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Population Stabilization in Bihar

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Population Stabilization in Bihar #13 Population Stabilization in Uttar Pradesh, India Past, Present and Future Directions by Dr. Usha Ram International Institute for Population Studies Population Stabilization in Uttar Pradesh, India Past, Present and Future Directions Introduction Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उ�र �देश) is located in the northern part of India. The literal meaning of Uttar Pradesh is “Northern Province”. With the adoption of constitution of republic India on January 26, 1950, the state of Uttar Pradesh, cultural cradle of India, came into existence. On November 9, 2000, Uttar Pradesh was divided into two states – Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal (later renamed as Uttarakhand) resulting in drastically altering the shape of the state. However, the state remains the most populous and 4th largest state of union of India. The state is home to over 190 million people as of 1 July 2008 (and is not only India’s most populous state, but is also world’s most populous sub-national entity and has an area of 93,933 sq. mi. (243,290 km2). The state can be divided into two distinct hypsographical regions namely “Gangetic Plain” and “Vindhya Hills”. The Gangetic Plain consists of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganga plains and the Terai. The large Gangetic Plain is located in the north and has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography broken by many ponds, lakes and rivers while Vindhya Hills is small and is located in the south and comprises of hard rocks and varied topography of hills, valleys and plateau. The state lies in the north-central India and shares an international border with Nepal to its north and nine Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (northwest), Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan (west), Madhya Pradesh (south), Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand (southeast) and Bihar (east). Lucknow is the administrative and legislative capital of the state while Kanpur is the financial and industrial capital. The state is home to a number of historical cities including Allahabad, Varanasi and Agra. Aryo-Dravidian ethnic group comprises of majority of the state’s total population while Asiatic origins (mainly residing in the Himalayan region) consist of only a proportion of the state population. The population is divided into numerous castes and sub-castes. Hindu society is divided into four sub-divisions (known as varnas – namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras). A further fifth group known as Dalit also exist. The peripheral regions of the state are home to a number of tribal communities like Agaria, Baiga, Bhar, Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond and Korwa. The Union Government has recognized five tribal communities (namely, Tharu, Bhoksa, Bhotia, Jaunswari and Raji) as disadvantaged scheduled tribe (People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII edited by A Hasan & J C Das, Manohar Publications). Hindu constitutes 80% population of the state. Islam is practiced by about 18% of the state population while remaining 2% include followers of other religions including Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Christian. Only less than one percent of the state total population comprises of followers of the other religions. Hindi is the official language of the state by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951 and Urdu, established by the Amendment to the same in 1989. Hindi is the mother tongue of nearly 85% of the state population. The state is predominantly a rural state with as many as 85% of its population residing in the rural areas. Uttar Pradesh is an agrarian state as more than three-quarters of its working population is engaged in agriculture. Of the total urban population of the state, nearly half lives in five major cities of Lucknow, Varanasi, Kanpur, Allahabad and Agra. The state exhibits considerable out-migration to various parts of the country, primarily for employment and livelihood. Majority of the state migrants go to cities of Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkatta. Recently, a new migration stream has evolved towards cities of Bangaluru, Hyderabad and Pune as a result of emergence of information technology. About 13% of the state land is under forest cover and has important plants and animals. The climate is predominantly subtropical but weather conditions change considerably with location and seasons. As of 2010, the state consists of seventy two districts which are grouped into eighteen divisions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh). The divisions are: Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Bareilly, Basti, Chitrakoot, Devipattan, Faizabad, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Saharanpur and Varanasi. The map below gives names of the districts within each region in the state. The state has provided national leadership as eight of India’s fourteen Prime Ministers (Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Choudhary Charan Singh, Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandra Shekhar and Atal Behari Vajpayee) were from Uttar Pradesh. The State Assembly (known as Vidhan Sabha) has 403 electoral constituencies. At the lowest tier of political pyramid the state has a large number of village councils, known as Panchayats, which are similar to those found in other states in India. The state houses some of the best known educational institutions for higher and technical education in the country. Aligarh Muslim University (modeled on the British University of Cambridge) is first institutions of higher learning established in 1875. Banaras Hindu University, located in Varanasi is a renowned Central University started functioning from 1 October 1917 and its present 1,350-acre (5.5 km2) campus was built on land donated by the Kashi Naresh. The University has more than 128 independent teaching departments. The school of Management Sciences (SMS), Varanasi, an autonomous educational institution approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, was established in 1995. The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur – set up in 1960 is one of the famous internationally respected Indian Institutes of Technology with focus on teaching of undergraduates in engineering and related sciences and technologies and research in these fields. The state receives a large number of national and international tourists; majority visiting Agra circuit (city of Agra, having three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri) and the Hindu pilgrimage circuit ( includes the holiest of the Hindu holy cities on the banks of sacred rivers Ganga and the Yamuna: Varanasi, Ayodhya (birth place of Lord Rama), Mathura (birth place of Lord Krishna), Vrindavan (the village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and Allahabad (the confluence or 'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganga- Yamuna rivers). State has rich heritage of art and craft including Zari work (a type of fabric decoration, Bareilly), glass bangles (Firozabad), oriental perfumes, scents and rose water (Kannauj), leather crafts (Kanpur), ceramic pottery (Khurja), cloth work and embroidery (chikan work), carpets (Bhadoi), brass artifacts and metal-ware (Moradabad), wood-carving (Saharanpur), Banarasi Saris (Varanasi) etc. Figure 1: Well known places in Uttar Pradesh Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Ganges River, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Salim Chishti’s Tomb, Fathepur Sikri, Agra Buland Darwaja, Fatehpur Sikri Figure 1: Well known places in Uttar Pradesh contd... Gateway to Bara Imambara The Chhota Imambara The state is home to ancient dance of Kathak (Lucknow and Banaras Gharana) and Hindustani Classical music. The state is alos known for number of folk music including rasiya (in Braj, celeberating divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna). Khyal, Qawwali, Ramlila, Nautanki (a form of folk dance) etc. The state has numerous festivals and celeberations. A few of them are: Diwali, Holi and Dashehra (Hindu festivals), Bara Wafat, Bakreed, Moharram (Muslim festivals), Mahavir Jayanti (Jain), Buddha Jayanti (Buddhist), Guru Nanak Jayanti (Sikhs), Christmas (Christian) etc. Population Growth Post independence, India’s total population increased from 238 million in 1951 to nearly 1029 million at the last census count in 2001, an increase of over three fold in half a century (see Figure 1a). The state was house to nearly one-sixth of the country’s total population in 1951 and this has remained more or less similar over the time. However, the recent projections by the Registrar General of India (RGI 2006) indicate marginal increase in the share of the state population in country’s total population to almost 18% by the year 2026. Figure 1a: Population Size of India and Uttar Pradesh (in million), 1951-2026 India 1000 500 0 19511961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20062011 2016 2021 2026 The population of Uttar Pradesh exhibited a continuous increase in its population and grew by over two and half times in the second half of the last century from about 60 million in 1951 to more than 160 million in 2001 (see Figure 1b). The state has been adding more and more people to its total population with passing of every decade. For example, in the first two decades of the post independence, nearly 10 and 14 million people were added, respectively, which increased to 21 and 27 million in the subsequent two decades. Over the last decade of 1991-2001, a total of another 35 million people were added to the state population. The population projections carried out by the Registrar General of India based on 2001 census results (RGI 2006) have revealed that the state population is likely to add about 34-35 million people in each decade until 2021 before this decline to about 28 million or so for the decade 1921-31. Thus the state has been adding more and more people to its population with passing of each decade. Figure 1b: Population Size and Change in the Population of Uttar Pradesh, 1951-2026 Population (Million) 263 235 Change in Population 201 (Million) 166 132 105 84 60 70 27 34 35 34 28 10 14 21 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2026 The growth rates of the population clearly indicate that until 1961-71, the state was growing at a slower rate compared to the national average (Figure 2A below).
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