! EUCALAND 7th Workshop, Prague 16 – 18 March 2014

Charles University, of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Institute for Research on European Agricultural Landscapes (European Culture expressed in Agricultural Landscapes)

Dry stone wall enclosures the case of

Goran Andlar, senior researcher Department of Ornamental Plants, Landscape Architecture and Garden Art Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb Does it exist in your country? To what extend?

• suhozid =dry stone wall • most dominant element of littoral Croatia’s rural landscape (about 1/3 the size of the national territory) General characteristics of littoral Croatia

• Typical karst area; prominent and articulated relief, small amounts of soil and surface water ! • Eumediterranean and submediterranean climate ! • Typical mediterranean natural vegetation ! • Mediterranean agro-ecological region; typical Mediterranean crops and extensive livestock farming ! • Traditional building in stone; traditional architecture, cattle houses, wells, field shelters, agricultural landscapes (enclosures, random free standing clusters in various forms, retaining walls etc.) • In what forms and spatial patterns can they be found in your country? Outstanding cultural landscapes of littoral Croatia PhD thesis

• Agricultural/Rural landscape history • Classification of cultural landscapes • Landscape regionalisation • Criteria for identification of cultural landscapes • Register of the 62 outstanding cultural landscapes • GIS and photo register of the the studied area rural landscapes Classification of the (agri)cultural landscapes of littoral Croatia

o Pasture landscapes o Field landscapes o Managed forests landscapes o Terraced landscapes o Cultivated karst plateaus o Salterns Pasture landscapes

enclosed pastures

open pastures !8 Pastures of the island of Cres

!9 Pastures of the island of Krk Pastures of the island of Krk Typical shepherds architecture and objects

• Mrgari - complex multicellular dry stone sheepfolds, flower-shaped in ground plan, used for sorting out the sheep of various owners Typical shepherds architecture and objects

• Mošuna - traditional monocellular roofed dry stone shelter for livestock, mostly a sheepcote ! ! • Bunari - Dry stone wall well ! ! Photo by B. Horvatić karst fields gullies and dry valleys

Field landscapes

karst plateaus big sinkholes and coves Island – Stari Grad plain – UNESCO’s heritage list Dry stone walls field enclosures island of Korčula – open fields

!16 island of Korčula – enclosed/open fields cultivated karst plains with enclosed sinkholes open/enclosed combination cultivated gullies and dry valleys cultivated big sinkholes and coves enclosed fields/terraced fields cultivated big sinkholes and coves enclosed fields/terraced fields

!20 vrtače, ponikve – small fields in enclosed sinkholes vrtače, ponikve – small fields in enclosed sinkholes parallel and regular terraces parallel and curved terraces

Terraced landscapes

irregular terraces various patterns of terraces/enclosures terraces near Bakar earth terraces in Istria

terraces in mountain Istria steep and wide terraces on breccia island Hvar olive groves terraces - island of Korčula

!26 regular rectangular plot enclosed with double massive dry stone walls aimed for passing the live stock/Marina near island of Veli Drvenik Olive groves near town of Cres dry stone wall enclosures and terraces combination Bucavac vineyards near Primošten regular rectangular stone wall enclosures - “terade"

!30 “terade" Cultivated karst rockery plateaus - krčevine

(intensive) dry stone wall landscapes pasike near Poljica dry stone enclosures on pockmarked karst pasike near Poljica dry stone enclosures on pockmarked karst pasike near Poljica dry stone enclosures on pockmarked karst !36 bunja – Šibenik hinterland bunja trimi sland of Hvar

kažun - Istria čemeri, kućice Managed forests landscapes Historic evolution of dry stone wall landscapes

• Although the technique of dry stone “walling” has probably not been changed since first agricultural clearings and activities, the most important period of their evolution was from the end of the 19th until the beginning of 20th century; first agrarian reform, distribution of land among the locals, wine conjuncture rural areas abandonment mountain landscapes

!43 rural areas abandonment mountain landscapes rural areas abandonment coast hinterland

!45 rural areas abandonment small and middle islands rural areas abandonment small and middle islands Rural landscapes protection in Croatia

• natural and environmental protection; protected landscapes, regional park (IUCN categories) • cultural heritage protection; cultural landscapes • spatial plan protection categories; ethno zones, rural units, cultivated landscapes etc. • Law on preventive protection of the skill of the dry stone walling (2013) • category of rural landscape in gap between natural and cultural point of view;, management methods encourage typical local agricultural activities (management models are more suitable for natural or fossil landscapes or highly natural landscapes that for living ones) • Croatian legislation system is to complicated and it offers to many frameworks for identification and protection of rural landscapes while the identifications are mostly partial and incomplete 2013-2014 initiatives

• Mediterranean Landscape Observatory • suhozid.hr participatory landscape observatory • Atlas of Croatian rural landscapes • definition of comprehensive national framework for identification,interpretation and protection of cultural landscapes • landscape revitalisation plans pilot projects for outstanding landscapes; Stari Grad Plain !50