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Camila Vieira Evolução de fluorescência, cripsia e comportamentos em aranhas Thomisidae sobre flores CAMPINAS 2015 i ii iii iv v vi Resumo Aranhas Thomisidae possuem fotorreceptores sensíveis à radiação ultravioleta (UV). Quando os átomos desses fotorreceptores são expostos à UV, há uma absorção de UV e emissão de uma luz denominada fluorescência. Embora recentemente a fluorescência tenha sido descrita em diversos organismos como aves, crustáceos e escorpiões, pouco se sabe como esta propriedade evolui em aranhas. Em Thomisidae a evolução de colorações de camuflagem e reconhecimento de presas é um tema intrigante e ainda pouco explorado, principalmente em espécies tropicais. Várias espécies de aranhas Thomisidae forrageiam por emboscada (i.e., senta-e-espera) sobre flores e se não possuírem características comportamentais e/ou físicas que favoreçam camuflagem a presas e predadores, podem ter sua chance de sobrevivência reduzida. Em contraste, outras espécies de Thomisidae consideradas basais (e.g., Tmarus) geralmente não usam flores para forragear e sua coloração é pálida ou marrom. Até o momento nada se sabe sobre comportamentos, coloração e intensidade de fluorescência entre as espécies que forrageiam em flores e em outros tipos de substrato (folhas e ramos secos), nem tampouco como evoluíram estas características em Thomisidae. Neste trabalho foram investigados especificamente: (1) a variação da intensidade de fluorescência e reflexão de UV em Thomisidae estudando desde gêneros basais até os gêneros que divergiram mais recentemente, (2) se a intensidade de fluorescência e reflexão de UV são maiores em espécies que forrageiam sobre flores quando comparadas às espécies que não forrageiam sobre flores, (3) se as espécies de aranhas que forrageiam sobre flores estão crípticas no sistema visual de visitantes florais e (4) como características ecológicas relacionadas à cor (intensidade de fluorescência, reflexão UV) evoluíram na família Thomisidae. Esse trabalho revela que a coloração tem vii um papel fundamental na escolha de sítios de forrageio e na detecção das aranhas por suas presas. Intensidade de fluorescência e reflexão de UV são características ecológicas que evoluíram de forma não correlacionada e apresentam sinal filogenético em Thomisidae da região Neotropical. Palavras-chave: características ecológicas, coloração, fluoróforos, reflectância, sinal filogenético, UV. viii Abstract Crab spiders (Thomisidae) have photoreceptors sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. When atoms of photoreceptors are exposed to UV light, there is UV absorption and emission of the longer wavelength light known as fluorescence. Although fluorescence has recently been described in many organisms such as birds, crustaceans and scorpions, little is known about how this property evolved in spiders. In crab spiders the evolution of crypsis and prey recognition is an intriguing topic and still largely unexplored, especially regarding tropical species. Several crab spider species are sit-and-wait predators hunting on flowers and could require some degree of crypsis to minimize or avoid being detected by floral visitors and predators. In contrast, other crab spider species, sharing plesiomorphic traits (e.g., Tmarus), generally do not forage on flowers and their colour varies from pale to dark brown. To date, nothing is known about the behaviour, coloration and fluorophore concentrations among species that forage on flowers and other types of substrate, nor how these characteristics evolved in Thomisidae. This work specifically investigated: (1) if fluorescence intensity and UV reflectance vary throughout a range of crab spider taxa (from the basal genera to species that diverged more recently), (2) if the fluorescence and reflectance intensities are higher in species foraging upon on flowers, (3) if the species bearing higher fluorescence and reflectance intensities are more cryptic upon on flowers, i.e., less recognized by floral visitors and 4) how ecological traits related to colour (fluorescence intensity, UV reflection) evolved in crab spiders. This work reveals that colour has a crucial role in site choice for foraging crab spider and prey recognition. Fluorescence emission and UV reflection are ecological traits that evolve in an uncorrelated manner and have a phylogenetic signal in Neotropical Thomisidae. ix Keywords: colouration, ecological traits, fluorophores, reflectance, phylogenetic signal, UV. x SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO GERAL......................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO I. Aranhas Thomisidae usam a cor do substrato para escolher seus sítios de forrageamento..................................................................................................................19 RESUMO..............................................................................................................................21 INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................................22 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS..................................................................................................25 RESULTADOS.....................................................................................................................31 DISCUSSÃO........................................................................................................................34 CAPÍTULO II. Cripticidade em Thomisidae é mantida pela elevada intensidade de reflexão de UV e de fluorescência........................................................................................57 RESUMO..............................................................................................................................59 INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................................60 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS…………………………………..............................................63 RESULTADOS....................................................................................................................71 DISCUSSÃO........................................................................................................................74 CAPÍTULO III. Evolução de coloração em aranhas Thomisidae....................................114 RESUMO............................................................................................................................116 INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................................................................117 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS…………………………………............................................119 RESULTADOS...................................................................................................................129 DISCUSSÃO.......................................................................................................................132 SÍNTESE.............................................................................................................................158 xi xii "As paixões são os ventos que enfunam as velas dos barcos, elas fazem-nos naufragar, por vezes, mas sem elas, não poderiam singrar” François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) 1694 - 1778 xiii xiv AGRADECIMENTOS Poets say science takes away from the beauty of the stars — mere globs of gas atoms. Nothing is "mere". I too can see the stars on a desert night, and feel them. But do I see less or more? Richard Phillips Feynman, 1963. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que me transformaram ao longo deste processo de aprendizado. Eu sou apenas o resultado da soma de contribuição de cada uma delas. Ao meu mestre e orientador Prof. Gustavo Quevedo Romero, Agradeço por essa gigantesca jornada de 10 anos de aprendizado. A gratidão não é só pela orientação acadêmica, mas sim por ter sido o responsável pela minha formação pessoal e profissional. Agradeço por me apresentar e me conduzir pelo caminho mais desafiante que parece na maioria das vezes não ser o mais fácil, mas certamente é caminho que me trouxe mais coragem. Saiba que esses 10 anos de parceria fez com que você se tornasse um membro integrante da minha história. Talvez eu nunca consiga expressar o tamanho da sua contribuição na minha trajetória como um todo. Mas expresso em palavras simples, mas não com menos intensidade, minha profunda gratidão pela oportunidade de tê-lo como meu mestre e orientador. A você Gustavo, meu mais profundo e sincero, muito obrigada! Aos amigos e parceiros do laboratório LIM e todos os alunos que passaram sob a orientação do Prof. Gustavo Q. Romero no qual pude conviver ao longo desses anos. Nossa! Eu tive muita sorte de poder compartilhar com vocês todos os momentos de crescimento. Obrigada por toda ajuda que vocês me proporcionaram, por todas as discussões e por todos os momentos de felicidade. Agradeço principalmente pelas reflexões sobre o que deve ser feito para termos um mundo melhor na educação. A Profa. Claudia M. A. Carareto por toda essencial colaboração no trabalho e por toda infraestrutura para o trabalho em biologia molecular. Acima de tudo agradeço por me acolher junto à equipe do laboratório de Evolução Molecular com toda confiança me permitindo fazer parte de todas as reuniões e decisões como um membro do grupo. A Dra. Lilian Medeiros pelos fundamentais ensinamentos iniciais no laboratório no qual sem eles não seria possível a realização dessa etapa do projeto. A toda a equipe do Laboratório de Evolução Molecular da UNESP de São José do Rio Preto que sempre esteve disposta a
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