1 January 1981 1 January 1981 First Southern expansion Contemporary History / No 2 First Southern expansion Contemporary History / No 2 Greece joins the EC as the tenth member- stateGreece . Greece joins thehad ECbeen as ruledthe tenth by a militarymember- junta sincestate . 1967,Greece which had hadbeen prevented ruled by aparticipation military junta insince the 1967,process which of Europeanhad prevented integration. participation How - ever,in the in process 1974, the of CyprusEuropean crisis integration. brought a How - civilianever, in and 1974, democratic the Cyprus government crisis brought to power a The European Union incivilian Greece. and Membership democratic governmentnegotiations towere power The European Union quicklyin Greece. resumed, Membership partly withnegotiations the intention were of stabilizingquickly resumed, the young partly Greek with democracy. the intention of stabilizing the young Greek democracy.

1 August 1975 Helsinki Accords 5 June 1947 1 August 1975 Helsinki Accords 8 May 1945 5 June 1947 1 January 1973 First expansion 1 January 1973 First expansion 33 states from Western and Eastern Europe, 8 May 1945 Marshall Plan 3 September 1953 Convention on Human Rights 33 states from Western and Eastern Europe, The war ends Marshall Plan 3 September 1953 Convention on Human Rights The United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark join the United States and Canada sign the Helsinki The United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark join the United States and Canada sign the Helsinki The war ends The Marshall Plan “European Recovery 4 April 1949 NATO The “European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights 1956 Uprisings the European Community. Negotiations also pave Accords, the final document of the Conference Germany’s unconditional surrender Program”The Marshall endorses Plan “European economic Recovery co- 4 April 1949 NATO andThe Fundamental“European Convention Freedoms” for enters the Protection into force of after Human ratification Rights by 1956 Uprisings thethe wayEuropean for Norwegian Community. membership, Negotiations but also the pave onAccords, Security the and final Cooperation document inof Europe.the Conference The Germany’s unconditional surrender on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The ends World War II in Europe. operationProgram” amongendorses European economic countries. co- Twelve countries form the North theand members Fundamental of the Freedoms” Council of enters Europe. into force after ratification by Democratic uprisings in Hungary and proposalthe way for is rejectedNorwegian by Norwegiansmembership, in but a popular the signatories pledge to guarantee human rights, ends World War II in Europe. Twelve countries form the North Democratic uprisings in Hungary and signatories pledge to guarantee human rights, operation among European countries. Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the members of the Council of Europe. Poland are violently suppressed. referendumproposal is rejectedheld on Septemberby Norwegians 25th, in 1972. a popular uphold the self-determination and non-discri- aAtlantic military Treaty alliance Organization under the leader(NATO),- Poland are violently suppressed. referendum held on September 25th, 1972. minationuphold the of self-determinationall peoples, renounce and thenon-discri use of - shipa military of the alliance United underStates. the leader- violence,mination ofrespect all peoples, the inviolability renounce of the national use of ship of the United States. borders,violence, andrespect pursue the the inviolability peaceful of settlement national 19 June 1946 1956 Eurovision borders, and pursue the peaceful settlement 19 June 1946 1956 Eurovision of conflicts. Churchill’s proposal 1951 — 1957 Lys Assia from Switzerland is crowned of conflicts. 5 May 1949 Council of Europe 1951 — 1957 Churchill’s proposal Six founding member states asLys the Assia first from winner Switzerland of the Grand is crowned Prix In Zurich, Britain’s former Prime 5 May 1949 Council of Europe 23 October 1954 Paris Agreements 1 March 1972 Six founding member states Eurovisionas the first de winner la Chanson. of the GrandThe music Prix 1 March 1972 MinisterIn Zurich, Winston Britain’s Churchill former Prime pro- Ten countries found the Council of Europe. 23 October 1954 Paris Agreements In the 1950s, Belgium, West Germany, France, West Germany is accepted as a member of NATO Eurovision de la Chanson. The music InterRail 27 July 1976 Cosmetics guidelines Minister Winston Churchill pro- ByTen 2012, countries it had found 47 members the Council. of Europe. competition is renamed “Eurovision poses the founding of the United Italy,In the Luxembourg 1950s, Belgium, and theWest Netherlands Germany, France, sign andWest of Germany the newly is created accepted Western as a member European of NATOUnion InterRail 27 July 1976 Cosmetics guidelines By 2012, it had 47 members. Songcompetition Contest” is renamedin 1992. “Eurovision Several European railroad companies The EC Cosmetics guidelines from 1976 have been replaced Statesposes theof Europe. founding of the United Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands sign and of the newly created Western European Union three treaties that establish the European Coal following the failure of the European Defense Song Contest” in 1992. offerSeveral a cheap European one-month railroad lump-sum companies States of Europe. 1968 byThe the EC Cosmetics Cosmetics Directive guidelines on fromJuly 11th,1976 2013.have been The directivereplaced is andthree Steel treaties Community that establish (ECSC), the theEuropean European Coal Communityfollowing the (“Parisfailure Agreements”).of the European Defense 1968 ticketoffer a for cheap young one-month people to lump-sumexplore supposedby the Cosmetics to grant Directive a high degree on July of 11th,health 2013. protection. The directive A large is Economicand Steel CommunityCommunity (ECSC),(EEC) and the the European European Community (“Paris Agreements”). Prague Spring ticket for young people to explore 4 January 1960 Trade Europe by train. Today the Interrail- variety supposed of goods to grant is subsumeda high degree under of healththe term protection. “cosmetics A large”: AtomicEconomic Energy Community Community (EEC) (EAEC, and the or EuropeanEuratom). 4 January 1960 Trade Prague Spring Europe by train. Today the Interrail- The Czech reform movement is ticket takes you to 32 countries by facialvariety masks of goods as well is subsumed as foundations, under powder the term and “cosmetics soap, perfume,”: Atomic Energy Community (EAEC, or Euratom). The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The six founding member states form the asticket many takes trains you as to you 32 countrieslike. by facial masks as well as foundations, powder and soap, perfume, isThe set European up as a counterbalance Free Trade Association to the European (EFTA) violentlyThe Czech suppressed reform movement by troops is from bath supplement, deodorant and depilation products. nucleusThe six foundingfor the gradual member development states form of the the as many trains as you like. bath supplement, deodorant and depilation products. Economicis set up as Community. a counterbalance to the European theviolently “Warsaw suppressed Pact” countries. by troops from European nucleus for Union. the gradual development of the Economic Community. the “Warsaw Pact” countries. European Union.

1951 — 1972 Six founding members 1973 — 1980 Nine member states 1951 — 1972 Six founding members 1973 — 1980 Nine member states 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

28 February 1975 28 February 1975 7 — 10 June 1979 1 July 1968 European Customs Union First Lomé Convention 7 — 10 June 1979 1 July 1968 European Customs Union First Lomé Convention First European elections The last tariffs within the European Community are abolished The EC signs a cooperation agreement with 46 African, First European elections Citizens of the nine EC member states (originallyThe last tariffs planned within for the December European 31st, Community 1969). A are common abolished CaribbeanThe EC signs and a Pacific cooperation states agreement in Lomé (Togo). with 46It establishesAfrican, areCitizens called of on the to nine elect EC representatives member states customs(originally code planned is introduced for December for the 31st, EC 1969).borders. A common financialCaribbean support and Pacific programmes states in andLomé tariff-free (Togo). accessIt establishes to toare the called European on to electParliament representatives for the first customs code is introduced for the EC borders. Europeanfinancial supportagricultural programmes markets. Inand 2000, tariff-free the Cotonou access to time.to the The Parliament is the only for theEU first 7 October 1958 AgreementEuropean agricultural (signed in Cotonou,markets. InBenin) 2000, expands the Cotonou European 30 August 1954 organtime. The elected parliament directly is by the the only people. EU 7 October 1958 developmentAgreement (signed cooperation in Cotonou, to include Benin) 79 expands ACP states. European organ elected directly by the people. 30 August 1954 Judiciary development cooperation to include 79 ACP states. European Defense Community fails Judiciary 1 July 1967 European Community European Defense Community fails The European Court of After the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States 1 July 1967 European Community The European Court of The Merger Treaty enters into force on April 8th, 1965. After the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States Justice is established in demand military support from Germany. France is opposed The Merger Treaty enters into force on April 8th, 1965. Luxembourg.Justice is established in The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), todemand German military rearmament support andfrom proposes Germany. theFrance integration is opposed of Luxembourg. theThe EuropeanEuropean CoalEconomic and Steel Community Community (EEC) (ECSC), and the Europeanto German military rearmament forces and(including proposes a rearmed the integration German of Cassis-de-Dijon verdict Europeanthe European Atomic Economic Energy Community Community (EEC) (Euratom) and the 20 February 1979 23 July 1952 ECSC Treaty military).European In military 1954, theforces six (includingfounding amember rearmed states German sign 20 February 1979 Cassis-de-Dijon verdict areEuropean combined Atomic to form Energy the European Community Community (Euratom) (EC). The German grocery chain “Rewe” sues against restrictions 23 July 1952 ECSC Treaty amilitary). treaty that In 1954, aims theto establish six founding a European member Defense states sign The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is Allare three combined unions to areform subsumed the European under Community a single (EC). thatThe preventGerman the grocery import chain of French “Rewe” cassis sues (a against blackcurrant restrictions liqueur) Communitya treaty that (EDC). aims to On establish August a30th, European the plan Defense fails when 1 July 1965 — 28 January 1966 formallyThe European inaugurated. Coal and Belgium, Steel France,Community West (ECSC) Germany, is CouncilAll three ofunions Ministers are subsumed and under under the EC a Commission.single fromthat preventDijon. The the Europeanimport of FrenchCourt ofcassis Justice (a blackcurrantoverturns the liqueur) import theCommunity treaty is (EDC).rejected On by August the French 30th, National the plan Assembly. fails when 1 July 1965 — 28 January 1966 Italy,formally Luxembourg inaugurated. and Belgium, the Netherlands France, West agree Germany, to have “Empty chair politics” Council of Ministers and under the EC Commission. prohibition.from Dijon. The verdictEuropean leads Court to the of so-calledJustice overturns “Cassis-de-Dijon the import the treaty is rejected by the French National Assembly. theirItaly, respectiveLuxembourg coal and and the steel Netherlands industries agree supervised to have “Empty chair politics” principle”:prohibition. products The verdict on leadssale in to one the EUso-called country “Cassis-de-Dijon can also be sold in The French President, Charles de Gaulle, bytheir a singlerespective independent coal and regulatory steel industries authority supervised (Treaty allprinciple”: other member products states on salewithout in one restrictions. EU country The can free also movement be sold in rejectsThe French reform President, proposals Charles to finance de theGaulle, Common ofby Paris, a single April independent 18th, 1951). regulatory The agreement authority marks (Treaty the ofall goodsother member within the states European without economic restrictions. area The cannot free bemovement restricted 14 January 1962 Common Agricultural Policy Agriculturalrejects reform Policy. proposals France to financeabsents the itself Common from beginningof Paris, April of Europe’s 18th, 1951). first The supranational agreement organization.marks the 14 January 1962 Common Agricultural Policy unlessof goods grave within health the Europeanand environmental economic concerns area cannot make be suchrestricted A common agricultural market is instituted to secure adequate income allAgricultural meetings Policy.of the CouncilFrance absentsof Ministers, itself thus from beginning of Europe’s first supranational organization. restrictionsunless grave unavoidable. health and environmental concerns make such A common agricultural market is instituted to secure adequate income renderingall meetings European of the Council institutions of Ministers, virtually thus levels for farmers, steady food supplies, and appropriate prices for restrictions unavoidable. consumers.levels for farmers, Guaranteed steady prices food aresupplies, established and appropriate for agricultural prices products. for inoperativerendering European . institutions virtually Ifconsumers. market prices Guaranteed drop, the pricesEuropean are establishedCommunity for agrees agricultural to purchase products. inoperative . foodIf market at pre-set prices drop,price thelevels. European Tariffs Communityand export agreessubsidies to purchase protect food at pre-set price levels. Tariffs and export subsidies protect 9 May 1950 Schuman Plan 25 March 1957 European agriculture against competition on the global markets. 9 May 1950 Schuman Plan 25 March 1957 Treaty of Rome European agriculture against competition on the global markets. The French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposes the founding of a European Six founding member states (cf. 1951) sign treaties that establish the The French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposes the founding of a European Coal and Steel Community. He suggests that all German and French coal and steel EuropeanSix founding Economic member Community states (cf. 1951)(EEC) signand thetreaties European that establish Atomic Energy the Coal and Steel Community. He suggests that all German and French coal and steel production be governed by a common, supranational authority (see: July 23rd, 1952). CommunityEuropean Economic (EAEC). EconomicCommunity integration (EEC) and is thedriven European by the ideaAtomic of aEnergy single production be governed by a common, supranational authority (see: July 23rd, 1952). Schuman’s idea is based on the conviction that economically interdependent EuropeanCommunity market. (EAEC). The Economic signatories integration agree on is a driven common by thecustoms idea of area a single and Schuman’s idea is based on the conviction that economically interdependent 13 March 1979 European Monetary System states will strive to maintain peace and resolve disagreements by non-violent means. onEuropean the free market. flow of Thegoods, signatories people, agreeservices on aand common capital customswithin their area borders. and 13 March 1979 European Monetary System states will strive to maintain peace and resolve disagreements by non-violent means. The Schuman Plan was intended as the first step towards a more unified Europe Theon the European free flow Atomic of goods, Energy people, Community services aims and tocapital develop within a Europeantheir borders. 28 / 29 January 1966 Luxembourg compromise The European Monetary System (EMS) enters into force. Its aim is to The Schuman Plan was intended as the first step towards a more unified Europe The European Monetary System (EMS) enters into force. Its aim is to and is often described as the “birth certificate” of the European Union. May 9th is nuclearThe European industry Atomic to meet Energy rising Community energy demands aims to and develop to reduce a European depen- 28 / 29 January 1966 Luxembourg compromise ensure stable exchange rates among EC (with the exception of UK). and is often described as the “birth certificate” of the European Union. May 9th is The crisis of the EEC – a result of the French “empty chair politics” in ensure stable exchange rates among EC (with the exception of UK). now celebrated as “Europe Day”. dencynuclear on industry foreign tooil meet imports. rising energy demands and to reduce depen- The EMS also introduces the European Currency Unit (ECU) as the theThe Council crisis of of the Ministers EEC – a– resultends with of the the French “Luxembourg “empty chaircompromise”. politics” inFrom now celebrated as “Europe Day”. dency on foreign oil imports. unitThe ofEMS account also introduces within the theEuropean European Community. Currency Unit (ECU) as the nowthe Council on, the Councilof Ministers of Ministers – ends withcan reachthe “Luxembourg decisions by compromise”. simple majority From unit of account within the European Community. votenow unlesson, the aCouncil country of submitsMinisters a canveto reach based decisions on “vital by national simple interests”.majority vote unless a country submits a veto based on “vital national interests”.

3 October 2005 — Legend 1 January 1981 11 March 2004 Terror attacks in Madrid 3 October 2005 1 January 1986 Membership negotiations with Croatia and Turkey — Legend 1 January 1986 11 March 2004 Terror attacks in Madrid First Southern expansion Second Southern expansion Islamist Al Qaeda terrorists from Morocco launch a bomb Membership negotiations with Croatia and Turkey Colours: Contemporary History / No 2 Membership negotiations with Croatia and Turkey commence. Croatia has now completed Second Southern expansion attackIslamist on Al the Qaeda Atocha terrorists train station from Moroccoin Madrid. launch 191 people a bomb die Colours: Greece joins the EC as the tenth member- theMembership accession negotiations process and with will Croatiaprobably and join Turkey the EU commence. on July 1st, Croatia 2013 as has the now 28th completed member- Spain and Portugal join the EC. It now has twelve duringattack theon theattack Atocha and train2,051 station are injured. in Madrid. 191 people die 13 November 2015 light blue = EU expansion (addition of new state . Greece had been ruled by a military junta the accession process and will probably join the EU on July 1st, 2013 as the 28th member- members.Spain and PortugalIn 1974, thejoin “carnation the EC. It nowrevolution” has twelve during the attack and 2,051 are injured. state. Negotiations with Turkey remain complicated. Disagreements exist in relation to the 13 November 2015 members)light blue = EU expansion (addition of new since 1967, which had prevented participation members. In 1974, the “carnation revolution” state. Negotiations with Turkey remain complicated. Disagreements exist in relation to the Terrorist attacks in Paris had ended dictatorial rule in Portugal. In 1975, recognition of Cyprus and in the area of human rights. Terrorist attacks in Paris members) in the process of European integration. How- had ended dictatorial rule in Portugal. In 1975, recognition of Cyprus and in the area of human rights. the death of Caudillo Francisco Franco had 21 — 22 June 1993 Copenhagen criteria 130 individuals were killed and 352 injured during grey = stages of integration of the EC and ever, in 1974, the Cyprus crisis brought a allowedthe death for of democratic Caudillo Francisco development Franco in Spain had as 21 — 22 June 1993 Copenhagen criteria six130 simultaneous individuals were terrorist killed attacksand 352 at injured several during thegrey EU = stages(common of integrationpolicies, treaties of the andEC and civilian and democratic government to power 3 October 1990 German unification well.allowed In 1977, for democratic both countries development requested in SpainEC as German unification The agrees on specific membership sitessix simultaneous in Paris. EU terroristcountries attacks assure at France several of the EU (common policies, treaties and 3 October 1990 The European Council agrees on specific membership their content/aims/consequences) The European Union in Greece. Membership negotiations were membership.well. In 1977, Negotiationsboth countries were requested long and ECdifficult: Germany is unified. The five federal states of the criteria during a conference in Copenhagen. Membership theirsites supportin Paris. in EU the countries war on terrorassure in Franceline with of their content/aims/consequences) criteria during a conference in Copenhagen. Membership quickly resumed, partly with the intention of Economicmembership. and Negotiations social conditions were onlong the and Iberian difficult: formerGermany GDR is unified.join the TheEuropean five federal Community. states of the candidates must demonstrate a stable democratic order, 1 May 2004 First Eastern expansion CFSP.their support Following in the “ISIS war”’ claim on terror of responsibility in line with light grey = additional European institutions stabilizing the young Greek democracy. Economic and social conditions on the Iberian former GDR join the European Community. rulecandidates of law, andmust a demonstratecompetitive and a stable market-based democratic economy. order, 1 May 2004 First Eastern expansion CFSP. Following “ISIS”’ claim of responsibility light grey = additional European institutions peninsula differed starkly from those in “old” Iraq war Five Central European states (Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, for the attacks, military operations against the or important events peninsula differed starkly from those in “old” Theyrule of must law, alsoand aaccept competitive the full and body market-based of existing European economy. 20 March 2003 for the attacks, military operations against the EC countries. 20 March 2003 Iraq war theFive Czech Central Republic European and states Hungary), (Poland, three Slovakia, Baltic statesSlovenia, organization are intensified. or important events EC countries. lawThey – mustcalled also “acquis accept communautaire” the full body of – existing and incorporate European The (second) Iraq war under the leader- organization are intensified. (Estonia,the Czech Latvia, Republic Lithuania) and Hungary), and the Mediterranean three Baltic states islands itlaw into – calleddomestic “acquis law. communautaire” – and incorporate shipThe (second)of the United Iraq warStates under and the Britain leader - Abbreviations: of(Estonia, Cyprus Latvia, and Malta Lithuania) join the and European the Mediterranean Union. The EU’sislands Abbreviations: it into domestic law. dividesship of Europeanthe United allies. States The and EU Britaincountries ACP = African, Caribbean and Pacific states eastwardof Cyprus expansionand Malta completesjoin the European the unification Union. The of EU’sWestern 1 August 1975 Helsinki Accords do divides not agreeEuropean on the allies. question The EU of countries military ACP = African, Caribbean and Pacific states 5 June 1947 andeastward Eastern expansion Europe. completesThe new member the unification states hope of Westernfor CAP = Common Agricultural Policy 1 January 1973 First expansion intervention,do not agree andon the thus question cannot offind military a CAP = Common Agricultural Policy 8 May 1945 33 states from Western and Eastern Europe, politicaland Eastern stability Europe. and The economic new member prosperity states through hope for the CFSP = Common Foreign and Security Policy Marshall Plan 3 September 1953 Convention on Human Rights commonintervention, voice and in mattersthus cannot of foreign find aand 1 January 2007 CFSP = Common Foreign and Security Policy The war ends The United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark join the United States and Canada sign the Helsinki adoptionpolitical stability of market-based and economic economies prosperity and free through access the 1 January 2007 CSCE = Conference on Security and securitycommon policy. voice in matters of foreign and The Marshall Plan “European Recovery The “European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights Uprisings the European Community. Negotiations also pave Accords, the final document of the Conference toadoption the European of market-based single market. economies and free access Second Eastern expansion CSCE = Conference on Security and 4 April 1949 NATO 1956 security policy. Cooperation in Europe Germany’s unconditional surrender Program” endorses economic co- and Fundamental Freedoms” enters into force after ratification by the way for Norwegian membership, but the on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The to the European single market. Second Eastern expansion 1 January 1995 Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union. The EU EAECCooperation / Euratom in Europe= European Atomic Energy ends World War II in Europe. operation among European countries. Twelve countries form the North the members of the Council of Europe. Democratic uprisings in Hungary and signatories pledge to guarantee human rights, proposal is rejected by Norwegians in a popular 1 January 1995 nowBulgaria encompasses and Romania 27 joinstates the andEuropean 500 million Union. people. The EU EAEC / Euratom = European Atomic Energy Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Poland are violently suppressed. uphold the self-determination and non-discri- Northern expansion Community referendum held on September 25th, 1972. now encompasses 27 states and 500 million people. a military alliance under the leader- mination of all peoples, renounce the use of 9 November 1989 Northern expansion ECCommunity = European Community 9 November 1989 Finland, Sweden and Austria join the European ship of the United States. violence, respect the inviolability of national 11 September 2001 9 / 11 EC = European Community Fall of the Berlin Wall Union.Finland, The Sweden only remaining and Austria Western join theEuropean European 27 April 2005 ECB = European Central Bank borders, and pursue the peaceful settlement Fall of the Berlin Wall 11 September 2001 9 / 11 19 June 1946 Eurovision Union. The only remaining Western European Terror attacks on the World Trade Center 27 April 2005 ECB = European Central Bank 1956 of conflicts. The Berlin Wall falls. It was a symbol countries without EU membership are Switzerland, Airbus A380 ECJ = European Court of Justice The Berlin Wall falls. It was a symbol Iceland,countries Norway without and EU membershipseveral small areenclaves. Switzerland, inTerror New attacks York and on onthe the World Pentagon Trade Centerin ECJ = European Court of Justice Churchill’s proposal 1951 — 1957 Lys Assia from Switzerland is crowned of the division of Europe. Airbus A380 ECSC = European Coal and Steel Community 5 May 1949 Council of Europe of the division of Europe. Iceland, Norway and several small enclaves. Washingtonin New York spark and on international the Pentagon outrage in The world’s largest civilian aircraft, ECSC = European Coal and Steel Community Six founding member states 23 October 1954 Paris Agreements as the first winner of the Grand Prix 1 March 1972 The world’s largest civilian aircraft, 12 October 2012 EDC = European Defense Community In Zurich, Britain’s former Prime andWashington lead to a spark wave international of support foroutrage the the Airbus A380, completes its EDC = European Defense Community Ten countries found the Council of Europe. Eurovision de la Chanson. The music the Airbus A380, completes its 20 October 2011 Galileo 12 October 2012 EEC = European Economic Community Minister Winston Churchill pro- In the 1950s, Belgium, West Germany, France, West Germany is accepted as a member of NATO InterRail 27 July 1976 Cosmetics guidelines 26 April 1986 Unitedand lead States. to a wave of support for the maiden flight. Airbus is a subsidiary 20 October 2011 Galileo 60 years of peace By 2012, it had 47 members. competition is renamed “Eurovision maiden flight. Airbus is a subsidiary EFSFEEC = = European European Economic Financial StabilityCommunity Facility poses the founding of the United Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands sign and of the newly created Western European Union 26 April 1986 United States. of EADS, the largest European air The first satellites of the European 60 years of peace Song Contest” in 1992. Several European railroad companies The EC Cosmetics guidelines from 1976 have been replaced Chernobyl catastrophe of EADS, the largest European air 8 December 2008 The EU is awarded the Nobel EFSF = European Financial Stability Facility States of Europe. three treaties that establish the European Coal and space corporation. geo-positioningThe first satellites system of the “Galileo”European are EFTA = European Free Trade Area following the failure of the European Defense offer a cheap one-month lump-sum Chernobyl catastrophe 8 December 2008 PeaceThe EU Prize. is awarded the Nobel 1968 by the Cosmetics Directive on July 11th, 2013. The directive is and space corporation. Atalanta launchedgeo-positioning into space. system The “Galileo”system will are EFTA = European Free Trade Area and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Community (“Paris Agreements”). ticket for young people to explore A reactor at the Soviet nuclear plant in Peace Prize. EMS = European Monetary System supposed to grant a high degree of health protection. A large Atalanta launched into space. The system will 2016 European Capital of Culture Economic Community (EEC) and the European Trade Prague Spring ChernobylA reactor at explodes. the Soviet Large nuclear parts plant of in War in Kosovo The EU launches a multinational eventually include 30 orbital satellites EMS = European Monetary System 4 January 1960 Europe by train. Today the Interrail- variety of goods is subsumed under the term “cosmetics”: 24 March 1999 2016 European Capital of Culture EU = European Union Atomic Energy Community (EAEC, or Euratom). EuropeChernobyl are explodes. subsequently Large exposed parts of to 17 July 1995 Srebrenica massacre 24 March 1999 War in Kosovo The EU launches a multinational andeventually will be includeoperational 30 orbital in 2020. satellites ticket takes you to 32 countries by facial masks as well as foundations, powder and soap, perfume, military mission to combat piracy off Since 1985 two cities are awarded the title “European EU = European Union The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The Czech reform movement is 17 July 1995 Srebrenica massacre NATO launches air strikes against Serbian troops and will be operational in 2020. 1 July 2013 Third Eastern expansion IMF = International Monetary Fund The six founding member states form the as many trains as you like. higherEurope levels are subsequently of radiation. exposed to themilitary coast mission of Somalia. to combat piracy off CapitalSince 1985 of Culture two cities” by theare EUawarded every year.the title In 2016,“European IMF = International Monetary Fund is set up as a counterbalance to the European violently suppressed by troops from bath supplement, deodorant and depilation products. 8,000 men and boys are massacred by the Serbian toNATO protect launches the Albanian air strikes population against Serbian of the Kosovo troops 1 July 2013 Third Eastern expansion NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization nucleus for the gradual development of the higher levels of radiation. 8,000 men and boys are massacred by the Serbian the coast of Somalia. Croatia joins the EU on July 1st, 2013. Since then itCapital is granted of Culture to San” bySebastian the EU every (Spain) year. and In Wrocław 2016, Economic Community. the “Warsaw Pact” countries. army near the Bosnian town of Srebrenica. The region.to protect The the military Albanian campaign population is not of sanctionedthe Kosovo PJCCMNATO = =North Police Atlantic and Judicial Treaty CooperationOrganization in European Union. army near the Bosnian town of Srebrenica. The theCroatia EU comprises joins the EU 28 on member July 1st, states. 2013. Since then (Poland).it is granted In 2017to San it willSebastian go to Aarhus (Spain) (Denmark) and Wrocław and massacre is widely seen as the most serious war byregion. a UN The mandate. military campaign is not sanctioned PJCCM = Police and Judicial Cooperation in massacre is widely seen as the most serious war the EU comprises 28 member states. Paphos(Poland). (Cyprus). In 2017 it will go to Aarhus (Denmark) and Criminal Matters crime in Europe since the end of World War II. by a UN mandate. Criminal Matters crime in Europe since the end of World War II. Paphos (Cyprus). SEA = Single European Act UNSEA = = United Single Nations European Act WEUUN = =United Western Nations European Union WEU = Western European Union 1981 — 1994 Twelve member states 1995 — 2004 15 member states 2004 — 2006 25 member states 2007 — 2013 27 member states since 2013 28 member states 1951 — 1972 Six founding members 1973 — 1980 Nine member states 1981 — 1994 Twelve member states 1995 — 2004 15 member states 2004 — 2006 25 member states 2007 — 2013 27 member states since 2013 28 member states Additional information on European terminology 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 isAdditional available information in the “pocket on Europeaneuropa” booklet terminology 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (freeis available download in the from “pocket www.bpb.de/34345 europa” booklet). Euro crisis and “rescue funds” (free download from www.bpb.de/34345). Euro crisis and “rescue funds”

1 July 1999 Europol — Impressum 1 July 1999 Europol — Impressum 28 February 1975 The European Police Office (Europol) — Herausgeberin: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung/ 7 — 10 June 1979 The European Police Office (Europol) 1 July 1968 European Customs Union First Lomé Convention becomes operational. Its goal is to bpb,— Herausgeberin: Adenauerallee Bundeszentrale 86, 53113 Bonn, für www.bpb.de politische Bildung/ First European elections coordinatebecomes operational.national police Its authorities goal is to bpb, Adenauerallee 86, 53113 Bonn, www.bpb.de 21 — 23 June 2007 15 September 2008 — Autor: Bruno Zandonella, Stuttgart The last tariffs within the European Community are abolished The EC signs a cooperation agreement with 46 African, 26 March 1995 Schengen Agreement tocoordinate make the national fight against police international authorities Citizens of the nine EC member states 26 March 1995 Schengen Agreement 21 — 23 June 2007 15 September 2008 23 January 2012 — EnglischeAutor: Bruno Übersetzung: Zandonella, Martin Stuttgart Eiermann, London; (originally planned for December 31st, 1969). A common Caribbean and Pacific states in Lomé (Togo). It establishes organizedto make the crime fight more against effective. international The European Constitution fails Lehman Brothers collapses 23 January 2012 are called on to elect representatives The Schengen Agreement enters into force almost a decade European Financial Stability Facility Lektorat— Englische : David Übersetzung: Thorne, Bornheim Martin Eiermann, London; customs code is introduced for the EC borders. financial support programmes and tariff-free access to The Schengen Agreement enters into force almost a decade organized crime more effective. The European Constitution fails Lehman Brothers collapses to the European Parliament for the first after negotiations concluded on June 14th, 1985 in Schengen, 1 February 2003 Treaty of Nice The “Treaty establishing a Constitution for The collapse of the US investment bank European Financial Stability Facility —Lektorat Redaktion: : David Iris Thorne, Möckel Bornheim (verantwortlich), European agricultural markets. In 2000, the Cotonou Luxembourg.after negotiations Border concluded controls on are June abo 14th,lished 1985 between in Schengen, the 1 February 2003 Treaty of Nice After passing several rescue packages in 2010, Linda— Redaktion: Kelch (beide Iris Möckelbpb) (verantwortlich), time. The parliament is the only EU The Treaty of Nice enters into force. Its most Europe”The “Treaty was establishing signed in Rome a Constitution on October for LehmanThe collapse Brothers of the sends US investment shock waves bank 10 May 2010 7 October 1958 Agreement (signed in Cotonou, Benin) expands European Luxembourg. Border controls are abolished between the theAfter countries passing ofseveral the Eurozone rescue packages agree on ain perma2010, - Linda Kelch (beide bpb) organ elected directly by the people. 1987 Erasmus Benelux countries, Germany, France, Spain and Portugal. The Treaty of Nice enters into force. Its most 29th,Europe” 2004 was by signed the heads in Rome of state on Octoberof the EU. throughLehman theBrothers global sends financial shock system. waves The 10 May 2010 30 August 1954 development cooperation to include 79 ACP states. important provisions: The composition of the ECB bond purchase — Gestaltung und Illustrationen: Leitwerk. BeneluxControl countries, of the exterior Germany, borders France, of the Spain Schengen and Portugal. area is nentthe countries European of Financial the Eurozone Stability agree Facility on a (EFSF).perma- Judiciary 1987 Erasmus Europeanimportant Commissionprovisions: The changes, composition and votes of the The29th, constitution 2004 by the was heads drafted of state with ofthe the aim EU. burstingthrough theof the global American financial “housing system. bubble” The ECB bond purchase Büro— Gestaltung für Kommu und nikation, Illustrationen: Köln, www.leitwerk.com Leitwerk. European Defense Community fails The educational Program- Control of the exterior borders of the Schengen area is Itnent guarantees European credit Financial at low Stability interest Facilityrates for (EFSF). 1 July 1967 European Community unified and increased, police cooperation expanded. changes, and votes ofThe making constitution the enlarged was drafted union more with theeffective, aim sparksbursting a ofglobal the Americanfinancial “housingand economic bubble” The European Central Bank decides to —Büro Druck: für Kommu media nikation,production Köln, bonn www.leitwerk.com GmbH meThe “Erasmus” educational facilitates Program - are weighted differently within the Council of The European Court of Today,unified theand Schengen increased, area police includes cooperation all EU expanded. member purchaseThe European treasury Central bonds Bank from decides crisis-stricken to strugglingIt guarantees Eurozone credit atcountries low interest as long rates as for they After the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States Ministersare weighted (starting differently in 2004). within the Council of moreof making transparent the enlarged and more union attuned more effective, to its crisis.sparks At a leastglobal 15 financial trillion dollars and economic are lost as — Druck: media production bonn GmbH Justice is established in The Merger Treaty enters into force on April 8th, 1965. theme exchange“Erasmus” of facilitates university purchase treasury bonds from crisis-stricken struggling Eurozone countries as long as they — Urheberrechte: Text und Illustrationen sind urheber- demand military support from Germany. France is opposed Today,states the (with Schengen the exception area includesof the UK all and EU Ireland) member more transparent and more attuned to its crisis. At least 15 trillion dollars are lost as countries within the Euro zone to prevent satisfy certain austerity measures. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the exchange of university Ministers (starting in 2004). citizens. However, popular referenda in economies collapse. EU members negotiate — Urheberrechte: Text und Illustrationen sind urheber- Luxembourg. teachers and students and 1 January 1993 Single market states (with the exception of the UK and Ireland) countries within the Euro zone to prevent satisfy certain austerity measures. rechtlich geschützt. Der Text kann in Schulen zu Unterrichts- to German rearmament and proposes the integration of and Norway, Iceland and Switzerland. Francecitizens. and However, the Netherlands popular referenda reject the intreaty. rescueeconomies packages collapse. to aidEU membersbanks that negotiate are sovereign defaults by keeping interest rates the European Economic Community (EEC) and the theteachers collaboration and students between and 1 January 1993 Single market zweckenrechtlich geschützt.vergütungs Der frei Text vervielfältigt kann in Schulenwerden. zu Unterrichts- European military forces (including a rearmed German 20 February 1979 Cassis-de-Dijon verdict and Norway, Iceland and Switzerland. France and the Netherlands reject the treaty. rescue packages to aid banks that are low.sovereign In September defaults 2012,by keeping ECB Presidentinterest rates European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) the collaboration between The European single market is completed. The free The European Council reaches a solution deemed “too big to fail”. 2015 Refugee Crisis zwecken vergütungs frei vervielfältigt werden. European universities. Mariolow. In Draghi September announces 2012, ECBthat thePresident ECB is — Redaktionsschluss der 4. Auflage: Februar 2016, 23 July 1952 ECSC Treaty military). In 1954, the six founding member states sign flowThe European of goods, singleservices, market capital is completed. and people The within free 1 May 1999 Amsterdam Treaty toThe the European “ratification Council crisis” reaches in June a solution2007: deemed “too big to fail”. 2015 Refugee Crisis are combined to form the European Community (EC). The German grocery chain “Rewe” sues against restrictions European universities. Mario Draghi announces that the ECB is Millions of migrants and refugees Bestell-Nr.— Redaktionsschluss 5433 der 4. Auflage: Februar 2016, a treaty that aims to establish a European Defense flow of goods, services, capital and people within 1 May 1999 Amsterdam Treaty to the “ratification crisis” in June 2007: willing to purchase as many treasury bonds The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is All three unions are subsumed under a single that prevent the import of French cassis (a blackcurrant liqueur) the European Community is guaranteed. The “four The Amsterdam Treaty enters into force. It forms the basis Many provisions of the proposed constitu- Millions of migrants and refugees as willing necessary to purchase to maintain as many the treasury Euro. bonds enter Europe, travelling across the Bestell-Nr. 5433 Community (EDC). On August 30th, the plan fails when 1 July 1965 — 28 January 1966 freedoms”the European are Communityintended to increaseis guaranteed. prosperity The and“four The Amsterdam Treaty enters into force. It forms the basis tionMany are provisions included ofin thea new proposed reform treatyconstitu - 9 December 2011 Fiscal pact — Hinweise der Redaktion: formally inaugurated. Belgium, France, West Germany, Council of Ministers and under the EC Commission. from Dijon. The European Court of Justice overturns the import for institutional reforms of the European Union and paves as necessary to maintain the Euro. Mediterraneanenter Europe, travelling Sea or the across Western the Balkans. the treaty is rejected by the French National Assembly. fosterfreedoms” competition are intended among to ECincrease member prosperity states. and for institutional reforms of the European Union and paves (see:tion are December included 1st, in a 2009). new reform treaty 9 December 2011 Fiscal pact 1. — Die Hinweise Zeitleiste der zum Redaktion: Herunterladen finden Sie hier: Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands agree to have “Empty chair politics” prohibition. The verdict leads to the so-called “Cassis-de-Dijon the way for the addition of new EU members. In response to the ongoing debt crisis, EU members MostMediterranean of them are Sea fleeing or the the Western war in Balkans.Syria and the 1 July 1987 foster competition among EC member states. (see: December 1st, 2009). 1 December 2009 Treaty of Lisbon www.bpb.de1. Die Zeitleiste /falter zum Herunterladen finden Sie hier: their respective coal and steel industries supervised principle”: products on sale in one EU country can also be sold in the way for the addition of new EU members. (withoutIn response the toUK the and ongoing the Czech debt Republic)crisis, EU agreemembers Most of them are fleeing the war in Syria and the The French President, Charles de Gaulle, 1 July 1987 1 December 2009 Treaty of Lisbon terror spread by “ISIS”. According to European Law (“Dublin III www.bpb.de /falter by a single independent regulatory authority (Treaty all other member states without restrictions. The free movement Single European Act The Treaty of Lisbon enters into force. After the failure on(without a fiscal the pact. UK andThey the pledge Czech to Republic)balance budgets agree Regulation”),terror spread anby asylum“ISIS”. Accordingseeker has to to European apply for Lawasylum (“Dublin in the III first 2. Kritik, Lob, Anregungen bitte an: rejects reform proposals to finance the Common [email protected]. Kritik, Lob, Anregungen bitte an: of Paris, April 18th, 1951). The agreement marks the 14 January 1962 Common Agricultural Policy of goods within the cannot be restricted Single European Act ofThe the Treaty European of Lisbon constitutional enters into project, force. After the newthe failure 2 May 2010 EU rescue fund inon 2013 a fiscal (i.e. budgetpact. They deficits pledge will to bebalance reduced budgets to zero). EU Regulation”), country that an isasylum entered. seeker But sincehas to a apply number for ofasylum member in the states, first Agricultural Policy. France absents itself from The Single European Act (SEA) – a 1 January 1999 Eurozone [email protected] beginning of Europe’s first supranational organization. unless grave health and environmental concerns make such treaof thety isEuropean intended constitutional to make the European project, the Union new more 2 May 2010 EU rescue fund Thein 2013 European (i.e. budget Commission deficits willwill supervisebe reduced debt to zero). i.e.EU Greece,country thatare overburdenedis entered. But by since the numbera number of ofmigrants, member Dublin states, III A common agricultural market is instituted to secure adequate income all meetings of the Council of Ministers, thus comprehensiveThe Single European reform Act agreement (SEA) – a 1 January 1999 Eurozone Greece is in danger of defaulting on its debt. It be- restrictions unavoidable. The economic and currency union is officially established. efficient,treaty is intended more democratic to make theand European more attuned Union to more its reductionThe European efforts. Commission will supervise debt Regulationsi.e. Greece, are overburdenedoftentimes no longerby the implemented.number of migrants, Roughly Dublin one III levels for farmers, steady food supplies, and appropriate prices for rendering European institutions virtually –comprehensive enters into force. reform It aims agreement to realize comesGreece the is in first danger EU countryof defaulting to be ongiven its debt.financial It be - Belgium,The economic Germany, and currencyFinland, France,union is Ireland, officially Italy, established. Luxem- citizens.efficient, The more European democratic Parliament and more is strengthenedattuned to its reduction efforts. millionRegulations individuals are oftentimes are seeking no refugelonger inimplemented. Germany in 2015.Roughly So far,one no consumers. Guaranteed prices are established for agricultural products. inoperative . a– singleenters Europeaninto force. market It aims byto Decem-realize assistancecomes the (110first billionEU country Euros). to Ireland,be given Portugal financial and bourg,Belgium, the Germany, Netherlands, Finland, Austria, France, Portugal Ireland, and Italy, Spain Luxem agree- 1 January 2002 Euro cash citizens.and voting The rules European are changed. Parliament European is strengthened laws will agreementmillion individuals could be are reached seeking between refuge in the Germany EU member in 2015. states So onfar, how no If market prices drop, the European Community agrees to purchase 29 May 1986 European flag bera single 31st, European 1992 and market abolishes by Decem-the Euro cash Spainassistance also request(110 billion assistance Euros). Ireland,from the Portugal EU and andthe tobourg, introduce the Netherlands, the Euro as their Austria, official Portugal currency. and TheSpain European agree 1 January 2002 andrequire voting a “double rules are majority” changed. (i.e. European support lawsfrom will a toagreement coordinate could the crisisbe reached and to betweenshare the the burden. EU member states on how food at pre-set price levels. Tariffs and export subsidies protect 29 May 1986 European flag paralyzingber 31st, 1992 process and ofabolishes consensus- the The introduction of Euro coins and bank InternationalSpain also request Monetary assistance Fund (IMF). from EU financethe EU andministers the The EC adopts the flag of the Council of 1 November 1993 Maastricht and the EU Centralto introduce Bank the (ECB) Euro is as established their official in currency.Frankfurt. The Its Europeanprimary The introduction of Euro coins and bank requiremajority a of “double member majority” states and (i.e. from support the populati from a on) to coordinate the crisis and to share the burden. European agriculture against competition on the global markets. basedparalyzing decisions. process A qualifiedof consensus- majority notes completes the Eurozone project. decideInternational on emergency Monetary Fund spending (IMF). (“rescueEU finance funds”) ministers for 9 May 1950 Schuman Plan 25 March 1957 Treaty of Rome Europe:The EC adoptsA circle the of flagtwelve of thestars Council on a blueof Central Bank (ECB) is established in Frankfurt. Its primary majority of member states and from the population) based decisions. A qualified majority 1 November 1993 Maastricht and the EU goal is to guarantee price stability within the Eurozone. Twelvenotes completes EU countries the now Eurozone use the project. Euro as as from 2014. A “High Representative of the Union Europe: A circle of twelve stars on a blue is now sufficient to make decisions at The Maastricht Treaty enters into force and establishes the “European indebteddecide on countries emergency to protect spending the (“rescue stability funds”)of the for The French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposes the founding of a European background symbolizes solidarity and goal is to guarantee price stability within the Eurozone. Twelve EU countries now use the Euro as asfor from Foreign 2014. Affairs A “High and Representative Security Policy” of andthe Unia on Six founding member states (cf. 1951) sign treaties that establish the theis now European sufficient level. to Themake European decisions at The Maastricht Treaty enters into force and establishes the “European their sole official currency. Euroindebted and countriesprevent a tobreak-up protect ofthe the stability Eurozone. of the harmonybackground among symbolizes the peoples solidarity of Europe. and Union”. It is based on three pillars: the European Community (EC), for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy” and a Coal and Steel Community. He suggests that all German and French coal and steel the European level. The European their sole official currency. President of the European Council begin their European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy harmony among the peoples of Europe. Parliament has joint decision-making aUnion”. Common It is Foreignbased on and three Security pillars: Policy the European(CFSP), and Community Police and (EC), Euro and prevent a break-up of the Eurozone. production be governed by a common, supranational authority (see: July 23rd, 1952). Presidentinaugural ofterms. the European Council begin their Community (EAEC). Economic integration is driven by the idea of a single powerParliament in some has policyjoint decision-making areas. Judiciala Common Cooperation Foreign and in Criminal Security Matters Policy (CFSP),(PJCCM). and The Police most and impor - Schuman’s idea is based on the conviction that economically interdependent inaugural terms. European market. The signatories agree on a common customs area and 13 March 1979 European Monetary System power in some policy areas. tant Judicial aspect Cooperation of the treaty in Criminal is the decision Matters to (PJCCM). institute Thethe Euromost as impor a - states will strive to maintain peace and resolve disagreements by non-violent means. 1985 Butter mountains on the free flow of goods, people, services and capital within their borders. singletant aspect currency. of the The treaty treaty is thealso decision introduces to institutethe idea the of EuropeanEuro as a The Schuman Plan was intended as the first step towards a more unified Europe The European Monetary System (EMS) enters into force. Its aim is to 1985 Butter mountains The European Atomic Energy Community aims to develop a European 28 / 29 January 1966 Luxembourg compromise Price guarantees under the Common Agricultural Policy induce many farmers to citizenshipsingle currency. with rightsThe treaty of residence also introduces and the theright idea to vote of European in municipal and is often described as the “birth certificate” of the European Union. May 9th is nuclear industry to meet rising energy demands and to reduce depen- ensure stable exchange rates among EC (with the exception of UK). Price guarantees under the Common Agricultural Policy induce many farmers to citizenship with rights of residence and the right to vote in municipal The crisis of the EEC – a result of the French “empty chair politics” in turn their farms into small agricultural factories, which leads to over-production. and European elections. Additional agreements aim to increase now celebrated as “Europe Day”. dency on foreign oil imports. The EMS also introduces the European Currency Unit (ECU) as the turn their farms into small agricultural factories, which leads to over-production. and European elections. Additional agreements aim to increase the Council of Ministers – ends with the “Luxembourg compromise”. From Supply greatly exceeds market demands, and warehouses in the EG are filled the effectiveness of the EU in foreign policy matters and to intensify unit of account within the European Community. Supply greatly exceeds market demands, and warehouses in the EG are filled the effectiveness of the EU in foreign policy matters and to intensify now on, the Council of Ministers can reach decisions by simple majority with “mountains” of butter, grain, and meat. In 1985, one million tons of butter, cooperation between EU member states. with “mountains” of butter, grain, and meat. In 1985, one million tons of butter, cooperation between EU member states. vote unless a country submits a veto based on “vital national interests”. 16 million tons of grain, 870,000 tons of beef and 520,000 tons of dry milk are stored16 million in EC tons warehouses. of grain, 870,000 tons of beef and 520,000 tons of dry milk are stored in EC warehouses.

3 October 2005 — Legend 11 March 2004 Terror attacks in Madrid 1 January 1986 Membership negotiations with Croatia and Turkey Second Southern expansion Islamist Al Qaeda terrorists from Morocco launch a bomb Colours: Membership negotiations with Croatia and Turkey commence. Croatia has now completed attack on the Atocha train station in Madrid. 191 people die the accession process and will probably join the EU on July 1st, 2013 as the 28th member- Spain and Portugal join the EC. It now has twelve during the attack and 2,051 are injured. 13 November 2015 light blue = EU expansion (addition of new members. In 1974, the “carnation revolution” state. Negotiations with Turkey remain complicated. Disagreements exist in relation to the Terrorist attacks in Paris members) had ended dictatorial rule in Portugal. In 1975, recognition of Cyprus and in the area of human rights. the death of Caudillo Francisco Franco had 21 — 22 June 1993 Copenhagen criteria 130 individuals were killed and 352 injured during grey = stages of integration of the EC and allowed for democratic development in Spain as German unification six simultaneous terrorist attacks at several the EU (common policies, treaties and 3 October 1990 The European Council agrees on specific membership well. In 1977, both countries requested EC sites in Paris. EU countries assure France of their content/aims/consequences) membership. Negotiations were long and difficult: Germany is unified. The five federal states of the criteria during a conference in Copenhagen. Membership their support in the war on terror in line with Economic and social conditions on the Iberian former GDR join the European Community. candidates must demonstrate a stable democratic order, 1 May 2004 First Eastern expansion CFSP. Following “ISIS”’ claim of responsibility light grey = additional European institutions rule of law, and a competitive and market-based economy. peninsula differed starkly from those in “old” Five Central European states (Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, for the attacks, military operations against the or important events They must also accept the full body of existing European 20 March 2003 Iraq war EC countries. the Czech Republic and Hungary), three Baltic states organization are intensified. law – called “” – and incorporate The (second) Iraq war under the leader- (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and the Mediterranean islands it into domestic law. ship of the United States and Britain Abbreviations: of Cyprus and Malta join the European Union. The EU’s divides European allies. The EU countries ACP = African, Caribbean and Pacific states eastward expansion completes the unification of Western do not agree on the question of military and Eastern Europe. The new member states hope for CAP = Common Agricultural Policy intervention, and thus cannot find a political stability and economic prosperity through the CFSP = Common Foreign and Security Policy common voice in matters of foreign and 1 January 2007 adoption of market-based economies and free access CSCE = Conference on Security and security policy. Second Eastern expansion to the European single market. Cooperation in Europe 1 January 1995 Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union. The EU EAEC / Euratom = European Atomic Energy Northern expansion now encompasses 27 states and 500 million people. Community 9 November 1989 EC = European Community Finland, Sweden and Austria join the European 11 September 2001 9 / 11 Fall of the Berlin Wall Union. The only remaining Western European 27 April 2005 ECB = European Central Bank The Berlin Wall falls. It was a symbol countries without EU membership are Switzerland, Terror attacks on the World Trade Center Airbus A380 ECJ = European Court of Justice of the division of Europe. Iceland, Norway and several small enclaves. in New York and on the Pentagon in ECSC = European Coal and Steel Community Washington spark international outrage The world’s largest civilian aircraft, 12 October 2012 EDC = European Defense Community and lead to a wave of support for the the Airbus A380, completes its 20 October 2011 Galileo EEC = European Economic Community 26 April 1986 United States. maiden flight. Airbus is a subsidiary 60 years of peace of EADS, the largest European air The first satellites of the European EFSF = European Financial Stability Facility 8 December 2008 The EU is awarded the Nobel Chernobyl catastrophe and space corporation. geo-positioning system “Galileo” are EFTA = European Free Trade Area Peace Prize. A reactor at the Soviet nuclear plant in Atalanta launched into space. The system will EMS = European Monetary System 2016 European Capital of Culture Chernobyl explodes. Large parts of 24 March 1999 War in Kosovo The EU launches a multinational eventually include 30 orbital satellites EU = European Union Europe are subsequently exposed to 17 July 1995 Srebrenica massacre military mission to combat piracy off and will be operational in 2020. Since 1985 two cities are awarded the title “European NATO launches air strikes against Serbian troops 1 July 2013 Third Eastern expansion IMF = International Monetary Fund higher levels of radiation. the coast of Somalia. Capital of Culture” by the EU every year. In 2016, 8,000 men and boys are massacred by the Serbian to protect the Albanian population of the Kosovo NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization Croatia joins the EU on July 1st, 2013. Since then it is granted to San Sebastian (Spain) and Wrocław army near the Bosnian town of Srebrenica. The region. The military campaign is not sanctioned PJCCM = Police and Judicial Cooperation in massacre is widely seen as the most serious war the EU comprises 28 member states. (Poland). In 2017 it will go to Aarhus (Denmark) and by a UN mandate. Criminal Matters crime in Europe since the end of World War II. Paphos (Cyprus). SEA = Single European Act UN = United Nations WEU = Western European Union 1981 — 1994 Twelve member states 1995 — 2004 15 member states 2004 — 2006 25 member states 2007 — 2013 27 member states since 2013 28 member states Additional information on European terminology 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 is available in the “pocket europa” booklet (free download from www.bpb.de/34345). Euro crisis and “rescue funds”

1 July 1999 Europol — Impressum

The European Police Office (Europol) — Herausgeberin: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung/ becomes operational. Its goal is to bpb, Adenauerallee 86, 53113 Bonn, www.bpb.de coordinate national police authorities 21 — 23 June 2007 15 September 2008 — Autor: Bruno Zandonella, Stuttgart 26 March 1995 Schengen Agreement to make the fight against international 23 January 2012 — Englische Übersetzung: Martin Eiermann, London; organized crime more effective. The European Constitution fails Lehman Brothers collapses The Schengen Agreement enters into force almost a decade European Financial Stability Facility Lektorat : David Thorne, Bornheim after negotiations concluded on June 14th, 1985 in Schengen, 1 February 2003 Treaty of Nice The “Treaty establishing a Constitution for The collapse of the US investment bank — Redaktion: Iris Möckel (verantwortlich), Luxembourg. Border controls are abolished between the After passing several rescue packages in 2010, Linda Kelch (beide bpb) The Treaty of Nice enters into force. Its most Europe” was signed in Rome on October Lehman Brothers sends shock waves 10 May 2010 Benelux countries, Germany, France, Spain and Portugal. the countries of the Eurozone agree on a perma- 1987 Erasmus important provisions: The composition of the 29th, 2004 by the heads of state of the EU. through the global financial system. The ECB bond purchase — Gestaltung und Illustrationen: Leitwerk. Control of the exterior borders of the Schengen area is nent European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). European Commission changes, and votes The constitution was drafted with the aim bursting of the American “housing bubble” Büro für Kommu nikation, Köln, www.leitwerk.com The educational Program- It guarantees credit at low interest rates for unified and increased, police cooperation expanded. of making the enlarged union more effective, sparks a global financial and economic The European Central Bank decides to — Druck: media production bonn GmbH me “Erasmus” facilitates are weighted differently within the Council of Today, the Schengen area includes all EU member purchase treasury bonds from crisis-stricken struggling Eurozone countries as long as they Ministers (starting in 2004). more transparent and more attuned to its crisis. At least 15 trillion dollars are lost as the exchange of university satisfy certain austerity measures. — Urheberrechte: Text und Illustrationen sind urheber- states (with the exception of the UK and Ireland) citizens. However, popular referenda in economies collapse. EU members negotiate countries within the Euro zone to prevent teachers and students and rechtlich geschützt. Der Text kann in Schulen zu Unterrichts- 1 January 1993 Single market and Norway, Iceland and Switzerland. sovereign defaults by keeping interest rates France and the Netherlands reject the treaty. rescue packages to aid banks that are zwecken vergütungs frei vervielfältigt werden. the collaboration between low. In September 2012, ECB President The European single market is completed. The free The European Council reaches a solution deemed “too big to fail”. 2015 Refugee Crisis European universities. Mario Draghi announces that the ECB is — Redaktionsschluss der 4. Auflage: Februar 2016, flow of goods, services, capital and people within 1 May 1999 Amsterdam Treaty to the “ratification crisis” in June 2007: willing to purchase as many treasury bonds Millions of migrants and refugees Bestell-Nr. 5433 the European Community is guaranteed. The “four The Amsterdam Treaty enters into force. It forms the basis Many provisions of the proposed constitu- as necessary to maintain the Euro. enter Europe, travelling across the freedoms” are intended to increase prosperity and tion are included in a new reform treaty 9 December 2011 Fiscal pact — Hinweise der Redaktion: for institutional reforms of the European Union and paves Mediterranean Sea or the Western Balkans. foster competition among EC member states. (see: December 1st, 2009). 1. Die Zeitleiste zum Herunterladen finden Sie hier: the way for the addition of new EU members. In response to the ongoing debt crisis, EU members Most of them are fleeing the war in Syria and the 1 July 1987 1 December 2009 Treaty of Lisbon www.bpb.de /falter (without the UK and the Czech Republic) agree terror spread by “ISIS”. According to European Law (“Dublin III Single European Act The Treaty of Lisbon enters into force. After the failure on a fiscal pact. They pledge to balance budgets Regulation”), an asylum seeker has to apply for asylum in the first 2. Kritik, Lob, Anregungen bitte an: [email protected] of the European constitutional project, the new 2 May 2010 EU rescue fund in 2013 (i.e. budget deficits will be reduced to zero). EU country that is entered. But since a number of member states, The Single European Act (SEA) – a 1 January 1999 Eurozone treaty is intended to make the European Union more The European Commission will supervise debt i.e. Greece, are overburdened by the number of migrants, Dublin III comprehensive reform agreement Greece is in danger of defaulting on its debt. It be- The economic and currency union is officially established. efficient, more democratic and more attuned to its reduction efforts. Regulations are oftentimes no longer implemented. Roughly one – enters into force. It aims to realize comes the first EU country to be given financial Belgium, Germany, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxem- citizens. The European Parliament is strengthened million individuals are seeking refuge in Germany in 2015. So far, no a single European market by Decem- assistance (110 billion Euros). Ireland, Portugal and bourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Spain agree 1 January 2002 Euro cash and voting rules are changed. European laws will agreement could be reached between the EU member states on how 29 May 1986 European flag ber 31st, 1992 and abolishes the Spain also request assistance from the EU and the to introduce the Euro as their official currency. The European require a “double majority” (i.e. support from a to coordinate the crisis and to share the burden. paralyzing process of consensus- The introduction of Euro coins and bank International Monetary Fund (IMF). EU finance ministers The EC adopts the flag of the Council of 1 November 1993 Maastricht and the EU Central Bank (ECB) is established in Frankfurt. Its primary majority of member states and from the population) based decisions. A qualified majority notes completes the Eurozone project. decide on emergency spending (“rescue funds”) for Europe: A circle of twelve stars on a blue goal is to guarantee price stability within the Eurozone. as from 2014. A “High Representative of the Union is now sufficient to make decisions at The Maastricht Treaty enters into force and establishes the “European Twelve EU countries now use the Euro as indebted countries to protect the stability of the background symbolizes solidarity and for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy” and a the European level. The European Union”. It is based on three pillars: the European Community (EC), their sole official currency. Euro and prevent a break-up of the Eurozone. harmony among the peoples of Europe. President of the European Council begin their Parliament has joint decision-making a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and Police and inaugural terms. power in some policy areas. Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCCM). The most impor- tant aspect of the treaty is the decision to institute the Euro as a 1985 Butter mountains single currency. The treaty also introduces the idea of European Price guarantees under the Common Agricultural Policy induce many farmers to citizenship with rights of residence and the right to vote in municipal turn their farms into small agricultural factories, which leads to over-production. and European elections. Additional agreements aim to increase Supply greatly exceeds market demands, and warehouses in the EG are filled the effectiveness of the EU in foreign policy matters and to intensify with “mountains” of butter, grain, and meat. In 1985, one million tons of butter, cooperation between EU member states. 16 million tons of grain, 870,000 tons of beef and 520,000 tons of dry milk are stored in EC warehouses.