DCC/DTO spoils and forest and agriculture land, initiated interviews, photos, geo- where such sites construction land erosion by local blocked referencing sites occur wastes drainage, hazard to downhill slope residents and agricultural lands Loss or Status of road side land; Observation, data Road side land and During construction DLPIU/DCC/DTO degradation of production/yield; collection and analysis houses farmland, houses status of road side houses; status and interview with and properties of standing crop along alignment stakeholders Water quality Observation of open defecation Visual observation Local streams During construction; DLPIU/DCC/DTO and waste disposal around water upon demand for sources near construction sites testing with field kit Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction During construction DLPIU/DCC/DTO

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 82 Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency sites and at sensitive spots Forest and Numbers of trees, presence of Observations, In and around the During construction DLPIU/DFO vegetation ground vegetation, signs of illicit DFO/CFUGs records, construction sites, and during logging and extraction of NTFPs photos markets Operation construction; DFO/DCC during operation Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by Interview with local Forest areas at Twice a year during DLPIU/DFO work force, trade of wildlife, road people/CFUGs/DFO roadside construction and during accidents inflicting wildlife and routine during construction; observations operation DFO /DCC during operation Change in Numbers of people employed by Records kept by the sub-project area Trimester during DLPIU/DCC/DTO economy the project during construction, project management, construction phase numbers of women in work forces discussion with stakeholders Trade and Numbers of shops increased or Records, interviews, Throughout sub- Once in a year DCC/DTO/DLPIU/ commerce decreased, rental of houses and observations, photos project area RM land spaces Occupational Type and number of accident Observations, photos, Throughout sub- During construction DLPIU/DCC/DTO safety and occurred during construction; spot checks, contractors project area hazard adequacy of occupational safety and health centre measured provided; compensation records interview with provided in case of fatal accidents workers Change in socio- Number and extent of new Observations, interview Throughout sub During operation DCC/DTO/ RM

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 83 Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency economic settlements/types and ethnic with local people, DCC, project area structure groups; nos. and extent of new Police and RM records businesses; numbers and extent of new services and utilities, social conflicts

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 84 9.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism 235. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:

236. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary disturbances, and to inform them of the Project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in the area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved in grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a grievance related to the project works can contact the project to file a complaint. The DLPIU offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The safeguards (environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU safeguards focal person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was resolved.

237. Second level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved; the DLPIU will forward the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts. Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how the complaint was resolved.

238. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU, CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected persons. The GRC will consist of PMU leadership, affected persons, and local area committee, among others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. The GRC should consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 85 necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons, categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC. The PMU safeguards focal person will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before the GRC, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the meetings, and taking follow-up action to see that formal orders are issued and the decisions carried out.

239. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure 11 below.

Grievance

First Level: 1-2 days Grievance Contractor, st Redressed 1 Level Grievance DISC, DLPIU

Not redressed 7 days nd CLPIU, CISC Grievance 2 Level Grievance Redressed

Not redressed

Grievance 15 days 3rdLevel Grievance Grievance Redressed Redressed Committee Not redressed

th Higher 4 Level Grievance Authority/Court of Law

Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Implementation Unit, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District Implementation Support Consultant Figure 13: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism

240. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 86 second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing, decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open, closed, pending).

241. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU.

242. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 87 10. Conclusion and Recommendation 243. The IEE study of the Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak road sub-project does not pass through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation of the road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.

244. The project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure relating environmental impact assessment for reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure, 2016. And the IEE has shown that none of the anticipated environmental impacts of rehabilitating the road are significant enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the sub-project.

245. The road sub-project is recommended for implementation with incorporation of mitigation measures and the environmental management plan.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 88 References ADB. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009. Asian Development Bank, Manila. ADB. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. ADB. (2015). Project Administration Manual: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. ADB. (2015). Resettlement Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. An Act Made To Provide for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures, 2015, Nepal Gazette Section 65) Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary Issue) Constitution of Nepal 2072, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Dhital M.R. (2015). Geology of the Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02496-7_30 DoR. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated Road Development. Ministry of the Physical Planning and works Department of the Road, Kathmandu. DoR. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading. Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works, Department of Road, Kathmandu. Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Rules, 2015, Nepal Gazette Section 65) Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary Issue) Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Work Procedures, 2016, Nepal Gazette Volume 5, Section 65) Number 49 (2072/12/01) (Notices 1, 2 and 3), Kathmandu Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016, National Reconstruction Authority, Kathmandu Labor Act, 1991, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Local Self-Governance Regulations, 2000, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu National Population and Housing Census, 2011, Central Bureau of Statistics. National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993, Nepal Gazette Volume, 45 Number 19 Kathmandu Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act 2011, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation 2012, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 89 Uprety, B.K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Utara Uprety, Kathmandu. Water Resources Act 1992, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Water Resources Regulation 1993, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 90

APPENDIXES

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 91 Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 102 Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist

Country/Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Response Program (EEAP) Sector: Sub-sector: Division/Department:

Screening Questions Score Remarks 1 Location Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its Sub-project and Design components)likely to be affected by climate area is of project conditions including extreme weather related 2 vulnerable to events such as floods, droughts, storms, drought and landslides? soil erosion. Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro- meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, 0 peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc.)? Materials Would weather, current and likely future and climate conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity Maintenance level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure 0 to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. Construction material)? Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and related extreme 1 events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)? Performance Would weather/climate conditions and related of project extreme events likely affect the performance 1 outputs (e.g. annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their design life time?

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Likely Not 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 103 single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): High Other comments: Sub-project site is vulnerable to extreme weather related events mainly drought and soil erosion.

Prepared by: ______1 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered indesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 104 Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:  This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist.  This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns.  Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Sub-Project Title: Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha

IA:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project sitting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?  Cultural heritage site 

. Protected area 

 Wetland 

 Mangrove 

 Estuarine 

 Buffer Zone of Protected Area 

 Special area for protecting  biodiversity B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…  Encroachment on historical/cultural  There are no historic or cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape by areas along the road. road embankments, cuts, fills, and Disfiguration of landscape will quarries? occur due to cut and fill, however, cut and fill volume will be balanced.  Encroachment on precious ecology  (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)?

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 105 SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by roads,  resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?  Deterioration of surface water quality There will be no significant due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes  impact. from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?  Increased local air pollution due to  The air pollution will be rock crushing, cutting and filling mitigated by spraying water works, and chemicals from asphalt during the construction as this processing? is an upgrading road.  Risks and vulnerabilities related to  The safety measures will be occupational health and safety due provided for all the workers to to physical, chemical, biological and prevent from hazards. radiological hazards during project construction and operation?  Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works? 

 Dislocation or involuntary Resettlement Plan will be resettlement of people prepared to address involuntary  resettlement of the affected people.  Dislocation and compulsory  Private structures like house, resettlement of people living in right- shop, shed etc. will be of-way? dislocated within the formation width of the road and they will be provided with compensation based on Resettlement Plan.  Disproportionate impacts on the  poor, women and children, indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups?  Other social concerns relating to Not envisaged. inconveniences in living conditions in  the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?  Hazardous driving conditions where  construction interferes with pre- existing roads?

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 106 SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Poor sanitation and solid waste The road will be constructed by disposal in construction camps and  the contractors who will stay in work sites, and possible the camp site for work and transmission of communicable campsite management will be diseases (such as STI’s and done for all the workers outside HIV/AIDS) from workers to local the project area. populations?  Creation of temporary breeding  Road construction is in hilly habitats for diseases such as region. So, there will be no transmitted by mosquitoes and breeding habitats for rodents? mosquitoes.  Accident risks associated with  Traffic volume is negligible. increased vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life?  Increased noise and air pollution  Traffic volume will be minimal resulting from traffic volume? and traffic speed will be very slow (<20 km/hour).  Increased risk of water pollution from  Not envisaged. oil, grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?  Social conflicts if workers from other  Not envisaged. regions or countries are hired?  Large population influx during  Not envisaged. project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?  Risk to community health and safety  Not envisaged. due to the transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?  Community safety risk due to both  Not envisaged. accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 107 Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist A. GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION 1. Overview of settlements along road corridor(व्ती वाय जानकायी)

Name of Household and Settlement Settlement and Population (no.) Indigenous Code* Caste/Ethnic Address Group (घयधूयी य जनस्मा) Distribution (व्तीक -cflbjf;L (व्तीक नाभ य (जात/जातत) कड) Hh M F Pop ;d"x_ ठगाना) A B C D E F G H I J

* Use the same codes as in strip map and topographical map.

2. Economic activities/main occupation (आ्थिकl्थlतयभ्मऩशाु )

Number of Hhs engaged in Settlement Agriculture Labour Business/ Cottage GO/NGO Code & & Others Commerce Industry Employees Livestock Porter (Specify) (व्तीक (्माऩाय/ (घयर ु (सयकायी/गय (कषी य (्मारा (अ्म) कड) ृ ्मवसाम) उधग) सयकायी) ऩशऩारनु ) भजदयी)ु A B C D E F G H I J

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 108 3. Existing services and infrastructures(ववधभान सवा रदामाक स्था य ऩवािधाय)ू

Service/Infrastructure Settlement Code SN -;]jf / k"jf{wf/_ -a:tLsf] sf]8_ Category A B C D E F G H I J

1 EDUCATION (शशऺा)

1.1 Campus (no.) (SofDk;_

Students (no.) -ljBfyL{_ 1.2 High School (no.) -xfO{ :s"n_

Students (no.) -laBfyL{_ Primary School (no.) -k|fylds 1.3 laBfno_

Students (no.) -ljBfyL{_

2 HEALTH (्वा््म) Hospital (no.) c:ktfn_ 2.1 Capacity (beds) -z}of_ Health Post 2.2 (्वा््म चकी) Sub-Health Post (no.) Veterinary Services (kz' 2.3 :jf:Yo ;]jf_ Pit/temporary Toilets (no.) (vfN6]÷c:yfO{ rkL{_ 2.4 Permanent (kSsL rkL{_ Open (v'Nnf_

3 COMMUNICATION (सचाय)

3.1 Telephone/Fax

3.2 Mobile/CDMA

3.3 Post Office

4 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY (no. of Hhs)(ववजुरी) From Micro-hydro -n3' hnljB't 4.1 af6_ From Mini-hydro -demf}nf 4.2 hnljB't af6_

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 109 Service/Infrastructure Settlement Code SN -;]jf / k"jf{wf/_ -a:tLsf] sf]8_ Category A B C D E F G H I J From National Grid -/fli6«o 4.3 k|zf/0f af6_ From Solar System -;f}o{ phf{ 4.4 af6_ From Diesel Generator -l8h]n 4.5 hg/]6/ af6_

5 BUSINESS & COMMERCE (्माऩाय/ ्मवसाम) Hotels & Lodges (no.) -xf]6]n 5.1 nh _ Restaurants & Tea Stalls (no.) 5.2 (्चमा ऩसर) Grocery Shops (no.) 5.3 ls/fgfऩसर Other Shops (no.) (e.g. stationery, medicine, 5.4 tailoring, fancy/cloth etc.) -:6];g/L, cf}iflw, n'uf l;pg] / km]G;L n'uf ऩसर_

6 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES (खानऩानी) Gravity-Flow Scheme 6.1 (No. of taps) (wf/f स्मा)

6.2 Tube-wells (no.) sn

Spring/Dug-wells (no.) (d"n/ 6.3 कु वा / इनाय)

7 IRRIGATION SCHEMES (शसचाई)

7.1 Surface Irrigation (ha.) (कु र) Groundwater (ha.) hldgsf] 7.2 kfgL lgsfn]/

8 OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES(अ्म ऩवािधाय)ू Micro-hydro Scheme (no. & 8.1 capacity...... kw) (रघ ु जर ववधुत)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 110 Service/Infrastructure Settlement Code SN -;]jf / k"jf{wf/_ -a:tLsf] sf]8_ Category A B C D E F G H I J

8.2 Water Mill (no.) (ऩानी घट)

Suspension Bridges (no.) 8.3 (झरगंऩु र)ु Wooden Bridges (no.) 8.4 (काठऩर)ु Other Bridges (specify) (अ्म 8.5 ऩर)ु

9 INDUSTRY (उ्मग)

Weaving Industry (no.) (शसराइ 9.1 फनाई)ु Rice & Flour Mills (no.) (s'6fgL, 9.2 lk;fgL Other Industries (specify) 9.3 (अ्म उ्मग) …......

10 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS(वव्ततमस्था, ;+Vof_

10.1 Bank (no.) (फंक)

10.2 Cooperative (सहकायी)

11 COMMUNITY USE(साभदातमकु रमजन, ;+Vof_

11.1 Ghat (no.) (घाट)

11.2 Hatia/Bazaar (no.) (हाट,फजाय)

11.3 Playground (no.) (खर भदान)

Community Centre (no.) 11.4 (साभदातमकु बवन) Community Organisation 11.5 (साभदातमकु ;+3;+:yfx?)

11.6 Others (specify) (अ्म)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 111 4. Land holding pattern (ज्गा जभीन) Settlements with no. of Hhs)3/ w'/L ;+Vof( Remarks Land holding pattern A B C D E F G H I J Landless)सकु ु भफासी( <10 ropani) <१०यऩनी( 10 to 20 ropani) १०-२०यऩनी( > 20 ropani) >२०यऩनी(

5. Food grain availability (HH no.) (खा्मान ््थती)

Settlements with no. of Hhs)3/ w'/L ;+Vof( Total Availability Status A B C D E F G H I J

Surplus) वषि बयी ऩगयु फ्न( Sufficient for 9 monthsto 1 year) ९ भहहना- १ वषि

ऩ्नु ( Sufficient for 3-9 months)३-९ भहहना ऩ्नु (

Less than three months)३

भहहना ब्दा कभ ऩ्नु (

6. Migration for employment(यजगायीक रागी वसाई सयाई) No. of Hhs from where at least one person (may be Hh head) is away from home for more than 6 months (६ भहहना ब्दा वढीक रागी)

Settlement A B C D E F G H I J

No. of Hhs)3/ w'/L ;+Vof+(

Destination)Hffg] 7fpF(

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 112 7. Major existing agriculture production (denote the most dominant by 1, second dominant by 2 and so on) (भ्मु उ्जनी – सफ ब्दा फढी राई १ र, दरराई २ र य सही अनसायु जनाउन) S.N. Type of Agriculture Settlements (a:tL) production (उ्जनीक रकाय) A B C D E F G H I J 1.0 CEREALS(अ्नवारी) 1.1 Rice (धान) 1.2 Wheat (गहु) 1.3 Maize (भक ) 1.4 Millet(कद) 1.5 Junelo (जुनर) 1.6 Phaper (पाऩय) 1.7 Others (list) (अ्म) 2.0 CASH CROPS (नगदवारी) 2.1 Oil Seeds (तर) 2.2 Beans/Dal (दार) 2.3 Tobacco(तभाख)ु 2.4 Potato (आर)ु 2.5 Vegetables (तयकायी) 2.6 Fruits (परपु र) 2.7 Tea/Coffee (्चमा / कपी) 2.8 Amriso (अशिस) 2.9 Sericulture (यसभखती) 2.10 Others (list) (अ्म) 3.0 LIVESTOCK & FISHERIES (ऩशऩारनयभाछाऩारनु ) 3.1 Cattle (cows & buffaloes)(गाई बंसी) 3.2 Horses, Mules (घडा,ख्चय) 3.3 Yak (माक) 3.4 Goat (वारा) 3.5 Sheep (बडा) 3.6 Rabbit(खयाम) 3.7 Pig (सुगय)ु 3.8 Fisheries(भाछा) 3.9 Poultry (कु खुया) 3.10 Bee-keeping (भयी ऩारन) 3.11 Others (अ्म)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 113 B. SETTLEMENT INFORMATION:

Name of settlement (व्तीक नाउ):……………………Address:(7]ufgf)M......

Potential market centre(;Defljt ahf/ If]q): …………………… 1. Seasonal migration in search of work(sfdsf] vf]lhdfभसभी वसाई सयाई)

Starting Returning No. of Destination Purpose Month month Total HH (जान ठाउ) (उद्म) (hfg] (kmls{g] (घयधूयी भहहना) भहहना) स्मा)

2. Development Potential According to Settlement 2.1 Areas which have significant potential for development, for instance, high agricultural production, tourism development, local mines, etc. (indicate these areas in map/sketch).(ववकाशक सबावना बएका ऺर ज्त, धय वढी उ्जनी हुन ऺर, ऩमिटन ऺर, खानी ऺर)

S.N. Name of Area Description of Development Potential (ऺरक नाउ) (ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf ePsf] वववयण) 1

2

3

2.2 Scope of the proposed linkage in view of promoting socio-economic development

(आ्थिक साभाजीक ववकाश गनिक रागी र्तावीत सडक वाट हुन पामदा ज्त सचाय, कृ षी, शशऺा य ्वा्थ). SN Sectors to get direct benefit Describe how it will benefit k||ToIf kmfO{bf kfpg] If]q s;/L kmfO{bf k'¥ofp5, pNn]v ug'{xf]; < 1

2

3

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 114 3. Religious, historical, cultural resources and sites of aesthetic and scenic values (wfld{s,ऐतीहासीक, सा्कृ ततक स्ऩदाtyf e"–b[Zo Pj+ ;f}Gbo{o'Qm 7fpFx? )

Type of Name/specification Location from Description Resource road (importance/presentstatus) (नाभ) (रकाय) (सडक वाट दयी)ु a0f{g -dxTj tyf xfnsf] l:ylt_

Temples(भ््दय)

Monuments(शशरा

रख, कक्रा, दयवाय, गपा)ु Sites of aesthetic and scenic values (e"–b[Zo Pj+ ;f}Gbo{o'Qm 7fp)F Others (सा्कृ ततकrf8kj{, d]nfx?)

4. Name of existing community organization-ljBdfg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?_ 1…………….…………… 2…………….…………… 3………………………….

5. Trading pattern-Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] cj:yf_ (a) Imported items-lelqg] j:t'x?_M (b) Exported Items -aflxl/g] j:t'x?_

6.a. Travel time from starting point-ofqf ;do_ a.1 By walking -l+x8]/_: a.2 By vehicle -uf8Laf6_:

6.b. Existing transportation cost (xfnsf] 9'jfgL b/_ b.1 From porter -el/of af6_: b.2 From horse/mule -vRr8 af6_: b.3 From vehicle -uf8L af6_:

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 115 Appendix V: Project Cost a. Abstract of Cost for Civil Works

SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

1 GENERAL ITEMS 1.1 Insurance of works, plants, materials, loss and damage to equipments, L.S. 1.00 900,000.00 900,000.00 Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and property as per GCC clause 13. 1.2 Provide site office suitable locations acceptable to the project manager month 18.00 30,000 540,000.00 within the contract package with accommodation facilities as specified in special provision 1.3 Carry out additional tests for material and works as required and PS 1.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 instructed by the Engineer.(GCC Clause No. 33.1) 1.4 Relocation of the utilities (water supply, telephone, etc,) and services as PS 1.00 250,000 250,000.00 instructed by the Engineer as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications for Labour Based Construction Work of Agricultural & Rural Roads (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-10. 1.5 Carry out maintenance of the existing road to keep the road serviceable month 18.00 40,000 720,000.00 throughout the contract period. Also provide and maintain traffic safety, control measures and temporary diversions during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-12. 1.6 Provide and installation of project information board of size 1.80 mx1.2 No. 2.00 10,000 20,000.00 m along with iron posts including excavation, concreting, backfilling etc all complete as per DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-108 1.7 Provision and maintenance of labour camps payable monthly in equal month 18.00 15,000 270,000.00 instalments as per DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-109 (3)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 116 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

1.8 Establish, maintain and operate labaratory at the site with equipments L.S. 1.00 400,000.00 400,000.00 furnishing required for testing specified quality of the materials as per DoR-SSRBW, Section-511 1.9 Environmental Mitigation Works as Instructed by the Engineer(DOR P.S. 1.00 300,000.00 300,000.00 Section 109) 1.10 Social Compiliance and safegaurds as instructed by the Engineer(DOR P.S. 1.00 300,000.00 300,000.00 Section 109) Sub Total 3,770,000.00 2 SITE CLEARANCE WORKS 2.1 Clearing and Grubbing including cutting of all types of plants as per Sqm 34,242.00 27.48 940,970.16 DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-1.5(a), 1-1.5(b) & 1-1.6 Sub Total 940,970.16 3 EARTHWORKS 3.1 Excavation in roadway and drain in all types of soil and rock materials cum 124,543.15 83.37 10,383,162.42 including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-1 3.2 Excavation in foundation in structure in all types of soil materials Cu.m. 4,691.22 162.40 761,854.62 including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per DoLIdar-Tech. Spec, for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-5 3.3 Formation of embankments including compaction in layers not cum 12,107.56 174.12 2,108,167.65 exceeding 150 mm compacted depth, watering and haulage 10 m etc as per DOR Norms Serial No:9.05.01,Tech. Clause no 909 3.4 Transportation of material beyond the initial lead within 1 km distance cum 33,278.66 50.00 1,663,933.00

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 117 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

with safe disposal sites as instructed by the engineer. Sub Total 14,917,117.68 4 STRUCTURAL/ SIDE DRAIN/ CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS 4.1 Supply machine made fabrication of gabion boxes of different sizes with Cum 2,935.00 4433.44 13012146.4 hexagonal mesh size of 100 mm x 120 mm including rolling, cutting and weaving (mesh wire 3.0 mm, selvedge wire 3.9 mm, binding wire 2.4 mm, all heavy zinc coated wires),assembling, placing in position, packing and filling of gabion create with rubble stone and tying by 2.4 mm binding wires all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6 4.2 Provide and place Geo-textile all complete as per drawing and sq.m 1,190.00 176.93 210546.7 specifications as per (DOR-SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110) 4.3 Supply & place un-coursed random rubble stone masonry works in MM Cu.m. 4,662.50 8091.94 37,728,678.34 5 cement sand mortar in the line & level all complete stone masonry work including full compensation for all labour, materials and other incidentals required to complete the work as per the specifications and drawings. It includes full compensation for using specially dressed stones on the face of wall with batter and provisions for weep hole as necessary as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 4.4 Supply & place110 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe for weep hole as per Nepal rm 1,313.92 398.98 524,228.60 Standard & directed by Engineer 4.5 Supply and Place graded filter material in backfilling for structures and cum 562.92 1734.83 976,573.97 cross drainage works 4.6 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 10/40 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for Cum 586.21 9493.47 5,565,138.57 LBCWARR Clause No. 11 4.7 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 20/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for Cum 1,457.11 13,834.37 20,158,212.71 LBCWARR Clause No. 11

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 118 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

4.8 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 25/20 as per DOR-SSRBW,July Cum 63.78 17098.14 1,090,536.47 2001,Section 2000 4.9 Supply and place formwork for concrete works with all complete as per Sqm 361.69 1277.90 462,202.37 DOLIDAR Item 39-9-a 4.10 Supply & place TMT high tensile strength steel reinforcement of Kg 5,620.18 103.44 581375.5681 specified grade ( Fe 500) for RCC works including bending, centring & binding in position as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 10 4.11 Supply and Place stone Soling as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for Cum 107.02 4043.15 432,710.04 LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6 4.12 Supply, Laying, fitting and fixing of hume pipe class NP3. It includes all operations required to complete the work and the jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement sand mortar as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 15-5 and 15-6 a 300 mm diameter pipe for irrigation purpose rm 7.50 4043.15 30,323.63 b 600 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 50.00 7760.60 388,030.00 c 900 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 93.75 14022.75 1,314,632.81 4.13 Preparation of bedding for stone pitching/stone soling works with Cum 3.00 1968.38 5,905.14 granular material. It includes all labor material and incidental required to complete the work as per the specification 4.14 Back filling in layers in foundation pits,trenches,etc, including Cum 1,668.25 413.20 689314.26 compaction and watering etc. complete,lead 10m As per Dor activity no 9.10,clause no 908. 4.15 Supply & place160 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe for irrigational purpose as per rm 300.00 1858.49 557547.00 Nepal Standard & directed by Engineer 4.16 Providing and installing tarfelt sheet including all necessaary axilliary Sqm 23.59 149.83 3534.79 and incidental works etc. complete as per drawing and specification

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 119 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

Sub Total 83,731,637.36 5 PAVEMENT WORKS 5.1 Preparation of subgrade for rehabilitation works as per DoR-SSRBW Cu.m. 51,571.87 23.76 1,225,347.70 (Standard Specification for Road & Bridge Works, 2001) SECTION No. 1003 5.2 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of Cu.m. 9,025.08 1497.50 13,515,052.81 natural sand gravel sub base grading as specified and according to the designed camber all complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1201 5.3 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of Cum 5,890.78 2037.56 12,002,819.73 gravel crusher run materials for base course lead up to 10m. 5.4 Providing and spraying bituminous prime coat MC30/MC70 including lit 34,201.27 150.47 5,146,241.04 cleaning the road surface using wire brushes, broom etc before applying prime coat as per DoR-SSRBW, Section 13.01,1301 & 1302. 5.5 Providing and spraying bituminous tack coat MC30/MC70 including lit 36,788.23 152.53 5,611,309.18 cleaning the road surface using wire, brushes, broom etc before laying of Premix Carpetting. Spray rate as instructed by engineer 5.6 Providing, mixing, laying and compaction of premix carpetting of 20 mm Cum 684.03 15773.03 10,789,147.23 thick all complete as as per DoR-SSRBW, Section 1307 & 1308. 5.7 Providing and laying sand seal.as per DOR Norms:Activity Sqm 34,201.27 102.29 3,498,585.73 No:13.07,Spec Clause No 1301-1305 5.8 Providing and Laying Semigrouting with Compaction 50 mm Thickness; sq.m 2,874.40 685.73 1,971,066.46 Activity no: 13.06.01, spec clause 1301 & 1304 5.90 Providing and Laying Seal coat for penetration Mecadam; Activity No: sq.m 2,874.40 20.62 59,273.11 13.05.04, Spec Clause no 1301 & 1303 Sub Total 53,818,842.99

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 120 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

6 ROAD FURNITURE / TRAFFIC SIGN BOARD 6.1 Supplying and fixing in place R.C.C.delineater and guard post including Nos 1,000.00 1321.71 1,321,710.00 excavation,paintng,and erectionetc. all complete as final drawing of DoLIDAR 6.2 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at each km) Nos 14.00 3110.08 43,541.12 all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings of DoLIDAR 6.3 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at 5km Nos 4.00 7366.48 29,465.92 interval ) all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings of DoLIDAR 6.4 Supply machine made fabrication of gabion boxes of different sizes with cum 90.00 4433.44 399,009.60 hexagonal mesh size of 100 mm x 120 mm including rolling, cutting and weaving (mesh wire 3.0 mm, selvedge wire 3.9 mm, binding wire 2.4 mm, all heavy zinc coated wires),assembling, placing in position, packing and filling of gabion create with rubble stone and tying by 2.4 mm binding wires all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6 6.5 Supply & place un-coursed random rubble stone masonry works in 1:4 cum 10.00 8091.94 80919.40 cement sand mortar in the line & level all complete stone masonry work including full compensation for all labour, materials and other incidentals required to complete the work as per the specifications and drawings. It includes full compensation for using specially dressed stones on the face of wall with batter and provisions for weep hole as necessary as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 6.6 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in place including 50 mm dia steel tube, 2mm thick steel plate, cement concrete, painting, writing and supporting steel angle nut and bolt etc complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1501)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 121 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark a 60 cm dia circular, 60 cm equilateral triangle and 60 x 45 cm Nos 90.00 2936.10 264,249.00 rectangular shaped sign (Single post) b 1.2m x 0.75 m size bigger traffic sign with back support and two or Nos 10.00 7931.31 79,313.10 more post Sub Total 2,218,208.14 7 BIOENGINEERING WORKS 7.1 Slope trimming work DoLIDAR : 4 Spec.Clause No.: 2-1.3.2,2-1.8 and sqm 920.00 80.04 73636.80 2-1.95 7.2 Construction of Rip-rap drain with the stone pitching work of 20 cm thick Rm 230.00 594.78 136799.40 and 1.2 m wide as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 7.3 Dry stone check/toe walls for segmentation and support of slopes cum 26.40 2176.51 57459.86 DoLIDAR Tech. Spec. clause No. 8 7.4 Supply & construction of gabion check / toe wall for slope protection cum 75.00 4433.45 332508.49 7.5 Brush layering work: including preparation of terraces of 30 - 40 cm Rm 200.00 127.29 25457.67 wide and laying live cuttings of selected Species along the terrace @ 5 cm c/c with 2/3 of cuttings in to terrace and leaving one bud and up to 1/3 of the cuttings sticking beyond the terrace edge ( Cutting can be of assuro,simali etc of 45 - 60 m length) DoLIDAR Spec.Clause no.70-6.7 b 7.6 Planting rooted grass slips on slopes < 45˚ including preparation of sqm 920.00 249.21 229273.89 slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a maximum of 5 cm depth with metal or hardwood peg, depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced 10 cm apart as per Bio engineering information of DOR 7.7 Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, Nos 140.00 62.68 8774.50 transplanting, composting and placing tree guards, on toe of

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 122 SN Description of works Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) Remark

embankment slopes in plain areas, not less than 8 m from the road centre line. Pit size 30 cm diameter×30 cm depth. Compost volume ⅟₄ of the volume of pit, mixed with original soil as per Bio engineering information of DOR Sub-Total 863910.61 8 DAY WORKS 8.1 Supply of labour as required as per preamble and as instructed by the Engineer. a Unskilled labour m/d 300.00 580.00 174000.00 b skilled labour m/d 100.00 815.00 81500.00 8.2 Supply of excavator for maintenance of road as required and instructed hrs 100.00 1800.00 180000.00 by engineer 8.3 Provide Built up Drawing as completed L.S. 1.00 75000.00 Sub Total 510,500.00 Base Cost(A) = 160,771,186.95 SUM OF ALL SUBTOTALS VAT @13%(B) = 20,900,254.30 13% of A Sub Total, C= 181,671,441.25 A + B Work Charge Staff & Miscellanous Expences @ 3%(D) = 48,231,356.08 3% of A Physical Contingency @ 10%(E) = 16,077,118.70 10% OF A Grand Total(F) = 245,979,916.03 C+D+E Cost Per Kilometer of construction works including 22,155,053.81 C/8.2 bioengineering works and VAT,excluding contingency, G =

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 123 b. Summary of Total Project Cost

S.N Particulars Amount (NRs.) 1.1 Environmental Management Cost 1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising training 150,000.00 1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and 871,057.50 private land 1.1.3 Road side plantation 250,000.00 1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00 1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00 Sub-total (i) 1,521,057.50 1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also) 1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 900,000.00 1.2.2 Bioengineering works 863,910.61 Sub-total (ii) 1,763,910.61 Total (i+ii) (A) 3,284,968.11 2 Civil Work Cost 2.1 Total civil work cost 245,979,916.00 2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in item 1,763,910.61 1.2 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering works 2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety, bioengineering 244,216,005.39 and toe wall for spoil management (B) 3 Resettlement Plan Cost 3.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and 20,284,649.33 community structures within RoW) 3.2 Supporting cost for deed transfer, management cost for absentee 28,000.00 families 3.4 Contingency (20%) 4062529.866

3.5 Income generattion and livelihood improvement Program 250,000.00 Sub-total (C) 24,625,179.20 4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Plan Cost 4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show on D 130,000.00 & RM 4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 70,000.00 Sub-total (D) 200,000.00 Grand Total Project Cost (A+B+C+D) 272,326,152.70

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 124 c. Summary of Resettlement Cost

S.N. Budget Amount Remarks (NRs.) 1.DIRECT COST 1.1 Land Compensation 20,064,000.00 1.2 Private Trees 3,880.00 1.3 CFUGs Trees 16,769.33 1.4 Private Structures 200,000.00 Sub-total 20,284,649.33 2. INDIRECT COST 2.1 Deed Transfer Fees 28,000.00 @ 2,000.00 Sub-total 28,000.00 3 Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement 250,000.00 Program 4 Contingency (20%) 4062529.866 Sub-total 4,312,529.87 Total 24,625,179.20

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 125 Appendix VI: Public Notice

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 126 Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Office of District Development Committee Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) District project Implementation Unit Gorkha

Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (Date of first publication: 2072/12/18)

The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by convinent loan and grant assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical and grant technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN), for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. This notice is published for the implementation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report as per the provision of the Rule 7 (2) of the Environment Protection Rules 1997 (amended 1999 AD) for the following roads.

S.N Proposed Road Affected VDC and Description of Proposal Municipality 1. Ghympesal- , , The proposed road sub-project starts from Bakot-Palkhu- Swara, Pandruk, Ghyampsal of Masel VDC and ends at Kharra Swara- Saurpani, khola of Saurpani VDC. The total length of road Saurpani- Panchkhuwa, is 30 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage. Barpak Deurali, Takukot VDC 2. Luitel – The proposed road sub-project starts from Luitel Aappipal – Municipality gaun of palungtar municipality and and ends at Harmi Harmi ,, Bhachhek of Hansapur VDC. The total length of Bhanjyang – , Jaubari road is 39 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage. Thalajung – and Hansapur DC Bhachek Road

It is requested to provide comments and suggestions about the impacts on the environment through the implementation of sub-project, from the relevant VDCs, school, health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people within 15 days from the first date of its publication in the following address. The comments and suggestions can be sent to Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads, Pulchok and Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar.

Address to send comments and suggestions:

District Development District Technical Office, Earthquake Emergency Committee, Gorkha District project Implementation Assistance Project (EEAP) Telephone no: 064-420144 Unit, Gorkha Central project Implementation Fax No: 064-420377 Telephone no: 064420029 Unit, Lalitpur Fax no. 064-420029 Telephone no: 01-5532331 Email: [email protected]

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 127 Appendix VII: Deed of Enquiry (Muchulka)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 128

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 141 Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letters

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 146 Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes with Local People

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 150 IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 151

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 155 Appendix X: Socio-economic Data of Sub-project Area a: Distribution of Households by Major Occupation S.N. Settlement Agriculture & Labour & Business / Cottage GO / NGO Livestock Porter Commerce Industry Employees 1 Bahakot 150 70 10 1 10 2 Palkhu 54 5 15 0 10 3 Majhkot 56 50 15 5 15 4 Simbu 52 7 2 0 2 5 Jhakriswara 60 50 2 0 5 6 Bhandari Gaun 59 59 2 0 0 7 Saurpani 252 200 30 10 60 Total 683 441 76 16 102 Percentage 100.00 64.57 11.13 2.34 14.93

b: Migration Pattern in Project Area Settlement Seasonal Migration Migration for more than 6 months Starting Returning HHs Destination Purp HHs No. Destination Months Months No. ose Bahakot No Seasonal Migration 70 Kathmandu, GOlF country Palkhu 30 Kathmandu, GOlF country Majhkot 15 Kathmandu, GOlF country Simbu 30 Kathmandu, GOlF country Jhakriswara 50 Kathmandu, GOlF country Bhandari 59 Kathmandu, Gaun GOlF country Saurpani 150 Kathmandu, GOlF country Total 604

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 156 c: Summary of Public Services and Infrastructure according to Settlement Other structures

Settlement Business and commerce Water Industry Community supply Use

(no) -poperative Permanent Toilet Capacity (Kw) co Health Post Veterinary Mobile / CDMA Post-Office Solar System NationalGrid hydroMicro (HH) Hotels & Lodges Restaurant\ tea shop Grocery Shops Nepali Hand Made Paper factory Other ( Medical, Stationary, Fancy< tailoring) FlowGravity Spring/Dug Wells Surface Irrigation (ha) hydroMicro power Weaving Industry &Rice Flour Mills Furniture Com. Center Play Ground Com. Organization Bahakot 150 150 5 8 6 1 1 1 22 1 1 2 2 150 Palkhu 1 54 1 54 4 4 10 2 1 1 22 3 1 1 54 1 Majhkot 1 56 1 54 2 2 7 3 7 1 70 2 1 3 1 2 56 1 Simbu 52 52 1 1 2 3 1 1 52 Jhakriswara 60 60 1 2 4 1 60 Bhandari 59 59 2 2 4 2 Gaun 59 Saurpani 1 252 252 3 3 15 7 33 1 53 6 1 1 2 7 252 Grand total 683 2 1 683 171 0 510 10 18 46 0 18 52 2 0 4 167 10 6 3 4 16 1 4

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 157 d: Land holding Pattern (No. of Households)

Settlement Landless <10 ropani 10 to 20 ropani >20 ropani Bahakot 0 145 5 Palkhu 0 50 4 Majhkot 0 47 9 Simbu 0 8 25 19 Jhakriswara 0 52 8 Bhandari Gaun 0 50 9 Saurpani 0 100 100 52 Total 0 452 160 71 Percentage HH 0.00 66.18 23.43 10.40

e: Food Grain Availability (Households)

Surplus for Sufficient for Settlement more than 1 9 months to 1 Sufficient for Sufficient for less Name year year 3-9 months than 3 months Bahakot 0 35 115 Palkhu 0 50 4 Majhkot 0 56 Simbu 0 45 7 Jhakriswara 0 53 7 Bhandari Gaun 0 59 Saurpani 0 30 125 97 Total 0 30 423 230 Percentage 0.00 4.39 61.93 33.67 HH

f: Potential Area for Development

Settlement Potentiality for Development Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Bahakot Tourism-Chhededaha Lake, Pokhra & Bhalbuwa Lake Palkhu Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Majhkot Tourism-Badalekh Temple Simbu Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Jhakriswara Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Bhandari Gaun Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Patato, Local Choto & Garlic Production area Saurpani (Tourism-Veiw point & Picnic Spot Thamlekh)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 158 Appendix XI: Name of Organization Contacted

SN Name of Organization Address 1 Then Distict Developement Committee,Gorkha Gorkha 2 District Technical Office,Gorkha Gorkha 3 Distict Forest Office,Gorkha Gorkha 4 District Land Revenue Office,Gorkha Gorkha 5 District Agriculture Development Office, Gorkha Gorkha 6 Then Office of Village Development Committee, Saurpani Gorkha 7 Then Office of Village Development Committee, Swara Gorkha 8 Thampakha CFGU, Saurpani Gorkha

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 159 Appendix XII: List of Persons Contacted

SN Name Designation Address 1 Sahadev Bdr. Then D.T.O. Gorkha Bhandari 2 Govinda Raj Shrestha Secretary, then VDC Saurpaani, Gorkha 3 Shiralal Thapa Magar Secretary, then VDC Swara, Gorkha 4 Shekhar Nath Secretary, then VDC Masel, Gorkha Neupane 5 Ram Prasad Poudel Secretary, then VDC , Gorkha 6 Ram Prasad Poudel Secretary, then VDC Panchkuwa Deurali, Gorkha 7 Om Prasad Khanal Teacher Sailputri H.S.S, Gorkha 8 Om Bahadur Gurung President Rupakot CFUG, Swara 9 Uttam Kumar Baram Principal Majhthar S.S, Swara 10 Santa bahadur President School management Board, Shiva P.S, Gurung Simbu 11 Manmaya Gurung President Danfe Mothers Group, Bhandari Gaun 12 Ramesh Koirala Vice- Principal Himalaya H.S.S Saurpani 13 Keshari pd. Dhakal President Thampakha CFGU, Saurpani 14 Kamal Pd. Bhatta Vice-Principal Dullave H.S.S Ghyampesal 15 Kul pd. Bhatta HoD, Administration Dullave Multiple Campus, Ghyampesal 16 Dhami Baram Member Dandare Patal CFUG 17 Surya Kumar Principal Manasalu Primary School, Takukot Shrestha 18 Til kumara Gurung President Bahakot CFUG 19 Ram jee Dhakal Teacher Thalibari L.S. School, Pandrung 20 Prem Prasad Bhatta President Chyandanda CFUG, Panchkuwa Deurali 21 Bhakta Bdr. Thapa President Rip Swara CFUG, Swara

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 160 Appendix XIII: Trees to be Cut Down a. Trees from Community Forest

Name of the Chainage Name of Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate (NRs) Total Cost forest From To Species Trees Plantation (1:25) (NRs) Thampakha CFUG 13+755 14+150 Khiroo Sapium insigne 5 125 159.74 19967.5 a) Pipal Ficus religiosa 1 25 3993.5 b) Sissoo Dalbergia sisoo 1 25 3993.5 botdhayero Lagerstroemia parviflora 2 50 7987 Chilaune Schima wallichii 4 100 15974 Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 3993.5 14+180 17+100 Khiroo Sapium insigne 3 75 11980.5 botdhayero Lagerstroemia parviflora 3 75 11980.5 Dudhelo Ficus nerifolia 1 25 3993.5 Chilaune Schima wallichi 8 200 31948 Kafal Myrica esculenta 1 25 3993.5 Utis Alnus nepalensis 5 125 19967.5 Saur Betula alnoides 2 50 7987 Lapsi Choerospondias axillaris 1 25 3993.5 Bakaino Melia composite 1 25 3993.5 Pakhuri Ficus glaberimma 1 25 3993.5 Pipal Ficus religiosa 1 25 3993.5 Total 41 1,025 163,733.5

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 161 b. Trees from National Forest

Name of the Chainage Name of Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate Total Cost Forest,then From To Species Trees Plantation (NRs) (NRs) address * (1:25) Takukot- 5, Bahakot 9+150 9+750 Chilaune Schima wallichi 4 100 159.74 15974 Utis Alnus nepalensis 14 350 55909 others 2 50 7987 9+800 10+250 Utis Alnus nepalensis 19 475 75876.5 Khiroo Sapium insigne 1 25 3993.5 Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 3993.5 10+280 10+450 Khiroo Sapium insigne 2 50 7987 Chilaune Schima wallichi 1 25 3993.5 Utis Alnus nepalensis 1 25 3993.5 others 2 50 7987 phaledo Erythrina arborescens 1 25 3993.5 Sissoo Dalbergia sisoo 1 25 3993.5 10+460 10+480 Phaledo Erythrina arborescens 1 25 3993.5 10+480 10+530 Sirish Albezia lebbek 2 50 7987 Utis Alnus nepalensis 5 125 19967.5 Chilaune Schima wallichi 2 50 7987 Phaledo Erythrina arborescens 2 50 7987 10+535 10+540 padke Carpesium nepalense 1 25 3993.5 10+550 10+560 Utis Alnus nepalensis 4 100 15974 Chilaune Schima wallichi 1 25 3993.5 10+580 10+600 Chilaune Schima wallichi 2 50 7987 10+910 11+200 Chilaune Schima wallichi 15 375 59902.5 11+200 Kafal Myrica esculenta 3 75 11980.5

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 162 Name of the Chainage Name of Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate Total Cost Forest,then From To Species Trees Plantation (NRs) (NRs) address * (1:25) 11+220 11+270 Chilaune Schima wallichi 1 25 3993.5 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25 3993.5 Utis Alnus nepalensis 1 25 3993.5 Khiroo Sapium insigne 2 50 7987 Saur Betula alnoides 1 25 3993.5 11+290 12+700 Kafal Myrica esculenta 2 50 7987 Utis Alnus nepalensis 42 1050 167727 Chilaune Schima wallichi 36 900 143766 Phaledo Erythrina arborescens 1 25 3993.5 Total 174 4,350 694,869 (* Remarks: the address mentioned here has been restructured and detail of restructuring is present in Table 1 of this IEE report)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 163 c. Trees from Private Land

Chainage Name of Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate (NRs.) Total Cost (NRs.) From To Species Trees Plantation (1:1) 9+100 9+150 Orange Citrus reticulata 1 1 66.25 66.25 9+750 9+800 Utis Alnus nepalensis 9 9 66.25 596.25 10+250 10+280 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 50 50 66.25 3312.5 10+450 10+460 Guava Psidium guajava 1 1 66.25 66.25 10+530 10+535 Mango Mangifera indica 1 1 66.25 66.25 10+540 10+550 Khiroo Sapium insigne 1 1 66.25 66.25 10+560 10+580 Bakaino Melia composite 1 1 66.25 66.25 10+600 10+910 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 15 15 66.25 993.75 Chilaune Schima wallichii 27 27 66.25 1788.75 Utis Alnus nepalensis 2 2 66.25 132.5 11+200 11+220 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 25 25 66.25 1656.25 11+270 11+290 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 25 25 66.25 1656.25 12+700 12+750 Bar Ficus bengalensis 1 1 66.25 66.25 Pipal Ficus religiosa 1 1 66.25 66.25 14+150 14+180 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 28 28 66.25 1855 Total 188 188 12,455 Note: Rp will be referred to identify the owner (tree loss) for compensatory plantation

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 164 d. Calculation of Plantation Cost in Private land

Item no. Description Unit Total quantity Rate (NRs.) Amount Remarks (NRs.) Seedling cost No 1760 30 52,800.00 20 Plantation per ha 20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 550 1,650.00 20.5(a)i Pitting 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 550 17,600.00 50% slope 20.6(a) Seedling transportation Persondays 6 550 3,300.00 1 km distance 20.6(b) Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 550 1,650.00 20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 550 11,000.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 550 9,900.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 550 4,950.00 33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 550 13,750.00 Up to 50% slope Total 116,600.00 Per plant cost 66.25

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 165 e. Calculation of Plantation Cost in NF/CF

Total Rate Amount Item No. Description Unit Remarks quantity (NRs.) (NRs.) Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00 20 Plantation per ha

20(1) Site selection and survey Person days 3 550 1,650.00 20.2(b) Site clearance Person days 10 550 5,500.00 25% shrubs and grasses 20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Person days 3 550 1,650.00 20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Person days 32 550 17,600.00 50% slope 20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Person days 6 550 3,300.00 1 km distance 20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Person days 3 550 1,650.00 20.7(a) Plantation Person days 20 550 11,000.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Person days 18 550 9,900.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Person days 9 550 4,950.00 33.1(b) Pruning Person days 25 550 13,750.00 Up to 50% slope Sub-total 106,150.00

35 Fencing per 200 running meter

35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m height Person days 8 550 4,400.00 35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter)

35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00 Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost

Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00 35.3(b) Pitting for poles Person days 14 550 30,800.00 35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Person days 24 550 52,800.00 Sub-total 161,600.00

Total 267,750.00

Contingency (5%) 13,387.50

Grand Total 281,137.50

1600+10% plants with Per plant cost 159.74 2.5m x 2.5m spacing

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Gorkha 166 f. Compensatory Plantation Agreement

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IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 167 lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, uf]/vf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, uf]/vf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . yfdkfvfF ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x,

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 168 %= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf÷lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{no, uf]/vf

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $! ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !,)@% lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !^#,&##=%) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !$^,@$&=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !&,$*^=%) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 169 lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{noxsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_ sfof{Gjog ug { ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_ kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, uf]/vf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0fsfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, uf]/vf != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{ Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ . %= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno÷;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf÷lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{no, uf]/vf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 170 u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] !$@ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - #,%%) lj?jf_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= ^($,*^(=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? ^@),^%*=)) lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= &$,@!!=)) lhNnf jg sfof{no nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]] .

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷ lhNNff k|fljlws lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 171 g. Plantation Plan in District

Compensatory plantation

Requirements for plantation activities 1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUGs to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with DFO/CFUGs/DCC - Agreement will be done with DFO and DCC/DTO for the compensatory plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO/CFUG nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG. 6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cm x 30cm size will be dug. 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Plantation in CF/NF Activities May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Agreement with DFO/CFUG/DCC Managing planting stock Survey of plantation area Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings Planting Weeding Survival count

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 172 Roadside plantation 1) Coordination with local communities, RM and DFO - Meeting will be held with concerned local communities, RM and DFO to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local communities, RM and DFO for the road side plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by concerned local communities, RM, and DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, RM and DFO. 6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation Activities May 18 June 18 July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18 Agreement with local communities, RM and DFO Managing planting stock Survey of plantation area Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings Planting Weeding Survival count

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 173 Plantation in Private land Coordination with affected landowner - Meeting will be held with concerned affected landowner to discuss about the plantation trees in their land. 1) Managing planting stock . From DFO/CFUG nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 2) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified in coordination with affected landowner. 3) Protection- Protection of planted trees will be done by the landowner. 4) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on the species. 5) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 6) Planting - It will be done by the affected landowner and cost will be provided in the starting of monsoon 7) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce weed competition.

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 174 Appendix XIV: Detail Information of Affected Private Structure

SN Picture Detail

1 Chainage 13+880 Name of Owner Ram Man Shrestha Address Swarpani Pipalbot Structure Type House Built Year 2072 Present Status On use Family Member (no.) 7 Food Sufficiency (Month) Total Agricultural Income (NRs.) Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.) Total Affected Area 8 (sqm)

Total cost (NRs.)

2 Chainage 15+300 Name of Owner Shyam Bahadur Gurung Address Laya Gaun Structure Type House Built Year 2067 Present Status On use Family Member (no.) 8 Food Sufficiency (Month) Total Agricultural Income (NRs.) Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.) Total Affected Area 10 (sqm)

Total cost (NRs.)

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 175 Appendix XV: Photographs

Figure 1: Public Consultation Figure 2: Public Consultation

Figure 3: Landslide prone Area along the road Figure 4: Existing road condition corridor

IEE of Ghyampesal – Bakot – Palkhu – Swara – Saurpani – Barpak Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project, Gorkha 176