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BIODIVERZITETA IN VARSTVO KRAških EKOSISTEMOV BIODIVERSITÀ E CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI 1 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ECOSYSTEMS OF KARST ECOSISTEMI CARSICI BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF KARST ECOSYSTEMS COPYRIGHT University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre, Institute for Biodiversity Studies, BIODIVERZITETA IN VARSTVO KRAških ekOSISTEMOV Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia BIODIVERSITÀ E CONSERVAZIONE DEGLI ECOSISTEMI CARSICI University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Biodiversity, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia EDITORS: EDITORS Elena V. Buzan (University of Primorska, Slovenia) Elena V. Buzan, Alberto Pallavicini and Alberto Pallavicini (University of Trieste, Italy) TECHNICAL EDITOR Jure Jugovic PEER REVIEW BY Petra Košir, Paul Tout, Edgardo I. Garrido-Pérez LANGUAGE EDITED BY Mreža za vAROVANJE BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI Paul Tout IN KULTURNE KRAJINE RETE PER LA CONSERVAZIONE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ E DEL PAESAGGIO CULTURALE TRANSLATED BY Peter Glasnović (slo/it), Paul Tout (it/eng) NETWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN BY Ideodizajn d.o.o PUBLISHED BY Padova University Press Koper, September 2014 PRINTED BY Present d.o.o. PRINT RUN 400 copies The monograph has been prepared with European Union financial support. Funding was provided by the European program of cross-border collaboration (Slovenia-Italy 2007–2013; project BioDiNet - Mreža za varovanje biotske raznovrstnosti in kulturne krajine / Rete per la conzervazione della biodiversità del paesaggio culturale / A network for biodiversity and cultural landscape conservation). 2 3 CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 6 ____________________________ PREFACE Alfredo Altobelli honeybee keepers Livio Poldini Silvia Battistella from the Karst region Cristina Pornaro PART 1 BIOINDICATORS AND THREATS (EDITOR ELENA V. BUZAN) Genny Battocletti Eva Horvat Eva Praprotnik 11-16 _________________________ CHAPTER 1 Biodiversity and conservation of karst ecosystems in the transboundary area Victoria Bertucci-Maresca Barbara Horvath Bia Rakar 17-26 ________________________ CHAPTER 2 Moehringia tommasinii, an endemic chasmophyte from the Karst edge Simona Biolcati Vladimir Ivović Martina Rameša 27-36 ________________________ CHAPTER 3 Butterfly diversity on the Karst edge: integrative approach for the monitoring Matjaž Božič Ivan Jugovic Blanka Ravnjak of selected species Jože Broder Jure Jugovic Filippo Rimi 37-45 ________________________ CHAPTER 4 Dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) communities in karst pastures Stjepan Budimir Katja Kalan Tina Rosić 46-63 _______________________ CHAPTER 5 The birds of dry meadows above the Karst edge Elena V. Buzan Mitja Kaligarič Borut Rubinić 64-84 _______________________ CHAPTER 6 Karst ponds: biodiversity and threats Andrea Colla Primož Kmecl Russell Shiel 85-106 ______________________ CHAPTER 7 The importance of hydrogeological, geological and climatic features in the Maja Čabraja Roman Kocjančič Irena Smole karst landscape for the protection of water resources and biodiversity Tatjana Čelik Nina Kompare Andrej Sovinc 107-117 ______________________ CHAPTER 8 Review of water pollution and protection in Karst region Mitja Črne Nataša Koprivnikar Boštjan Surina Gianluca De Moro Toni Koren Valentina Torboli Antonella Di Roma Ivan Kos Adam Toth PART 2 CONSERVATION AND MANAGMENT (EDITOR ALBERTO PALLAVICINI) Tom Dias Mladen Kučinić Paul Tout 120-128 ______________________ CHAPTER 9 The conservation of Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Karst and Istria Livio Dorigo Cesare Lasen Trček family 129-136 ______________________ CHAPTER 10 Analysis of hematological parameters of Apis mellifera ligustica (Spinola, Massimiliano Fazzini Bojan Lazar Domen Trkov 1806) in a polluted site Vittorio Ferrari Martina Lužnik Felicita Urzi 137-154 ______________________ CHAPTER 11 The technical and scientific management of the steppe grasslands of the Andrej Figelj Stefano Macolino Rudi Verovnik Italian and Slovenian Karst for the conservation of biodiversity and habitat Jernej Figelj Luciano Magro Marisa Vidali 155-164 _____________________ CHAPTER 12 Processing of images obtained using UAV/RPAS to assess the degree of Živa Fišer Pečnikar Peter Maričić Barbara Vidmar scrubbing over of dry grasslands in the Gorizian Karst Nataša Fujs Antonio Mauceri Valentina Vincenzi 165-180 _____________________ CHAPTER 13 Conservation of plant diversity of Karst dry grasslands by the reintroduction Stefano Furin Alenka Mihelčič Angelika Vižintin of grazing. The case study of Basovizza/Bazovica in the Italian Karst Paola Ganis Tomaž Mihelič Tjaša Zagoršek 181-194 ______________________ CHAPTER 14 Productivity and forage quality of karst meadows under a range of mowing Tilen Genov Scott Mills Katia Zanatta management Anita Giglio Luca Minarelli Maria Antonietta Zanetti 195-209 _____________________ CHAPTER 15 Spatial and seasonal variation of herbage yield and quality of some karst Piero G. Giulianini Alenka Obid Teja Zakotnik pastures Miran Gjerkeš Nives Pagon Barbara Zakšek Peter Glasnović Alberto Pallavicini Valerija Zakšek 212-230 _____________________ REFERENCES Marijan Govedič Gaja Pavliha Umberto Ziliotto Martin Grando Luca Peruzza Sara Zupan 232-236 _____________________ AuTHORS' PROFILES Luca Piazzi 238-242 _____________________ GLOSSARY 244-248 _____________________ INDEX 4 5 PREFACE UVOD INTRODUZIONE Biodiversity is an important factor in maintaining Δ There is a need to nominate and research bio- existing karst landscapes and nowadays provides indicator species involved in habitat main- the important indicator of degraded karst tenance to serve as the basis of landscape ecosystems. scale monitoring programs. Δ A more directed effort is required to estimate The Biodiversity and conservation of karst the impact of different pollutants upon cave ecosytems is a synthesis of knowledge about ecosystems. geological and geomorphological and biological Δ Design and implementation of an effective aspects, which clarifies the required conditions conservation monitoring system based on for maintaining biodiversity on the karst and Karst standardize surveys to aid with the prediction edge, a broad region located along the border of of future landscape changes and biodiversity Italy and Slovenia. patterns. In this book we provide brief scientific summaries The book provides an annex named Guidelines for of the research work conducted in BioDiNet project the biodiversity conservation of karst ecosystems. – a network for biodiversity and cultural landscape These guidelines are designed for stakeholders conservation. Funding was provided by the and local public administration and are written in European program of cross-border collaboration Slovenian and Italian. (Slovenia-Italy 2007-2013). We express our sincere gratitude to the students Four major areas were identified as key to the and volunteers who have helped researchers during management of this landscape and require further numerous field trips and with laboratory analyses. investigation. We acknowledge and praise the dedication and expertise of our co-authors, without their input and Δ Research related to genetic variation, species insights this book would not have been possible. and ecosystems needs to be integrated and strengthened in order to provide better conservation management of endemic species, ecotypes and habitats. Elena V. Buzan Alberto Pallavicini 6 7 REATS H T AND BIOINDIKATORJI IN GROžnje IOINDICATORS BIOINDICATORI E MINACCE PART 1 PART B 8 9 (EDITOR ELENA V. BUZAN) Mreža za vAROVANJE BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI IN KULTURNE KRAJINE RETE PER LA CONSERVAZIONE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ E DEL PAESAGGIO CULTURALE NETWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY AND LANDSCAPE BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF KARST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE TRANSBOUNDARY AREA BIODIVERZITETA IN VAROVANJE KRAških TER 1 EKOSISTEMOV V čezmeJNEM OBmočjU P BIODIVERSITÀ E A SALVAGUARDIA DEGLI ECOSISTEMI CARSICI NELLA ZONA TRANSFRONTALIERA 10 11 CH Elena V. Buzan1,2, and Alberto Pallavicini3 To address this need, some of the conservation biodiversity and protection of karst ecosystems. 1University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre, Institute for Biodiversity Studies, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia issues in the region were examined to develop In addition, BioDiNet reviewed the geological and 2University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Biodiversity, sustainable guidelines for Natura 2000 sites as part hydrological features connected with the known Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia of the cross-border collaboration project BioDiNet, and potential pollution of underground ecosystems. 3University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy which carried out studies on the karst and Karst edge. The first aim of the project was biodiversity The results of the project provide an important characterization and monitoring using genetic scientific knowledge base, for the production of and ecological tools in order to achieve baseline conservation guidelines in format that is useful for Karst environments, as we see them today, are karst ponds present. These ponds provide unique information for the long-term maintenance of stakeholders and local public administration. the result of geological, hydrological, biological freshwater habitats for many species of plants and and sociological processes that over millennia animals. Dry karst meadows and pastures of the
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  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) Based on Larvae

    Phylogenetic Analysis of Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) Based on Larvae

    Systematic Entomology (2004) 29, 509–523 Phylogenetic analysis of Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) based on larvae JOSE´ R. VERDU´ 1 , EDUARDO GALANTE1 , JEAN-PIERRE LUMARET2 andFRANCISCO J. CABRERO-SAN˜ UDO3 1Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, Spain; 2CEFE, UMR 5175, De´ partement Ecologie des Arthropodes, Universite´ Paul Vale´ ry, Montpellier, France; and 3Departamento Biodiversidad y Biologı´ a Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Abstract. Thirty-eight characters derived from the larvae of Geotrupidae (Scarabaeoidea, Coleoptera) were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian infer- ence. Trees were rooted with two Trogidae species and one species of Pleocomidae as outgroups. The monophyly of Geotrupidae (including Bolboceratinae) is supported by four autapomorphies: abdominal segments 3–7 with two dorsal annulets, chaetoparia and acanthoparia of the epipharynx not prominent, glossa and hypopharynx fused and without sclerome, trochanter and femur without fossorial setae. Bolboceratinae showed notable differences with Pleocomidae, being more related to Geotrupinae than to other groups. Odonteus species (Bolboceratinae s.str.) appear to constitute the closest sister group to Geotrupi- nae. Polyphyly of Bolboceratinae is implied by the following apomorphic char- acters observed in the ‘Odonteus lineage’: anterior and posterior epitormae of epipharynx developed, tormae of epipharynx fused, oncyli of hypopharynx devel- oped, tarsal claws reduced or absent, plectrum and pars stridens of legs well developed and apex of antennal segment 2 with a unique sensorium. A ‘Bolbelas- mus lineage’ is supported by the autapomorphic presence of various sensoria on the apex of the antennal segment, and the subtriangular labrum (except Eucanthus). This group constituted by Bolbelasmus, Bolbocerosoma and Eucanthus is the first evidence for a close relationship among genera, but more characters should be analysed to test the support for the clade.
  • Rotifer Species Diversity in Mexico: an Updated Checklist

    Rotifer Species Diversity in Mexico: an Updated Checklist

    diversity Review Rotifer Species Diversity in Mexico: An Updated Checklist S. S. S. Sarma 1,* , Marco Antonio Jiménez-Santos 2 and S. Nandini 1 1 Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-56231256 Abstract: A review of the Mexican rotifer species diversity is presented here. To date, 402 species of rotifers have been recorded from Mexico, besides a few infraspecific taxa such as subspecies and varieties. The rotifers from Mexico represent 27 families and 75 genera. Molecular analysis showed about 20 cryptic taxa from species complexes. The genera Lecane, Trichocerca, Brachionus, Lepadella, Cephalodella, Keratella, Ptygura, and Notommata accounted for more than 50% of all species recorded from the Mexican territory. The diversity of rotifers from the different states of Mexico was highly heterogeneous. Only five federal entities (the State of Mexico, Michoacán, Veracruz, Mexico City, Aguascalientes, and Quintana Roo) had more than 100 species. Extrapolation of rotifer species recorded from Mexico indicated the possible occurrence of more than 600 species in Mexican water bodies, hence more sampling effort is needed. In the current review, we also comment on the importance of seasonal sampling in enhancing the species richness and detecting exotic rotifer taxa in Mexico. Keywords: rotifera; distribution; checklist; taxonomy Citation: Sarma, S.S.S.; Jiménez-Santos, M.A.; Nandini, S. Rotifer Species Diversity in Mexico: 1.
  • Seasonality of Coprophagous Beetles in the Kaiserstuhl Area Near Freiburg (SW-Germany) Including the Winter Months

    Seasonality of Coprophagous Beetles in the Kaiserstuhl Area Near Freiburg (SW-Germany) Including the Winter Months

    1994, 15 (5), 607-631 Seasonality of coprophagous beetles in the Kaiserstuhl area near Freiburg (SW-Germany) including the winter months Thomas Waßmer Institute of Landscape Ecology and Landuse Planning, Faculty of Forestry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg D-79085 Freiburg. Current address: Lehrstuhl Markl, Fakultät fur Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560 M618, D-78434 Konstanz, Germany. Abstract In an all-year-round survey of coprophagous beetles in a pasture in the Kaiserstuhl area (SW-Germany), dung pats were gathered twice a month (on the 1st and the 15th). 40,298 beetles belonging to 38 species of Scarabaeoidea and 14 of Hydrophilidac, were detected. The small site on the Kaiserstuhl has the highest species diversity in Scarabaeoidea species of all local dung beetle coenoses described in Europe so far. A comparison of monthly dominance structures of the species community between the Kaiserstuhl and warm temperate pastures in the south of Spain yields similarities on both the subgenus and species levels. Analyses of the phenological distributions of 34 abundant dung beetle species show a high degree of specialisation among all taxonomic and phenologic groups, most prominently among the Aphodius. There are even species which occur predominantly during the winter months, which might be due to low interspecific competition in these months and favourable synchronisation of mating and reproduction. Cluster analysis confirms eight phenological groups and proves the very structuring nature of the niche dimension season. Beside the qualitative separation of species, there was remarkable segregation in the biomass of species in the different months. "Dwellers" (endocoprid species) of the subfamily Aphodiinae showed the most pronounced separation, followed by small "Tunnelers" (paracoprid species) belonging to the Onthophagus big "Tunnelers" of the Copris and Geotrupes and small Hydrophilidae "Dwellers" of the genus Cercyon.