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Routledge Research Companion to Architecture

Ellen Braae, Henriette Steiner

The birth of landscape from the spirit of theory

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613116-5 Ottmar Ette Published online on: 09 Nov 2018

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 begins, forexample, compositioninapoementitled withahybrid ‘ALASKAMAZONIE’, our planetareinmotion. connectedwithoneanotherandare perpetually Planetary work asitishumorous: thatisascryptic landscapesunfoldinwhichthemostdiverse of parts Landscapes),a plané taires(Planetary 2016, French authorMichelButoristhecreator ofPaysages on14September1926and endingjustbefore hereachedHis lifebeginning theageof90in which isfilledwithlife everywhere: FROM THESPIRITOFTHEORY le royaume des corbeaux les auré le cuivreetlesdentsdemorse les radeaux surlesgrands fleuves les traî dé vasteurs cyclones les auroresboré L’empire des colibris quirentrentchasseurs avec viandesetfourrures. des baleinesauloin. Par lesfenê La mer, houlesetreplis, avec desmouettes, lescris largeetmaré grand le cuivreetlesdentsdemorse néalogiques gé mâ ts les les traî d’or les restesdeschercheurs les auroresboré la petiteetgrande Ourse le royaume descorbeaux Les cimesdesconifè Landscapes Planetary Soudain desblocs sedé THE BIRTHOFLANDSCAPE neaux surlatoundra neaux surlatoundra Alexander vonHumboldt’sartisticand oles deplumes scientific American TravelJournals ales ales res 2 tachent ettendentdansleschenauxené tres dunavire, nousvoyons dé Ottmar EtteOttmar 3 45 filer fjords etglaciers. claboussant. Voici des es, avec leschants 1

The birth of landscape from the spirit oftheory oflandscapefromThe birth thespirit Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 area existsasaloneentity. idyll,This isnotaplanetary however. In ‘ AFRONIPPONES’, to separatefrom landandcreate new or the basinsthrough flooding—such astheCaribbean between continents andcontinentstodrift;cause channelstoform andwhichcauseislands the earth’s surface; that cause mountains to cave in and submerged sandbanks to re-emerge; that There that change of earthquakes and other natural is disasters continuous activity in the form on hisown observations, onavailable cartographies, andoccasionallyonindigenoussources. islandsintocontinentsand continentsintoislands.transform Inhiscreation, Humboldt draws thatfusetogether andseparateislandscontinents,immense transformations andwhich ing standsaloneandinwhichnothingisstatic. Nothingstays putand nothingisspared from landscape.nothing standsaloneinthisplanetary islands tothewest ofthecoast. Inthismoving image, everything isconnectedtoeverything else: to and Africa Tibet intheeast, and across thePacific towards South-East Asiaandthestretch of of construction across theplanet:spheric America Humboldt’s visionreaches across the Atlantic towards the Amazon, but also taking in the Strait of Magellan, in order to expand this hemi- South islands, across theCaribbean America uptoHudsonBay, directly tothenorth thensouth them as a moving of image of coastlines and inland areas parts that stretch from the northern how global movementsAlexander von Humboldt describes as if in a time-lapse, presenting of inthenorth begins Venezuela, aplacewithwhichhewas familiar, toobserve it isfascinating in of America’ huge transformations, orindeedimmensecatastrophes. For example, inthesection ‘Geognosy Travel; Journals these, too, globalstrata andwere consistedoffar-reaching by oftencharacterized before his 90 mapping.and literary He, too, on14September(albeitin1769)andalsodiedshortly was born ornational alwaysregional invoke thetransareal andplanetary. isconnectedtoeverythingrything elsethrough strata, landscapes—planetary inwhichthelocal, They notonlydepictitsnaturalbeauty; they are alsosignsofanimminentdownfall, sinceeve- the playful movements inButor’s world are aware ofcatastrophe, they are aware ofcataclysm. exercises, foraninnocentgameinwhicheverything asthepointofintersection isconnected: It would thusbewrong toview Butor’s landscapes asaplayground planetary forharmless on thisplanetstandsalone. MichelButorshows usaworld inwhicheverything isinterrelated. process thataffectshumans,transformation animals, plants, rocks, thewindandwater. Nothing here tooeverything andsubjecttoareciprocal oftransportation isconnectedviadiverse forms through theconnecting, elementofwater. life-giving textMobile, As inhisepochalexperimental ofaprocessbecome part ofreciprocal exchange. Oceansandlakes illuminateoneanother plané tairesseedifferentconverge continents inthe continent;American ofPaysages otherparts oneanotherwithoutfusingtogether inmovementscold permeate ofglobaldimensionsthat athighandlowFlora andfauna latitudes, thetundraandtropics, landandsea, heatand ‘VIETNAMIBIE’, we are given thatthreaten warnings toshake theearth: LAISE’, Humboldt’s visionofa ‘Geognosy of America’ reveals landscapeinwhichnoth- aplanetary Alexander von landscapesofthiskindinhisscholarly Humboldtalsodesignedplanetary In rapidsuccession, MichelButor’s may readers traverse the ‘ETATS ZUNI’ continent mê ger. Serait-celecataclysmeannoncé D’un horizon à D’un horizon 6 theplanesof ‘PACIFIC SANDWICH’ th birthday. and scholar sketched numerousThe writer landscapes in his Journal I,Journal vision. ageological-literary passagethat heoffers Inthismeandering me. Neré 4 the ‘OCEAN PAPOUINDIEN’ l’autre lestrompes seré sistent quequelquesî ? Toute laprovince est menacé Ottmar EtteOttmar pondent pouravertir del’imminencedudan- 46 lots d’humidité 7 orthe ‘MONGOLIE TROPICALE’. 5 or the ‘CASPERTZIENNE ANTIL­ . 10 e, toutelanation, le 3 American American or the orthe 8 No No 9

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 not inany way compromise thedynamic, history-of-movement focusofHumboldtian theory. of farming in thehotzone.of farming This needcreates thearts.’ survival. This explainstheslow development ofanintellectualculture, thatis, childhood theeternal he claimsthatpeople their culture towards‘are ortoorientate freed from fruits theneedtodry lematic. For example, asaresult ofthediversity oftheconstantlyavailable foodintropical areas, number of othertextstoo. From today’s perspective, however, hisconclusions are sometimesprob- of plant, across animalandhumanmigration largedistances, thesemovements andhedescribes ina real nent tocontinentandfrom lake tosea, acomparative offering perspective, inatransa- primarily Mediterranean, theBlackSeaandBalticSea. These Humboldtianimages ‘jump’ from conti- northern part oftheglobe. part northern development reflections aboutthediffering ofhumansinthesouth andinthecolder,historical however, henot onlyaddressed thegeography plants, ofvarious but alsooffered culturaland indicators,nected theseangleswithfurther suchascommonplantsin and America Africa. Here, of the continents.key or drifting that suggested the migration indicators In these two where they continentalmassesintheparts extendandrecede, andthereby identified materials.ingly precise cartographic Itwas notinvain thatHumboldtmeasured theanglesof asaresult ofincreas- period theearlymodern coastlinesthatwere during American crystallizing that derived from these—aswell asonconcepts relating tothe ‘accuracy offit’ ofthe and African of floodfrom TheEpicofGilgameshortheBible tides —and ideasaboutcatastrophes andspring scholarship. historical nineteenth-century concept ofscience, sciencethatwas but foratransdisciplinary oneofmany influences on ously beenlabelledapolymath, Humboldtthusdoesnotstandfortheresidue ofatraditional the ‘continental drift’, which Wegener developed from 1912 onwards. - Although he has errone this earlystage, of they containthebasicprinciples Alfred Wegener’s much-contested thesisof ofHumboldtianscience—are evidence ofthis; origins asthetrue should beunderstood even at evolutionary has longbeen debunked, theory and Humboldt’s yet division misleadingideaoftheepistemological between HumboldtianscienceandDarwinian Darwin, anadmirer ofHumboldtwhenhewas younger. whowas unsurprisingly The long-held Humboldt must be considered a significanttrailblazer forthe of Charles evolutionary theory on theentire planet. Indeed, withhisideasabout constantchangesandevolution, Alexander von includes notonlyvolcanic activity, but alsotherotation anditsprofound oftheearth influence ing the Atlantic asthe valley’.‘Atlantic longitudinal point. abouttheoutlineofcontinentsinhissketches timeandagain, Hewrites - describ Humboldt never that doubtsthefact and wereAmerica Africa connectedtooneanother atsome times comesremarkably landscapes. closetothisinhisimagesofplanetary masses themselves. Humboldtdidnotyet have oftectonicplates, accesstoatheory yet hesome- and becomesubmergedagain, andare subjecttonoless ‘rupture’ thancontinental anddrift ceaselessly change, constantlyandislandsemerge, inwhichcontinentsare transforming move, the geognosy of is a science that takes in the entireAmerica world: it is one in which coastlines on theearth’s surface, ofplantmigration. but ratherasahistory For Humboldt, then, exploring Plants’. ofplantdistribution history notasaterritorializing The ofplantsisdescribed totheEquinoctial RegionsoftheNewContinent,of aJourney inhis ‘Essay ontheGeography of spaces are always spacesofmovement. In fact, Humboldt drew conclusionsaboutthisculturallandscapethatwere basedonallkinds Indeed, inhisoft-citedreflections, Alexander von Humboldtdrew on mythic constructions In geological timeframes,In geological continentalmassesare astonishinglymobile. Alexander von thecaseinfirst volume ofThis iscertainly ’s PersonalNarrative 11 (as opposed to a history ofspace): ofmovement mannerasahistory (asopposedto fortheauthorofKosmos, theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  13 47 12 14 Inhis ‘Geognosy of America’ sketch, he However, thesekindsofconclusions do —which Travel Journals American Journal I,Journal he con- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 did thesekindsoflandscapesdevelop for Alexander von Humboldt? scapes oftheory. Two questions arise, then: whatisalandscapeoftheory? And inwhatcontexts ever, produced first theHumboldtian landscapesas itisnotable thatthistheory well ashisland- Friedrich Schiller once famously called Schilleroncefamously ‘shameless’ Friedrich oftheory.out ofthespirit field research andprecise Hisempirical ‘measuring’ ofnature (which emerge. They are, inanexcellentway,. landscapesoftheory For Humboldt, landscapewas born nomadic knowledge mobility—that andtransdisciplinary Alexander von Humboldt’s landscapes tinue toadjustthenew pathsandmovements—and thereby conditionsoflife. tothechanging mals and, lastbut notleast, cultures. changing humanswiththeirperpetually Humansmust con- mountains, highplateausandlowlands, continents, islandsandarchipelagos, aswell asplants, ani- everything onourrotating globeissubjecttoconstantmotionandtransformation: land, water, air, ,Journals isafocusonthemobilityandrelationality ofallobjectsonourplanet. For Humboldt, Travelrich store intheAmerican offieldinfinite measurement research sequencesand described edge inthetwentieth andtwenty-first centuries. perspectives thatwould aboutfuture ofcommonknowl landscapesoftheory onlybecomepart - basisforHumboldt’sthe epistemological thinking—anditopenedupforhimnew, promising inthetwentieththat would century. goontobecometectonicplatetheories was Migration as aresult ofhisstudiesvolcanoes, forces earth healsoputforward aboutinternal theories cartographical ‘accuracy offit’, histhinking was alsodriven by ideasabouttheearth’s rotation; of mobilityconcept even earlier. ofcatastrophe For in addition to atheory and an increasing ideas about movements of all kinds, Alexander von Humboldt came very close to this kind and spoke outagainstthepowerful andinfluentialfollowers of ‘fixism’. Yetwithhisscientific Wegener arduously pushedhisconceptof ‘mobilism’—the shiftingofindividual continents— system’. of thesegeofactors set of conditions or geo- into a geographical ‘but rathertheir integration respective componentsandgeofactors’, whereby landscapeisnotthesum thecorresponding ‘theory’ is then connected with a modern idea of freedom whose origins liepredominantly ‘theory’ idea offreedom whose origins isthenconnectedwith a modern or its geographical position’. or itsgeographical asa general terms appearance[… ‘section oftheearth’s by] itsexternal [characterized surface beiteratedthatthetermIt shouldfirst ‘landscape’ isdefinedin relevant geography manuals in the Aristotelian ‘sphere ofthefestival andfestive play’. in function oftheaesthetic—while contemplatingnature aslandscape—Ritterlocatestheory well astotheirinterrelation. relates tothe ‘connections between thedifferent [phenomena]thatare unifiedinalandscape’, as remarks onPetrarch’s tonature asalandscape’. ‘turn scape’. A narrow definitionoftheterms ‘landscape’ and ‘theory’ canbefoundin Joachim Ritter’s as thedesignationofacomplexinterdependent geosystem. ticular physiognomy. Consequently, theterm ‘landscape’ may instancebeunderstood in thefirst andsynergybetween thatcannotbereducedsystem ofinterrelation toapar- different factors tories ofgeography.tories tobeproblematic;landscape appears tendstobeavoided theformer inmore recent research his- It is on the basis of this theory—this Humboldtianepistemology oflifeandmovement,It isonthebasisofthistheory—this of At thecore oftheHumboldtianepistemology, whichwas developed inno smallpart inthe Let us return to the planetary landscape. totheplanetary Let usreturn Intheearlydecadesoftwentieth century, In thesecondinstance, theaestheticdimension oftheterm todetermine ‘land- itisnecessary 17 ‘Landscape’ totheterms ‘material’ terminologically corresponds and ‘life’, inthatit 19 From perspective, ageographical theterm ‘landscape’ referstoacomplex 16 18 More specifically, relates to theterm ‘thecombined effect ofthe Makingadistinctionbetween anaturallandscape andcultivated Landscapes of theory of Landscapes Ottmar EtteOttmar 48 15 ) are certainly of critical importance; ofcritical ) are certainly how- 20 Here, inrelation tothequestion ofthe 21 Taking this line ofargumentfurther, Alfred ] Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 possible toconceptualizeaforce oftheaestheticasanforce, kind ofcentralperspective subject?Inotherwords: thatisanchored inthemodern mightitbe tiedtotheideaofsubjectivity, thatisnolongernecessarily theory oreven associatedwiththe that whatCarl Troll callsthe ‘interplay’ ofphenomenaopensupprecisely thisarea ofplay for ity refers toapoetics ofmovement Landscape isunthinkable withouttheinclusionofvectoricity: ofmovement, asaterm - vectoric necessarily thebasisofthis relationship. form—on fact in itstrue actual configuration—andin places oflocalityandspacesmobility. oflandscapethusonlyemergesinits Hisunderstanding ness relationships force between field that takes places and spaces into a triangular into account ‘connection between the “subjective” andthe “aesthetic” thatwas tohim’ soimportant von Humboldtsoughttonegotiate. cisely thisareathatthephilosophicalthoughtandscientificpracticeof ofintersection Alexander a separationofthe Apollonian from theDionysian inNietzsche’s philosophy. Itis, however, pre- tual framework, from toseparategeographical philosophical/aestheticthoughtisasimpossible as definitions oflandscape, asheis keen toemphasizeinafootnoteofhisessay. Within thisconcep - jectivity. Yet Joachim Ritterclearly soughttodistancehimselffrom predominant geographical his influentialessay on ‘landscape’, oftheindividual whichaddresses and sub- theconstruction disciplineofgeography together ofthemodern withHumboldt,father thanisacknowledged in in Ritter’s work. And Joachim Ritteristhereby significantlyclosertoCarlRitter, founding ofnatureunderstanding thanisgenerallyclaimed; Humboldt’s Kosmosisrepeatedly referenced converge withinthescopeofart. rationality, inwhatever thismay take. form This ishow theoretical thinkingandaestheticform an area ofplay—forthatrepresents atheory aspace(Freiraum ) outsideofadirect instrumental Schiller.with Friedrich Landscapethereby holdspotentialasaplace—orperhapseven more as intimate relationship between landscape painting and imperialism is largely unimportant in intimate relationship is largely unimportant between landscape paintingandimperialism tionship between placeandspace. Mitchell, force a landscape emerges from field that is established through a triangular the rela- Alexander von Humboldt’s andwriting. landscapesoftheory theoretician For the art W.J.T. and cultural-theoretical contexts, andsomeoftheseare ofsignificanceinthepresent studyof aspectsanddimensionsofthe term further ‘landscape’ are beingdeveloped inculturalstudies very diverse ways—and alignsitwiththenotionofanopen, system. polylogical andinterplay ,complex systemofinterrelation whichmakes theterm ‘landscape’ applicable in context ofthepresent article). construable,The ideaofthe landscapereferstoageoecologically thatcaughtonatthetime,tions oflandscape(itisaterm tointhe but whichwillbereturned of landscapetothecentralperspective ofthesubject? Henri Lefebvre,Henri merges into landscapes of another character at geographically naturalborders’. merges intolandscapesofanothercharacteratgeographically play between itsphenomena, positionalrelations, aswell andexternal asitsinternal andwhich character,establishes a spatial unit of a particular appearance, basedonitsexternal theinter- approaches.with othermethodological oftheearth’s Hedefineslandscapeasapart surface ‘that it came to natural sciences. Troll’s approach may be geographical, compatible but it is certainly A momentofmovement isthus fundamentally inherent inthis ideaoflandscapethatis Indeed, tofree Carl Ritterfounditnecessary Troll’s oflandscapefrom understanding the Ritter’s discussionsare undoubtedlymore deeplyrooted in Alexander von Humboldt’s Of theseabovementioned perspectives, Mitchell’s mostlyunconvincing thesisthatpositsan In thiscomplexrelationality of areas oftensionandforce fields, an increasing number of Even today, Humboldt’s theorem ofmultiple connectednessispresent defini- ingeographical vectorially defined by—and charged betweenby—the interplay placesandspaces. 27 the US art historian employs his terminological triangulation inorder tohar- triangulation employs his terminological historian theUSart theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  25 Drawing oncanonical studiesby Michel deCerteau 28 that is understood asadvancement. thatisunderstood 49 24 withoutlinkingtheidea 23 Isitpossible 22 when 26 and Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 perceivable totalimpression. form,artistic clear, and—in the best case—becomes quasi-graphically like a in aself-reflexive andmeta-reflexive motion, allinasinglegaze. is rendered Theory visible in sketches reveal amodel—amodelthatlays bare alandscape’s andepistemology complextheory soundpatterns,textually interpretable synaestheticcompositionsandtechnical drawings; these ble? textorapainting,The landscapesare ofaliterary sketched in the form but alsoinphono- and joyous—and hedoessonotonlyatmountainsummits. scapes, hecombinesthe ofsciencethatisexhilarating Apollonian withtheDionysian inaform isnoexaggeration. landscapesoftheory andsemanticizationoflegible charging Inhisland- . of theory speaking scholars aretheirattention speaking scholars increasingly turning litté raire, forexample,that isheavily charged withvectors—including paysage to whichFrench- andvisualculture, history geography toart alandscape legible thenitisworth alsorendering fromto explore theirlegibility the perspective ofdisciplines, ofavariety from and geometry once espousedasaspaceofthoughtandperception. by extremes, mountainouslandscapethatischaracterized rugged justlike the onethatPetrarch Humboldt takes delightinadistancingfrom thisreason through ofa theDionysian experience This includes ailments that are caused by one’s own or others’ of reason: (Apollonian) faculty inspires notonlythinkingandwriting, but ailments. alsothehealingofphysical andspiritual nature deploys an aesthetic force over the landscape, a force that imaginatively and creatively the accompanying men, backtoCaracas). whohadtaken alloftheirfoodanddrink Thus by ofadversity (HumboldtandBonplandhadlongbeendeserted thinking manintheface intothetranscendenceof The transcendentalqualitiesofthelandscapeare transformed High Andes oftheQuitoprovince: accomplishments in the ascent of the Silla de Caracas saddle long before other mountaineering Humboldt’s travel features anaestheticizationofmountainlandscapes. writing in the American Andes orothermountainsofthe ‘new world’ inwhich stagings inthoseliterary sophical aswell emphases. asepistemological Inthisway, Petrarch’s MontVentoux isstillpresent setouthisdiverse representationshe artfully literary ofmountainascentsandgave thesephilo- tradition, withthistheoretical andwriting familiar andthathereferred tothisimplicitlywhen MontVentoux from 26 of 1336).April Itissafetoassumethat Alexander von Humboldtwas more significant (an example of which is ofin course particular—is Petrarch’sfamous movement, linked andthatitisinextricably totheexertion ofpower—the power ofthinking findings. ofhishistorical terms However, hissuggestionthatlandscapecanonly evolve outof - oftheselandscapesdoesHumboldtrender andvividlyPrecisely legible imagina whichparts To claimthat Alexander von Humboldtwas ofthiskindvector- oneoftheearlymasters If we take thisideaasapointofreference texts, landscapesaslegible forunderstanding For example, in his deep wounds by thatare struck one’s own andothers’ ofreason. faculty a constantcompanion, andithealsthewounds ofthephysical organism, suchasthose balm fullofmiraculouscurative powers thatnature manas bestows uponthesuffering lation thatgives himmore energythanany foodordrink. Fantasyworks asasoothing condition, ascompared tothatofthemobaccompanying him, asanintellectualstimu- A rationallythinkingmanisexhilaratedatthemountain’s summit, andhe perceives his geognosts atthisaltitude, Iamovercoming. thisfollyeasesthepainofdiscomfort Fantasies, intuitionsare keeping mebusy atthisaltitude, andsinceitalways happensto , Travel Journals American the adverse conditions of an Humboldt describes 32 Ottmar EtteOttmar 50 31 —in anarrower senseaslandscapes ­quasi-simultaneously 29 Ascent 30 and

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 est sense, cultural-theoretical approach that draws onthesocial sciences. This approach uses tively read thelandscapesoffuture, through whichwe toroam. begin the landscapeofpresent, ‘behind’ or ‘beneath’ thelandscapeofpresent one, we prospec- behind onemountainishidden anothermountain; behindonelandscape ishiddenanother. In in thesketch ofHumboldt’s ‘Painting ofNature inthe Tropics’. unautre: Unvolcan peutencacher that are shown in the drawings of the ascent of Pico del Teide on the island of Tenerife, and even before andthatwhichistocome, thefuture: thisisclearlyevident inthefuture volcanic ascents and multiple connectedness. Inthisway, landscapesare moving imagesofthatwhichstood ated, but alsoofaconsolidatingpre-emption offuture developments tocomplexity pertaining a matterofconsolidatingthatwhichhasalready beenexpatiatedorthatwhich canbeexpati- of composition.and in whichthe gaze is prepared for immanent forms It is therefore not simply dimension andaprospective aestheticpower inwhich afuture thinking-outalready takes form, that theaestheticpower islocated. landscapeforms ofartistic vectorially, but which are notyet really thoughtout(orindeedformulated). And itisprecisely here release orepistemology perspectives thataretheory ofatheory already aboutthoseparts present via theartwork. This process ofconvergence withintheartwork meansthatthelandscapesof tion—a kindofprospection—issimultaneously brought intotheimageandfieldofvision through theirpresence andpresentation. More significantly, ofprospective thehorizon representa- functions do notonlyopenupapastofrepresented memory thingsandundoubtedly important in thelandscape. After all, in the future a piece consolidated of this freedom will be scientifically and artistically having-become, but ratheranarea ofplay forfuture sketches aswell assketches ofthefuture. what they are uncovering. For Humboldt, landscapealoneisnotsimplyawitnesstohistorical movement coefficients, inmotionare professing—or itexplores thatwhichhorizons rather, anticipated inthefuture. Landscapeisalways towards oriented the future; thankstoitshigh accumulatedthat take movements inbothhistorically andmovements thatare prospectively movement appearashighlymobilechoreographies. The choreographies have (animated)vectors asplacesofmovement insofar ofalandscapetheory spaces of and intheform vectorization the sketch. and stimulated by movement—disappear behindthespacesthathave in been(re)constructed has hadtheeffectofsilentlymakingmovement—the inthespaces thatisinscribed vectoricity dations of an artistic, scientific or technical sketch to become visible. The so-called emotion. They are senses. landscapesofemotioninthepoeticandpoetological tive, too—landscapesare fulloflifeandpresuppose movement, inthesenseofbothmotionand perspective,just from or art-historical a geographical either, but from- perspec a philological of living: ofone’s offantasies anexperience own thathave andfantasies beenencountered. Not comprehensible way. Landscapes are moving and thinking, images of imagining and of writing exercisesreograph thatthey thehermeneutic inunderstanding seektoachieve inasensuously refractions inamobilenetworkporary ofcoordinates. serve tocho- These landscapesoftheory developmentsmovement andculturalnorms,historical andcontem- oflifeforms registering orinundatedtainous regions landscapes, riverside they always stageandembodyamodelofthe stretcheswhether they ofsandorhighlypopulatedarchipelagos, depictdeserted desolatemoun- These considerationsmay productively belinked toananthropological and, inthebroad- Beyond spatialization, therefore landscapesoftheory always alsohave afuture-oriented ofartworksIt isprecisely thatmeanthey theaestheticdimensionandspecificliberty This visible-making, visible, inthesenseofbothvisualizationandrendering affects primarily instance,In thefirst thisinvolves aprocess ofspatializationthatenables thetheoretical foun- are sketched, mediuminwhichthelandscapesoftheory Regardless oftheartistic and theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  51 spatial turn Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 naturalizing asubsetofdifferences thathave groupidentity’. beenmobilized toarticulate culture that Appadurai develops of his part volume defines inthefirst ‘culture asthe process of are thesetheoretical landscapesofethnoscapes, perspectives. whichcannotbereflected ofchanging withoutthe formed vectoricity However, ing theirrespective ‘views’. between Intheinterplay situatednessandperspectival set , landscapesare account oftheirmultiple connectedness, draw attentiontotheirnetworked nature while retain- perspectives oftherespective andtheactors ‘scapes’; theseare, however, alsolandscapesthat, on canonical ideasof Wallerstein connections thatisbalancedandbasedonanoutward-facing world consciousness. sketches thatspantheentire world, sketches that putforward afutureoftransareal understanding ties forfuture thinkingthatwe oughttoapplyinamore targetedmannerinyears tocome? ing opposedtoacleardivision between ‘nature’ and ‘culture’, andthereby offered uspossibili- revision.to acritical Was that developed it not Humboldtian scholarship possibilities of think- and flows ofallkinds, whereby allofthelandscape’s processes ofnaturalizationare subjected towardsmay betiedinto a mobileconceptof(cultural)landscapethatisoriented movements sions thatplay therole oflandscapes inhistext:ethnoscapes, different modernity. for phenomena thatwere importance ofsuchcritical Alexander von Humboldt’s project abouta andglobalization—­ together thephenomenaofmodernity oflandscapetobring the imagery must write them down themintohis work.must quicklyorinsert write ideas appear to force their words upon him, indeed seemto harass him, to the point where he itself.writing Time andagain, hissketches ascertain ofbasic theorems are literallyinterrupted and emergenceofideas, ofHumboldtianscience, andthebasicprinciples through theprocess of Alexander von Humboldt’s give Travel Journals usavivid American image oftheslow production ‘born into the ruling classesofthenew nations’ intotheruling ‘born Arjun Appadurai, anIndianscholarworking intheUS, by sketching begins hisown path— more diverse prospects forfuture pathsofscientificexploration. Humboldt’s have landscapesoftheory notyet beenproperly investigated, andthey openupeven the historical, linguistic, ofactors’. andpoliticalsituatednessofdifferent sorts from every angleofvisionbut, rather, thatthey are deeplyperspectival constructs, inflected by is intendedtopointthefact ‘that theseare notobjectively given relations thatlookthesame and peripheries)’ models(even thosethatmightaccountformultiple ofexistingcenter-periphery centers terms the new cultural order on a global scale sidering as an order that no longer allows us to think ‘in his theoretical constructions, fortheseare highlyinfluenced by notionsofmobility. ofhisautobiography.that isilluminatingnotonlyinterms Indeed, through itseemstorun allof which isscepticaltowards ofessentialism. any form unfolding ofconcrete landscapes. This alsoappliesto Appadurai’s intelligentideaofculture, Appadurai’s modelismore ofscapesthaninthe thinking and interested inthegeneralimagery orthelike? aslandscapesoftheory to beunderstood and This ishow different kindsoflandscapes emerge, according totheirchosen constructed In contrasttocommonmodelsofglobalizationanddevelopment, andeven incontrasttothe In oneofthemostinfluentialpassagesbook, ofcon- Appadurainotestheimportance At best, these ‘scapes’ may to a limited extent. only be considered to be landscapes of theory ideoscapes. 39 Headdsthatinthisdivision ofdifferent landscapes, thecommon ‘-scape’ suffix 36 —vocabulary that inmany ways reminds us of Alexander von Humboldt’s 33 Modernity atLarge: Inhis1996bookModernity Cultural DimensionsofGlobalization, Landscapes of multiple connectedness multiple of Landscapes 37 or Wolf, 38 hisownAppadurai offers suggestionforfive dimen- Ottmar EtteOttmar mediascapes, 52 35 —and thereby produces akindofvectoricity 41 Accordingly, therelatively openideaof , technoscapes mediascapes, financescapes andideoscapes , technoscapes 40 financescapes 42 This 34 43

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 reflections: clear tohim; revealingly, inhisclimatological–geoecological asaninsertion thisthenappears inFrench,journey inthemomentthatitbecame Humboldtnoteddown anideainGerman ofhisscientificand literary work.the course Midway through asketch ofhisMexicantravel between thesecommunications must beresearched. Heemphasizes: canic landscapethatisrelated to amultitude ofcommunications, andthattheinterconnections individual volcanoes phenomena canbeattributed, towhichcertain but ratheraboutavol- research, andthey leadHumboldttodraw theconclusionthathisinvestigation islessabout onvolcanic reports asthey doonhisown eruptions studiesofhistorical logical extensive field the volcanoes oftheHigh Andes oftheQuitoprovince. Hisanalysesdraw asmuch onphilo- to apprehend everything itencountered initsmultiple connectednessaswell. edness. Alexander von Humboldtbecamearesearcher andthinker ofarelationality thatsought gaze isincreasingly drawn nottoindividual phenomena, but totheircomplexmultiple connect- ofprecision.degree Over ofhistravels thecourse through the tropics,American Humboldt’s ofrelations and interdependencies intoapattern thatherecognizes withanincreasingformed zoology. his manuscript,As hewrites aninvestigation ofindividual subjectsiscontinually trans- in plantgeography andclimatology asmuch asinanthropology, oflanguagesand thehistory canology ofthe asmuch asinthehistory ‘discovery’ andconquestofthe hemisphere;American systems asmuch asinhisinvestigation ofearly codices;American inthearea ofgeology andvol- Humboldt’sat thesametimeandplace)permeates thinkinginevery area: inhisanalysisofeco- themselves’ tohim, thisisnotacaseofsuddeninspiration. as well asindiverse disciplinesandsubjectareas. Even ifitmay seemthatformulations ‘reveal ofhisthoughtgrow morefounding principle mature inarangeofcontextsandconnections aspectofHumboldt’sfascinating isthatwe Travel Journals canseethis outlookintheAmerican Humboldt research hasmadeincreasingly clear, especiallyover thepasttwo decades. ofwhat of scientificobservers we nowfact that callgeoecology systemsisa orgeoecological That Alexander von Humboldtwas anoutstandingscholarwhojoinstheranksofalonglist This applies in particular tothetheorem thatbecomesakindofHumboldtian axiomoverThis appliesinparticular This is illustrated in a particularly impressiveThis isillustratedinaparticularly sectionoftheabovementioned investigations of Indeed, thefundamentalrealization thateverything isconnectedtoeverything (ifnotalways L’é bouches, tantô cimesquicouronnentsont queplusieurs cetimmensedos. Cegrand Volcan aplusieurs regardé lamatiè lequel fermente Carihuairazo, etleSangay n’estqu’unseul Volcan, unassemblage deconcavité Je crois qu’aufondtoutelaprovince depuisPichincha, Cotopaxià pour cela que la terre s’ouvrepour celaquelaterre où ants eté du nord ausud, entouré lieux quarré monotoniedeconstruction.triste D`immensesplaines, desbassinsà chaleur. Alles ist Wechselwirkung. Tout leplateaudepuisOaxacaà manque d’é l’indique. vaporation, causé e commeuneseulemontagne; cequenousnommons Pichincha, Cotopaxine levé 46 s, gé s à vaporation dufroid (source atmosphé principale t il dirige sesmatiè t ildirige peinede150–200t. au-dessusdesplainesvoisines. né ralement le triple plus long que large,ralement le triple dirigé e parlachaleur, produit lemanqued’eau etderiviè theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  s par des collines ou hauteurs à s pardescollinesouhauteurs re acidifiable. é Toute lapartie res vers Tungurahua tantô l’onl’espè 53 re lemoinsoù contours uniformes etondoy- uniformes contours levé t vers Cotopaxi. [...]C’est exté e delaprov. peutê le diamè rique) augmentela rique) Chiuauaestdeplus rieurement rien ne rien rieurement 44 solunide30–40 Tungurahua, tre plus long res, etle s dans tre 45 The Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 this process: gé ‘Cela n’estrien communicate withoneanotherviatheirflowing lava. Largerdistances in were notofimportance ferent landscape suddenly opens up in a supplementary commentary: ferent landscapesuddenlyopens upinasupplementary Humboldt andBonplandinvestigated andsketched anumber oftimes. Here, acompletelydif- the way through the Andes, thetravelling groupcrosses the ‘Inca palace’ inGuanani, aplacethat arises. oflandscapesuperpositions Unpaysageand acomplexportrait unautre. peutencacher On sometimes through whichheisyet totravel) thatisbeingdepicted, appearbeneaththeregion new continentitself. Here, thetracesoflandscapesthrough whichhehastravelled before (and present movement asifitisacollage. has beentraversed earlier(orindeedwillbetraversed later), whichHumboldtstitchesintothe journey, beneathonetown isapreviously visitedtown, beneathonelandscapeisathat could call (travel-literary) superposition. That is, often beneath the present is an earlier journey axiom valid: interplay. everything inplanetary isinterrelated—especially lentthemselves tothe field of that histheories volcanological research. For here, too, was his phenomena intolandscapesofmultiple connectedness. ItisalsoclearthatHumboldtbelieved especially inthe field ofso-called plate tectonics, Humboldt translates diversevery individual or floodcatastrophes onabiblical scale—itisalready evident how, inthearea ofgeology and activity andpositioningtheactivity inrelation totherest oftheworld. isconstantlyinmotion—by phasesofespeciallystrongface—which identifying certain volcanic question ofcommunication andrelations between themostdiverse oftheearth’s parts sur- thatHumboldtvery soonbegantotake the significantinterest inexploring it isunsurprising tobeconnectedwitheverything—ifthing appears notalways simultaneously. Inthiscontext, connected volcanic landscape is born, one that is in constant movement and in which every- muniquer’); in 1802. Rivers would occasionally get closer to one another without converging (‘sans se com- eras,through allhistorical andespeciallyinthe1790s, notlongbefore hisown stay intheprovince volcanoes andvolcanic thathave eruptions continued toshake theprovince atdifferent places that stand indirect connectionwithone another, such as thevolcanoes in the Quito highlands. travellerPrussian encountered. was (and perhapsforthis thefirst reason, a memorable) extra-Europeanvery landscapethatthe Islands as Humboldt sawof the Canary it from the peak of Pico del Teide time. for the first This If there isalandscapethatcontinues toinfluence allothers, landscape thenitisthearchipelagic Humboldt’s focusisdecidedlyontheconnections, the ‘communications’ district de la ville comme appartenant à delavillecommeappartenant district This alsoappliestoindividualthrough stagesofhisjourney theequinoctialareas ofthe It isfrequently thatwe possible Travel Journals toobserve aphenomenonintheAmerican Looking atHumboldt’s landscapes—withtheirmoving planetary continents, islands torn-off This is how, at the tip of Humboldt’s quill and before our eyes, a complex and multiply Indeed, therelationality ofthearchipelago isdifferent tothatofotherplacesorphenomena semblaient à delamer.devinait plusqu’ondistinguaitl’horizont Cesgroupesderochers isolé d’islelespointesdesrochers situé enforme de laquellesortaient pacifique. nous passâ Lorsque immense surlesplaine[s]dePuiraetLambayeque, bordé est bien belle, pittoresque. Il se trouve au sommet des Andes et on y joui[t] d’une vue Malgré 48 lefroid à qu’ilfait however, attimeseven distantvolcanoes geographically mightinteract anddirectly la vue des Canaries quenouseû lavuedesCanaries ologiquement etl’onpeutconsidé ologiquement Guanani(nouseû mes, cesplainesé cemê Ottmar EtteOttmar me grand me grand Volcan quej’aidé 54 mes 7½ mes duhautPicde Teyde. taient couvertes d’une brume é taient couvertes d’unebrume º deR.)lapositioncepalais rer laprovince deLosPastos etle par l’horizont delamer parl’horizont s auSudouesteton crit.’ 47 between individual 49 50 paisse s res- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 from above, together withtheCanaries’ shapedislands. variously expects it: intheexpansive steppesofSiberia, forexample, where Picodel Teide asseen returns ofHumboldtianwriting, thatalmostobsessivelytern apattern recursexactlywhere oneleast for Humboldtianscience. connectedness andtherefore emblems relevance ofarelationality epistemological thatisofgreat .island worlds Travel Journals intheAmerican For Humboldt, archipelagos are figures of multiple archipelagos or alongsidethe Caribbean to the Canaries this concept by referring describes islands with islandsin other archipelagos, too, connections. viatrans-archipelagic Humboldt nected the archipelago. logic, andfunction, form yet issimultaneously relationally connectedtoalltheotherislandsof reveal abasicfigure of relationality and multiple connectedness, inthateachislandhasits own the Canaries’ that the islands of the archipelago can be found in the fact structure archipelagic inwhichHumboldtiscontinually interestedtheory inhiswriting. contexts,. Travel Journals placesandlocationsintheAmerican thefoundationallandscapeof Itforms (Ur-Struktur)forhim. structure typal original indiverse appears texts, structuring This archipelagic landscape was extra-European thefirst landscapethatheencountered, and represented anarche- for exampleintheseparationofislandsfrom oneanotherby water. This Humboldtianmodel revealstructures oflandscapeexpression, forms themostvaried anddiscontinuity, construction isaspecificmodelofspaceandmovement:For theislandlandscapeofCanaries itsarchipelagic the planetary. ofhumankind:theory landscapesofalifethatdoes notwishtobesatisfiedwiththelimitationsof considered landscapesoftheory. oftheworld,These are landscapesofatheory landscapesofa emerge outof Apollonian intelligenceandDionysian passion, landscapesthatmay stillbe between physical andemotionalmovement atfirst, but there are alsothose landscapesthat of one’s own consequence. lifeisthenecessary This isbrought aboutthrough aninterplay landscape imageswiththeirsuperpositions. result, everything isalways by somethingmissing, characterized alackthatlongsfortransareal traveller, andscientistatonce. writer Nowhere isthere aplaceinwhicheverything exists. As a it isnotinKosmosthatlandscapesextendingbeyond time. emergeforthe first theplanetary world consciousnessthatlongsformore distantworlds whilefocusingonaconcrete place. Thus potential foralifewithbroader connectionsthatare continually expanding. Heisdeveloping a In theview from above, Humboldt’s ‘thinking man’ becomesaware ofhislimits, but also ofhis ceptible world opensupdimensionsthat cannot beaccessedthrough physical movements alone. continuously interconnected and overlapping per- and tangibly landscapes in which the sensory together withitsembodimentofarelational epistemology. Everything isinterrelated, afterall. the High Andes ofQuito. was thathislandscapeoftheory born, Itwas outofthisstructuring across oftheIncakingdom, widedisparateparts scattering andinthedifferent volcanoes in a mode of thinking that is expressed in his cultural landscapes of the ‘Inca palaces’, with their scape-focused. produced inHumboldt The multiple structuring connectednessofarchipelagic the archipelago thatHumboldt’s relational, multiply connectedthinkingismostincisively land- For thisreason, they are notonlyubiquitousinhisentire oeuvre, but alsocreate abasicpat- In addition, ofanisolatedislandworldandamultiply con- thisopenrelational structuring Aside from the sequence of Humboldt’s travels, the reason for the ubiquity of the Teide and Translated by from LeilaMukhida. German If there isnoplaceofwholeness, ifthere isalways somethingmissing, thenthevectorization For there isnosingleplaceinwhichtheentire world diversity initsgreat isaccessible tothe With theirtransareal connectionsandlinks, Humboldtianlandscapepictures todis- give rise world ofislandsalways pointsbeyond theindividual archipelago; itconnectsthedifferent theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  55 51 Itisinhismodellandscapeof

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 17 Neef, 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Ibid. 30 29 Humboldt, 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Butor, 1 2 der Bewegung imKontext der TransArea Studies’, in Culturesà See OttmarEtte, ‘ZwischenWelten derLiteratur(wissenschaft): Auf dem Weg zueinerPoetik Lefebvre,See Henri Laproductiondel’espace (Paris: Anthropos, 1974). (Paris:Certeau Gallimard, 1990). See MicheldeCerteau, ‘Pratiques d’espace’, inL’invention duquotidian, Vol 1: defaireArts , ed. Michelde University ofChicagoPress, 2002). See W.J.T. Mitchell, ‘Preface’, inLandscapeandPower, 2nded., ed.2008). W.J.T. Mitchell(ChicagoandLondon: Menke,See Christoph Kraft: ä EinGrundbegriff Springer, 1950), 165. Carl Troll, Landschaft und ihre‘Die geographische Erforschung’, in Ibid., 179. Ibid., 144. Aufsä tze, ed. Sechs Joachim amMain: Ritter (Frankfurt Subjektivitä t. Suhrkamp, 1974), 142. Joachim Ritter, ‘Landschaft: Zur FunktiondesÄ (Weilerswist:Amerika Velbrü Grenzgä of Ottmar Ette, and Edition Tranví Die Literaturen der Welt unddasBeispieleiner transarealenLiteratur peruanischen (: Verlag Walter Frey 700. For anextendeddiscussionoftheterm ‘landscape oftheory’, seeOttmarEtte, Philologie: Viellogische Ernst Neef,Ernst derErde DasGesicht , 3 Vierter Teil, 1797–1805(Leipzig: Verlag von Veit Jena. &Comp. Vgl.from 1859), 47. Kö Gottfried SchillertoChristian See theoft-citedletterfrom Friedrich Ibid., 50r. , Reisetagebü cher Alexander von Humboldt,Tagebuch Amerikanische I, 47r–53r. Providence, RI, 22 2015). April Studies, ‘After Transitions/Global Humanities/Transatlantic XXICentury’, Brown University, Alejandro deHumboldtylasrelaciones transatlá See also the keynote I gave at the conference organized by Julio Ortega, entitled ‘El Valle Longitudinal: (BerlinandBoston:Globalisierungsgeschichte Walter deGruyter, 2012). For more about the epistemology of thismovement concept, seeOttmarEtte, TransArea: Eine literarische Ibid., 759. Ibid., 751. Ibid., 750. Ibid., 748. Ibid., 747. Ibid., 746. lustres, eds. Desoubeaux(Paris: andHenri ClassiquesGarnier,Amir Biglari 2016). Michel Butor, ‘Paysages plané duction tohisedited volume. See W.J.T. Mitchell, Landscape’,‘Imperial inMitchell, LandscapeandPower, 5, aswell asMitchell’s intro- & Neumann, 2010). ,Geburtstag ed. Eibl, (Wü Doris Mertz-Baumgartner Gerhild FuchsandBirgit i Kü nste, ed. Christof Weianddie (Heidelberg: Universitä rielle, transitsentre univers culturels’, inLesgraphies duregard/Die Graphien desBlicks: Butorund Michel Ibid. Seealsotwo works by Suter: Patrick ‘Butor etlelivre-installation: montagedetextes, oeuvre plu- Switzerland) forkindlydrawing my attentiontothetext. (Paris:Calle-Gruber LaDiffé Gesicht derErdeGesicht , 700. asgs plané taires, 740. Paysages nge zwischen Kulturen,nge zwischen MedienundGattungen: fü Festschrift , Reisetagebü cher Tagebuch Amerikanische III, 39r–39v, 1. Schillers Briefwechsel mitKö Briefwechsel Schillers Literatur in Bewegung: Raum und Dynamik grenzü a, 2013), 36–46. developmentThis isthefurther ofideasfrom 1, chapters 2, and11 ck Wissenschaft, 2001). rence, 2010), 738. Iwould like Suter(University tothankPatrick ofBern, taires,’ inOeuvrescomplè rd ed. (Zü rner: von 1784biszum Tode. Schillers Zweite, wohlfeile Ausgabe. Ottmar EtteOttmar rich and Frankfurt amMain: andFrankfurt rich Verlag Deutsch, Harri 1974), Notes sthetischer sthetischer amMain:Anthropologie (Frankfurt Suhrkamp, 56 nticas’ Conference on (VIIInternational Transatlantic sthetischen in der modernen Gesellschaft’,sthetischen indermodernen in tes, tsverlag, 2013); ‘Butor transaré Vol. XII: Poé berschreitenden Schreibens in Europa und Schreibens berschreitenden — laderive r UrsulaMathis-Moserzum60. sies 3(2003–2009), ed. Mireille Studium Generale 3 (Hamburg: rner, dated6 August 1797 rzburg: Kö cultures entrelesrives/ al’, inDix-huit nigshausen Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 51 50 49 Ibid. 48 Ibid. 47 46 Humboldt, 45 44 Humboldt, 43 42 41 40 Ibid. 39 Appadurai, 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 Butor, Michel. ‘Paysages plané Appadurai, Arjun. Ette, Ottmar. in ‘Amerika Asien: Alexander von Humboldts “Asie centrale” unddierussisch-sibirische Descola, Philippe. ‘Leç de Certeau, Michel. ‘Pratiques d’espace’. InL’invention duquotidian, Vol 1: defaireArts , ed. MicheldeCerteau, Desportes, Marc. Paysages enmovement: Transports etperceptiondel’espace, Descola, Philippe. Par-delà University ofMinnesotaPress, 1996. Zeitschrift fü Zeitschrift Forschungsreise im transarealen Kontext’. In 2005. 137–191. Paris: Gallimard, 1990. Gruber, 738. Paris: LaDiffé http://www.college-de-france.fr. Internationale Zeitschrift fü Zeitschrift Internationale Forschungsreise imtransarealen Kontext’,sibirische inHiN: Alexander von HumboldtimNetz: See OttmarEtte, in ‘Amerika Asien: Alexander von Humboldts “Asie centrale” unddierussisch- Ibid., bbu. c, 58r, 3. Ibid., Tagebuch VII bbu. c, 22v, 1. Grober,See alsoUlrich ‘Humboldt, Haeckel und50Jahre Ö Perspektiven Humboldtscher Wissenschaft’, inEtteandDrews,. Horizonte delà de lanature, 2001’, lejeudi29mars faite http://www.college-de-france.fr; Philippe Descola, Par- In particular, seehere theopening ofPhilippeDescola, ‘Leç Ibid., 15. Ibid., 12. R.See Eric Wolf, EuropeandthePeople (Berkeley:Without History University Press, ofCalifornia 1982). 1974). Immanuel Wallerstein,See Ibid., 32. Ibid., 10. University ofMinnesotaPress, 1996). Arjun Appadurai, (Weilerswist:Moderne Velbrü See Ottmar Ette, Olms Verlag, 2016). Natur, Kultur,, Schreiben eds. OttmarEtteandJulian Drews (Hildesheim, Zü Alexander von Humboldtssynoptische desKlimas’,Visualisierung derHumboldt-Forschung: inHorizonte Engelmann (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1970); Schneider, Birgit ‘Der “Totaleindruck einerGegend”: in Totalcharakter derLandschaft: einiger Re-Interpretation Textstellen bei Alexander von Humboldt’, Gumbrecht and K.Ulrich am Main: Ludwig Pfeiffer (Frankfurt Suhrkamp, 1986); Gerhard Hard, ‘Der der Sprache’, inStil: Diskurselements, undFunktioneneineskulturwissenschaftlichen eds. Geschichte Hans perspective,scientific-historical seeJü On thesignificanceoftotalimpression (forboth Humboldtbrothers) from astylisticas well as Paysages enmovement: Transports etperceptiondel’espace, XVIII scape. To nameafew examples: SimonSchama, Paysage etmé literatureThe now tendstoespousemore staticconceptionsoftheland- quitesubstantialbodyofcritical Alexander von Humboldt: Eigeneundneue Wertungen der Reisen, Arbeit undGedankenwelt,ed. Gerhard natureetculture(Paris: Gallimard, 2005); OttmarEtte, ‘Natur und Kultur: Lebenswissenschaftliche r Humboldt-Studien 8, no. 14(2007). http://www.hin-online.de. Modernity atLarge,Modernity 33. , Reisetagebü cher Tagebuch Amerikanische VII bbu. c, 22r, 2–22v, 1. , Reisetagebü cher Tagebuch Amerikanische IX, 27r, 2–27v. Modernity atLarge:Modernity Cultural DimensionsofGlobalization. MinneapolisandLondon: Modernity atLarge:Modernity Cultural DimensionsofGlobalization(MinneapolisandLondon: on inaugurale, Chaire d’Anthropologie de la nature, 2001’. le jeudi 29 mars faite Weltbewuß natureetculture. Paris: Gallimard, 2005. r Humboldt-Studien8, no. 14(2007), http://www.hin-online.de. theory of from thespirit landscape of The birth  taires.’ In rence, 2010. The Modern The Modern World System. 2 vols (New York and London: Academic Press, ck Wissenschaft, 2002). tsein: Alexander von Humboldt und das unvollendete Projekt einer anderen eve complè tes, Vol Oeuvres rgen Trabant, ‘Der Totaleindruck: Stilder Texte undCharakter Bibliography HiN: Alexander von Humboldt im Netz: Internationale 57 . XII: Poé e –XX moire (Paris: Seuil, 1999); Marc Desportes, kologie’ inEtteandDrews,. Horizonte on inaugurale, Chaire d’Anthropologie e (Paris: siè cles Gallimard, 2005). sies 3 (2003–2009), ed. Mireille Calle- XVIII e –XX rich andNew rich York: Georg e . siè cles Paris: Gallimard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:45 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613116, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315613116-5 Ette, Ottmar. Weltbewuß Mitchell, W.J.T. ‘Preface’ and Landscape’.‘Imperial In Grober, Ulrich. ‘Humboldt, Haeckel und50Jahre Ö Ritter, Joachim. ‘Landschaft: ZurFunktiondesÄ Neef, Ernst. derErde DasGesicht , 3rd edition. Zü Menke, Christoph. 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