Iroquois Folk Lore, Gathered from the Six Nations of New York
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o :W^*' ',^^% "^^M^^° ^^'^°'*^ '^'^K^* .^""^^^ \«<" **'\ ". Wj /% '-^W.' /\ .,,. v^ < o -n^o^ .^^ ^0 c^ -n^.o^ 0^ " V-^^ "^^^^//h Iroquois Folk Lore Gathered from the Six Nations of New York. Selected and Arranged by the Rev.Wm. M. Beauchamp, S.T.D., LLD. FOR THE Onondaga Historical Association 1922 THE DEHLER PRESS SYBACUSE, N. T. ^\J^- OCT IROQUOIS FOLK LORE By the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, S.T.D., LL.D. At the request of this Association, now sixty years old, I select for my last publication some things from my large collection of Iroquois folk lore which may interest some, and which comes from many sources. As a charter member of the American Folk Lore Society in 1888, I had two papers in its first volume, and con- tinued this for many years, Indian themes being in de- mand. My first important pubic work of this kind was of a material nature, gradually approaching my present theme. Mr. Arthur C. Parker, my successor, went farther in this, and I have freely quoted from his admirable publications. The Bureau of Ethnology takes in a larger field, mainly in the West, and with a large staff, but in its second volume (1883) pubhshed Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith's "Myths of the Iroquois." She was a native of Marcellus, N. Y. Later the Bureau has published bi-lingual Onondaga, Mohawk and Seneca myths (vol. 21) by J. N. B. Hewitt, who aided Mrs. Smith. The Dutch told of Indian customs and superstitions, most- ly Algonquin. The Jesuits had written so much of a kindred people in Canada, that here they said little. The English knew little of the upper Iroquois till late in the 17th century. After the Revolution there was more direct contact and more became known. THE IROQUOIS TRAIL AND DAVID CUSICK When the Iroquois learned to speak and write English we found they had much to tell. David Cusick, 1825, the Tuscarora, first threw a lurid light on his people through his pictures and tales. My "Iroquois Trail," 1892, con- tains his history, and Mrs. Smith included some tales and four pictures. His chronology is a "long, long trail," in which Onondaga often appears. The creation of the Great 4 IROQUOIS FOLK LORE Island, the Great Turtle and the woman who fell from the upper world, the two children and their strife, the creation of the Onwe Honwe on the Kanawage or St. Lawrence river, and the shipwreck of some foreign people who at last became extinct—^these lead the way. Then the northern giants troubled the people, but were driven off 2,500 years before Columbus came. A welcome peace followed, and then the Mischief Maker made trouble, as he always does. The Big Quisquis (hog) and the Big Elk attacked the towns south of Lake Ontario and were slain. A league was formed, with its council fire on the St. Lawrence. About 2,200 years before Columbus ambassadors went south to visit the great emperor living in the Golden City. He built forts near Lake Erie, and there was a hundred years war, which left his forts in ruins. The home people suffered. A great horned serpent lurked in Lake Ontario; a blazing star fell into a river fort ; the people fought each other till all were destroyed, wild animals alone remaining. Some, however, hid themselves in a hill at Oswego Falls, and were called thence by the Holder of the heavens, who led them down the Mohawk and Hudson to the sea. Most returned, settling as Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayu- gas and Senecas. Part went to Lake Erie and the Missis- sippi, but these five became the Five Nations. A century later the Flying Heads and Lake Serpent troubled them. They had to make forts. About 1,250 years before Columbus came the Stone Giants, who were cannibals and marched against Fort Onondaga. The Holder of the Heavens led them into a deep ravine and in the night rolled great stones on them. But one escaped. "The hollow, it is said, is not far from Onondaga." A land serpent also troub- led them, but the best Onondagas fought bravely and killed him. Now comes a thriller. About 1,000 years before Col- umbus came civil war and great Atotarho lived at Fort Onondaga. "His head and body was ornamented with black snakes; his dishes and spoons were made of skulls of the enemy; after a while he requested the people to change his dress the people ; immediately drove away the snakes a mass of wampum was collected and the chief was soon ; ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 5 dressed in a large belt of wampum; he became a law giver, and renewed the chain of alliance of the Five Nations and framed their internal government, which took five years in accomplishing it. At Onondaga a tree of peace was planted which reached the clouds of Heaven ; under the shade of this tree the Senators are invited to set and deliberate, and smoke the pipe of peace as ratification of their proceedings a great council fire was kindled under the majestic tree, having four branches, one pointed to the south, west, east, north ; the neighboring nations were amazed at the powerful confederates; the Onondaga was considered a heart of the country; numerous belts and strings of wampum were left with the famous chief as record of alliance, etc., after he had accomplished the noble v»^ork he was immediately named Atotarho, King of the Five Nations, and was governed by the Senate, chosen by the people annually; the successor of the Kings to follow the woman's line." About this time the Senecas were defeated by the Squakies, but the Onondagas came to their aid and the foe lost the day, the Senecas extending their bounds to Oak Orchard creek. In the days of Atotarho II the Great Bear invaded the country. At Skonyatales lake, in Madison County, there was a dreadful fight between this and a lake lion. The bear was killed. "About this time a great mus- queto invaded the fort Onondaga; the musqueto was mis- chievous to the people, it flew about the fort with a long stinger, and sucked the blood of a number of lives." The Holder of the Heavens was one day "visiting the king at the fort Onondaga ; the musqueto made appearance as usual and flew about the fort, the Holder of the Heavens attacked the monster; it flew so rapidly that he could hardly keep in sight of it, but after a few days chase the monster began to fail ; he chased on the borders of the great lakes towards the sunsetting and round the great country ; at last he over- took the monster and killed it near the salt lake Onondaga, and the blood became small musquetoes." In the next reign the Oneidas built forts farther down the Susquehanna. In one a boy was born who became Big Neck, a giant. He made trouble, building a fort where he was afterward killed. In the reign of Atotarho IV, 800 years before Columbus, 6 IROQUOIS FOLK LORE the double headed snake encircled the fort at Canandaigua lake, ate many of the Senecas, and was killed by a dream- ing boy. The fort was abandoned. Under Atotarho V, the Senecas and Ottawas were at war. A Seneca party near Lake Chautauqua, found a poisonous animal which killed many thro' pestilence. The war lasted long in a desultory way. Atotarho VI reigned 650 years before Columbus. Some Senecas went from the fort at Tonawanda to the Ohio river. There a furious Lizard destroyed all but one who was res- cued by the Holder of the Heavens in a lion's form. By burning the flesh as soon as bitten off the Lizard was des- troyed. The Ottawas, too, sued for peace. Thus, under the next Atotarho, an exploring expedition was sent and went to the Ohio and beyond the Mississippi. There they saw a flying fish and were welcomed by the Dog Tail Nation, with short tails. These sat on perforated seats, A giant stopped them before reaching the Rocky Mountains. One ambassa- dor went to Kentucky and another to the Ottawas. The latter had bad luck. Under Atotarho VHI, 400 years before Columbus, there was war between the Senecas and Missisaugas, and the latter planned to destroy Fort Kienuka. They were de- feated. An Onondaga hunter was captured by a Stone Giant in Canada and had a curious escape, bringing him good luck. It was at this time that the Nanticokes brought witchcraft here. Near Fort Onondaga 50 persons were burned for this. Near Oneida creek occurred the dead hunter episode. In the days of Atotarho IX, 350 years before Columbus, the Fries became powerful. At this time the Peace Queen reigned, but she took sides with the Fries. When she asked peace the Fries were left alone. At this time the Five Nations are said to have had 23,000 warriors, a wild esti- mate. Atotarho X reigned 250 years before Columbus. Another Great Bear appeared. Atotarho XI reigned 150 years before Columbus, and the Tuscaroras had aid from the Five Nations, coming north ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION ^ much later. At that time there was a comet, an earthquake, and a prophet foretold the white man's coming. Atotarho XII, 50 years before Columbus, saw war be- tween the Mohawks and Mohegans. The Oneidas and Onon- dages aided the former, defeating the latter, who at that time were between them and the Hudson. Atotarho XIII, 1492, saw the Eries and others destroyed. Despite his extravagant chronology David Cusick recorded many of the most persistent Iroquois tales, tell- ing them briefly, but as an Indian would have told them.