DOCSLIB.ORG

Fast and Partitioned Postglacial Rebound of Southwestern Iceland Guillaume Biessy, Olivier Dauteuil, Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fast and Partitioned Postglacial Rebound of Southwestern Iceland Guillaume Biessy, Olivier Dauteuil, Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, A Fast and partitioned postglacial rebound of southwestern Iceland Guillaume Biessy, Olivier Dauteuil, Brigitte van Vliet-Lanoë, A. Wayolle To cite this version: Guillaume Biessy, Olivier Dauteuil, Brigitte van Vliet-Lanoë, A. Wayolle. Fast and partitioned post- glacial rebound of southwestern Iceland. Tectonics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2008, 27 (3), pp.TC3002. 10.1029/2007TC002177. insu-00286999 HAL Id: insu-00286999 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00286999 Submitted on 29 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. TECTONICS, VOL. 27, TC3002, doi:10.1029/2007TC002177, 2008 Fast and partitioned postglacial rebound of southwestern Iceland G. Biessy,1 O. Dauteuil,1 B. Van Vliet-Lanoe¨,2 and A. Wayolle2 Received 24 June 2007; revised 11 January 2008; accepted 15 February 2008; published 9 May 2008. [1] Located both on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and postglacial rebound of southwestern Iceland, Tectonics, 27, above a mantle plume, Iceland is subject to horizontal TC3002, doi:10.1029/2007TC002177. and vertical motions. Many studies described these deformations in terms of rifting episodes that have combined both extensional tectonics and magmatism. 1. Introduction However, few studies have described the glacio- [2] In Iceland, the conjunction of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge isostatic response induced by the retreat of the and a mantle plume creates intense tectonic and magmatic Weichselian ice cap. The melting of this ice cap activities. These combined processes lead to deformation induced a postglacial rebound for the whole of Iceland with large horizontal and vertical components. Horizontal that may be controlled by the geodynamic setting and motions are mainly induced by the divergence between the the rheological layering of the lithosphere. This study North American and European plates, trending at N110°E with a half spreading rate of 0.9 cm/a [DeMets et al., 1994]. is devoted to (1) understanding the Holocene rebound However, single rifting events generate higher strain rates on the southwestern coast and (2) estimating the that may reach tens of centimeters to meters per year asthenosphere viscosity and depth beneath Iceland. [Gudmundsson et al., 1999; Zobin, 1999; Dauteuil et al., Two stages of holocene evolution were determined by 2001; Bellou et al., 2005]. Whereas the origin of the means of GPS profiles, morphological observations, horizontal motions is well established, vertical motions and data compilation. The first stage corresponds to a result from multiple processes [Dauteuil et al., 2005], such vertical uplift of 67.5 to 157.5 m. It started at 10,000 as glacio-isostasy, regional tilting, transform zones, hot spot years BP and ended at 8500 years BP implying uplift doming, deep intrusion or volcanism. Each process has its rates between 4.5 and 10.5 cm/a. It was a quick own characteristic wavelength (meters to hundreds of kilo- isostatic response to the fast ice retreat. The second meters), rate (mm/a to m/a) and displacement amount (cm to stage had vertical motion of tens of meters with a hundreds of meters). The present analysis on the postglacial rebound, which occurred after the retreat of the last Weich- probable tectonic origin and started at 8500 years BP. selian ice cap on Iceland, was the major aim of this study. The uplift rate is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude slower This rebound was poorly studied because it was assumed to than the one during the first stage. Uplift partitioning have a small vertical component compared to the tectonic during the first stage was controlled by the thermal and magmatic processes. state of the lithosphere, the highest geothermal flux [3] The Icelandic plateau underwent several glaciations inducing the maximum uplift rates. The relaxation during the Quaternary. According to Einarsson and Albertsson time for uplift provides a viscosity estimate of 5.4– [1988], 15–23 glaciations affected Iceland during the past 5.8 Â 1019 Pa s for the asthenosphere. This value is three million years, including the last one, the Weichselian similar to those determined for glacial areas in glaciation ended at 9000 years BP. During a glacial stage, different continental contexts. However, the flexural the ice sheet increases the vertical loading of the lithosphere wavelength indicates a shallower asthenosphere than and leads to a subsidence of the bedrock surface, controlled by both the lithosphere elasticity and the asthenosphere that occurring in continental domains. Therefore this viscosity [Stewart et al., 2000]. A rough estimate shows that study highlights a coupling between the thermal the island subsides 300 m under an ice sheet 1000 m thick. structure of the Icelandic asthenosphere and the During the deglaciation, the retreat of the ice cap unloads glacial rebound. Citation: Biessy, G., O. Dauteuil, B. Van the basement and induces an uplift of Iceland with a Vliet-Lanoe¨, and A. Wayolle (2008), Fast and partitioned complex pattern: the quick decrease of the vertical stresses generates an elastic rebound with basement uplift, faulting and seismicity. In such a context, the horizontal stresses are gradually relaxed by the viscoelastic return flow of the mantle material [Stewart et al., 2000]. Furthermore, the high geothermal gradient due to the geodynamic pattern of Ice- 1Ge´osciences Rennes, UMR 6118 CNRS, Universite´ de Rennes 1, land induces a thin lithosphere [Bourgeois, 2000] and a Rennes, France. 2 mantle viscosity at shallow depths that is smaller than in a Processus et Bilan des Domaines Se´dimentaires, UMR 8110 CNRS, Universite´ de Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France. normal continental context. This raises a question: does the specific Icelandic context emphasize the glacial rebound? Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union. While horizontal deformation has been widely studied in 0278-7407/08/2007TC002177 TC3002 1of18 TC3002 BIESSY ET AL.: POST-GLACIAL REBOUND IN ICELAND TC3002 Figure 1. Geological setting of Iceland [Johannesson and Saemundsson, 1998]. Iceland lies at the junction between the Reykjanes Ridge in the southwest, the Kolbeinsey Ridge in the north, and a hot spot, whose apex is located under the Vatnajo¨kull ice cap. Current tectono-volcanic activity occurs in the Neovolcanic Zone, composed of three main segments, the Northern (NVZ), Western (WVZ), and Eastern (EVZ) Volcanic Zones. The Snaefellsjo¨kull peninsula (SnVFZ), Ho¨fsjo¨kull (HFVZ) and O¨ raefajo¨kull- Snaefell (OSnVFZ) flanck zones are also active. SISZ, South Iceland Seismic Zone; TFZ, Tjo¨rnes Fracture Zone. Iceland, the vertical motions were not so intensively stud- due to the plume [Kaban et al., 2002]. In Iceland, there is a ied. The purpose of this paper is to determine uplift rates on consensus that crustal thickness varies from about 40 km the southwestern coast of Iceland and its spatial variations. under Vatnajo¨kull to less than 20 km under the northern part To determine the rebound pattern, we focused on (1) field of the North Volcanic Zone and the Reykjanes Peninsula work based on a detailed mapping of coastal surfaces with [Menke et al., 1998; Darbyshire et al., 2000; Kaban et al., high-resolution GPS, (2) analysis of geological and geo- 2002; Foulger et al., 2003]. The extensional processes are morphologic data, and (3) estimate of vertical motions controlled by rift jumps that are largely emphasized by including eustatic variations since the Last Glacial Maxi- magma supply [Helgason, 1984, 1985; Garcia et al., 2003] mum. These uplift rates allowed us to determine a mean and a succession of volcanic roll-overs [Bourgeois et al., viscosity for the Icelandic asthenosphere. 2005]. [5] The build-up of the Icelandic plateau began 25 Ma ago. The present direction of divergence between the North 2. Geological Setting American and Eurasian plates is N110°E with a half 2.1. Geodynamic Framework spreading rate of 0.9 cm/a [DeMets et al., 1994]. Nowadays the crustal accretion connecting the ridges of Reykjanes and [4] The Iceland Plateau and the Greenland-Faeroe Ridge Kolbeinsey crosses Iceland from the southwest to the north are conspicuous bathymetric features in the NE Atlantic inside the Neovolcanic Zone. This area covered by inter- Ocean (Figure 1). These shallow areas have an anomalously glacial to subglacial volcanic formations younger than thick oceanic crust resulting from a high magmatic supply 2of18 TC3002 BIESSY ET AL.: POST-GLACIAL REBOUND IN ICELAND TC3002 Figure 2. Models of processes generating vertical motions in Iceland (modified from Dauteuil et al. [2005]). See text for further explanations. 800 ka is subdivided into three rift systems: the Western result from subglacial volcanic eruptions or ruptured ice- Volcanic Zone (WVZ) that extends from the Reykjanes dammed lakes (joku¨lhlaup). Thus, they are located down- peninsula to the Langjo¨kull glacier, the Eastern Volcanic stream of ice caps, often in the vicinity of an active volcanic Zone (EVZ) from the Vestmann Islands to the Vatnajo¨kull zone. A strandflat is a coastal platform common to mid to glacier, and the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) from the high latitudes and of variable extent [Van Vliet-Lanoe¨, Vatnajo¨kull glacier to the northern coast of Iceland (Figure 1). 2005]. These surfaces are quite extensive along the northern The external zone located on both sides of the Neovolcanic Atlantic [Guilcher et al., 1994]. The processes responsible Zone is made up of basalt lava flows emplaced from 16 Ma for their formation are still debated: marine abrasion, glacial to 800 ka [Saemundsson, 1978, 1979].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Itinerary - South Coast Adventure - 7 Days
    Itinerary - South Coast Adventure - 7 Days DAY 1: REYKJAVÍK AND THE GOLDEN CIRCLE Get ready for a busy day! Today, you will see some of the most popular tourist attractions in the whole of Iceland. Leave Reykjavík and visit Gljúfrasteinn, the home of the most famous Icelandic novelist and Nobel- prize winner, Halldór Laxness, before reaching Þingvellir National Park. The park is not only home to the most important place in Icelandic history, where one of the world's oldest parliaments was founded in 930, but also Iceland's largest natural lake and a lava field, situated right on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and 1 North American tectonic plates are moving apart. At Þingvellir you can walk through parts of the ridge. Carry on through the town of Laugarvatn, with a pretty lake baring the same name. Next up, it's the hot spring area of Geysir, including the very active geyser Strokkur, erupting every 5 to 10 minutes. Spend time walking along the paths and looking at the different geothermal phenomena. Carry on to the beautiful Gullfoss waterfall or the "Golden Waterfall". 32 m high and 250 m wide, the water falls into a 70 m deep gorge, allowing for breathtaking views from different viewpoints. Finish the day with a visit to Skálholt church and archaeological remains, one of Iceland’s places of special historical interest. DAY 2: THE ÞJÓRSÁRDALUR VALLEY, HYDROPOWER, AND VIKING SETTLERS Iceland is known for its hydroelectric power, and today you get a chance to check out one of the country's impressive power plant stations in the river Þjórsá, which has a visitor centre open during the summer months.
    [Show full text]
  • BIRDS of ICELAND the Acquisition O F As Many Egg - Shells of Rare Birds As
    MANU AL OF THE BIRDS OF ICELAN D r n N AB E i ur h P inte d T. a d A S d nb g : b y . CO T LE F OR A I D D O L A S D V U G . N N SI PKIN ARS A A I N LO DO M , M H LL , H M LTO , K N AN CO E T D . LTD . CA BRI G AC I AN AN B W S M D E M M LL D O E . G AS G W J A S M L EH OS E AN S NS L O ME AC D O . M A N U A L OF THE BI RD S OF I CELAND F Z . E RY . SLATER M A . S H N H , . , ’ MEMBER O F THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOG ISTS UNION AN R C R OF RN AUG N R AN S D E TO THO H H , O TH T E DI NBURGH V D G DA ID OU LAS, CASTLE STREET 1 90 1 C O N T E N T S T U TI IN ROD C ON , C OS AS T TH A T I L E SE ON AC OF E L H NG , I TS A I R U I ATI H N ON ICEL ND C P ON NC ON , I B IO P H B L GRA Y , BI RDS OF ICELAND " INDE , I L L U S T R A T I O N S ’ A COM PARISON OF THE HEADS OF BARROW S G OLDEN EYE AND COMM G E YE a fte r 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Variability of Dust Events in Iceland (1949--2011)
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 17331–17358, 2014 www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/17331/2014/ doi:10.5194/acpd-14-17331-2014 ACPD © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 14, 17331–17358, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Atmospheric Chemistry Long-term variability and Physics (ACP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ACP if available. of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011) Long-term variability of dust events in P. Dagsson- Waldhauserova Iceland (1949–2011) et al. P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova1,2, O. Arnalds1, and H. Olafsson2,3,4 Title Page 1Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, Iceland 2University of Iceland, Department of Physics, Reykjavík, Iceland Abstract Introduction 3Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík, Iceland Conclusions References 4Bergen School of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Tables Figures Received: 26 May 2014 – Accepted: 18 June 2014 – Published: 27 June 2014 Correspondence to: P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova ([email protected]) J I Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 17331 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract ACPD Long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the south- ern part of Iceland and merged with results obtained from the Northeast Iceland 14, 17331–17358, 2014 (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on av- 5 erage occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Variability of Dust Events in Iceland (1949-2011)
    1 Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949-2011) 2 3 P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova 1, 2 , O. Arnalds 1, and H. Olafsson 2, 3, 4 4 [1]{Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, Iceland} 5 [2]{University of Iceland, Department of Physics, Reykjavík, Iceland} 6 [3]{Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík, Iceland} 7 [4]{Bergen School of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway} 8 Correspondence to: P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova ([email protected]) 9 10 Abstract 11 Long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part 12 of Iceland and merged with results obtained from the Northeast Iceland (Dagsson- 13 Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in 14 Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations . However, 15 frequent volcanic eruptions with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze 16 increased the number of dust events fourfold. Including such codes (04-06) into the criteria 17 for dust observations, the frequency was 135 dust days annually. The position of the Icelandic 18 low determined whether dust events occurred in NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in southern 19 part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The most dust-frequent decade in S Iceland was 20 the 1960s while the most frequent decade in NE Iceland was the 2000s. A total of 32 severe 21 dust storms (visibility < 500 m) was observed in Iceland with the highest frequency during the 22 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm , occurring 23 during summer/autumn (May–September) and during mild SW winds, while the Sub-Arctic 24 dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (March–May) and 25 during strong NE winds.
    [Show full text]
  • Floods in the Ölfusá Basin, Iceland: a Geographic Contribution to the Assessment of Flood Hazard and Management of Flood Risk
    Floods in the Ölfusá basin, Iceland: A geographic contribution to the assessment of flood hazard and management of flood risk Emmanuel Pagneux Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland 2011 Floods in the Ölfusá basin, Iceland: A geographic contribution to the assessment of flood hazard and management of flood risk Emmanuel Pagneux Thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiæ Doctor in Geography Supervisors Dr. Guðrún Gísladóttir Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Dr. Árni Snorrason Icelandic Meteorological Office Salvör Jónsdóttir, M.Sc. Reykjavík University Doctoral Committee Dr. Guðrún Gísladóttir Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Dr. Árni Snorrason Icelandic Meteorological Office Salvör Jónsdóttir, M.Sc. Reykjavík University Opponents Dr. Sally Priest Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University Dr. Christophe Cudennec Agrocampus Ouest, French National Institute for Agricultural Research Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík, October 2011 Floods in the Ölfusá basin, Iceland: A geographic contribution to the assessment of flood hazard and management of flood risk A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in Geography Copyright © 2011 Emmanuel Pagneux All right reserved Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 IS-101 Reykjavík Iceland Telephone: +354 525 4000 Bibliographic information: Pagneux, E., 2011, Floods in the Ölfusá basin, Iceland: A geographic contribution to the assessment of flood hazard and management of flood risk, PhD dissertation, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 94pp. ISBN 978-9979-9967-9-8 Printed by Pixel prentþjónusta Reykjavík, October 2011 Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • At Rauða Húsið & Hafið Bláa
    Weddings at Rauða Húsið & Hafið Bláa Hað Bláa restaurant with a view The Blue Sea The ceremony The first necessary step to getting married in Iceland is to collect the necessary paperwork from the District Commissioner in Selfoss ([email protected] - 480-1000). If you wish to use the local church for the ceremony, you must contact the local priest here at Eyrarbakki, the reverend Kristján Björnsson ([email protected] - 856-1592). He will assist you in one of two ways, either he will conduct the ceremony or he will give you permission to use the church here at Eyrarbakki. The Eyrarbakki church was built in 1890 and has a beautiful wooden interior and a pipe organ. The altarpiece was painted by Queen Louise of Denmark in 1891 and given as a gift to the church because the town of Eyrarbakki was so important in the relations between Iceland and Denmark, which ruled Iceland until 1944. There is seating for up to 230 people. It is of course also possible to conduct the ceremony outside, weather permitting, for example on the beach, in the lava fields, at Þingvellir National Park, Geysir, Kerið, etc. However, if you are planning an outside ceremony, make sure you have a backup plan/venue in case of bad weather! Ride in Style The church is just next- door to Rauða Húsið, but why not ride out in style in a turn-of-the- century horse-drawn carriage? While the guests make their way over for the reception, you can ride around the town or down to the beach for photos.
    [Show full text]
  • Icelandic Malacostraca in the Museum of Reykjavik
    VISINDAFEJLAG ISLENDINGA (SOCIETAS SCIENTIARUM ISLANDICA) XX. ICELANDIC MALACOSTRACA IN THE MUSEUM OF REYKJAVIK BY BJARNI S^EMUNDSSON REYKJAVIK - ISAFOLDARPRENTSMIBJA H.P. - MCMXXXVII INTRODUCTION. During the last four decades the present writer has made numerous trips in the waters round Iceland on board Danish Research Steamers (the "Thor" and the "Dana"), in a Scottish Research Steamer (the "Explorer"), in an Icelandic patrol vessel (the "i>6r", formerly the above mentioned "Thor") and in Icelandic commercial trawlers (the "Brimsnes", the "Coot" and the "Skallagrimur"). Furthermore he has made two trips on his own account in motorboats in the fjords of the NW- and W-coast of the island and visited many fishing places round the coasts. On all these trips, which have been made for ichthyo-bio- logical purposes1) he has in the course of the years col­ lected a good many crustacenas, mostly of the division Thoracostraca, and often had the opportunity of making some biological observations concerning several of these animals. The collections thus made by the writer have sucessively been stored up in the little Museum of the Nat. hist. So­ ciety of Iceland, where also some elder material, collected by masters of fishing smacks from Reykjavik, is still to be found. AH this material, save for the Amphipoda, has been worked up and named by the writer, but hitherto nothing has been published about it, except in a popular form, in an Icelandic periodical.2) Now I see no reason for keeping the data regarding the naming, occurrence and biology of the animals in question 1) Cfr Synopsis of the Pishes of Iceland.
    [Show full text]
  • Forsíða Ritgerða
    Hugvísindasvið Á fallanda fæti Saga byggðar á Eyrarbakka 1889-1939 Ritgerð til BA-prófs í sagnfræði Guðmundur Gísli Hagalín Júní 2013 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Sagnfræði Á fallanda fæti Saga byggðar á Eyrarbakka 1889-1939 Ritgerð til BA-prófs í sagnfræði Guðmundur Gísli Hagalín Kt.: 090787-2339 Leiðbeinandi: Guðmundur Jónsson Júní 2013 Ágrip Íbúum sjö af átta stærstu þéttbýlisstöðum landsins árið 1889 fjölgaði í takt við almenna íbúaþróun fram til ársins 1939. Þorpið Eyrarbakki skar sig úr í þeirra hópi en þar bjuggu færri árið 1939 en í upphafi tímabilsins. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að leita skýringa á því annars vegar hvers vegna fjölgun íbúa þar var hægari frá aldamótum fram til 1920 og hins vegar á þeirri fólksfækkun sem þá tók við. Þorpið byggðist að stærstum hluta upp af landlausu tómthúsfólki, sem leitaði gjarnan atvinnu burt úr þorpinu hluta ársins. Helsta atvinnan í þorpinu var við verslanirnar en einnig var nokkur sjósókn frá Eyrarbakka. Hreppurinn lagðist í landakaup til að gera tómthúsfólki kleift að halda nokkrar skeppnur og draga úr þörf þess á að sækja vinnu burt úr kauptúninu. Mikilvægi staðarins sem verslunarstaðar dróst saman eftir því sem tíminn leið og var verslunin bundin við þorpið sjálft frá 1926. Útgerð var allnokkur fyrstu árin en alltaf minni en í nálægum verstöðvum og dróst saman þegar á tímabilið leið. Helstu niðurstöður eru þær að hægan vöxt megi skýra með vexti þéttbýlis á Stokkseyri, hnignun útgerðar frá Eyrarbakka og vexti Vestmannaeyja sem útgerðarbæjar. Hagvaxtarskeiði þriðja áratugarins fylgdi nútímavæðing og fráhvarf frá gamla atvinnuskipulaginu með verferðum og vistráðningum í bland við árstíðabundið atvinnuleysi.
    [Show full text]
  • A 60 Year Examination of Dust Day Activity and Its Contributing Factors from Ten Icelandic Weather Stations from 1950 to 2009
    feart-06-00245 January 4, 2019 Time: 10:44 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 January 2019 doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00245 A 60 Year Examination of Dust Day Activity and Its Contributing Factors From Ten Icelandic Weather Stations From 1950 to 2009 Miye Nakashima1* and Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserová2,3 1 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 2 Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Iceland, 3 Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia High latitude dust is an important contributor to the global dust cycle, which affects the radiative balance of the atmosphere. The frequency and severity of dust events are driven by variables such as wind speed, precipitation, temperature, surface cover type, and volcanic activity. The extent of impact of glacial retreat is yet to be determined, but glacial outburst floods, known as jökulhlaups, have been suggested to be a significant Edited by: factor in the seasonal pattern of dust activity, with major jökulhlaups being attributed as Yuh-Lang Lin, a cause for an increase in dust activity in their subsequent year. However, in examination North Carolina A&T State University, United States of ten meteorological stations from 1950 to 2009, there does not appear to be sufficient Reviewed by: evidence that jökulhlaups are a significant driver of Iceland’s dust activity. Additionally, Jose M. Baldasano, taking into account a larger range of dust codes, contributions from Icelandic dust Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain plumes are found to be greater than previously assumed, with an average of 128 dust Henrique De Melo Jorge Barbosa, days per year as compared to a previously determined average of 34 dust days annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland Protravel We Have a Professional and International Team with Excellent Knowledge and Over 20 Years’ Experience of Offering Iceland As a Tourist Destination
    Welcome to Iceland to Welcome Dear Customers, Most people imagine Iceland as an exotic and unique country and I can tell you that this is most certainly true. As a native Icelander, it is a privilege to offer this wonderful destination. Within Iceland ProTravel we have a professional and international team with excellent knowledge and over 20 years’ experience of offering Iceland as a tourist destination. In this 24-page brochure, we introduce the different travel options, starting with independent ELI MASSON arrangements such as flights, car hire and accommodation. We offer different itineraries Iceland ProTravel UK highlighting particular activities or interests, like hiking, nature, small groups, sea angling, horse riding or the highlands. Besides these, we can of course individually tailor all tours to suit your wishes. Our organized group tours range from short introductory trips to intensive camping/hiking expeditions – with everything in between. All tours are operated by skilled local transport companies with excellent guides. In addition to the range in our brochure we offer special-interest tours such as bird watching, geology, incentive trips and conferences. SJÖFN KJARTANSDÓTTIR Iceland ProTravel Iceland We would like point out that our team also operates an office in Reykjavík, so you can always reach our team members “on site” – just call +354 869 6663 to get in touch. Iceland is a special destination and needs a highly experienced and enthusiastic service team. As Iceland specialists and native Icelanders, we are here to help you select the perfect arrangements for a fantastic trip to the “Land of the Midnight Sun”. Please remember to check on our web site for special offers at www.icelandprotravel.co.uk With our best regards.
    [Show full text]
  • Foresight Results Phase 1 Iceland
    Arbejdsgruppen for bæredygtig regional udvikling i Arktis Foresight 1: Vision Phase References from local workshops in Iceland Árborg and Fjarðarbyggð, Iceland Introduction Nordic Council of Ministers, working group on sustainable development in the Arctic works with a threefold process in terms of developing local economic and social development strategies for the Nordic Arctic, based on a structural dialogue between relevant agents. The methodology is called Foresight analysis and contains three rounds of workshops, whereof the first one focuses on the perspectives, seen from the point of view of local inhabitants and their communities. In this first phase, the Vision phase, the inhabitants phrase their visions on behalf of the communities, as well as sharing their views and ideas on how they wish to achieve the emphasised aims. The two workshops in Iceland are a part of a broader analysis of the development trends and development perspectives in the Arctic regions of the Nordic countries. Overall 12 locally embedded workshops were held in Greenland, Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Faroes Islands. Two regions were chosen as focus areas in Iceland. These are Árborg municipality in the South and Fjarðarbyggð in the East. Árborg is a municipality, with Selfoss the biggest settlement, and Eyrarbakki and Stokkseyri as smaller coastal communities. Only an hour’s drive away from Reykjavik, Árborg is within the radius of the effect zone of the capital region. Before the economic collapse in 2008 there was a great influx of new inhabitants seeking less expensive housing but still keeping their jobs in the capital region. Over the decades especially Selfoss has grown from being a service centre for the heartland of agricultural region of Iceland, to become more a servicing town for the flow through for tourists in the South region and for second home owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Monday 13Th August Hotel
    Monday 13th August Hotel: Eyrarbakki, Eyrargata 51 Bakki Hostel & Apartments, Eyrarbakki Sunrise: 05:12 Sunset: 21:50 Total Drive Time: 1hr22 Check in: 4pm Activity Time: 3hr Hiking Time: 0 Equipment: Bathing Suits 1) 04:15 Taxi to airport 2) 07:45 Depart T5 BA 0800 3) 09:55 Arrive Reykjavik Airport 4) 11:00 Collect Hire Car using shuttle bus – Blue Car Rental – on the drive stop at Supermarket for supplies 5) 12:00 Blue Lagoon - Tickets Pre Booked 6) 15:00 Depart Blue Lagoon drive to AirBnB 7) 16:00 Check In Air BnB Eyrarbakki 8) 19:00 DINNER at Fjorubordid, Eyrarbraut 3A, Stokkseyri 825, Iceland: Reservation made and confirmed. Tuesday 14th August Hotel: Eyrarbakki Sunrise: 05:15 Sunset: 21:47 Total Drive Time: 3hr42 Activity Time: 15hr Hiking Time: LOTS! Equipment: Bathing Suits x 2 each, Towel, Hiking Boots, Go Pro + Floating Device, Warm undergarments, preferably fleece/wool (no cotton!), warm woollen socks and a change of clothes (just in case). You will get a specially made suit to keep you warm and dry in the glacier water. 1) 05:45 Depart, drive to Geysir & Gullfoss Falls (1 hr 10 drive time) 2) 07:00 Arrive Geysir & Gullfoss (2.5 hours to explore) 3) 09:30 BREAKFAST (take a packed breakfast) 4) 10:00 Depart, drive to Thingvellir National Park (51 min drive time) 5) 11:00 Arrive at Thingvellir National Park Silfra car park, Thingvellir P5 6) 11:30 Snorkelling Trip (3 Hour Excursion) @ Thingvellir National Park (Tickets Booked with Arctic Adventures) 7) 14:45 Depart, drive to Café Lindin for lunch in Lugarvatn (30 min drive time)
    [Show full text]