Party and Clan Politics in Kyrgyzstan

CEU eTD Collection

ORGANIZINGPRINCIPLEFOR PARTY AND CLAN POLITICS IN KYRGYZSTAN: IN ‘CLAN’POLITICS ISTHE PARTY AND AN CLAN In requirements for fulfillmentof the Master thedegreeArts partial of of Supervisor: Professor Fumagalli Matteo THE THE Department ofPoliticalScience Central European University THREE PARTIES INPOWER Akjibek Momunova Budapest, Hungary POLITICAL Submitted to Submitted 2012 B

PARTIES?

THE CASE STUDIES CASE OFTHE

CEU eTD Collection „powerand brokers‟their financialelites join forces, ifthey have consequently, andParliament democratization; overall represents where theplayfield regional searchestablish far that politicalpartiesinstitutionalization stand from inpower and, andofwith experts interviewselites, as conductedwell asand thoroughliteratu media ispresent, heavily isnot in politics but systems, onkinship based assume. asclans clans are notthe organi with the unprecedented ofparties number argumentsnumerous: participating,my are first, introduction of theparliamentarygovernance, form ofparliamentary and elections pluralistic political developments Kyrgyzstan, in which repress of any informality, form as Starr argues. asserts;as second, is“parliamentary Collins it practices” and ofparties thestrengthening Kyrgyz draws Republic. The first, onthe it thesis two theories: suitablethe most analytical lenses toassess ofpolitical inthe thedynamics competition arguesThis thesis thatthe concept inthe islargely of„clan‟, which exploited literature, isnot ABSTRACT

zingfor toform principle parties andtofunction;informality second,

such as the oustingas ofauthoritarian the such president, i

Against the background ofAgainst all latest thebackground is clans “real that hold power” common interest. The series

re CEU eTD Collection could haveThis thesis not bee to Bishkek I shared andall the experts who views theirmedur thank with knowledge Eszter Timar for all her Ialso my express of appreciation deep theinstructor to throughoutwise guidanceand support the Iwant gratitude express my to tomy deep Professor supervisor, Fumagalli,for Matteohis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

encouragement andusef

n possible

without my family without whole whole ii

ul comments ul thesis

- the CenterAcademic of Writing writing process. , their support .

, ing my research my ing trip

and faith inme.

CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION CHAPTER III: INF PARTY INSTITUTIONALIZATION CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF CLANS IN KYRGYZSOCIETY/PARTIES AND CHAPTER I: METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION List Figuresof TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS MEDIA ANDBOOKS ARTICLES IS COALITION FORMATION A CLAN PACT? CASE STUDIES PARLIAMENTAS A CLANS DO MATTER? REGIONALISM PARTIES AND PARTYINSTITUTIONALIZATION THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENTS AND PARTIES ELITE KINSHIPAS ABASIS OF CLAN BACKGROUND THE AR THE RESPUBLICA (REPUBLIC)POLITICAL PARTY THE ATA COMPETITION AS A SOURCE OF INSTABILITY

......

...... - NAMYS (DIGNITY) POLITICAL PARTY

- ......

...... JURT (FATHERLAND) POLITICAL PARTY

......

...... ORMALITY IN KYRGYZSTAN AND ITS INTERRELATIONSHIP WITH PARTIES

......

...... ‘MARKET’

......

...... iii ......

......

67 62 60 60 56 52 48 39 33 33 30 28 26 26 22 19 18 14 10 10 . iii iv

5 1 ii

CEU eTD Collection Figure 6Regional composition of Ar Figure 5Regional composition of the Respublica part Figure 4Southern composition of Ata Figure 3Regional composition of Ata Figure 2 ofMap Kyrgyzstan: clans Fig of 1Map Kyrgyzstan: regions List ofFigures

......

...... - Namys party - - Jurt partyJurt partyJurt

...... iv

......

y ......

......

48 40 34 33 29 27

CEU eTD Collection 2010. 10, September 5 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/13/kyrgyzstan 4 New_Color_Revolution_in_Kyrgyzstan.pdf 2010. April 8, University, 3 2 http 1 as parties there contesting nine werefor in2010. twenty power governability, the“mushrooming Matveeva scholar out ofparties points (Matveeva 2011 second regime instance change stability hadcountry‟s of “devastating effect”onthe yearpopulations in same June exacerbated political andcrisis even the more. ethnic conflict thesouthern outin thatcity broke Osh betweenUzbek Kyrgyz of and events Kyrgyzstan regime second experiencedthe the toppling of research. characteristic, thestate of delegitimization space. Fund for Peace INTRODUCTION

Pannier, Bruce. “Kyrgyzstan Prepares to Hold Parliamentary Elections After Turbulent Events”. RFE/RL. RFE/RL. Events”. AfterTurbulent Elections Parliamentary Hold to Prepares “Kyrgyzstan Bruce. Pannier, J Guardian. The Civil War”, Into Erupts Luke.“Kyrgyzstan Harding, Ibid. StatesIndex2011 Failed The “New Color Revolution in Kyrgyzstan?” Event Summary chaired by Hale, Henry. The George Washington Washington George Henry. The by Hale, chaired Event Summary Kyrgyzstan?” in Revolution “NewColor :// www

” which followed the one that occurred on MarchFurthermore, onefollowed” thatoccurredon 24,2005. thebloody whichthe Specifically, Kyrgyzstan shows the worst scores on indicators such asSpecifically, Kyrgyzstan the the worst onindicators scores shows such Among setof consequences this turbulenteventshadonKyrgyzstan its and the regardsWith causes ofsuch 7,2010 be tothe poorshould saidthatonApril scores it In the .

foreignpolicy Failed States Index factionalized factionalized ,

). Kyrgyzstan isranked 31

. com http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/SUMMARY

/ articles –

Interactive Map and Ranking. Ranking. and InteractiveMap elites and

/2011/06/17/2011_ factionalized elites factionalized

, will be, will ofspecial interest theframework within ofthis of 2011

st 1

, –

presented Foreign byPolicyand the the Magazine

an 1

alarming ratingacrossalarming the post position

failed - erupts – _ Foreign Policy Magazine. Policy Foreign

states 9.0 and 8.3respectively - into - _ 3 ethnic une 13, 2010. 2010. une13, , largely the“April as known index 5 -

_ war Here thatI suchanassume interactive

- ” (Matveeva 2011), _ map

4 .

2 _ Ingeneral,

and The second _ rankings - Soviet Soviet

the

CEU eTD Collection 2010. 11, October 9 2007. January4, Contribution” Marginal Allocations, Functions, Characteristic 8 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/27/kyrgyzstan 7 Press OSCE/ODIHR Democracy”. 6 /2154527.html htt oris „invisible‟ in the process (2006: 4 ofdemocratization practicesbrings Asia “evolutionarytothe inCentral change” political systemsandultimately Frederick believesparliam the strengthening Starr and,follows,of ofparties that as started playing games” “cooperative presidential rule. parliamentarygovernanceforma authoritarianism ofsuper panacea asagainst and 27thesamepreceded year onJune optedfor by thereferendum whenthepopulation October 2010,which Indeed,Parliament.was thecase oftheheldKyrgyzstan elections in this parliamentary in fragmentation definesthe fragmented,concentrated or dispersed albeit roughly, Kyrgyz politi increase in the number

“Kyrgyzstan to Have Five Parties in Parliament in Parliament FiveParties Have to “Kyrgyzstan game Theory: “Cooperative Brandenburger Adam See Theory. Game Cooperative termfrom The derived H of Consolidation Further Constitute Elections Parliamentary Pluralistic and Vibrant “Kyrgyzstan‟s p://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyzstan_Prepares_To_Hold_Parliamentary_Elections_After_Turbulent_Events arding, Luke. “Kyrgyzstan Holds Referendum Amid Civil Fears”, The Guardian. June 27, 2010. 2010. June27, Guardian. The Fears”, AmidCivil Referendum Holds Luke.“Kyrgyzstan arding, At thesame time, Starr highlights totheCentral regards thatwith Asian it parliaments As acontestation rule, for the between isculminated power intheformation parties of

cs. As Giovanni Sartoriit: cs. puts AsGiovanni http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~abranden/coop

an important fe http://en.rian.ru/world/20101011/160916867.html 7

formal thatshapes politics theelectoral ofthe and composition processes As a result oftheAs a elections, result threshold passedand five parties cent the 5per

were portrayedpluralistic”. as and “vibrant

of parties of

dynamics competition forelites. public office of among - release. October 11, 2010. 11, October release. ature of political system: ature ofpolitical system:

enhancedelite fragmentation in the andfactionalization 8

among withinParliament. themselves ”

- (1990: 317). Besides, I(1990:the degree 317).Besides, suggest ofelite that 5). –

Central Election Committee”, RIA Novosti News Agency. News Novosti RIA Committee”, Election Central

“ the num 2

- referendum - 01 . New York University University York New . http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/72409 - 04 ber of parties immediately indicates - the extent towhichthe extent political power is 07.pdf

- civ

il -

war 6

The were elections - fears –

Stern Community. Community. Stern 9

In regard, this

- entary

CEU eTD Collection erendumda_kabyl_alyngan&pagelang=ru R http://www.shailoo.gov.kg/index.php?module=content&page=Konstituciya_Kyrgyzskoy_Respubliki_prinyata_ 10 My thedegreeformativeassess thenisthat phase ofinstitutionalization. hypothesis to null them werecreatedIelection, before just the mostly will co Parliament,partiesfact i.e.that ofthose formconsideration Taking the into it. that someof becomeanalyticalI theto investigate mainby tools of composition plan which the represent? Ifinstitutionalization? „clan‟isnotthe organizing the for what principle parties, dothey organ Is Kyrgyzstan? areaffirmation Parliament ofinter be an answered: organizing the„clan‟ party is and for in principle formation operation the Kyrgyz Republic Bakiev of bygovernance, formaswas theparliamentary it intheConstitution ofstipulated 2006: 5). „invisible‟ powerincluding brokers clan inter crises these (2006:5).either of Eventually, wouldlead crises totheformer “reaffirmation the attempts toremove Centra authoritarian presidents in makesWhat supposedly theresearch puzzling them. shapes isthefactas Starr asserts, that, assess thecomposition ofParliament, i.e.of political partiesinvisibilityextent and thewhich „power brokers‟my (2006:5). including clans Therefore, themain ofresearc interest legislatureAs he indicates, (Starrby isrepresented „invisible‟ politics 2006). theso

eferendumom_27_iyunya_2010_godaKyrgyz_Respublikasynyn_Konstituciyasy_2010jyldyn_27iyununda_Ref The Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, Art. 4, 70 Art.4, Republic, the Kyrgyz Constitution of The - clan pacts” (Starr 2006: 5)orclan tothe appearance 2006: pacts” (Starr ofthepacts thateradicate new izing principles for parties inKyrgyzstan,izing principlesassumeespecially ifwe for lowparty For of„clanconcepts purpose,as of„clans‟,as this pacts‟ the(Co well The fact that theof replacement super

, precededformation Parliament ofquestions ofthe posesto the aset

s, regional groups,regional and financialmagnates(Starr s, - - 82 presidentialism ofousted President Kurmanbekpresidentialism 3

or intra l Asian countries canl Asian countries end upin - ncentrate my attention ontheirncentrate my clan pacts? Whatclan pacts? can be other llins 2006) will 2006) llins - called h is to h isto CEU eTD Collection explanatoryparties ofmy as thecase variableand studies research. Isubject; and inChapterfindings 3 my present the of qualitative studyof„clan‟an as construct atheoretical to framework Imymethods totest my toanswer research questionsand I use Chapter 2 in hypotheses; order meantime, analyzed are inpower parties In small. still fact party the inside Parliamentconvocation, dynamics ofthelatest thetime though academic circles asapplicablebe toKyrgyz Second, will politics. an it in region.Iempirically First, show the will concept of„clan‟ has that b political andeconomic interests. who treat it countryfrom rather because is democratization, an Parliament association circumstancesmore second, complex; areinformality muchand present prevents isstill the concept„clan‟exaggerated, of including is parties are enteringhypotheses first,the onclans. based are numerous: My Parliament to track thepol to track The structure of the paper is the following: in Chapter 1 IThe isthefollowing: indetail the structurethe 1 explain Chapter paper will in of I particularresearch scholarshipcontribution believethatthis be to will athe on I isalready firmly believethatit useful

as the , small distance and intime , small mai itical traje itical n playfield for power contestation, inthen playfieldforpursuance contestation, power their own of impose certain limitations onthe scopeimpose certain limitations of

ctory ofpresent

ground literature intheexisting hypotheses my onthe

in relation toparties, because politicalin relation the t he 4 - day Kyrgyzstanday

opennesscase ofthe

to draw some conclusions .

een exaggeratedeen inthe in the sense thatthe in the myresearch.In -

depth study of of political about parties in

distance is players

the the CEU eTD Collection included experts questions to theones abo formationgoals, phase, regional recruitment, balance,In party etc. contrast, members‟ my or party My politicalto experts. aimed questions at elites assessing their party discipline, compare tochannelanswers and discussions. theout for and experts one In experts. the meetings, for preparation 25 and MaytotheIBishkek arrival 7,andplanned prior withpolitical three in interviews havegood become sources ofdata. scheduled Mythe tripwas periodbetween for time April thecapitaltrip to ofKyrgyzstan short decidedI purpose touseinearlyFor theinterviewingApril 2012 this applied technique. a for formed. took place and, ruling consequently, inKyrgyzstan, coalition inthe Parliament a was new involved I describearerecent, case workon this and inmy theliteratureavailable. isnot search me toconstruct atheoreticalanfor analysis.media frameworkit, Tocomplement doing and media search, process parties inparliament. Spec CHAPTER I:METHODOLOGY obtain - term research grantterm ofgetting and research received it.Asa thepossibility result tomakefield a and process TheI questionnaireson whe depending prepareddiffered Since political myelites,togenerate inorder focuses on study necessary data adopThis thesis ed

information about the latestinformation about the time period from October2010 toOctober presidentialelections 2011when - tracing have tracing –

for partyforelites. The able tobe to questionnaireswere preparedinorder ts aqualitative study a„withinrepresents which - ifically, researchcombined this tracing,First, literature extensive and interviewing. search h

– become especially useful, because the political events I because events especiallybecome theuseful, political

Bishkek cityBishkek political developments and

I twosemi made up

ut the concept of „clan‟, applicability its asut the an 5 –

Istarte

d searching for people whod searchingcould for people

severalnamely methods, literature - structured questionnaires,one ther were these party elites

key political actors - case‟ analysis ofthe Utilizing them, Utilizing

I elped elped –

CEU eTD Collection agreed ofa tothe use voi we metonMayConsulate,and 1at he and the openness discussion also demonstrated the to collectingFiacconi in Fiacconi andassisted him and With translating materialsfor hisbook. Istart ofmy workedat studiesatCEU, the Ce year he published t purposes.I The wasaddressed reason why toFiacconi thefact the beginning that in ofthis me an interviewe by assessinghim processesatI somedistance.agreement thepolitical reached give to have his Kyrgyzstanbusiness in years by and eighteen has thattime livedinthecountry, allowed what whom for particular this mewhen interview. transcribing whypark is on April 28,2012,that thesoun historical Dr. andpolitical one Chorotegin processesinto we logical With chain. metat the heof Kyrgyz istheformerDirector could up and, opinion, tie Service ofRFE/RL, inmy person.of wasspecial This expert andimportance interest fo Science,Kyrgyz PresidentHistoryI of Society Tynchtykbek Chorotegin in whom knew using a day recorder.Forthe voice I next a meeting of withthe scheduled Doctor History demonstrated readinessall my openness and toanswer questions,a makeApril 27,2012at an the Ministry. appointment on conversation, he During the the Ministry theFinanceIn the Kyrgyz telephone of of we agreed conversation Republic. to attached inthe Appendix). explanatory and political circumstances, parties‟genesis, (see variable tothe etc them

I inperson. knew My thediplomat andbusinessmanGiorgio interviewwas with third Fiacconi, held IFirst expert sc metwas political he book titled “Kyrgyzstan titled book he - mail correspondence, in which I correspondence, mail explaine inwhich

Fiacconiexperience an hadrich ofdiplomatic service ce recorder.

ientist Bakytientist Baketaev, whois the d quality was low and caused some difficultiesand d quality wascaused some low ntral Asia Media Institute Asia Mediantral by founded Giorgio 6 –

Twenty Years of Twenty

r my research purposesr my researchbecause d him myd him

Independence”. Prior tothe nd he did not mind me notmind nd he did overall overall

staff member of staff d doing research CEU eTD Collection Igot to apass organizati decideddeputyfive tointerview fraction Iwith party one todothem allin elites day I schedule, this decided place. With and inone celebrateda onMay 1,5, wasresearch thatmynational coincided holidays withaseriescountry, of trip inthe however, plan. allow meThe this didnot tofulfill additional time limitations circumstance system of how the control ofregional branches ofthe isheld,i.e. showedcomputerized party methe headquartersevenand inBishkek, Esenalievand for showed alsoopen a me was discussion executive committee interviewing with theHeadwas conducted of Kyrgyzstan, elites intheir party turnwere open. notso However, my first experience of drewwith the a map meashad triedtoexplain many becauseand expert Akerov together aspossible,we things Internationallecture at University Kyrgyzstan. the A of originsin Kyrgyzstan. Professor ofpolitical elitesMay With Akerovweafter meton 3,his approaching Akerov,expert noting thathe was (Akerov) the member of TabyldyAkerov. After a ofpreliminary series IdeallyI at tohold planned If all demonstrated political experts readiness discussclan to IIt that actually besaid should plantoholdmy didnot with expert lastinterview onal to the assistanceMPs the Party Cabinet. Party Cabinet. the Parliament the The thingThe I isthatthe day theactualMay before on talked interview, to 2, Ata geographical Dosaly heldat was Esenaliev.Our the R meeting - Meken (Fatherland) political party, (Fatherland)Meken political whoin nd 9, plus theweekends.nd 9,plus Therefore, toconductinterviews inorder , which

clan distribution. clan least members interviews two from with each party;

negotiations

currentlyresides –

one from each fraction. s‟

members, i.e. provide thosemembers, ofthem, who the the 7

with the White HouseWhite Apparatus,on Maywith the 2 Respublica (Republic) party political

there ctually, it was the longest discussion Ictually, was it thelongest discussion

currently making a databasecurrently makingonclan . I first went to the SecretariatIfirst went. of to

turn advised m turn advised -

and part espublica partyespublica y in politics e CEU eTD Collection with the Head ofSocial person whomenot touseaasked kindly voice recorder. My lastmeetingwas during thatday time toask myInthe party. limited I Therefore,questions. addition, hewas had the first agreement thecabinet, he withthe to Heada wasregional meeting branch having of office of Iencountered When several accordance problems. in went with the previously achieved advance the “classrepertoire” culture (HertzImber, & Despite 1995). thequestionnaires prepared in he orshe leaning resists can their Qualitative Methods” minutes. speak nomore thanten the hall ofthe party‟scou secretariatconstantlyby interrupted other we was members staff preferring todirectfl the fraction secretar secretariats.In whenappointment withthe particular, havingHead an of meetingsof the Heads with across during stay my at wouldbeassured data confidential thatthis wouldnotbemisused. him and strictlyre for However, at the the end meeting of heinformation thatthis wouldbeused expressed hope Bayamanov, thatI mind readilyanswereddid not questionsandvoice my a recorder. used the Ata - Similarly, approaching when theHead of InOstrander scientistin Susan social connection, this Actually, from lack thepartyI came oftrust the the elitesmainchallenge became Jurt (Fatherl Jurt real search purposes andI wouldnotappear inlocalFor mysearch newspapers. purposes part, iat, he demonstrated reluctance and answered reluctanceand fully, mynot iat, he demonstrated questions interview situation often situation tookdifferentinterview as experience direction, my shows. and) parliamentaryand) fraction. The Erkin Head the Secretariat, of

notes that - Democratic object not meusing to whodid Party, ow of as discussion hewished the White House. In House.the White I when it having felt thenext particular, the Ar when a researcher conductswhenwith politicalelites, a researcher interviews

to “just tal to - Namysand (Dignity) k”, which, asthepartk”, shehighlights,of which, their is 8

the Ata . Taking that ourtalkin account into - the Meken fraction secretariat, IMeken fraction secretariat, Ata “Studying Elites Using Elites “Studying - Meken (Fatherland)Mekenfraction the the

a voice recorder.

Ar - Namys Namys ld

CEU eTD Collection encountersgood practical aexperience meas for became aresearcher. wasof theirassessment reallyreactions. Besides the in,including interested interviewees generalwith some especially elites, and party questions, then of my myconfirmed expectations and hypotheses. what is makes distinct it case them, Incontrast studies. to couldachieved it beuseful toassessonthese theconcept institutionalization, very of„clans‟ Inparliamentary 2010.elections thatbothpartie sense, this hypothesizing of and Jurt (Father Iresearchnarrow three scope down purposes will ofthem, the to namely from theirsources. official online unable tolearnI something completely because ha new, policies, and nevertheless ideologywas for of problematic problembeing me.The consisted The tome withlearned, fact that heresponded cliché land), In theseries ofinterviewsheldwiththeexperts sum, and theparty most elites fulfilled DespiteI thefact that coveredfractions my allin parliamentary interviewing, the for

the Respublica the Ar - Namys (Dignity),and

have in common is the fact thathave theybefore just thefact incommonis bothwere created the the lowparty discipl

the Ar

- Namys the ine 9 Respublica (Republic) parties. What (Republic)Respublica parties.

is one ofthearena, oldestonthe political is but .

Mywas tactics tofirstwarm - like phrases about the party‟sgoals,like phrases about the d read all this information previously,d readinformation all this

the ask them what I them whatask , „face s have not yets have not Ata - up the - Jurt Jurt - to the - face‟ face‟ Ata - CEU eTD Collection http://ktrk.kg/rus/index.php?newsid=4321 Kyrgyzstan]. inEvents 11 „family approach otherrelated words, as do notfade away states”In maintainsthat these (2010:same 35).infor vein, Schatz the Edward societieskinship are of developing incapable th regional elites play role simply a inpolitics major reproduces that notion theevolutionist „tribe‟explanatory as vari concentrate predominantly„clan‟,and level,on theinformal notionsof„kinship‟, using trajectories at Asian theCentral countries their post which show with scientists, as sovereignty asonthepoliticalsocial map. andindependentFormost appeared republics BACKGROUND INSTITUTIONALIZATION CLANS IN KYRGYZ SOCIE CHAPTER THEORETICAL II: FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF

“V 2005 Godu Za Sobytiyami v Kyrgyzstane Sledil Ves‟ Mir” [In 2005 the Whole World Was Tracking the Tracking Was World the Whole 2005 [In Mir” Ves‟ Sledil vKyrgyzstane Za Sobytiyami Godu “V2005

the concept ofstate - Two regime2005 and 2010inKyrgyzstan are by of collapses explained mainly the However, Aftercollapse Unionin1991the fiveSoviet ofCentral the the gained Asian states clan rules‟ of presidents Akaevrules‟Bakiev.clan of and presidents

utilizing theconceptsutilizing regionalism of„clan‟ and

Lowell Dittmer

when external „homogenizingIn external when 2004).are pressures‟ (Schatz incomplete David Gullette claimsDavid thefollowing: Gullette that„clan‟ assumption and “the

Kyrgyz Teleradio Corporation. March 23, 2012. 2012. March 23, Corporation. Teleradio Kyrgyz

to Central Asia thestat to

(2000: 4 ables (Collins et al.argue, sovereig

- 5).

TY/PARTIES AND PARTY With that,when scholarsWith thepolitical rationalize 2006, Schatz 2004 2006, Schatz 10 e failures arebyexplained e failures the e political sophistication of sophistication territorially e political

nty means isassociated that politics mostly 11

Indeed, ruling bothwaysare of .

- soviet period theysoviet period

informal mal identities mal identities - based based CEU eTD Collection a http Vechern Parliamentarism], to Nepotism From Jump 14 http://www.france24.com/en/20100627 13 Maxim http 2010. June20, Telegraph. The Conversation”. Telephone 12 is asuitableofall, case constitutionalshiftFirst parliamentary to ofgovernance study. form „clan‟asappropriate eitheranalytical notat all. lenses or Iof ruling.ofthisresearch,For questiontheusefulnessthe concept will thepurpose of of are being used vary concepts clan and degree. politics, tosome eve oftribalism,nepotism, The Kyrgyzstan exists. to parliamentari Aitmatova, recentShirin relation was whether ful to task the form ofnepotism,andclan tribalism, However, politics. in doubts some express politicians authorities hoped t parliamentary inCentral Asia. democracy change, heldby Government, became referendum i.e.the theProvisional Kyrgyzstan first the positions. and when manifestations closestwere ofnepotism high relatives assigned tothe characterized by the unprecedented rule enormous breaches of ofcorruption, ofthe level law, _

“New Constitution to Establish Parliamen Establish to Constitution “New Alleged the and Bakiyev Maxim Princeling “Kyrgyzstan Bloodshed: Richard. Orange, Nick and Meo, ne “Shirin Aitmatova: Ot Semeistvennosti do Parlamentarizma ne Doprygnuli” [Shirin Aitmatova: We Failed to to Failed We Aitmatova: [Shirin neDoprygnuli” Parlamentarizma do Semeistvennosti Ot Aitmatova: “Shirin :// :// _ doprygnyli www www - Bakiyev Indeed, of isamatter fact it that informalityin politicaldecision . . 12 vb telegraph

After regime thesecond chang . kg - . and

html / interchangeably as related totheof drawbacks Kyrgyz ways „traditional‟ news sm - . the co

o get rid ofauthoritarianism malpracticeso get rid and informalruling inthe of ” However, the terms exploited / , but actually failed, but attempt this politics . - uk

alleged / news lystated thatKyrgyzstan /2012/01/31/177347_ - / phone worldnews

- - kyrgyz conversation filled or instance, not.For tary Democracy”. France 24 News Agency. June 28, 2010. 28, Agency.June News 24 France taryDemocracy”. / asia - adopt / kyrgyzstan 13 e in April 2010and as ofthee aresult inApril constitutional y Bishkek newspaper. January 31, 2012. 2012. 31, January newspaper. yBishkek

Bycredentials Kyrgyz reducing the ofpresident, shirin . - html new 11

- _ for definingclusteringfor informality and it constitution

aytmatova wanted to /7840582/ . 14

InI believeKyrgyzstan regard, this _ - Kyrgyzstan ot referendum “

_ make thejumpfrom make nepotism from MP semeystvenn - - bloodshed parliamentary the Ata the - making in osti _ do - - Princeling _ Meken n cor - parlamentarizm ranking ranking - democracy ruption

part - y,

CEU eTD Collection http://enews.fergananews.com/news.php?id=16 2010. 10, March Agency. Information Ferghana 18 http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2587 17 2005. January19, Agency. Information Ferghana 16 http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Articles/Regime%20Cycles%20Postco%20p%20138%20144%20Hale.pdf 2005: 133 58, 15 Bakiev theSouthern Jalal isfrom the established MGN Group. practically all accompanied bygrabbed scandals, politicalintrigues,Maxim and Bakiev‟s corruption. son Investment,Innovations (CADII). and BakievMaxim to replaced Akaev onthewave ofthe went Revolution, further Tulip appointinghisson even d at and in2010. of Kyrgyzstanwith significant ismarked withthe tworegimechanges, divergence, in2005 came tokeepand control toruleenabled implemented asuccessiona successful ofas resultBerdymukhammedov power ofwhich President sustain their authoritarian Karimov regimes, could andeven Turkmenistan Kazakhstan‟sNazarbaev, PresidentTajik is uniqueforAsian theCentralre eputy withinthe ranks mandates

“Kyrgyzstan: The Government Denies Its Cooperation With Financial Consultant Eugene Gourevich”. Gourevich”. Eugene Consultant Financial With Cooperation Its Denies Government The “Kyrgyzstan: Famil “Inevitable ofthe Post “Leaders Post Revolutionin and Autocracy, Democracy, “RegimeCycles: Henry. Hale, the parliamen On the surface, Akaev comes fromOn the theNorthern surface,comes Chuioblast, Kemindistrict, whereas Akaev Dissatisfaction withfirstPresident Akaev‟sruleearly when reachedpeak its 2005 in - 65

profitable economic s profitable tary elections Akaev‟s elections tary children y Rule in Kyrgyzstan”. Ferghana Information Agency. November 6, 2009. 2009. 6, November Agency. Information Ferghana Kyrgyzstan”. yin Rule the - soviet Countries Act Countries soviet

position 18

of theDirector Central ofDevelopment, the Agency for

gion.following Second, “ Hale‟s -

of Alga of Abad area. oblast,Suzak Akaev ha ectors ofectors thecountry, were which ively Promote Careers of Their ChildrenBig in ofTheir Careers ivelyPromote 17 09&mode=snews

Beyond that, the overallBeyondBakiev was ruling of that,

over over President Rakhmon, andUzbekistan‟sistan‟s http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=766&print=1 (Forward) (Forward)

12 the country. Incountry.the contrast –

daughter AidarBermet and son party.

KurmanbekBakiev, who regime cycles - soviet Eurasia.” sovietEurasia.” s been traditionallys been

, the political trajectory, the managed with jointly - Time Politics”. TimePolitics”. ” 15 WorldPolitics – ,

got

CEU eTD Collection bakiyev 2010. April 8, Guardian. 21 http 2010. April 7, ofRFE/RL. KyrgyzService inKyrgyzstan]. 20 2010. April 16, newspaper. Vzglyad 19 ofexpression ofthe politicalaswell will citizens, as participateat the pluralism andmulti which course Kyrgyzstana governa form ontheparliamentary tookof which had formed practices(breakaway „family from regime. gained mome others. leaders,opposition asBolot suchOmurbek Sherniyazov,Artykov, Tekebayev, and Anvar when law enforcementagenciesKyrgyz of thedetained Kyrgyz Republic prominent nepotism. are Gulletteargues clearly as markedby “privileged relationships” (2010:2 Teyit, called media which the“ancestralBakievs”. mass village of northern andclans.Even afterthe southern April even clans, andby the political dynamicscompetition for characterizedbetween is power the associated with the“northern”Bakiev has whereas clans, associatedwith the been“southern”

Harding, Luke. “Kyrgyzstan Capital Bloodied, Looted and Chaotic After Overthrow of Bakiyev”. The The ofBakiyev”. AfterOverthrow and ChaoticLooted Bloodied, Capital Luke.“Kyrgyzstan Harding, being detained are Politicians [Opposition Politikov” Oppozitsionnyh Zaderjanie Provoditsya “VKyrgyzstane ofBakiev], Village Off Ancestral the Cordoned Forces [Special Bakieva” Selo Rodovoe “SpecnazOtsepil :// www

20 The latest version of the Constitution adoptedThe on latestConstitution 27,2010recognizes version the of June political Popular dissatisfaction 21

This series of arrests fueled people‟s protests in thenorthern fueled in This seriesarrests people‟s provinceofTalasand of protests

. Inget to order awayfrom such super azattyk

ntum inthe capitalntum Bishkek. Protests . org

the Provisional Governmentthe Provisional / - content partism inKyrgyzst

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/08/kyrgyzstan / Kyrgyzstan

with Bakiev‟s on exploded regime http://vz.ru/news/2010/4/16/393564.html - clan‟ rule), in 2010 the clan‟rule), in __ Ata an; also it _ Meken 13 - , presidentialism andaccusations of presidentialism

held the national referendum, asa the national resultheld referendum, of opposition

indicates thatthe parties facilitate finally ofBakiev‟s ledtothetoppling ts, Bakiev escaped to his native villagets, Bakievescaped to /2004398. newly -

the night of April 7,2010 the nightApril of come html 19

Moreover, two regimes -

revolt

elections oftheelections nce. opposition - over -

3), including - kurmanbek

informal forces, - CEU eTD Collection mda_kabyl_alyngan&p ndumom_27_iyunya_2010_godaKyrgyz_Respublikasynyn_Konstituciyasy_2010jyldyn_27iyununda_Referendu http://shailoo.gov.kg/index.php?module=content&page=Konstituciya_Kyrgyzskoy_Respubliki_prinyata_Refere 24 23 mda_kabyl_alyngan&pagelang=ru ndumom_27_iyunya_2010_godaKyrgyz_Respublikasynyn_Konstituciyasy_2010jyldyn_27iyununda_Referendu http://shailoo.gov.kg/index.ph 22 state formation, of late formation a nation tribal societies ( rooted in the extensive family organization that characterizes society this in region andin historically identities. These affective ties comprise the identity of andbonds its organization. Kinship ties are Clan is an informal organization comprising anetwork individuals of linked by andfictive kin following of „clan‟: definition OFKINSHIPAS ABASIS CLAN between their identities togain who exploit people andexpand political out economic channeled what power, getting through is i seats the example ofKyrgyzstancompetition weofelitespolitical forand clearly can the see allow per cent Kyrgyzstan, i.e.on parliament‟s thedynamicsfunctioning of roundofthe next political struggle,Indeed, inreachingstate focus assets. to access on Kenesh legislature, localand administrations. president,

The Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, Art.70 Republic, the Kyrgyz Constitution of The ofParliament) (name Council Supreme as the Translated 3) (1, Art.4 Republic, the Kyrgyz Constitution of The , “politics are by „clans‟, notcontrolled between different formed or pacts „tribes‟ but s

us As for there Generally speaking Collin 23

threshold and f threshold

is thesupreme representative body inKyrgyzstan, areand credentials its large. to test the concept of s inher “Clan Politics and inCentral Regime Asia Transition 2006: agelang=ru asons for the persistenceasons for o the 17).

ormed into parliamentary into factionsormed intothe andruling later coalition

p?module=content&page=Konstituciya_Kyrgyzskoy_Respubliki_prinyata_Refere , these , these

the constitutional „clan pact‟wake thecou crisis inthe of

- state identity,and a absence marketeconomy of - 82 82 14 f clans Asia, she inCentral

22 changesgave tostart strong impetus for elites

Ac cording tothe Constitution, n Parliament. As Gullette points Gullette points n Parliament. As with five parties passingwith five the5 parties power”(2010: 48).

enumerates late ” the provides ntryfaced

Jogorku kin . On 24

CEU eTD Collection makesprecise it Collins means that „clan achieve to the pact‟ fulldemocracy, isnot butrather Tajikistan smoothlybut not go th understoodagreement as an approach worksolid onclans toinformal isthe shiftingfrom focusinstitutional formal tra whose actions have different implications for regime transitions (2007: 498 state resources and poor families centered onavillage elder a single concept creates confusion since it is used to describe both elite networks developed within the KGB (26) and collective farms (216). Incorporating these diverse elements into associates. As if these institutions One problem arises usingin term the “clan” to include family, regional affiliation, andbusiness his review: to fuse themwitheach To thepoint,t other. village,as well as thenee needs clearlythe micro to separate goodsaforementioned (2004 discusses theproblems believe, afirst contradictory sounds restricts bit this ofclans, the role Schatz butthen because he restrictsrole conditionsgoods of in tothe their pure of distribution isunderstood 2 tounderliedemonstrable(2004: membership” common kinship of „clan eldersfamily and importance of unity member (2006: thein emphasizes 44).Beyond that,Collins According toRadnitz alAll in empiric focusWith onKazakhstan for Schatz, gives instance, th ‟: “clan divisions are those that exist within“clan angroup areexist ethnic‟: divisions which thosethatand in s . must must He Collins calls

share l, this overallthis line ofreasoning contains certain one incongruity, because

to maintain to of “meta of d for unification a

betw “ : 113

(2007) pioneer

were not broad enough, in later the book, we learn that clan ties also - conflicts” when it comes topoliticalstruggleconflicts” these it when over identity r een claneen elites ). ough the transition periodough thetransition -

or, as I it,sociologicalor, formulate as , the“theoretical ” theconcept insetting (2007),„clan up pact‟ of asclans‟ factors for binding persistence

(

2006 from the macrofrom the his is what Scott Radnitz criticizes what Radnitz forhis is in Scott Collins 15 : 17 : –

that allowedand KyrgyzstanUzbekistan, - ). group reciprocity and loyalty clan

In the respect addition, she mentions for advancement” Collins proposesadvancement” inher Collins –

actors with widely divergent interests -

or political level of elit or political level

(Collins 2006) (Collins - level of familyleveland

499). goods‟ shortage.I As e following e that compete for .

Meanwhile, ( 6). 2006 ditional ditional es However, definition , and not : 224 largely ).

CEU eTD Collection the Soviet rule have much thesocialmore (2010). made lifecomplex inthe region AsRadnitz the mentions, moreand diverse complex. periods and of Russian then theTsarist and organizations.Ininstitutions and political fact,circumstances actual social are much establishes a“falseCollins binary498) choice”betweenformal informal (2007: and argues i thatit application 2010: 29) way advances Collins concept„cl the of society”granted for29). (2010: he whetherproper doubts „clan‟“central way isatoconsideras it a organizing principle of although view expose this that legitimate brokertoassist required thereis when argument and durability” of regime consolidation (2010: 3 or not. political regime Asia can inCentral by explained be enabling either such toconclude a pact definition asFrom aworking this assumption. typethe key me, 10).For word I (2006: hereand is„informal‟ touse inanalysis this plan an “informal clan

In also bring review, hisRadnitz out Gullette points s behave , bothasa source ofidentity and a network, ”

(2007) agreement”that keeps anddoes ontheregime depend crisis countrynot from s clan that holds “real power” (2006). In reasons “realholds s clanconnection,(2006). this that that Radnitz power”

as gro kinship “corporate . For as positioning aninformalorganization,Collins instance, „clan‟ “ an externalbalance threat,an clanand certain a elites, between ”

s many “nuances” about s many“nuances”about that the of exploration „clan

(Collins 2006). However, 2006). (Collins Gullet

an‟ asan‟ an s

th ups” is problemtothe fore: namely, 16

(2010: 29) (2010: also that persistence/collapse follows “ organizing principle ofsociety the peculiarities of “

pact‟ isthe focus ofCollins‟ pact‟ suffers from limitations inanalyticalsuffers from limitations 2). For such a is Collins, pact . Further te argues that this viewsuggestste argues thatthis ,

Gullette claim Central AsianCentral politics, he claims thatthe he claims ” (Gullette ” s that

“broader of any of

CEU eTD Collection Turko 27 26 25 even cites regionalism (Gullette matters tosome2010,M extent can bebutafalseimpression (2010: nomore 177). whocontendsof th Collins, getting or(2010: distorted 177).By exaggeratedsame token,Gullette the example brings an According when toGullette (2010), meaning these exploiting social concepts theirinitial is example) pave resolve disputes),way and the ofruling (electoralsupport foundinthe n thesome traditionsrhetoric into ofpoliticians, political practices(gathering kurultais to of his expressing shame this breaking level), andas modeof (Gullette „managing shame‟ informal 2010) a san respect them, for values‟ the traditional (2010: 3). Amongdistinguish can others, one ofdominate intheconsciousness theKyrgyznation and asthe„positive are a referred to Forgenealogical Gullettedistinguishes instance, two charters

“Kurultai refers to a form of council or congress that was held while Kyrgyz were nomadic. This wordis This werenomadic. while Kyrgyz held was that congress council or forma of to refers “Kurultai nation Kyrgyz ofthe tree Genealogical theat intra needed was knowledge this ancestors, seven of Knowledge - /her nation, Mongolic in origin and can still be found throughout Central and Inner Asia.” (Gullette 2010: 174) 2010: (Gullette Asia.” Inner Centraland throughout found be canstill and in origin Mongolic For themeantime, However, getting the is The isthattraditionalism point politicized. Certainly,contemporary life the many ofKyrgyzstanis element contains traditional informal rules.informal Jones Luong (2002) Jones

scholars a way a scholars tointerpret the politi kurultais family, and nativefamily, language.

: a Thus, thenotionof„mank person when iscalled he „mankurt‟ Gullette and theviewpoint Kyrgyzstan that Matveevain concur in 27 at it is clansat is that it make political decisions (2010:177), whereas it

(congress), andassistance(especially mutual help at the village

, who .

describes associations regional as 17

urtism‟ is o urtism‟ is cal trajectoryreference toinformality. by

atveeva 2011).

- or she or tribal level in order to avoid incest. avoid to in order level tribal – ne ofthe brightest forms of

jeti ata

does not knowthe historydoes not

councils ofelderscouncils and Inbook Gullette his “ 25 establishing relations establishing relations ction incase of ative village, for

and incorporation of sanjyra 26

–

that

s. CEU eTD Collection different 178).at However, the 2010) the macro strategies” “coping (Gullette mattermicro especiallyat the of twoexplanatory namely, variables: (2010: 29).Moreover, the noted “a trendf towards generaltransition Gullettestatesi assessing thatin terms, the serves sourceofinstabilityIn asthe main and 18). fragility(2010: orderof thepolitical echoed whoargues inGullette‟s standpoint, tha to the country, calls a pluralism”2010).is (Radnitz it country“competing Thisvision butof COMPETITIONELITE A strength organizations, which resemble patron support among clansfrom their region, other they andthat broader,territorial into develop represents chain this through andcorruption nepotism 29). achievegreater po Following logic, this shaped by theinternaladministrat betw

een people With that, With Describing inKyrgyzstan,politics rejects thenature of „democracy‟ Radnitz as related Th

by groupingby by region together (2010: 178) e important based on theirbased shared, orbackgrounds, on broader, locally territorial specific

informality as Gullette and, calls “genealogical it, 178) imagination”(2010: litical controlget order in overlitical to the control state resources . With that, he recognizes the theoretical. With that „clan modelpact‟ of us in taking advantage of thesetaking advantage region of

point isthatpoint the followingway: actions ofelites attemptinggainactions inthe to post power

attempts todescribe factions these S ASOURCE OFS INSTABILITY - level of family and relatives,familypurposesleveland forsocial(2010: of the

and ive division ofaive division placeregion” 2010:29). or (Gullette

these

- are becomingGullette interchangeable. highly

client networks. Thisclient general political networks. model retains regionalism and„clanregionalism 29). politics‟ (2010: ” concepts of clans andconcepts ofclans regionalism are

(2010: 36).

“ Such „clans‟ arguments claim that often find 18 t competition between t competition elites

- based

n Central Asia scholarship connections graduallyto the appearance led

- level of politic level of those interested can in Kyrgyzstan - social

expressed (Gullette 2010:

ist era”ist s are

has

CEU eTD Collection already „power brokers‟ setsthese noted,Starr informality,as S or, “evolutionism” the parliamentconvocationbe as puzzling whetherdegree seems ofthelatest to of some byZholBakiev‟s Ak (Lightpolitical Way) 35). party (2010: yearreminds ofthe convocationof the 2007 neverthelessIn applicability Asian its tothe Central states doubts (2010: 35). particular,he Agreeing arethatfoster democracy, thoseformalinstitutions thatparliaments Gullette canevolutionism only achieved be role throughthe strengthening Central Asian states brokers derive theresource from thepower control common economic goals, andare political magnates financial people whereas who those systems,kinship regional politics‟ „invisible this (2007 and also agrees informal, hesays, politics or as that invisible takes ROLE THE OFPARLIAMENTSPARTIES AND people toachieve particular goals” (2010: 178). concluded“short „pact‟ this israther a useful, core its systemInstead, but kinship claims isnot (2010:178). asCollins if even Both Schatz In Gullette context, this In ‟ whom Starr sets against political sets institutions ‟ whom Starr differentiates betweenregional clans, and networks, financialmagnates “Clans, Authoritarian Authoritarian Asia” Rulers, Central andParliaments“Clans, in (Gullette 20 tarr formulates, „invisibility‟

(2004) (2007) networks necessarilymembers do not upits by buttie entail kinship . and HelmkeandLevitsky &

10) : 6

- also hasreached not. been or 7 ) . Thus, in Starr‟s lineofreasoning. Thus,inStarr‟s are clans on based

mentions Frederickmentions Starr, forwhom“political - lived alliance

(2007 , when whole, when Parliamentcontrolled was tightly 19 includi

creates for problems democratization. : 7 - (2006) (2006) , exploitin 8 , and who occupy the central, and whooccupy placein the

) ng clans . Ingeneral. these are all terms, „power

place Asian inthe Central countries stand for the argument that stand forargument the In the formation context, this of g between any connections against political institutions, against political institutions,

of parliaments” (2010: 35). of parliaments” Frederick Starr

that define As IAs

CEU eTD Collection interrelationships between and& Helmke combinations give usmanycases. can working from Configurations vary cou whether are institutions formal weak or norms can that comprise it.AsDittmer brokers‟ andthe absence vacuum inthe power ofstrong president authoritarian reaffirmation ofthe inter the formation inOctoberbecom ofnew 2010 Parliament destabilizing for eachIn thestate country. ofaffairs connection, this inKyrgyzstanright after clans, families,magnates and financial inter continues, likely tolead (2007) can successfullyadopt “ parliamentary Centralcan Asian countries in practice a become real such as presidency and parliaments. evolutionary change - clan pacts or the creationclan of pactsnew orthe all th ones, tothe repression of leading . To thatthepressureWriting in2007,Starrassumes remove authoritarian to leaders is

answer thisquestion “ serve “a gateserve “a the most likelythe most either such is theoutcome of scenario reaffirmation theformer of to the indefinite prolongation rule crises. oforto the indefinite their Ashe toadescent into Levitsky define (2006) patterns several according towhichthese ” (2007 ”

the idea that the governments should beresponsiblegovernments ideashould and thatthe the responsive - keeping function” - clan pacts orcouldbreak indeed previous of„power rule the

for et al : 5 mal/informal institutions producemal/informal institutions political outcomes. , I, suggest ) . Moreover, in his view. Moreover, even inhis

assertempirical evidence fromAsia formal East onthe However, accordingthe daily toStarr,precisely ” (2007: 5). Starr believes(2007: 5). ” thatany

strong, and on the scope of informal institutions, their onthescopeand ofinformalinstitutions, strong,

the case study

defining who can(2000: 123).Depending who play defining on 20

of of whetheres apuzzle: was it the Parliament, parties namely those “ quasi - driving parliamentary bodies parliamentary

outcome can outcome be force forforce ose regions, ntry tocountry,

or not

”

CEU eTD Collection study of concept„clan‟, asuitableI itis whether or analytical not.Then, explanation of turntothe will whether convergeAs for theoutcomes ordiverge. only twooptions (HelmkeLevitsky& 15). 2006: exceedinformal institutions formaland produce onestheoutcomes,are unexpected which ones offormal andgoals achieveonesLevitsky (Helmke& the Finally, competing 2006:16). informalineffectiveThus, substitutive in formal institutions institutions. orcompetingsubstitutive ad thoughinstitutions de the formal(HelmkeLevistky & institutions 13).Second, accommodating informal 2006: can complement become areinstitutions effective canor take ineffective, four informalforms.First, they institutions As Table 1shows, 2006) of 1.Typology Table formal DIVERGENT CONVERGENT OUTCOMES/EFFECTIVENESS just toformaljust arrangem

Obviously, instit formal political

– parties asparties

depending on whether the outcomes converge the onwhether depending outcomes ordiverge and formal either substitutive orcompeting substitutive either - jure do not contradict formal rules,political donotcontradictnonethelessplayersjure formal helpto ary,do notviolate formal and andeven caserules inthis foster they entsLevitsky& (Helmke 2006:15 –

formal are conditions forof analysis, specialfurther ofthe interest in -

informal utions Kyrgyzstan in lack demonstrate efficiency, of therefore

organizations. organizations.

ACCOMMODATING COMPLEMENTARY INSTITUTIONS EFFECTIVE FORMAL institutional relationships (Helmke relationships institutional &Levitsky, 21

informal –

are left for dependingare left examination, on

organizations, Iorganizations, explorethe will ).

Two other options options other COMPETING SUBSTITUTIVE INSTITUTIONS FORMALINEFFECTIVE

a wayformal replace -

either

CEU eTD Collection atid http 2010. Would Government Coalition Bogatyrev: The 29 28 passingApril were events.right the thethreshold, formed after participating the implementation of specificgoals (1988:6 accordanceparties model, in follow thewhich rational theyare with for thetools primarily In163). the institutionalphase,between its a andgenesis, party‟s theenvironmenta (1988: 163). requiredgoformative consider toparty‟s back to phaseand partiesfrom historical dimension informal rules. reveal Kyrgyzstanis to in what political to extent clients what forms patron unwritten rules (informal), andcemented relations is by dyadic between and a patron several „faction‟, incontrast, which, their “political bosses” “ideology candidates office.” electedtopublic roughlyaims andthat seeks opinions influence political to similar getting public policy by its ANDPARTIES PARTY INSTITUTIONALIZATION

Donis, Ivan. Donis,Ivan. The Electoral Knowledge Network. Electoral The =9& :// www lang It Valentin expert Bogatyrev worth mention,as is to parties stresses, 15outof29 Thus, inthe secondaccording part, Panebianco, toAngelo analyzingparties when itis As such, . - akshumkar = tinted platforms”, platforms”, tinted en explicit studyexplicit of formati theparty “Valentin Bogatyrev: Koalitsionnoe Pravitel‟stvo Prosuschestvuet Nedolgo” Prosuschestvuet Pravitel‟stvo Koalitsionnoe Bogatyrev: “Valentin For him, the best explanation of bestForgiven a explanation party the him, when is theinteraction studying at the parliamentary of2010 elections

political party is . kg

/ index

(2000: 43 (2000: - client networks . php “ and thesemake characteristics themlessvulnerable tothewill of

is leader / en http://aceproject.org/ace

- / defined“an group as people organized with atof least component 44). Giving a definition, theauthors44). Givinga set definition, „party‟ against 28

As Dittmer et alargue, rules have formal and parties

- Not Exist Long], Akshumkar political party web party political Akshumkar Long], Exist Not oriented, akin to political machine to akin oriented, ”

/ (Dittmer et al2000:43 fl / index - 22 on Panebianco thatatits claims 7).

parties inpowerare guided factions, just by . php

in Kyrgyzstan - en/topics/pc/pca/pca01/pca01a ? option

= com 29

_ Taking account, into it he content , and 2 out of5parties, and 2out - 44). l pressures (1988: l pressures As it comes,it the issue As & view s, is guideds, is by

[Valentin [Valentin = initial stageinitial

article - site. October 21, 21, October site. & id =143& c CEU eTD Collection atid htt 2010. web party political Akshumkar Long], Exist Not Would Government Coalition Bogatyrev: The 32 31 30 parties isideology, clans uniteandIn by while motives interests.parties, decision personal oftheirwhich leaders. promote theinterests in their full sense representing theinterests of ofdifferentlayers society, but sense,this a sponsor institut organization‟s construction and development;The presenceabsenceof 2). an “external” or factorshelp adefine us whichgenetic party‟s amongwhich he model, distinguishes: 1).The “organizational continuity” suffering (Panebianco 1988:10). starts incentivesgroup suchasprivileges even ofunityare then sense or the distributed, fulfill are credibility looserisks to its party distributed, apolitical whichas organization isable to challenging toomany in theif sense that collectivedistribute selecti and the means for self themselves and thegoals expand at proclaimedstage the initial (Panebianco 1988:8).One of project,pilot representation ofpeople, not elites, he butofstressed. political r presumes that thelocaltobeacannot fully party pretend system epresentative of interests ofvoters.epresentative of interests

Donis, Ivan. Donis,Ivan. Ibid. Ibid. p =9& :// www

specificgoals other (Panebiancocollective 1988:10).On hand, the iftoomany lang Further thef studying Anyway, a . akshumkar = en ccording to Bogatyrev,ccording present to “Valentin Bogatyrev: Koalitsionnoe Pravitel‟stvo Prosuschestvuet Nedolgo” Prosuschestvuet Pravitel‟stvo Koalitsionnoe Bogatyrev: “Valentin

ion; andion; 3). The charisma inthe role of - s the time goes by, s thetime intheir organi parties preservation andpreservation sustaining thepossibility activities, thus,is ofthe to . kg

/ index . php ormation phase ofparties,Panebianco ormation suggests threemain / ve incentives (Panebianco 1988: 10). However, it is ve itis (Panebianco incentives 1988:10).However, en / component 30

Moreover,a as result Kyrgyzstan experimental has an selective incentives such as the posts in public officeincentives inpublic suchasselective theposts

- / fl day 32 / index

23 Bogatyrevground stresses thattheuniting for political parties inKyrgyzstan political

. php ? option party‟s formation (1988: 51 party‟s (1988: formation zational evolution tend zational evolution to preserve = com

- _ fledged legitimate content

& view 31 rather clans [Valentin [Valentin =

article are notparties - site. October 21, 21, October site. - 52). In52). &

id =143& - c

CEU eTD Collection 33 Panebiancoand, stability consequently,“environmental stresses, unpredictability” ofparties worsenscompeting these case, if this conclude in each an parties as alliance between other; identity, which be can by thepresence undermined ofcompetit presumably politi elite composition ofparties, asexamining the welltheinternalinside asand conflicts splits elites already) and other convert political thus resourcesones(1988: into 62).By the studying “horizontal integration” when peopl and there raisedwhereas degree withinthe organization; isa ofinstitutionalization low with integration” ofelitesencouragesgradual which growth who political are members, born ofits vertical.It high with assumed degree is that of degree can institutionalization be of analyzed or horizontal theelite iswhether integration whetherinstitutionalization, loworhigh itis 60).Another dimension (1988: from which the (Panebianco 1988:53). slowlywayside, instrumentalmission its and party itself valuable becomes dissolves aims are being incorporated According duringphase toPanebianco, theinstitutionalization money their leaders. of parties function pu onthefunds clan decisions are leaders by their made making isoccurring ondemocratic bythem principles,

Ibid. - based parties areclosely partiesbased them,because and attached totheirare leaders associated with cal be partiestoillustratethat will possible it thedegree ofinsti

Furthermore, alleges Panebianco that The second earlier, as phase, relates identified processinstitutionalization. tothe of

low.

33 The internaldependsThe cohesion partyonthe leve

”

(1988: 53). During this process, this (1988: 53).During t

t by while clan members, all its , as he asserts, as he e enter outside (forexample,iftheye thepartyfrom are party stays stable if it is able own party ifitis its to“defend” stays stable 24

institutiona

. Thus, . ajority inclans whereas voting, those Bogatyrevemphasis that an puts lization there occurs “vertical he rationality goeshe rationality by the ors (1988: 218). The ors situation (1988:218). - “ based parties exist onthe exist parties based party founders‟ tutionalization is tutionalization l of l of values andvalues CEU eTD Collection political culture. with the coalition formation inKyrgyzstan, byinfluence same conditioned strong the of basis, thedynamics formation ofcoalition inSouth Korea certainallows ustodraw pa ofthe“monopolization” region byparty undermin Illustrat outcomes influences theauthorthatregionalism argues badly party institutionalization. ofdiscussion regional cleavages preferences voters‟ thatshape affect electoral and the institutionalization culture, tobemore the“father precise, (2011: 49).The ofacknowledging argument broad Kimconsists ofpoliticalrole of the Korea: catch that threefeatures key be tothe can coalition identifiedformation withrelation inSouth andSDPK formationthe coalitionwhen was process, of parties finally formed theantagonistic such as move furtherand to in the alliance (1988: isendangered 2 From perspective, this YoungmiKimwrites in ing this point on the evidence from South Korean presumes onthe evidencethat point this ing fromsystem,Kim South party

the - allism andallism

Ata

Jurt (Fatherland),Jurt plus of theIn mechanisms and 176). compromise ofnegotiation (2011: the analyzegame” the“cooperative played theparties coalition during the indifference cleavages, and regionalism personalism, toideological

18). Based on Based on 18). - figure” ofelites role that prevents the the Respublica (Republic)Respublica party. 25

es 108).Onthis free competition (2011: these assumptions, it is these is it assumptions, to also possible “The Politics of Coalition ofCoalition in Politics “The Korea”

rallels

CEU eTD Collection 35 34 Concretely, was theParliament to resign deciding whether the with Kumtorgold Askar the mining and thenPresident Akaev. company which involved Parliament‟ turn theregional when political tool necessary. cleavagesinto regionalism that playsrolea inth significant refutedall Oshnatives support that from the Ar ado Deputyoblast, KushbakGovernor of Tezekbaev, at Osh for the meeting advocated the Osh, where thediscussionof thelaw tookpart he in generalizations.towards understand regionalism fromthemanifestation withhim, interview is my ofthistendency claimedof that Kyrgyzstan the problemI suffering is generalizations.As isthat it can from Tynchtykbek Duringa Chorotegin. conversatio President ofKyrgyzHistoryformerDirector of RFE/RL, Society, Kyrgyz Service of historians REGIONALISM INTERRELATIONSHIP WITH PARTIES CHAPTER III: INFORMALITY IN KYRGYZSTANAND ITS

Interview with Chorotegin with Interview elders ofrespected activeparticipation with council political the usually „council‟, means Kurultai ption oflaw,ption this claiming thatOshnatives As he shared withme, regionalism the1990s,when takes rootsin its To illu Wondering istheorganizing whether „clan‟ –

- Professor of the InternationalProfessorthe of ofKyrgyzstan Tabyldy University andAkerov of Kyrgyzstan of Kyrgyzstan Namys (Dignity)party,Ainuru Altybaeva, adoption and its furthermore resisted strate, Choroteginmethattold he

was of connected considering issue corruption gold thescandalous

it. 35

All in all, inChorotegin‟sAll in view e Kyrgyz politics 26 n held on April 28 this year, onApril28this Choroteginn held fully

had principle ofI Kyrgyzprinciple referred society to just returnedjust city from of the southern “On Kurultais” “On support

ed . As he believes, politicians just just politicians . Ashe believes,

it. However, inher However, turnMP it. n governorIssykn of 34 .

In first particular, , it is aclear signit of

the „legendary

- kul

CEU eTD Collection http 37 36 Fig Ferghana Valley). from Kyrgyz thecoming Ferghanafrom Kyrgyzstan (southern Valley part occupies of the Giorgiodiplomat my in Fiacconi thatKyrgyz evidenced fromwould interview Talas d Inones.the author connection, this of whe Issykincluding Naryn, thecapital Bishkek, and Talas, tunduk regionalism Kyrgyzsta in preferredplaces tostay ontheir effect, andeveryone the includingmembers Democratic of Kyrgyzstan Movementparty of the sessionof roomsign solidarity in withthe Governor. administration Ju oblast Tursunbek C

Map of Kyrgyzstan. The web The ofKyrgyzstan. Map Chorotegin with Interview :// 1 reas the three other oblasts reas thethree other oblasts www

Map of Kyrgyzstan: regions ofKyrgyzstan: Map

In his turn, in the interview conducted on May 3 expert AkerovIn conducted argued 3expert turn, inthe onMay that hisinterview (northerners)and . icrc . org / eng magul Saadanbekov

hyngyshev.At thatmoment, t / resources

n comes from the conditional division ofn comes Kyrgyz from division theconditional anation into as tushtuk - site of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Red the of Committee the International siteof / documents

– . 36

(southerners); followingoblasts line,thefour this Osh, Jalal

/ appealed to “Kyrgyzstan “Kyrgyzstan map / map - Abad, and Batken 27 - kyrgyzstan

he head of the the -

Twenty Years of Independence”, of Years Twenty deputies of Issykdeputies of - Kul . ht However, his call did not give didnot hiscall anyHowever, m –

the the

arerelatedthe northern ones, to –

Issyk are related to the southern are related

- Kul regional Kul - Kul oblast to leaveKul oblastto –

Chui Chui iffer iffer CEU eTD Collection 38 language as isknown with acertain turn,associations in oftribes clan what form tribe; Kyrgyz relations, in the south,like ar Kul), Jalal three conditional „wings‟: thoughgeneralis regional. thewe When about speak putforward clans,should shape we allowed me selective incentives only Suzak sense, he KurmanbekBakiev how says went thattheousted story president back of to traffic‟, because clanalways fo looks Inin Fiacconi‟smix, important is addition, it thatclan opinion. relations a„two represent for isimportant it each ident tomaintain its clan Kyrgyz ratheratomistic and, and society consequent split thanunited duringexploited theSoviet époque rulingfor because the center wasto keep it handy the groups, he„clans‟.„clan‟ Ashe which as calls saidfurther, suchisthe micro Iinterview onMay him with thatKyrgyz conducted 1told tendtobreak people small into DO CLANSMATTER?

Interview withFiacconi Interview eas of Kyrgyzstan. As it appears Kyrgyzstan.eas As it of region/oblast the is -

Abad); S

in spring 2010, olto olto Discussions with historian AkerovInternational historian Discussions with at heldthe University ofKyrgyzstan Continuing Kyrgyz thethemehownorthern the of in Fiacconi and southern differ, (Chui), to

S ol saruu draw certain contours ofclansdrawcertain are which same notnecessarilyas the regions, (left

ayak ayak ) wing,

clan. At the sociological asAkerov level, argues,associates everyone

uruu bu macro

t hadtoflee from there for some specific people.

(Naryn), O . Therefore, t conclude can we

n ( which includes -

level right , people from tribereside can, people one bothin

S . In his standpoint, this fragmentationIn this . standpoint, his largely was ) wing arttar arttar r what doesitsmaintenance. leader its for , (Alay); which includes which

S ary 28

ity and everyclan can associate

is exemplary, distributed Bakiev is because - bagysh

and

I chkilik, hat the basis for maintaining clan (Naryn and Chui), K ushchu which covers thesouthern covers which (Talas), ly,Furthermore, strong.

the north andin

- B S level, ugu aruu 38 , butnever

In this (Issyk

whereas (Talas an the - - way d CEU eTD Collection 40 39 Matveevacontends, isobservable what inpresent Kyrgyz political reality is other hand, Kyrgyz society demons asgeneralizations tendency Chorotegin towards indicated intheinterviewwith me; onthe in cleavages situation the society,a create paradoxical ontheone there because hand, isa Iis what throughoutaim todiscover research. my to give political certainstruggle, „flavor‟argued. to as Chorotegin structureThough, inKyrgyzstan. politician local mechanically relationsclan because onpolitics transfer clan immutable there singleand isno InliteratureLatin andcountries. one onAfrican Americancannot however, opinion, his concept„clan‟as appropriate ofbecause explanatory of concept toKyrgyzthe theme isactually ofit as clansrelated and politics, withthe preoccupied Figure father relationsIt istribal ones,i.e. having common bloodties. being descendants means ofone

The map was drawn based on the talks with historian, professor Tabyldy Akerov Tabyldy professor with historian, the talks on wasmapbased drawn The Akerov with Interview – 2 This contradiction „clan‟ whether be should regarded as ornot anexplanatory variable In

the person who laid the foundation who tribe. forthe person laid the

Map of Kyrgyzstan: clans Kyrgyzstan: Map of the meantime, in the interview Chorotegin stated thatWestern develops intheinterviewChoroteginscholarship the meantime, stated .

trates atendencytrates as Fiacconi tofragmentation reasons.As 40

s usethe of notion „clan‟extensively inorder Ingeneral 39

, I, thatthese think regional the

large amount ofsimilar large amount .

the vast elite CEU eTD Collection 42 41 provide such kindof usually protection perspective occursand this through political from political parties can period remittances, drug trade is big shadow economyint In Fiacconi connection, this searchforchannel keep to a thecontrol toearn resources over money or of 90sthererich people isanumber in due tothe wealthinKyrgyzstan ofliberalizinga dispersion result as reforms inthe beginning dep latest parliamentaryconvocation seemed thedemocratic tolooklike true of expression vote, thesame.is almost t From interest over usually the control po means clans a toassociate. definition, Giving ne obligatorily entail the north PARLIAMENT A‘MARKET’ AS creation and opera fragmentation

Ibid. withFiacconi. Interview cessary condition uties inParliament

. 41 In theWealthy”(2010) of book “Weapons his Radnitz Scott Inconversation the

It amatter is fact be that ofthenshould these legalized incertainway, money what

(Matveeva 2010) (Matveeva tion oftion parties, including entered thosethat

is t

„political protection‟ „political

, other types , other oftrade, and that simply pursue he presencecommon interest of t his perspective, continued as he

with Fiacconi, hemaintainedthe clan does that differentiation not he country: - , south division, but can division, gosouth

who heads Chamber the Trade inKyrgyzstan

. As Ifragmentation. As through assume, captured is this the

their own interest.their own

Fiacconi theinterview in made most of the money comes from the migrants‟ money the comes ofthe from most litical and economic Kyrgyzstan in litical and what resources, the country who, as comes from mycountryas interviews, comesthe who, from . 42

money privatiz during the made „ east

hatcementing asa serves factor for , although ofthe theformation - w

the Parliament in October in Parliament 2010 the est ‟. Inwords, the ‟. other

once that made a point

it precise that common precise it ,

argues thatthere

(Radnitz 2010) (Radnitz ation

. .

CEU eTD Collection 44 43 (Fatherland) traditions,which and parties are SDPK are onthe socialist built strong in dueinstitutionalization to the me agree Meken (Fatherland) were „genetic model‟ representgreatby a and,inPanebianco‟scomposition interest their formulation Namys(Dignity), Respublica andIn (Republic) the parties. these opinion, my three p preferred to down tonarrow Fiacconi‟s theyI instead represent plan being thesafecreated tobeon just side. of becoming why deputies. is That which they are parties need re wants occupy thefirst to top a place in many businessmen rich and develops tofurther due program tothe fact its Further, sellit. Kyrgyzstan thatthe in have moneyFor a promotedwithout example,a brand. creates person his/her Akerov describes Parl 3 heare informed thatsixty one there around and hundred eight parties a country. small AccordingTabyldy topoliticalexpert inthe held Akerov, interview onMay

Interview with Akerov, Baketaev, Chorotegin. Baketaev, Akerov, with Interview Akerov. with Interview Thus To answerwhether thenWhat makes Kyrgyzstan dis d

that they both arethat theytoeachand bothsimilar otherbothachievedegree higher of wording, obtained controlwording, thisres theresources. scope over obtained the of Within , Chorotegin 28argued onApril theinterviewconducted in that . Other two parties,Other Social two .

iament , they start searching for parties ahead searching the, they forEveryone elections. start parties of

left ofthisresearch,because out all experts the „clan‟ isanorganizingthe for principle ned

the three ofthem,theAta namely,

as parties a„market‟, areespecially inwhich purchased, ifthey internal

to focus organization by principles. ideological - 5 oftop 43 tinct is thehugetinct is ofregistered number for parties such

only on those which entered onthose only

- DemocraticKyrgyzstan Party (SDPK) of a 31 - 10, becausehave10, chance otherwise they little

- Jurt (Fatherland),Jurt the Ar ady; are therefore parties p arties being interviewed by and, in Parliament

in Kyrgyzstanin , and if not, what, and ifnot,

44 the political

(1988), Ata - earch Iearch Meken arties nd Ata . the party - re arere - CEU eTD Collection 2010. 16, September Agency. News AKIPress Tekebaev]. Wish All Those Accommodated Cities Hardly Talas and ofOsh [Stadiums Tekebaevym” 47 46 45 sociali IssykTekebaev supporters findshis inTalas and in Bazar givescha a as composition, political forces because inKyrgyzstan, parties itmakes tohave all regionally balanced democracy as the achie interview agreedlatest versi thatthe inthetraditional divisions societyelite circles. and among which, intheofConstitution, called the new is experts, of words version the tobreak of these Itactively resist tribal divisions. worth is mentioning thatTeke Omurbek Tekebaev, of leader Kyrgyzstan (Free Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan appearance witnessed as the such SDPK, ofparties KyrgyzIn rule. tothepost society long of due the1990s, theSoviet period

“Ata Chorotegin. Baketaev, Akerov, with Interview Chorotegin. with Interview vement ofthepolitical ofthevement will political leadershipand thepopulation - - Meken”: “Stadiony Osha I Talasa s Trudom Vmestili Vseh Zhelayuschih Vstretit‟sya s Omurbekom Vstretit‟sya Zhelayuschih Vseh Vmestili sTrudom I Talasa Osha “Stadiony Meken”: stic ideals. Korgon does not automaticallyKorgonBazar doeseveryone mean not in that Besides, the nce to compete inaccordance tocompete Thus,thence fact withideas. that Tekebaev isfrom Baketaev alleged 47 form of polity of form smoothe

nationwide 5 per cent nationwide

– the

ErK) oriented programs. withsocially . According to Chorotegin, Kyrgyzstan. According in to multipartism Ata on of theConstitution - Meken party,Meken political figures isone ofthose who

threshold is a very goodvery isafor unitingthreshold factorall out 32

clan divisions clan

http://www.akipress.org/party/news:4071 - Kul oblasts exactly thanks to his Kul oblastsexactly to thanks

46 adopted in2010

All in all, BaketaevAll in inhis at the end, he asserted baev isthe“foundingbaev father”

Ata - - Korgon supports him; supportshim; Korgon Meken, Erkin Meken, 45

In opinion, his ing to Meet Omurbek Omurbek Meet ingto

is thegreat . Parliamentary - Soviet Soviet .

CEU eTD Collection http Ata The 49 http://www.akipress.org/party/news:3701 48 of themare(Jalal Suzak of closer23 peopleoblasts.Further, fromwe at southerners, northern look the ifspread of four Abad oblast,and 8 dominatedis still bysoutherners: the 26party are12 from members Oshoblast, Figure business, aswell as totheir native unemployed attached regions. people plac IindicateOut of one theirand tra hundred birthplace. twenty members could party method containeddifficulties because some thebiographies ofsome membersparty donot looked at the place composed and ofonetwenty party to hundred members THE ATA STUDIES CASE

Who is Who in Central Asia. Centrasia.ru Centrasia.ru Asia. in Central is Who Who Ata The :// e ofbirth nine ofsixty www - 3 As ofAta To see theregional composition Jurt Party List of Candidates to Deputies of Jogorku Kenesh. AKIPress News Agency. News AKIPress Kenesh. ofDeputiesJogorku to ListCandidates of Party Jurt

- Regional composition ofAta composition Regional Jurt Party List of Candidates to Deputies of Jogorku Kenesh. AKIPress News Agency. News AKIPress Kenesh. Jogorku of Deputies to ListCandidates of Party Jurt . akipress - Fig. 3 JURT (FATHERLAND) POLITICALPARTY JURT

. shows org

– of using origin ofeach member party sources several data /

party

from Batken they 46peopleconstitute t oblast. inopposition from Totally, , though the party, though islargely by represented natives North, from it the / news

- of them including famous personsorin inpolitics of involvedfamous them includingeither Abad) party Tashiev, Kamchybek origin including six leader :3701

http://www.centrasia.ru/person.php - Jurt party Jurt 33 - Jurt partyI firstJurt checked theparty lists

Bishkek Issyk Batken oblast Talas oblast Jalal Osh oblast Chui oblast - - Abad oblast Abad Kul oblast Kul

be elected to

;

Parliament.

49 ; however, this – 48

from Jalal ck the

Then IThen – o

of - CEU eTD Collection an institutionaliza 3).role ofor „cha institution; party‟sgenesis: „sponsor‟ 2).presencegradualexternal construction and of 1). development; parliamentary 2010. thereelections AsPanebianco it, ofpolitical of are puts threeways „genetic‟ (Panebianco 1988 model Panebianco‟sformulationI (1988). devoted attention believethatspecific tothe be should of Atainstitutionalization rayon of Oshoblast. if we high isno clans, of speak people concentration there onedistrict, from of say Alay As wefrom1 and seeevident. can ofsoutherners 2theregional Fig.However, is domination Figure Fig. 4 Alay(Osh) Jogorku origin Speaker former of Kenesh including d also )

4 In order to answer these questions, it is usefulIn is questions, it to toanswer these order

party‟s internal cohesion.party‟s internal Southern composition ofAta composition Southern tion tion from the perspectiverecruitment, ofelite howdeveloped party program is,

- Jurt party, i.e. its genesis and institutional phase party, andinstitutional inaccordancegenesis Jurt with i.e.its risma‟ (1988: 51 risma‟

) of the - Jurt party Jurt Osh Maily Kara Jalal Kara Suzak Alay party, sinceof wasparty, the it ahead formed - - - - 34 Abad Kulja Suu 52). - Suu

I alsowill assess

analyze thedegreeof Akhmat the degree of bek Keldibekovbek (see CEU eTD Collection 51 New University. 50 highlightattachment traditions andKyrgyz toculture, as anation; cha processrevivalasAkerov evidences, of ofanation, Kyrgyz as isbecoming necessary to it the the place ofbirth intentionally nationalistic exploits rhetoric Tashiev‟s because comes electoralfrom support issue of„authority‟ the members toattract asmany recruited had votesas possible. was moreanalysis also active.Thematic ofhisinterview showed thathereferred often tothe in general,Bayamanov said throughout partyin the askingregions When thequestion time. of recruited how and people practices one, bringing horizontal without leadersparty uppolitical the inside theand headed by Kamchybek Akhmatbek Tashiev, and Keldibekov, Sadyr Japarov. aforementioned Already the political persecutions. council at ofthe that moment party was initially off consisted theparty persecutionsruling bythe then Ak words, itcouldnotparticipate at thattime atbecause elections of the parliamentary political claimed that the history partyyears of counts manyan more conducted the outbreak of

Interview with Akerov. with Interview “New Color Revolution in Kyrgyzstan?” Event Summary chaired by Hale, Henry. T by Hale, chaired Event Summary Kyrgyzstan?” in Revolution “NewColor Ata _ Color - During the As for part either vertical/horizontal Speakinggenesis the of of Jurt is the is Jurt

_ April 8, 2010. 2010. April 8, Revolution in the Jogorku Keneshin the Jogorku the the – „declarative‟of ideological party its inthe sense platform. discussions,

notorious „April events‟ inKyrgyzstan. the southofKyrgyzstan, ideology where tofailure. isdoomed Assuch, _

http _ Kyrgyzstan :// www

that it strictlythat it i.e.who onthepropaganda depended activities,

ifteen members, who later members,ifteen had who because toleaveit of the expert Akerov explained tomeexpert that . gwu . pdf with the Head of Fractionwith the HeadSecretariat, of Bayamanov, Erkin he the Ata - Jol (Lightas toldme, Jol Further,Bayamanov Way) party. . edu

/~ ieresgw - Jurt y members‟recruitment, certainly, Ata 35 , it was onApril, it formed 14,2 u

/ assets / docs / 50 SUMMARY d starts from the yearIn the d starts from his 2007.

However, in the interview IinterviewHowever, inthe the - uvinistic anduvinistic Ata he George Washington Washington heGeorge - Jurt partyJurt 010, right after 51

Because of the -

Jurt partyJurt CEU eTD Collection 56 55 2010. Above Them or Kyrgyz Areto Equal They Ih, Vyshe Ili Kirgizami 54 Republic. the Kyrgyz of Committee 53 2010. Above Them or Kyrgyz Areto Equal They Ih, Vyshe Ili Kirgizami 52 despite theclaims that what Panebianco‟s suits model ofpolitical rational genesis party‟s deal religion. with party.Despite the „idealistic‟ and „nat tosecureSDPK to Akerov, the explains inabilitystronger ofideologically parties as such lead tootherconflicts. ethnic language;inability theKyrgyz otherwise, nation toprotect as of statehood atitular will its other respect must minorities nation, thetitular traditions speak andhistory ofthe its onthepriorityinsists givenwhich be should toKyrgyz as atitu Russians 71.7%constitute oftotalpopulation,whereasother largest two ethnic minorities population andthe existing betweenKyrgyz antagonism Uzbek communities. and nationalistic appealsbecoming because thea of are powerfulneighborhood theUzbek of tool

Ivaschenko, Ekaterina. “Kamchibek Tashiev: Tashiev: “Kamchibek Ekaterina. Ivaschenko, Interview with Akerov with Interview Ibid. year by the Republic ofthe Kyrgyz population the of Ethnic Composition The Oni Chto Skazhut, iliTurki Uzbeki Russkie, “Esli Tashiev: “Kamchibek Ekaterina. Ivaschenko, http://www.fergananews.com/article.php?id=6728 http://www.fergananews.com/article.php?id=6728

Chorotegin with mecharacterized theinterview in Ata Inyear isworthwhilementioning by it connection, this that the 2011 K –

14.4 and 7.2% respectively.

support in thesouth. support in

fact that Japarov‟s isthereligious father fact that person,

ionalistic‟ party,ionalistic‟ words, close what, is Akerov‟s inmeaning in toreligious - -

Gosudarstvo Razvlaitsya” [Kamchybek Tashiev: If Russians, Uzbeks or Turks Say Turks that or Uzbeks Russians, IfTashiev: [Kamchybek Razvlaitsya” Gosudarstvo Say Turks that or Uzbeks Russians, IfTashiev: [Kamchybek Razvlaitsya” Gosudarstvo the party was formed in 2007, it got it partyformed revival wasits in2 in2007, 55

http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/Ejegodnik/Population/demo%209.pdf

T he str – – 56

State Would Split]. Ferghana Information Age Information Ferghana Split]. Would State S ategy according ofplaying onnationalistic sentiments,

53 tate Would Split]. Ferghana Information Agency. September 16, 16, September Agency. Information Ferghana Split]. Would tate As for ideology, “Esli Russkie, Uzbeki ili Turki Skazhut, Chto Oni Chto Skazhut, iliTurki Uzbeki Russkie, “Esli

Against background, this statements inhis Tashiev 36

the Ata - Jurt partyasJurt a lar nation. - Jurt Jurt

(Panebianco 1988) (Panebianco party, not however, does 2011. National Statistic 2011. is positioned as the Ata the 54 010 receiving a

As he argues,all ncy. September 16, 16, September ncy. „ pragmatic yrgyz - – Meken andMeken 52 Uzbeks and – –

Naravnes Naravnes

. Even ‟

one, one,

CEU eTD Collection http 2010. 7, September Centrasia.ru. inKyrgyzstan]. Parliament Enter Can FiveParties 59 http 2010. 15, September Campaign], Election the During Card Nationalistic Kampanii” Predvybornoy Hode v Kartu Natsionalisticheskuyu 58 http 2011. 29, March El newspaper. online Sozu Kyrgyzstan?] in Dangerous “Tashism” Why is AreThey? 57 Keldibekov the struggleagainst theAta they inoneAdministration. Therefore, had clan certainly be but doesnotnecessarilyentail type this have common ofties,political interest, but astheone support inthe south. Kyrgyzstan aswhereas regarded was the„bastion‟Bakiev, ofAta overrepresented fromadministration by people Bakiev‟s composed o from whichoustedpresident Bakievcomes from comes Jalal from area Suzak of Keldibekov‟s said that this Alay”, from whocomes Issykis of party inthenorthand happens it many thankstheinfluence supporters to has ofJaparov, who chance tocompete parliamentary for AccordingtothewithChorotegin, interview seats. the

Akerov, Tabyldy. “V Parlament Kyrgyzstana Mogut Popast‟ Vsego Lish‟Chetyre Vsego Popast‟ Mogut Kyrgyzstana “VParlament Tabyldy. Akerov, Christie Jonathanand Lewis, Kubat. Kutmanov, :// :// :// russian www www During interview, also Akerov the these claimedtwopeople that During inte the . . centrasia presskg - . Kul origin (Tyup village). eurasianet f “revanchists” because isnot are these peopleone because from clan, but itis – „Sart‟

opponents onceopponents he to decides represent the so represent the . com . “Neonatsisty “Neonatsisty ru

/ tribe is closetoUzbeks, andfact this a can become . newsA org 58 /

rview, Keldibekov positioned Akerov Professor asof „the leader _ Even here party canwithoneclan, we be can thatthe see associated / s node /11/0329_5. „S . - php art‟ Miller, Alexan Miller, - /31279 Jurt. – ? -

st called„centers of Kto Oni? Chem Opasen “Tashism” v Kyrgyzstane?” v “Tashism” Opasen Chem Oni? Kto tribe - =1283806020 Abad oblastand belongs tovast 59

htm . Further revealing some nuances, Akero

der. der. “Kyrgyzstan: Ryad Politicheskih Partiy Razygryvayut Razygryvayut Partiy Politicheskih Ryad “Kyrgyzstan:

compete for presidency. In forcompete turn his presidency. 37

gravity‟more inthe party. One . However, the fact that the party is

[Kyrgyzstan: A Set of Political Parties Play Parties Political Set of A [Kyrgyzstan: . 57

According the of south tomedia, comes a political instrument ascomes instrument in a political ichkilik ichkilik - Jurt alsoenjoysJurt elec - „

Pyat‟ Partiy” [Only Four Partiy” [Only Pyat‟ trump card trump – wing

Tashiev and Tashiev

[Neo v nevertheless

– , Tashiev

- the same the same so nazis nazis - ‟ called

for for –

toral toral Who Who - CEU eTD Collection 2010. 13, November 60 surrenders hers. one thecountry in ofthe persons wealthiest refused another until hismandate member, party toreceive recalling parliamentary howright the of2010were after elections held, partyleader Tashiev $300.000 afterentering theruling coalition. interview,me inhis theseand ofseats are distribution theGovernment formationin list party the ways of founders bywhich the (Panebianco 1988) specificgoals. speaking, Generally partywas d created andBatken anotherformerGovernorIt of oblast Aytibay canthat Tagaev.concluded this be created byof eight personsBurkhanov Governor Batken former oblast including Arzybek Tashiev, Keldibekov, Japarov economic ownjoint resources: they Baketaevgot because three argues thatthese united together persons t with Fiacconi‟s reasoning line of common interest according first.And towhich comes groupeddefinesassimply clansfor goals, what pursuing politicalconsonant andeconomic is Together theyone Baketaev „economicas form clan‟, expert t and attractsIssykfrom the votes „center of

Podolskaya, Darya and Kutueva, Aizada. “Mandaty Aizada. Kutueva, and Darya Podolskaya, Thus, It that seems - 500.000, gravity‟Issyk isSadyr of Japarov the 60 first tenplacesinthe party of composed list

http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA. InIsaeva response, toTashiev, put„ultimatum‟ Keldi , withthe purposewhat is ofand makingare The benefits. money question ue to the sponsorshipwealt several of ue to the

the

next ten places costbetweennext $100.000

Ata - Jurt partyJurt ; however, as Akerov told me in his int meinhis told as; however, Akerov

- Kul oblast, as Akerov sharedKul oblast,asAkerov withme inthe interview.

the the - stock companies, plants,and mines, media. oil Ata is built is built Ata - - Jurt make As money? Jurt Jurt party follows the rational model offormationrational party followsthe Jurt model - – php?st=1289644980 Kul origin, who balances the electoralKul origin, whobalances support the

– 38 former PrimeMinisterformer DaniyarUsenov around„charisma‟ ofpersons the these three

Kochevniki” [Mandates [Mandates Kochevniki”

Dinara Isaeva,who istheDinara wife of persons in the pursuance their inthe persons of

120 candid - old 300.000. It worthwhile 300.000. is . The thing isthatBa . The thing expert expert –

erview, the party was Nomads], Centrasia website. website. Centrasia Nomads], hey possess vasthey possess bekov, and Japarov bekov, Akerov responded to ates cost between

ketaev –

–

CEU eTD Collection 62 http://www.kginform.com/ru/news/20101113/01813.html 61 areIlist twentyof total identifiable.onehundredand check Out members could party the Again, methodcontained this some difficulties included because not inthe allpersons trackedall one hundre thebirthplace of THE RESPUBLICA (REPUBLIC) POLITICAL PARTY making money. because and eight funded established itwas by politicians money,as claim. experts By genetic its model party rationalcreation,followed because the model of for strictly formed itwas makin Panebianco‟sformulation ideological wea by twoleaders ofits theplace oforigin us one geographical the inside party. unit haveprinciple, one an been could organizing ofnatives observethehigh concentration from the fact party such that its members Isaevamedia, herbusiness. needs protect seatfamily to her money invested inthepolitical campaign,media she outlets report. as that ifshe wa

Ibid. 2010. 13, November website. Inform Review, KG Press to say thetendency shows the signsregionalism, thatit with oftothe south

In thesam Itconcluded be can that s excluded from theparty from s excluded list kness, the partykness, alsotrue According doesachieve institutionalization. not to

e way, in order to see the regional composition of e tosee inorder way, theregional composition

(1988)

„clan‟ anorganizing isnot prin , ahead of the parliamentary elections of October, ahead ofthe elections 2010the parliamentary Keldibekov some ofthem lead (

At the same time, e time, At thesame d and twenty partyd and twenty members –

Tashiev andBecauseTashiev Keldibekov. ofitsage and

they must 39 the

Ata

have - Jurt party model, Jurt thesponsorship suits

xamination of theparty xamination allows list

who had ainterest vested return 62

ciple for theAta

her the big amounther of the the S included inthe partyincluded list. arttar 61

RespublicaI party According tolocal ). If „clan‟ would ern dominance - Jurt, despite Jurt,

only in g party

CEU eTD Collection http: web Centrasia Kyrgyzstan], in party morepolitical 64 InformKG web Project, 63 that theofficeIinterview in him with conducted of elections of2010 „coping strategies‟. l suspected be that mostly thesecoming would people Talas from expectation thatinitial it would consist predominantly Specifically, oftheI northerners. southerners against comparison theAta to Figure their biographies, as as other sources. well birthplaceeighty of using ofthem, of theofficial website eaderBabanov. Therefore, Omurbek that be can the party it assumed isusing different

“Omurbek Babanov Sozdal v Kirgizii Esche Odnu Politicheskuyu Partiyu” [Omurbek Babanov created one created Babanov [Omurbek Partiyu” Politicheskuyu Odnu Kirgizii Esche v Sozdal Babanov “Omurbek Special Person] in Deputies Potential Know Should [One Znat‟ Lico!” v Nado Izbrannikov “Potentsial‟nyh

//www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1277905860 it takes beginning its in2007.Ashe sharedwith me, previously thepartywasEl named 5 Similarly to As Fig. 5

Regional composition ofthecomposition RespublicaRegional party

64 shows , thoug

the Ata t - hirty one northerners.„lieof Suchathe land‟ contradictsmy indeed site. September 20, 2010. 2010. 20, September site.

- Jurt party, but Jurt , the composition of , thecomposition h theHead Executiveh Committee ofParty‟s - Jurt

, theRespublica was upahead ofthe made parliamentary

is also - 63 http://www.kginform.com/ru/news/20100 site. June 30, 2010. 30, June site.

the Respublica more isabit balanced in dominated by thesouth 40 the the

Respublica 27informed party onApril

Other Batken Issyk Naryn Jalal Chui Osh Talas Bishkek the - - Abad Kul Respublicawhich party contains –

the place oforigin partythe place of

erners: forty erners: six

Dosaly Esenaliev inthe 920/01410.html

CEU eTD Collection 65 participate atmunicipal elections Kyrgyzstangot the latest in and result theas same SDPK said relatively that duetoits institutionalization degree high of conductsit activewith the local work including populations, consultations.Esenaliev a the computerized ofparty‟sall the regions network thecountry across branches in that saying election, wouldh it he claimed admitted thatbringing political eli up new people “New the people under slogan of according circumstances were political these specific thatrequired toEsenaliev, propose chairman origins Esenalievadmittedgot thattheparty ofparty, u „charisma‟ of leader its forexcluded analytical Two other scenarios purposes. construction and developmentmodel ofparty‟sgenesis putby can Panebianco (1988) be party f ispurchased creating what suits theparty Akerov a previously as marketplace,where akindof described people, new force,intheDosaliev interview. and ideas, new asargued nomenklatura. r according started The toDosaliev, April exactlyinMayan events 2010. to impulse became Narkywas howe and headed by Kamchybek Uzakbaev; eviveby the because party, thattime

Interview withDosaliev. Interview Esenaliev talk inhis Again, since appeared theRespublica political arena quite onthe recently , former Vice , former this is what is this the Respublica though the does pressure. atpresent, under time 65

From viewpoint, this ave party its continued Concretely, work. demonstrate Esenalievcould me or political purposes. or political

- Prime intheMinister Prime –

are for Responding left examination. about tomy the question

also argued if thateven

tes isanessential taskof highly institution

the political systembythe political was ofold therule undermined the

Respublica couldcountry provide thewithnew Governmentrule. duringBakiev‟s However, – 41

new solutions”. Meanwhile, Esenaliev solutions”. new

the – nited around the name ofnited aroundname Babanov, its the

Respublica couldwonthe haveRespublica not ver, its real institutionalization, ver, itsrealinstitutionalization, eit her external sponsorship or her external sponsorship the Respublica party could

Perhaps, this modelof this Perhaps, alized parties; ,

the gradualthe lso

, CEU eTD Collection 68 67 2012. 16, 66 the party republican has todowith nothing ascon Akerov ideals, republican businessmen purchased theparty does necessarily not indicate obviously that each Inthree Baketaev, expert more parties. times thesame thanother for vein, claimed instance, investment. AsAkerovout pointed Iinstitutionalization? assume ecological asEsenalievinthe explained interview. tourism, o Inspection State Automobile (GAI). cancellation of technical inspection of channel thevehicleswhat the closes thecorruption for the electricenergyco about intheparty certaineconomic that havefulfilled includingalready been points platform Parliament ofeconomicHowever, theabsence inhisturnEsenalievdetail is told programs. future at the national leveltherefore, aswell; high importance for partie with the victory and Balykchy towns. inTokmok f Respublica, thecancellation could fees reach ofKyrgyzstan visa tomakethecenter of

The Respublica political party official website. website. official party political Respublica The withEsenaliev. Interview April Agency. News 24.kg Clans” to Belong Parties “Kyrgyzstan: Aizada. Kutueva, and Darya Podolskaya, . 67 However, istheprogramdueso detailed andtothe concrete Fiacconiclaimedinterview his tha in

http://eng.24.kg/politic/2012/04/16/23870.html?print=yes

political Babanov. platform, certain Thoughinits it can theparty economic have provisions

ideological stances party has its own„financier‟,party its inthe case has is and it Respublica ofthe

nsumption by cost,creditsnsumption low production agriculture, its for and

s, because party which wins s, becausewhich party party‟s

that any party elaborated have tolarge can program due mo

–

decided to give it give to decided it and party hearing once thatanother , Babanov spent 68 ideological mat ideological

Beyond party, i.e.the that,the fraction parliamentary the http://www.republic.kg/ru/why_Republic/position_ Respublica party Respublica t the maindisadvantage each the party of in 42

66 the

As he reasoned around $36 million to enteraround to $36million urity. conti Thus,as Akerov nameIn fact, „Respublica‟. however, elections at the micro

has goodhas prospects for the cluded. ,

municipal elections aremunicipal of higher level of –

Taza Koom Taza

- level wouldwin Parliament nued, youngnued,

– party/

had

ney –

CEU eTD Collection http://members.vb.kg/2010/10/27/panorama/3_print.html 72 71 70 69 Beknazarov,of Azimbek theProvisional Government: Topchubek Turgunaliev, Bolot Sher, the political arena.Further create thepurpose partyclan hisown advancingof and their with promoting positions its election within after was he of accused Democratic ofKyrgyzstan. Party ofBabanov Specifically, Otunbaeva theright occupied seat affiliations. betweenBabanov uponclan and built Otunbaevabecauseitis interest, isofspecial leastby large forty votesdue tothe Otunbaeva. supportprovided stands aside from these division because the she politicaltriestodemonstrate western of of vector orientation her that she „ expectations failed. minister. S

Temir, Elvira “Kto na Kogo Zapal?” [Who Is With Whom?]. Vecherniy Bishkek newspaper. newspaper. Vecherniy Whom?]. With Bishkek Is [Who Zapal?” “Kto na Kogo Elvira Temir, Akerov. withTabyldy Interview Akerov. with Interview Akerov. with Interview aruu ‟ clan. Former President Roza Otunbaeva Roza ‟ clan.Former President belongsthough also clan; tothesame the ranks of During bothOtunbaevaBakiev, rule of and the Babanovas ofRespublica themain„sponsor‟ a tobecome planned prime party s of2010 69

To be more precise, he expected at toreceive least forty votes,thoughhis

. According to Akerov, itwas. According toAkerov, precisely OtunbaevaBabanov whoadvised to SDPK BabSDPK 70

As known, the the , asclaimed Akerov dual

anov created s. During theelectioncampaign, Kyrgyz

Babanov ofT is - Kazakh

his own party before just his own 43 , representatives„ of,

citizenship. alas origin and, as Akerov told and, originalas as Akerov

Babanov of were members 72

However, instead ofstaying 71 Bab

S Indeed, alliance this aruu

anov expected togetanov expected at the parliamentarythe ‟ clan were ‟ members , belongs to the Social -

on - CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 http://rus.azattyk.org/content/kyrgzystan_respublic/24524924.html D 75 74 73 politico thatdespitetend tothink these ofbloodties inthe are definitely exploitations pursuito comes from are thereport,„party these Fightagainst Econo relative of Bakyt Torobaev MP Nurbek Alimbekov appointed theHead ofSt associated Kanatbek Thus,brother withIsaev theRespublica. MP of also at look what their representatives good.for does their emphasized thatclanremind should relations of a two only r which isrepresented by A „cooperative Akerov, ispreparing branches joine Babyrbe epresentatives of

istribute Posts To Their R Their To istributePosts tambaev. However, as Akerovtambaev. as said However, Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. in Power [Parties Rodstvennikam” Svoim Dolzhnosti VlastiRazdayut “Partii Aidanbek. uulu, Akmat Akerov withTabyldy Interview (Ata Jeenbekov Ravshan formerMP Fatherof „saruu‟

In becamefact,accusations ofnepotism inrecent widespread and times are mainly Another motivecreation for and thedevelopmentof - k Jeenbekov economic goals, it isstilleconomicgoals, preliminaryit of„party tospeak

clan to the work officeclan inpublic tothe games‟ openly thepolitical supporting course of d their forcesfor toensured their votes more

K mic Crimes. mic – ushchu .

forsoil Babanovpresident a thefutur tobecome in 73 Davletbek Davletbek elatives].

Exactly during this „S ate Automobile Inspection,ate Automobile as mediareport. aruu‟

openlyaccused of nepotism Babanov

Azattyk Kyrgyz Service of RFE/RL. March 23, 2012. 23, March ofRFE/RL. Service KyrgyzAzattyk –

77 and –

Askarali

According representativesas tothe of it civil society, was Deputy the appointed Emergency the Minister; „K further, these clan these further, are affiliations strong quite inTalas - ushchu‟ based clans‟ that clans‟ operatebased country. inthe - Meken political party). political Meken – election campaign,election

became the DeputyService thebecame Head ofState of 75 44 . This suits thewords suits ofFiacconi,. This who

tribes, and d tribes,

the - way theclan traffic, where me

Respublica party.

uring one of theuring onelatest of council the Respublica

President President southern and northernand „ southern - based clans‟ inKyrgyzstan. clans‟ based –

appointing members of 76 –

Brother of MP another Talant Talant e. So far, he e. So plays Almazbek Almazbek 74 , accord

–

78 was

However, IHowever, ing to mbers mbers saruu f s

‟

CEU eTD Collection http 81 Kyr KyrTag Fake is Bakiev Maxim and Babanov Between Conversation Phone 80 ic 2010. 17, December Systems. Electoral for Center 79 beout to fake; and byInterpol. Maxim. between Vice thethen May popular most video 25,2011the activities arewith numerousscandals corruption associated andpolitical intrigues.S Babanov. auto Despite her statementfailure previous thatincasesuch a therightcoalition of form would to Parliament had toannounce andAtambaev negotiations that allow did not and wasAtambaev. option thecoalition f The obvious most Otunbaevagrantedright the form inParliament her to to the ruling coalition party fellow process. thefact was that Despite it Ata Babanov inconnectiongets light anew with

es.org/russian/publications/textid:8678/ Tynan, Deirdre. “Maxim Bakiyev Taken Into Custody in Britain?”. Eurasianet.org. June 14, 2010. 2010. 14, June Eurasianet.org. Britain?”. in Custody Into “Maxim Taken Bakiyev Deirdre. Tynan, Fal‟shivkoi Priznana sBabanovaM.Bakiyevym Razgovora Telefonnogo “Zapis‟ Expert International Coalition]. Formed the [Respublica Koalitsiyu” Sozdala “Respublica Rasov,Sergey. :// the matically www Chairman ofthe“newsmakers”, Babanov and one mainlocal is hisname because Anyway, manifestations the as limited affiliations, ofclan for the 80 Ata . 79

eurasianet Noteworthy, by that time Maxim BakievNoteworthy, Maxim by thattime was declared on„fraud wanted charges‟ gyz Telegraph Agency. June 21, 2011. 2011. Agency.21, June Telegraph gyz

- 81 Meken parties plus parties Meken

the Later National the Security State Committee go to Ata .

org this compromising material compromising bythis published assistant ofOmurbek was the the Ata

- / Meken party leader Omurbek Tekebaev partyMeken leader Omurbek tobecome the speaker of - node Prime Minister Babanov Minister and Prime /61297 - Meken

the

chaired rightTekebaev,granted this byOtunbaeva to Respublica; however, of members - hosting YouT hosting - Jurt partywhichJurt received ofseats, the majority http://www.elections http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/7394 the 45

coalition configurationcoalition ube posted the ormed of ideologically close SDPK – son ofousted Bakiev, president

State Committee on National Security]. Security]. National on Committee State declared thattherecording turned - over coalitionover formation

recordedconversation – the

SCNS” [The Record ofthe Record [The SCNS” during formation its

chain Otunbaeva

Respublica party o, o failed. n –

CEU eTD Collection 2011. 14, March 88 http 87 86 B 85 84 http 2012. 13, April ofRFE/RL. Service Azattyk Kyrgyz withUtemuratov?], 83 2011. Agency.21, June KyrgyzTelegraph KyrTag Fake is Bakiev Maxim and Babanov Between Conversation Phone 82 accusationsBabanov temporarilyeven resigned,what rules; break formal however, the blackmai Nationalized Property. friendBaibolov puthis DairBabanov claimed, Kenekeev tohead as hesaid,of seizuretheproperty raider whichFurther, as belonged businessmen. toRussian General was it was orBaibolov, Babanovnationalization, Kubatbek standing who the behind nationalized by thedecree ofthe Government. Provisional afterremovalBakiev‟s thestock thein MegaCom of family inApril2010 schemes. them One theissue ofnationalization is of MegaCom of cell wasgoing even no todeclare group circulate.House makes rumors of by opposition deputies various The Tashiev led MP thatit side which insists was aformal meeting, thefact that i landed oftheUtemuratov inKyrgyzstan. private on thejet, board which among ofBabanovrecent hissecretoligarch is meeting criticisms the withKazakh Bulat Abdrakhamanov,from deputy

ow”. Eurasianet.org. March 14, 2011. 14, March ow”.Eurasianet.org. “Zapis‟ Telefonnogo Razgovora Babanova s M.Bakiyevym Priznana Fal‟shivkoi Fal‟shivkoi Priznana sBabanovaM.Bakiyevym Razgovora Telefonnogo “Zapis‟ “Criminal Case on Former Top CaseFormer on “Criminal 2011. February 25, II. Part Report, Analytical Republic. Kyrgyz the ofcorruptionschemes in Code The 2011 22, April Connections] [Dangerous Svyazi.” “Opasnye Yuri.Yons, Bishkek‟s Across Shot Fires Nationalization, over Riled Moscow, “Kyrgyzstan: Cholpon. Orozobekova, Ibid. sUtemuratovym?” Babanov ChemGovoril “O Eleonora. Kyzy, Beishenbek :// :// rus www

Babanovin power abuse blamedand often activeinvolvement ingrey is corrupti . azattyk ling $50 million in exchangeling in for $50million . polit . . http kg org / upload / :// content lenta

86 / files . ru / 87 kyrgyzstan /

news Later, DumaRussian accused the thedeputies Babanov of / corup - Managers of MegaCom Closed in Kyrgyzstan”, Lenta.ru News Agency. News Lenta.ru in Kyrgyzstan”, Closed ofMegaCom Managers - confidence vote to PM Babanov.confidence toPM vote

/2011/03/14/ the _ shemi http _ opposition Ata opposition etemuratov :// . www pdf close

return . http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/7394 eurasianet /24546702. /_ 46 Printed ing

- Meken (Fatherland) party.

. their share org . htm html / node –

State Committee on National Security]. Security]. National on Committee State 85 /63068

t was not held in the White theWhite in t was held not According ex tothe

84 in business http://m.rg.ru/2011/04/22/apk.html

[What Was Babanov Discussing Discussing Babanov Was [What the newly createdthe newly Fund of – -

company. Precisely, SCNS” [The Record ofthe Record [The SCNS” 83

Despite theofficialDespite company 88

82 Because of these

Likewise, - P rosecutor

was was on

CEU eTD Collection etsya http 2012. May3, Where T Bazaar into the Parliament Turned [Deputies 91 F Agency. Telegraph Kyrgyz Kyrtag Oblast]. inChui Protests OrganizeMass to Threatens and PM of Resign the on Insists Tashiev [MP Oblasti” vChuiskoi Aktsiy 90 2011. May16, Centrasia.ru. Vice First Compromising. Anything not Find Did [Deputies 89 activitie gui originatesPresident Otunbaeva,fromwaswho clan. the the„clan‟not same However, party Baba leader to created the byparty rationalto enter the model; a simply Parliament became tool and, saying, “ indicate, inone ofhisinterviews Akerov the words of Akerov, abilityto its the tomobilize ofKyrgyzstan south Babanov.against and threat outof leave him to As Akerov continues, Babanov‟s associated premiership is in the country,and hi with the case ofMegaCom. deputy did commissions not findanything compromisingrelated hisinvolvement and tohim bazaar

Musabekova, Burul. Musabekova, Massovyh Organizatsiey i Ugrozhaet Otstavki Premiera Trebuet Tashiev “Deputat Jyldyz. Turusbekova, Komp neNakopali “Deputaty get powe ding principle to form theRespublica principleding toform :// _ www biznes In wording Panebianco‟s In also Akerov expert discussions, cla ” s and theconducts preserve work party active itself inthe regionsdoesa have and

where sellshis/her vote. everyone . gezitter _ r. With that,the r. With po _ torgovle . org nov built hispolitical strategynov built in “Deputaty Prevratili Parlament v Bazar, Gde Delaetsya Biznes po Torgovle Golosami” Torgovle po Biznes Delaetsya Gde Bazar, v Parlament Prevratili “Deputaty / interviews

s political opponentsmake benefitss political from fact this

_ is done intentionally to get intentionally shareis done from to thePM one‟s during the parliamentary sessions deputies openlyduring sessions theparliamentary criticiz golosami http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1305548280 romata. Pervyi Vice romata.Pervyi 89 party demonstratesmorefeatures; clanbeprecise, its to more /10938_

the Government; /

(19 takerov 88)

with various scandals, Babanov losingfears with variousof hispost. scandals, , in its formative phase also formative, inits theRespublica was ; it served thegoals served ; it sustain its ofBabanov. To

commented thatcommented _ politolog 91 - Premier Kirgizii Babanov Vernulsya na Svoi Post” Svoi Post” na Vernulsya Kirgizii Babanov Premier ebruary 3, 2012. 2012. 3, ebruary

hey Do Business on Trading Votes]. Ayat Newspaper. Ayat Newspaper. Votes]. heyBusinessTrading on Do imed that Babanov onepersons is imed ofthe that richest 47 this is what is Ata this

- _ the Prime Minister Babanov Returned to His Post]. HisPost]. to Returned Babanov PrimeMinister deputatyi close cooperation with theformerclose cooperation with present remindsof him Parliament http _ prevratili :// - www Jurt partyJurt practices 90

. This politicalgame, in kyrtag parlament . D ue tothe factue that . As media reports . . kg /? _ q v = _ e Babanov bazar news

referring /16013 _ gde _ dela

CEU eTD Collection http 93 InformKG web Project, 92 on Kyrg and Jurt twentycomposition: northernersand thirtysoutherners. In six to both contrast two Figure of fifty ofthem. nine identifiable. Out oftotalparty onehundred twenty and mem method containeddifficulties persons included because some inthe notall party are list birthplaceall one hundre of THE AR achieveany institutionalization. degree of whereas partyoriented‟, its and largeBabanov his i.e.itorients on leader financialinvest more concretefor program. party However, asgenetic its model

The Ar The Special Person] in Deputies Potential Know Should [One Znat‟ Lico!” v Nado Izbrannikov “Potentsial‟nyh :// kyrgyzstan 6 As In theregionalofAr tosee composition order - yz political arena.

Namys political party background. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Peace. International for Carnegie Endowment The background. party political Namys the charisma - Regional composition ofAr composition Regional NAMYS (DIGNITY) POLITICAL PARTY Fig.6 Respublica parties, . carnegieendowment

shows - orientation inPanebianco‟sorientation argum - 92 site. September 20, 2 20, September site.

, the party ismore, theparty in terms orlessofregional its balanced 93 d and twentymembers party

It Kulov. Right party with its Felix stronglyassociated leader is

. org the /2010/09/ Ar - Namys party - 010. 010. Namys (Dignity)isone parties political ofthe oldest

http background 48 :// www

Other Batken Talas Naryn Chui Jalal Osh Issyk Bishkek

. - kginform - entationnot allowparties (1988) does - - on Abad Kul

Namys (Dignity) party INamys (Dignity)party - the

included inthe party Again, list. this - political

bers Iberscould check thebirthplace . com , /

ru the party is „charismathe party is - party / news - /20100920/01410. ar - namys tracked the /

ment; the Ata - html -

to CEU eTD Collection http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64729 95 94 Namys the ruling proclaimed tojoin of SDPK, fraction their coalition parliamentary intention Itclose worthwhile examination. recalling April 2011ten d in is that isneeded it him, toachieve higher institutionalization. degreeparty of yearsfact person willingany howmanytheranks tonominate isin hetime, parliamentary assured next thatby the elections, partyattention tothe wouldpay many toensureas and possible theregionally votes electoralbalanced success.Atthe same held amajor recruitingcould reformattingpeople ofitsranks, have who those attracted as Secretariat informedbefore metheparliamentaryparty that of election 2010the headquarters Namys isvertica it party prime Ata of Kyrgyzstan. Parliament, andinparticular enjoyed of theUzbekSouth electoral populationin support Surprisingly for attheelection observers, of 2010 yeargenesis,was when established theparty in 1999 toparticipate at the e Ar words, and it after Kulovinlate 1999the the partygo imprisonmentof un to had

Ibid. Schenkkah, Nate. Nate. Schenkkah, - Namys also gotchanceNamys atoparticipate atelections2010. the parliamentary of - Meken (Fatherland), because its demand that party leader, Felix Kulov,party because(Fatherland), Felix getsMeken that itsdemand of leader, apost

- minister failed.minister As for internal thecase its cohesion, of As forI recruitment, thepartythat at theAr assumedleast thecase members‟ in of In phase formative its Ar

once again provesagain leaderonce surviveits cannot thatthe without party 95

“New Coalition Redraws Kyrgyzsta Redraws Coalition “New However, laterHowever,

l due longthe Head toits history.However, l intheinterview ofParty

- the

Namys passed ago the has long time model rational of Ar - Namys had to stayNamys had to int 49 n‟s Political Map.” Map.” Political n‟s the

the Ar - Ar Namys very is and distinct requires - Namys got fiveNamys seats twenty the in he opposition togetherhe opposition with December 17, 2011 2011 17, December derground in its own inits derground of the party.of theAccording to eputies from

lection. . 94

Later,

the Ar - the

- the CEU eTD Collection popytalis 2011. 24, Vozvratilis‟” Podumav, No 98 97 2011. AprilAgency. 15, KyrgyzTelegraph KyrTag Arfrom Deputies [Ten Bol‟shinstva” 96 strategy its build on clans neither nor Chorotegin onregionalism. the party notes that includes ofexpression parliamentary democracy. the Abdrakhmanov Jeenbekovand from excluded Ravshan party another Omurbek exampleofMPs way parties and thefor paved brought pressure Besides,parliamentary deputies. onseparate since is it democracy, forprovisions deputies imperative tohold therefore mandate; co from theindicates parliamentary someinternal fraction butdoesnotspeak conflict, ofthe developing,and move processhis viewpoint,this thatthis From natural. of is tendeputies me that this he assured Parliament, howeve wanunderstood thattendeputies Kulov was formulated oftendeputies. inthestatement develop socio the

“Kulov o Zayavlenii Desyati Deputatov ot Ar ot Deputatov Desyati Zayavlenii o “Kulov Ibid. „Ar Fraktsii “Desyat‟Deputatov mplete split. In mplete split. conversation he referre the Ar Respublica, and

- was absent at that moment. L wasmoment. absent atthat Namys could istr that independentit Namys show everyan and person, deputy is In his turn, in discussions expert Chorotegin expert In that turn, indiscussions assured his In onMay held theinterview Head of 2,the - vyletet http . 98 :// action signals thatparliamentary ofgovernanceform is inKyrgyzstan

kant - - economic programat impro economic aimed iz - gnezda . kg /2011 r breaking discipline; theparty the

- [Kulov about the statement of t of statement the about [Kulov no Ata - 06 - podumav - - 24/ Jurt parties. Jurt - Namys” Ob‟yavili o Reshenii Voiti v Sostav Koalitsii Parlamentskogo Parlamentskogo Koalitsii vSostav Voiti Reshenii o Ob‟yavili Namys”

kulov - Namys Fraction Announced the Decision to Enter the Ruling Coalition], RulingCoalition], the Enter to Decision the Announced Fraction Namys ted to show their political colleagues support to ted toshowtheir in - vozvratilis - o ater - z ayavlenii - , 96 Namys: Ne operivshiesya Ptency Popytalis‟ Vyletet‟ Iz Gnezda, Gnezda, Iz Vyletet‟ Popytalis‟ Ptency Neoperivshiesya Namys:

commenting on this issue Kulov issue commenting informed onthis that he

The reason to join the coalition tojoin wasThe to theintention reason / http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/5414

d to the Constitution, which does Constitution, d tothe 50 - 10 97

- ving thewell en deputies from Arfrom deputies en

deputatov However,fraction leader partyandFelix

though th the Ar the - - ot Namys FractionNamys Secretariat told Ata - ey could discrepanc, manage this ar ,

- - parties have no rightparties havemake no to being of the population, as it population, asit being ofthe namys - Meken fraction. In fraction. Meken words, his the - Namys], Kant.kg web Kant.kg Namys], Ar - ne - - Namys party does not operivshiesya

the

not lay Ar ue - - Namys ptency - site. June June site. - CEU eTD Collection 99 case of forces haswith someoneresources powerwhen who or needed, what and is this hedidinthe because AccordingBaketaev, official can Moscowa made Japarov the bet onKulov. to unite Akerov said with me,Ar theinterview in reasonable toenter theranks the in Parliament of for parliamentary Baketaevthe “servant seats, ofefficiency”, calledJaparov for was whomit hemy form owns didnot ownparty hisown„clan‟, his questionwhy,compete ifJaparov to presentand theParliament theMayorOsh in cityMelis Myrzakmatov. of I „clan‟, or Akylbek Japarov. figure,Developmentacting namely, ofFinance Minister the andformer Economic Minister high However institutionalization. degree of following ofI can reasoning(1988), Panebianco‟s line say that the party leader isorganizedits around Head Kulov, the ofSecretariatit.Andhere, confirmed because acourse partyleaderfor sets Respondingtomy theparty. ques Head ofSecretariatme thateverythingonthe told personality party depends of leader, the southern part o haveeffect, isexactlyparty supplies anBakirwith electoral because it uuluwho support in from Kara well

Interview withBaketaev. Interview - known Kyrgyz politician As expertBaketaevthe meintheinterview, inside saidto In complete andits regionalism absence of discussions in the the -

Suu area of Osh oblast. In oblast. areaOsh therefore opinion, Suu ofChorotegin‟s doesregionalism not would say the „corporategroup‟would say the Ar - Namys.

f Kyrgyzstan.f

and former Ombudsman Tursunbaiwhocomesand Ombudsman former Bakiruulu,

- Namysenjoyed party large fund which includes brotherswhoarewhichalso Tumanovs, , intheisanother ranksparty central ofthe there 51

the Ar - Namys party. Moreover, as expert Namysexpert Moreover, as party. the

the partyhis own has Japarov Ar Ar - Namys achieve did not tion ifhetion admits that - Namys the party, 99 ing from Russia, Russia, from ing

Responding to CEU eTD Collection 102 2011. 14, September K Invalid], Leader ofits Removal the on Deputies ofFifteen Decision the Recognized Fraction 101 2011. 13, Ar the of post from the Myremoval Kulov: [Feliks 100 levelinvisible Parliament in crises, can it thereaffirmation finishwith clan scenario pact (2006:5).Another of isthat the FORMATION COALITION IS PACT? A CLAN regional balance by also doesshowany not signsclan of coalition separately theparty toreplacefrom leader Kulovinthe fraction. him The or party lackwhat ofinternal cohesionwasthe rulingattempts expressedtoenter through the natural preserve model to systems that,theparty identity. its Beyond ischara Intowards partyKulov. leader continuity, organizational its the p inneralliances tobreak groups andfraction, ofthe theunity report. as media necessar Deputy Fraction”, recognize invalid. the initiative Kulov refuted late fact; this the replacement leaderKamila Talieva. of fraction Kulov MP by September 12,from2011 fifteen outoftwenty five deputies

Ibid. Ar “Fraktsiya Adilet. Makenov, olitical arena achievedue „charisma‟cannot toits real orientation institutionalization

According anwhen authoritarian isremoved toStarr, a and leader country into falls To summarize, InI con to connection, this suggest http://www.knews.kg/ru/politics/2955/%20 y of fraction participation thePoliticalCouncil; membersfrom were creating banned - Namys Priznala Reshenie15 NamysPriznala “Feliks Kulov: Moe Smeschenie s Dolzhnosti Lidera Ar Lidera sDolzhnosti Smeschenie Moe Kulov: “Feliks http://www.knews.kg/

according are towhichthe decisions by thetwo taken the

the north Ar r, after revising the protocol of wasr, afterfraction sessionit revising decided theprotocol to – - - south geopoliticalsouth line.

Namys political party despite its age its Namysand political partylong despite clans, regional networks, and financial g clans, and regional financial networks, 101

Moreover, the fraction amendedMoreover,fraction thelaw the ru/politics/3023/ - based affiliations, tho affiliations, based - ti Deputatov o Smene Lidera Nedeistvitel‟nym” [Ar Nedeistvitel‟nym” Lidera Smene o Deputatov ti sider another split in sider split another - Namys Party leader is Invalid]. K is Invalid]. Partyleader Namys

ugh the the it triestomaintainsustainable it the Ar Ar - 100 Namysa Namysa - - Ar

Namys follows the Namys However, inhisreaction Namys fractionNamys initiated - Namys On party. roups roups - News Agency. September September Agency. News – -

thirds withthe thirds Nedeistvitel‟no” Nedeistvitel‟no” “On theAr “On - 102 time presencetime on cterized by the -

will bewill

- News Agency. News - Namys Namys - Namys

CEU eTD Collection http://russian.eurasianet.org/node/58466 the to Returned Formation Coalition Over Negotiations 104 http://russian.eurasianet.org/node/58466 2010 8, December the Point] Starting to Returned Formation Coalition Over Negotiations 103 the Ata surprisingly theAtathe Respublica, and SDPK, for many, Respublica party beinganI institutionalizedpolitical force believe. as M (Toraga). against thecandidacyAta of function. Asthe R Respublica, whose leader ofSDPK. partyBabanov out came ideologicallyclose Social partyfellow obvious Atambaev.The most configuration thenwas alliance betw an the thengranted toherform Presidentright party Otunbaeva theaparliamentary to coalition game‟ inside late 2010was essence a inits pact‟? „clan reduced (2006: 5).Onthisbasis,can formationfull extent we thatthecoalition in tothe say

oscow. Trilling, David. David. Trilling, Trilling, David. Trilling,David. - Aftera Otunbaevare failure suchPresident Abruptly,coalition between theabove the Indeed, representedcoalition formation multi thea sophisticated, Jurt partyTashiev that the expressedelectoral Jurt anof hispar leader opinion support 104 103

Again, apolitical party thetoput far ability pressure leaves onthe it from aside According tothestrictresult source, ofthe a steppressure was this ofofficial the Parliament. First, after the proclamation of the final results ofthe ofthe First,the Parliament. finalelection the after results proclamation “Kyrgyzstan: Peregovory o Sozdanii Koalitsii Vernulis‟ k Iskhodnoi Tochke.” Iskhodnoi k Koalitsii Sozdanii Vernulis‟ o Peregovory “Kyrgyzstan: “Kyrgyzstan: Peregovory o Sozdanii Koalitsii Vernulis‟ k Iskhodnoi Tochke.” Iskhodnoi k Koalitsii Sozdanii Vernulis‟ o Peregovory “Kyrgyzstan: leader Babanov. ItBabanov. toform month theleader coalition nearlycomposeda took of espublicawereadmitted, theseexactly party party its thatresisted members

- Democratic Party, theSocialistic PartyAta of - Meken party leader TekebaevMeken leader ofthe party tothe post Speaker

53 Starting Point] December 8, 2010 2010 8, December Point] Starting

- mentioned parties split even not starting parties even split mentioned not to - granted theright tothe a coalition form to

- Jurt. In statements,Jurt. previous his

- - Meken, andMeken, the level „cooperative

[Kyrgyzstan: [Kyrgyzstan: [Kyrgyzstan: [Kyrgyzstan: een een ty ty CEU eTD Collection KyrTag Kyrgyzstan], 106 105 a combination, these t Social ofitspartyambitions leaderclan Babanov, manifested; affiliations withsomewhereas commercial thevas projectwith sponsored withthe purposemaking regional of network money; isa the Respublica regime typeHowever, 2006). (Collins theshowed analysis thattheAta over resources. political parties only unite common interest,by thepresence of which usually isthecontrol particular what confirms Fiacconi statement interview: assertedinhis namely, thatthe grounds,not achievean over simply agreement but the did dis selective onthe notunite ideologicalallow did ustoconclude incentives, that parties in the country,asthe bargaining of well as publicdistribution office, over orinother words that theformationcoalition muchtime tookso ofthe inthewake socio ofthe Tekebaev have of been aswould violation theConstitution. aSpeaker the the seco first case,Ar the later, itconducted withthe Ar both negotiations negotiations form onits support of thepopulation inimplementing policies. its was neededfrom and derived partscountry, a ensure theof southern coalition the toform

Ibraev, Zamir. Ibraev, Ibid. -

Democraticis more consistent history. ideologically Party andIn has opposition long Collins reasonsCollins that clan The canformed 2010.Asit rulingcoalition was onDecember16, be the concluded, nd case, theAta “V Kyrgyzstane Sformirovana Pravyaschaya Koalitsiya” Pravyaschaya Sformirovana Kyrgyzstane “V

- Namys demanded thepostofprime Namys

Kyrgyz Telegraph Agency. December 16, 2010. 16, December Agency. Telegraph Kyrgyz

hree parties gavehree parties called what Gullette a “short ation tookapproximately months.Astheation Respublica party two told - Meken onthe ofspeaker, post insisted re however,

t number ofaimed at businessmen fulfilling political pacts agreements are of irrespective betweenthe clans, 54 -

Namysand the Ata - minister for its party leader Kulov. In forleaderminister party its Kulov. 105

http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=ru/news/2813 tribution ofstatetribution assets. This

[Ruling Coalition formed informed Coalition [Ruling - - Meken parties. In parties.Meken the lived alliance” that - Jurt represents a Jurt 106 -

election ofelection Anyway, thefact - econom ic crisis ic crisis

CEU eTD Collection to the strengthening parliamentary of practices. one cannot newto theof elimination due this form „invisible‟politics alsosay ofpactled that pact. the BasedAta onthe fact that foundations fora ofclan achievingthem.Certainly, waspact, it notthe reaffirmation but and formedgoals ofMinisters, they theCabinet laiddown achieved definitelyor their coalition divided state resources asinthe intervi Akerovevenclaimed expert and oblasts, anyexploits to achievegoals. account connectionsTaking into that thethese parties the under

- Jurt andthe RespublicaJurt are rath 55

er projects than parties, ew, CEU eTD Collection appears depends allinterpretation that onwhichgive meaningIt one can to„clan‟. turned out political and mobilization association for theand pursuance economicgoals. of political the sensepolitical ofmacro trust. the At at the sociological micro isuseful to it politics political a competition, kindofpoliticalBesides, tool. ofthe conceptexploitation of„clan‟ orrather misuse an isits inthe intentional tactics meansand „tribe‟entails kinshi necessarily performance,composition, andmostly institutionalization phase.formative inthe „clan‟and „clan pact‟ holding pluralistic parliamentary electio vacuum, referendum whichadoptedgovernance, form parliamentary thefact of and of ofelimination authoritarian presidential et system, composeto the Parliamentseries dueof as political processesinKyrgyzstan, the such find outwhatI parties essence. in represent attention concentrated onpolitical parties that 2006, Starr 2006). region asserts is thatit presence inthe country ofinformal politics isa to beformed This andassumption tooperate. Kyrgyzstan. CONCLUSION B However, discovering that This study address was and to politics poli clan meant the issues of oth literature review and interviewsoth literaturereview and allowed withexperts metoestablish that „clan‟ My intention wasMy intention tofindout

separate ofclan the notion sociological fromone,because thepolitical as

clans which shape politics and whichshape determineclans politics political dynamics

- analytical tool level isassociatedwith family, „clan‟ village, in „clan‟ anorg isnot s

- ns. That my is, research defined to level, „clan‟ using implies level, anet „clan‟ as

whether „clan‟ for isanorganizing principle parties

assess political parties, including their p ties asthe binding factor. Secondly, 56 that it mightthat it bewa

matter of fact. Indeed, ofmatter fact. t thescholarship on

hnic violence following and the power anizing principle I revealed that order in s built onthegrounds built thatthe

the next stepwas to the next

the concepts of - group loyalty and tical parties in to interpret work for work for the

(Collins (Collins

It he CEU eTD Collection to make why regional money,is model this andexploits networking. fitsthe„sponsorship‟ it p the southern oblasts ofKyrgyzstan main „power brokers‟ ones, thoughways. indifferent „sponsorship‟ model,whereas and Respublica Ar Byinstitutionalization. thegenetic modelof origin, conclude though that clans, these are notbasedstil parties on parliamentaryelection October of 2010 trajectoryKyrgyzstanafter of the re second much more thetask complex, suspected that able to This technique didnot area Usingas thefact usualentails micro that „clan‟ and therest interesta groupsthat play from my interviews artypeopgroup of thereisa

each ofthe fromcountry. contains party natives allthe oblasts I ofparty checkedcomposition ofthose lists the conclude the party that clan is The Ata that,examWith IHowever, assuming continued thatinformalitya signi plays The finding obligatorily „clan‟ entails kinship that

that the , and furtheranalysis criterion, andonthis based became less problematic - Jurt is dominated by is Jurt theso „ social fabric social

that at the political levelarethat these re – show tight concentration of

ination of three parties, Tashiev and Keldibekov more le, who ainterest have vested the partya in as then ‟ prominent role

is much more diverse and the political circumstances and diverse the is muchmore are was what todiscover parties –

Jalal - based and clan andbased –

- Ata Abad Oshoblastsrespectively. and Behindthe utherners, and due tothe two and existence ofthe utherners, gime change inApril2010. - 57 Jurt, Respublica, andJurt, Ar

- formed or revived before or formed just the today level ofthecertain geoglevel village or

- – Namys are „charisma parties

native derives its source of support mainlyderives sourcesupport from its of the - . political parties thatenter oriented. Moreover, oriented. Moreover,

Ata gional economicand networks s fromor one villagerayon to system distinguished between clans - Jurt partyfollows the Jurt l standfar from represent thenrepresent in

f icantAs longI role. as - Namys, allowsmeto

Ihave found out

political project -

oriented‟ Parliament.

for me. the political raphical be

CEU eTD Collection in the city ofOsh certain accuracy onthe restrictions Parliament, substitutive andthusturnorganizations. into the informal „corporategroups‟ and work ones, the formal networks regional within i.e. Kyrgyzstan Andstill complex. andwhereas formal thepolitical circumstances institutions, and diverse are muchmore mandate. themselves as asingle core and referring independently, act of tothe absenceimperative fraction leader Kulov. This shaken fromgroupscreated, the insideby andfactions such torepla ascreated theone H regional balancedthe most terms is concentrations ofthenorth and in strongly chairman its party oriented Kulov.The any towards also doesreveal not tight Babanovthe seriescorruption with. ofscandals associated is It created certa is topursue to establishthat the party acts as„corporate group‟ rather mainsponsorisBabanov. a whose inside thepar leader is InBabanov. owever, the party is the most distinct case distinct owever, the most It partyinterms of cohesion. thelack isthe is ofinternal The Therefore,choice‟„false isindeedbinary it a The Ar The Respublica is „charisma

of northern Talas origin.me search Talas factof made This northern for „coping different strategies‟

openness case ofthe from successful democratizationfrom

its ty and,ty consequently, -

Namysthe oldest one parties political is of is ontheit arena; however, composition, thecomposition, partydominated by be to tends sout in March 2012 in March the great under leveland ofinformality in politico

happens party thatits due tothe fact me

in the sense are thatall parties inpower noneruling ofthecould parties various discussions and discussions various of my conclusions. Thus,at my the conclusions. of - oriented‟ thepro itis because - economicgoals, we if which becomesevident .

58 Using Helmk

(Radnitz 2007) (Radnitz

- eLevitsky‟s & typology (2006), preventsinstitutionalization thorough

win the majority of votes. win themajority ofvotes. ject chairman ofits

municipal elections mbers do notrealize do mbers herners again, herners its but to choose between clans media search media hel - south division. division. south

Iconside red poses

look at ped me ce the ce

held

CEU eTD Collection http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39019 2012. 16, February Foundation. Jamestown The 109 Afghanistan. in societyas itis 108 http://rus.azattyk.org/conten 2012. 4, RFE/RL.March ofService 107 dynamicsfurtherroom for field. leavestudiesinthis Atambaev. with the Ata are“southern asparties” usuallypositioned cleavages.me speculatealso makesparties What thefact way this istwo ofmerging hand, can it “A lead tothe goalsignalactual of presidency the the because institution itwas ofweakening level. This

Kasymalieva, Aida and Marat, Erica. “Kyrgyz Opposition Parties Agree Agree Parties “Kyrgyz Opposition Erica. AidaMarat, and Kasymalieva, deep showthe to in the interview, Akerov termusedbywas The Liderax “Osh: Almas. V Ysman,

signifies the of parties thatnone t of enjoys support 107

On the such onepower a hand, decentralization ofcan be inter 109 - Jurt Jurt

Eventually, intensityparty processes political overall this and of the the –

right

t/kyrgyzstan_osh_election_2012/24504206.html

after and thevictory the „northerner‟ presidentialelections of

fghanizatio

–

Uluttar Birimdigi” [Osh: Uluttar Birimdigi Party Leads]. Azattyk Kyrgyz Leads]. Party UluttarBirimdigi [Osh: UluttarBirimdigi” n” 108

of Kyrgyzstan andof even Kyrgyzstan deeper polit

–

59 the Butunthe KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan) (United

- he population at the nationwidehe populationatthe rooted tribal divisions in the political the political tribal in divisions rooted to Merge Along Regional Lines”. Regional Along Merge to

preted as apositive preted ; onthe oth ico - regional , which er CEU eTD Collection 2010. Set Play ofPoliticalParties Nationalistic Card During Sep Campaign], theElection Razygryvayut Predvybornoy vHode NatsionalisticheskuyuKartu Kampanii” andLewis, Christie Jonathan kyrgyzstan April 27,2010. AHollow“Kyrgyzstan: Regime Collapses”, London: Routledge, 2011 Kim, Youngmi. Oaks, :Sage Calif. 1995 Publications, Hertz, RosannaImber, B. and Jonathan America.from Latin Levitsky,Helmke, Gretchen Stephen. and 20144%20Hale.pdf http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Articles/Regime%20Cycles%20Postco%20p%20138% Eurasia.” Hale, Henry. “RegimePost in Democracy, Cycles: and Autocracy, Revolution “Tribalism”. Gullette, David. UK: Routledge, 2007 Fumagalli, Matteo. UK: Cambridge University Press, 5 2000: Dittmer, University 2006 Press, Kathleen.Collins, 190 Kathleen.Collins, The of Role inCentral Clans Asia. http://pages.st Marginal SternCommunity Contributions.” New oftheUniversity, York January 4,2007. Brandenburger,“Cooperative Adam. Theory: Game Allocations,Functions, Characteristic BOOKS AND ARTICLES B IBLIOGRAPHY

http://russian.eurasianet.org/node/31279 Lowell,Lee,Haruhiro,N.S. (ed.) Fukui and Peter World Politics - a -

hollow Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2010 ern.nyu.edu/~abranden/coop http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central The Politics The Politics The Gen Clans Asia.Clans andRegime inCentral Politics Transition

Informal Ethnopolitics andLocal Ethnopolitics Figures Authority inOsh,Kyrgyzstan. Informal - Baltimore: John HopkinsUniversityBaltimore: John 2006 Press,

regime

58, 2005:133 ealogical Construction ofealogical State, Construction and theKyrgyz Republic: Kinship,

- - of Coalition inKorea: Between andCulture. Institutions collapses.aspx Miller, Alexander.Miller,

- 65 (143 Studying Elites Using QualitativeMethods. Studying Elites

Informal Ins Informal - 01

International Group,Asia Crisis Briefing - 60

04 -

44) “Kyrgyzstan: Ryad“Kyrgyzstan: Politicheskih Partiy - 07.pdf Comparative Politics, titutions and Democracy: and titutions Lessons

Informal Politics in East Asia. inEast Informal Politics - asia/kyrgyzstan/B102

USA: Cambridge

35:2, 2003: 171 35:2, 2003:

[Kyrgyzstan: A - soviet tember 15, Thousand

№ 102 -

- . CEU eTD Collection namys http The Ar http://www.silkro Asia Starr, Frederi Misrepresentations NomadicInner of Asia. Sneath, David. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64729 Schenkkah, Nate. Seattle, University Wash. : 2004 ofWashingtonPress, Edward.Schatz, Mair, Peter). University Oxford UK: Sartori, Giovanni.“A Typology ofParty Systems.” Asia. Ra Endowment for HopkinsUniversity Democracyand 2006:133 17:2. theJohn Press, Scott. Radnitz, 497 Kathleen. 2007: Politics, The of Review Scott. Radnitz, Review and RegimeTransition ofClanPolitics Central in Asia by Collins, Press, 1998. Panebianco, Angelo. Interviews inThree ofElites.” Studies Ostrander, toBe“Surely Just Not inThis Rapport, SusanA.Helpful: and You‟re Access, http://www.osce.org/odihr/75003 Parliamentary October Elections OSCE/ODIHR Dece Final 10,2010.” Report, OfficeOSCE DemocraticInstitutions for andHuman Rights. “Kyrgyz Republic: http://www.tazar.kg/news.php?i=2523 Tribes and Central Clans in Asia Olenev, “Rossiyskiy Maksim. Who: is iKlany KtoEst‟Kto:Rody [Who Azii” Srednei LSENationalism.” StatesResearch Crisis Working(2), Paper 79September Center 2010 Matveeva, “Kyrg Anna. Politics Lilleker, Darren“Interviewing G. Navigating Elite: Political a Minefield.” Potential the dnitz, Scott. dnitz, ://

– Ithaca: 2010. CornellUniversity Press, kyrgyzstan

/ Caucasus Silk RoadCaucasus Silk Studies Institute, -

Namys political partyInternational The for CarnegieEndowment background. Peace. 23 (3), 2003: 207

ck “Clans, Authoritarian S. Parliaments Central Rulers,and in Asia.”

The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, & State: Aristocratic Society,The Headless Orders, Kinship “What Happened Really inKyrgyzstan.” WeaponsWealthy:of the Regimes Predatory andElite . in thePower Politics: KazakhstanClan of“Blood” Modern andBeyond. carnegieendowment adstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0605Starr_Clans.pdf “New Coalition Redraws Kyrgyzstan‟s Coalition “New Political Map.” Political Parties: OrganizationPolitical andPower. yzstan in Crisis: Permanent andthe Revolution Curse of - 214 .

]. December2006. ]. 11,

Press, 1990: 316 1990: Press, . org

Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Journal of

/2010/09/

New York: Columbia UniversityYork: Columbia New Press, 2007

- Silk Silk Road Paper, 2006 June 500 61

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20452916 background The WestThe System European Party - . 49

Journal ofDemocracy.Journal National .

- on UK: CambridgeUniversity - the - - led Protests in Central Central Protests in led political December 17, 2011 ,

mber 202010. mber - 1993: 22:7 party Central Central - 46 - (by ar

. -

. .

CEU eTD Collection 23, 2012. ToTheirin Power Distribute Posts R Akmat Aidanbek uulu, September Partiy” Akerov, Tabyldy MEDIA http://m.rg.ru/2011/04/22/apk.html Yons, Yuri. April 22,2011 “Opasnye Svyazi.” Connections] [Dangerous DecemberPoint] 8,2010 Tochke.” Trilling, David. New http Summary Henry. 8,2010. chaired George University, byApril Hale, The Washington International of The School Elliott inKyrgyzstan?” Revolution Color Affairs. “NewEvent http:// The Social Theparty Respublica political official website. http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/Eje CommitteeStatistic ofthe Kyrgyz Republic. The Ethnic Composition ofKyrgyz thepopulation of the year Republic by the 2011. National The Kyrgyz Jogorku Kenesh ofthe Republic. _and_rankings http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/17/2011_failed_states_index_intera IndexThe Failed 20 States of theKyrgyzThe Constitution June Republic 27,2010. from 25, 2011. The T http://www.akipress.org/party/news:3701 The Ata he Ata

:// Code ofcorruption schemesII. Analytical inthe KyrgyzPart Republic. Report, February _ Color www www.sdpk.kg [Only Four [Only - -

Meken political party politicalMeken official website. PartyCandidatesListof JogorkuJurt toDeputiesKenesh. of

[Kyrgyzstan: Formation NegotiationsCoalition the Starting Over Returned to http://rus.azattyk.org/content/kyrgzystan_re http://www.polit.kg/upload/files/corup_shemi.pdf

- 7, 2010. . Democratic Kyrgyzstan Partypolitical of party website. official _ gwu Revolution

“Kyrgyzstan: Peregovory Vernulis‟ Koalitsii k oSozdanii “Kyrgyzstan: Iskhodnoi . edu .

“V ParlamentKyrgyzstana Popast‟ Vsego Mogut Lish‟ Chetyre - Five Parties CanEnter inKyrgy Five Parliament

http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1283806020 /~ ieresgwu .

_ “Partii Vlasti Razdayut Vlasti “Partii Dolzhn in http://russian.eurasianet.org/node/58466 11 _ Kyrgyzstan

–

/ Interactive Ranking Map and assets

godnik/Population/demo%209.pdf elatives], Azattykelatives], Kyrgyz Service RFE/RL. of March / docs . pdf

SUMMARY 62 http://www.kenesh.kg http://www.republic.kg http://www.atameken.kg

spublic/24524924.html osti osti Sv -

. oim Rodstvennikam”oim [Parties Foreign Policy Magazine.Foreign Policy http://shailoo.gov.kg zstan]. Centrasia.ru.zstan].

ctive_map Pyat‟

CEU eTD Collection 2010. LukeHarding, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/13/kyrgyzstan Harding, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/08/kyrgyzstan Bakiyev”. April The8,2010. Guardian. Luke.Harding,“Kyrgyzstan Looted CapitalBloodied, and Chaot http://www.knews.kg/ru/politics/3023/ Invalid],Leader K [Ar “Fraktsiya Ar =article&id=143&catid=9&lang=en http://www.akshumkar.kg/index.php/en/component/fl/index.php?option=com_content&view political party [ IvanDonis, http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/5414 KyrTagDecision toEnter theCoalition], Kyrgyz April Ruling Telegraph15,2011. Agency. ParlamentskogoBol‟shinstva” Deputies [Ten fro “Desyat‟Fraktsii „ArDeputatov http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1305548280 Centrasia.ru.Babanov Post]. 16,2011. May toHis Returned Post” Svoi Find[Deputies Didnot Anything First Compromising. Vice “DeputatyNakopali Pervyi ne Kompromata. Vice News 2011. Agency. March 14, “Criminal Case 2011. Around MegaCom Company Kompanii MegaCom BolotbekGulnara Kyzy, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/kyrgyzstan_etemuratov/24546702.html Babanov Beishenbek Kyzy, Eleonora http://www.akipress.org/party/news:4071 ThoseOmurbek Wishing toMeet Tekebaev]. Omurbekom Tekebaevym” “ Valentin Bogatyrev: Coalition The “Ata - NamysFraction Recognized the - http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/27/kyrgyzstan http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/4469 Meken”: “Stadiony Osha I “StadionyVseh Vmestili Zhelayuschih Meken”: Osha Talasa sTrudom Vstretit‟sya s Luke Discussingwith Utemuratov .

“Valentin Bogatyrev:“Valentin Pravitel‟stvo Koalitsionnoe

- . . web Namys Reshenie Priznala 15

“Kyrgyzstan Holds Referendum Amid Civil Fears”,“Kyrgyzstan Civil Holds Referendum Amid The 27, Guardian. June “KyrgyzstanIn Erupts on Former Top - - News Agency.News site – . October. 21,2010.

Keldibekov” NotHaveAny theSituation [Babanov Does Relation to .

“Babanov Ne Imeet“Babanov Ne Otnosheniya Vokrug Nikakogo kSituatsii

[Stadiums ofOsh and Talas[Stadiums C .

“O Chem Govoril Babanov“O sUtemuratovym?” Chem Govoril –

- Keldibekov], KyrTagKyrgyz Agency. March Telegraph 9, Managers of MegaCom Closed inKyrgyzstan”, Closed MegaCom ManagersLenta.ru of - http://lenta.ru/news/2011/0 Namys” Ob‟yavili o Reshenii Voiti vSostav oReshenii Voiti Namys” Ob‟yavili Koalitsii September September

Government Would Not Exist Long] NotExist GovernmentWould

De ?], Azatty ?], to Civil War”, Theto Civil Guardian.

cision of Fifteencision of on Deputies

- ti Deputatov oSmene Deputatov ti Nedeistvitel‟nym” Lidera

63 14, 2011. 14, AKIPress News Agency. Se k

m Ar m

Kyrgyz Service ofR - Premier Babanov Kirgizii Vernulsya na

- Namys FractionNamys - - ities Hardlities erupts revolt 3/14/close/_Printed.htm Prosuschestvuet Nedolgo” - - - referendum ic AfterOverthrow of over into

June 13,2010. June y All Accommodated

- the Removal of its the - ethnic FE/RL. April 13,2012. kurmanbek - Announced Prime Minister Prime , Akshumkar ptember

- - [What Was [What Was civil war

- -

war bakiyev 16, 2010.

the - fears

CEU eTD Collection 2103990.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world Lillis, Joanna. http://enews.fergananews.com/article.ph Information FerghanaTime Politics”. Agency. January 19,2005. “Lea http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/72409 ofDemocracy”.Consolidation OSCE/ODIHR Press “Kyrgyzstan‟s Parliamentary Pluralistic and Vibrant Further Elections Constitute http://enews.fergananews.com/news.php?id=1609&mode=snews Gourevich”.InformationFerghana Agency. 10,2010. March “Kyrgyzstan: FinancialIts Denies With Eugene Government Consultant Cooperation The News Agency. offers 2010 “Kyrgyzstan OffersChance” Allies Coalition President newspaper. March 29,2011. [Neo Kutmanov, Kubat no zayavlenii from Ar Vyletet‟ Podumav, IzNo Gnezda, Vozvratilis‟” oZayavlenii“Kulov Desyati Deputatov otAr http RegionalLines”. Kasymalieva,Marat, Partiesand Agree “Kyrgyz AidaErica. Merge Opposition to Along http://www.fergananews.com/article.php?id=6728 Split]. Would UzbeksorTurksRussians, SayAre Kyrgyz thatThey to Them Equal orAbove Oni Ivaschenko, Ekaterina http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2587 “InevitableInformationFamily inKyrgyzstan”. Rule Ferghana Agency. November 6,2009. http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=ru/news/2813 formed KyrTag inKyrgyzstan], KyrgyzAgency. Telegraph Ibraev,Zamir “Kyrgyzstan PartiesFive inParliament toHave - podumav :// – ders ofders thePost . -

- nazis www http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=kyrgyzstan Ili NaravneIh, Vyshe sKirgizami allies - Namys], Kant.kgNamys], web - 10 . – - jamestown - coalition

vozvratilis/ Who AreWho They?D Why is“Tashism” - .

Fer

deputatov “Natio “V Kyrgyzstane Sformirovana Pravyaschaya Kyrgyzstane “V Koalitsiya” October

The Jamestown Foundation.The Jamestown February 16,2012. ghanaInformation Agency. .

“Neonatsisty “Neonatsisty - soviet Countries Actively Countries Careerssoviet Their inBig Promote of Children nalists Top Poll inKyrgyzstan”. TopPoll nalists Independent. The October - . chance

“Kamchibek Tashiev: “Esli Russkie, Uzbeki Russkie, ili Chto TurkiSkazhut, “Kamchibek “Esli Tashiev: org 11, 2010. 11, -

ot / - single ar http://www.presskg.com/el_s/11/0329_5.ht - - 2010 namys - site. June 24,2011. site. June – /? http://en.rian.ru/world/20101011/160916867.html

Kto O Kto - no 11 - _ ne - cache 12

- p?id=766&print=1 ni? Chem vKyrgyzstane?” Opasen “Tashism” - operivshiesya

Gosudarstvo Razvlaitsya”Gosudarstvo /europe/nationalists

=1& - September 16,2010. September 64 Namys:

[Kulov aboutthestatement of tendeputies

– tx

Central Election Committee”, RIA Novosti angerous in Kyrgyzstan?] El onlineangerousSozu inKyrgyzstan?]

_ http://kant.kg/2011 - ttnews release. 11, October 2010.

Ne operivshiesya Ptency Popytalis‟ Ne operivshiesyaPtency Popytalis‟ - . HurriyetDaily News. ptency %5

December December - Btt - top popytalis

_ - news

poll [Kamchybek Tashiev: If Tashiev:[Kamchybek - - 16, 2010. 16, 06 %5 in

m - [Ruling Coalition Coalition [Ruling vyletet - -

kyrgyzstan 24/kulov D =39019

December – -

iz 12

State - - president , 2010. gnezda -

o - -

- , -

CEU eTD Collection http://www.kginform.com/ru/news/20100920/01410.html SpecialPerson] Inform Project, KG web “Potentsial‟nyhIzbrannikovZnat‟ Nado KnowPotentialLico!” Deputies [One Should in v 2010. “Popytka Koalitsiyu Sformirovat‟ Agency. 16,2012. April Podolskaya,and Aizada DaryaKutueva, Centrasia website. Podolskaya,and Darya _Turbulent_Events/2154527.html http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyzstan_Prepares_To_Hold_Parliamentary_Elections_After Events”. Pannier, Bruce Bishkek‟sBow”. Orozobekova, Cholpon http://www.centrasia.ru Babanovcreated more one political party inKyrgyzstan],web Centrasia Esche“OmurbekBabanov vKirgizii OdnuPoliticheskuyu Sozdal [Omurbek Partiyu” parliament International Peace. “New Kyrgyz Represents Parliament of theElectorate Fraction referendum 28, 2010. “New toEstablish Parliame Constitution v_bazar_gde_delaetsya_biznes_po_torgovle_golosami/ http://www.gezitter.org/interviews/10938_takerov_politolog_deputatyi_prevratili_parlament_ on Trading Votes]. Torgovle Golosami” Musabekova,Burul bloodshed http Alleged 20,2010. Telephone Conversation”. June Telegraph. The Meo, Nick andRichard. Orange, “KyrgyzstanBloodshed: Princeling Bakiyev Maxim and the I Nedeistvitel‟no” Makenov, Adilet nvalid]. K nvalid]. :// www http://www.interfa

RFE/RL. http - - - Princeling . represents - News Agency. telegraph parliamentary :// .

www “Kyrgyzstan Prepares“Kyrgyzstan Elections After Parliamentary toHold .

[Feliks Kulov: My[Feliks Kulov: thepostof removalfrom

Eurasianet.org. March 14,2011. Eurasianet.org. March “Feliks Kulov: Moe Smeschenie s Dolzhnosti Lidera Ar Kulov: Lidera Moe“Feliks sDolzhnosti Smeschenie September November Ayat Newspaper.Ayat May 3,2012. .

“Deputaty Prevratili “Deputaty . - . [Deputies Turned Bazaar into They theParliament Where - ttp co france Maxim fraction . /newsA.php?st=1277905860 Kutueva, Aizada Kutueva,

. :// “Kyrgyzstan: over Riled Nationalization, Moscow, F x.ru/politics/txt.asp?id=167724 http://eng.24.kg/politic/2012/04/16/23870.html?print=yes uk - kyrgyzstan democracy Septem / news 24. -

13, 2010. 10, 2010. - Bakiyev of com - /

” [Attempt to Form to ” [Attempt the Coalition]. worldnews the ber / en - .

electorate carnegieendowment 13, 2011. - /20100627 and http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1289644980 - . . ntary Democracy”. FranceAgency. 24News June

site. “Kyrgyzstan: PartiesBelong“Kyrgyzstan: toClans” 24.kg News “Mandaty Parlament Biznespo vBazar, Gde Delaetsya - the / asia 65 September - / alleged

http://www.knews.kg/ru/politics/2955/%20 - / kyrgyzstan kyrgyz http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63068

–

Kochevniki” [Mandates Kochevniki” [Mandates -

phone

- 20, 2010.

adopt . org /7840582/ the Ar - /2010/11/ conversation ”. - new

Carnegie Endowment forCarnegie -

- Interfax. December 4, Namys Party leader is Namys constitution Kyrgyzstan new - site. June 30,2010. June site. - Namysa . - html

kyrgyz Turbulent ires Across Shot –

Do Business

Nomads], Nomads], -

- – -

CEU eTD Collection http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/7394 onNationalCommittee Security]. Record[The Babanov Bakiev isFake Conversationand ofthe Between Maxim Phone “Zapis‟ Telefonnogo Razgovora Babanova sM.Bakiyevym Fal‟shivkoi Priznana http://rus.azattyk.org/content/kyrgyz Azattyk Kyrgyz Serviceof RFE/RL. Ysman, http://www.azattyk.org/content/Kyrgyzstan__Ata_Meken_opposition/2004398.html ar “V KyrgyzstaneZaderjanie Oppozitsionnyh Provoditsya Politikov” http://ktrk.kg/rus/index.php?newsid=4321 Tra Was 2010. Tynan,Deirdre February Threatens Oblast]. MassProtestsinChui toOrganize Massovyh Oblasti” vChuiskoi Aktsiy Turusbekova, Jyldyz The Electoral Network Knowledge http://members.vb.kg/2010/10/27/panorama/3_print.html Temir, Elvira “Kto na http://vz.ru/news/2010/4/16/393564.html Village Bakiev] of o_parlamentarizma_ne_doprygnyli.htm http://www.vb.kg/news/politics/2012/01/31/177347_shirin_aytmatova_ot_semeystvennosti_d newspaper. FromAitmatova: Failed We Nepotism to toJump Parliamentarism], VechernyBishkek ices.org/russian/publications/textid:8 International Center for Expert Electoral Systems. Rasov, Sergey http://www.kginform.com/ru/news/20101113/01813.html PressInform Review,website. KG “V 2005 Godu Za“V 2005Godu Ves‟ vKyrgyzstane Mir” Sobytiyami Sledil “Specnaz OtsepilRodovoe Selo Bakieva” “Shirin Aitmatova: OtSemeistvennosti doParlamentarizma ne Doprygnuli” e being inKyrgyzstan]. detained http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61297 Almas cking

3, 2012. January 31, 2012. January 31,2012. . the Events inKyrgyzstan].the Events KyrgyzTeleradio Corporation. .

“Respublica Sozdal

“ “Maxim B “Maxim Osh: V Liderax Osh: V http://www.kyrtag.kg/?q=news/16013 , Vzglyad 16,2010. April newspaper. .

“Deputat TashievPremiera Trebuet Otstavki iUgrozhaet Organizatsiey Kogo Zapal?” [Who Is [Who Zapal?” VecherniyKogo Whom?]. newspaper. With Bishkek akiyev Taken Into Custody in Britain?”. Eurasianet.org.Britain?”. Intoakiyev in Taken 14, Custody June

–

KyrTag Kyrgyz TelegraphKyrTag21, 2011. KyrgyzAgency. June

. Kyrgyz Service ofRFE/RL.KyrgyzApril 7,2010. Service Uluttar Birimdigi” [Osh: a Koalitsiyu” [R November http://aceproject.org/ace stan_osh_election_2012/24504206.html

678/ March 4, 2012. March 4,2012.

[MP TashievInsists[MP and PM the Resign of on l

[ Special ForcesSpecial Off Cordoned

13, 2010. 13,

December espublica Formed Coalition]. the

Kyrtag Kyrgyz Telegraph Agency.

- Uluttar Birimdigi Party Leads].Uluttar Birimdigi Party en/topics/pc/pca/pca01/pca01a 17, 2010.

[ In World Whole 2005the

[ Opposition PoliticiansOpposition http://www.elections March 23,2012. the Ancestral

[Shirin [Shirin –

SCNS” SCNS”

–

State

- CEU eTD Collection Respondents tohistorians/politicalQuestions experts topartyQuestions elites Semi APPENDIX 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 9. 8. -

structured topicguide structured

Head ofSocial HeadAta of HeadAr of Erk expert; TabyldyAkerov Independence”; of theTimesAsia,“Kyrgyzstan ofCentralauthor of GiorgioF History,of DirectorAzattyk former Kyrgyz Service ofRFE/RL; Tynchtykbek Chorotegin expert; BakytBaketaev Dosaly Esenaliev yes,youIfIf were couldwhat pleaseprecise it. not,why, thelimitations? introducti youHow do there was think, any formation andperformance ofparties youconstituencies), clans affect ofinformality) (orform whatevercould do think the If nochanges intheelectoral law (deputiesclosely are chosen attached tosmall To whatdoes informality extent play doparliamentaryWhat par yes,If why? no, why Are basedaffiliations? parliamentary onclan parties (stronglylocations ofclans? needed) you Could detailed provide ofthe medocumented geographical with composition To whatdothey extent overlap? regionalis is What is What yourin promoting political agenda? Beyondyouactivity parliamentary do the assess of fractions,theactivity how ofparty yourDoes How? partywork actively in the regions? your of thesize is What your is What agenda? ideological thepolitical is platformWhat your of party? youDo electorate? specific have How didthe recruitment ofparty members occur? form wasWhat to themotivation the party? your wasWhen party formed? in Bayamanov

clan? on of theparliamentarygovernance form of iacconi - Namys Parliamentary FractionNamys Secretariat; Parliamentary - Meken Parliamentary Fraction Secretariat; ParliamentaryMeken

- Democratic PartyDemocratic Kyrgyzstan Parliamentary of Fraction Secretar – – –

– m?

former Director of the Corruption Prevention Director Service,former Corruption of political the –

Professor at the International at the Kyrgyzstan,Professor Universitypolitical of

Consular HonoraryItaly of ofthe Republic inKyrgyzstan, founder Head ofthe RespublicaHead political party executiv

Head ofthe Ata Head

? party?

– ties represent then?

President atKyrgyzHistoryDoctor of Society, Professor,

How would youHow would describe it?

institutional breakaway, achievement with the breakaway,achievementinstitutional with

Jurt Parliamentary Secretariat;Jurt Fraction a rolea in to greater extent 67

Parliament?

– ?

Twenty Years of

e committee;

iat.