AÇOREANA, 2011, Suplemento 7: 319-330

AZOREAN BIRDS – A NATURAL HERITAGE

Pedro Rodrigues & Regina Tristão da Cunha

CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources) - Pólo Açores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 , e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The Archipelago has small species diversity within the broader Macaronesian context, and its birds are no exception to this generalisation. This fact is explained by the location of the archipelago, in the heart of the North Atlantic, 1,500 km from Europe and 1,900 km from the Americas. In these volcanic islands, the avifauna comprises 41 breeding species and, though not numerous, they are of great importance at the species and population levels. Among these birds, there are two endemic species with the status of most endangered in the world, that is, the Azores bullfi nch and Monteiro’s storm-petrel. There are also eleven endemic subspecies from fi ve orders and several of Europe’s most important populations of marine bird species, such as Cory’s and Macaronesian Shearwaters and the Madeiran Storm-petrel. The importance of the Azores for the migration of Nearctic and Western Palaearctic birds is poorly recognized, but it is known that every year dozens of individuals from more than 100 diff erent species pass through the Azores on their fl ight routes. This paper is about the richness of the Azorean avifauna and its ornithological . It also addresses topics for further research.

RESUMO O arquipélago dos Açores apresenta uma menor diversidade específi ca em comparação com os restantes arquipélagos da Macaronésia, e as aves não são excepção. Esse facto é explicado pela localização geográfi ca do arquipélago, no coração do Atlântico Norte, a 1.500 km da Europa e 1.900 km do continente Americano. Nestas ilhas de origem vulcânica recente, nidifi cam de forma regular 40 espécies de aves, e embora não seja um número muito elevado de espécies, estas são de grande importância a nível específi co e populacional. Entre essas aves, existem duas espécies endémicas, o Priolo e o Paínho-das-tempestade-

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de-Monteiro. Nidifi cam também onze subespécies endémicas de cinco ordens, e várias das populações mais importantes da Europa de espécies de aves marinhas, como o cagarro, o frulho e o painho-da-. Desconhece-se a importância dos Açores para a migração de aves de origem Neárctica e Paleárctica, mas todos os anos é possível observar dezenas de indivíduos de mais de 100 diferentes espécies. Este artigo descreve a riqueza da avifauna dos Açores e a sua história ornitológica, e aponta tópicos relevantes para futuras investigações ornitológicas.

THE AZORES BEFORE (Frutuoso, 1591). At that time, HUMAN SETTLEMENT the Azores was a bird paradise, not only for seabirds that could he Azores archipelago is use the sea cliffs of the islands Tlocated in the heart of the and to breed, but also for North Atlantic Ocean, between the land birds that had rapidly latitudes 36° 55’ and 39° 43’ N expanded their populations in and longitudes 24° 46’ and 31° the lush Azorean forests. 16’ W, 1,500 km from Europe and 1,900 km from the Americas. THE SETTLERS AND THE The nine oceanic and volcanic AZOREAN AVIFAUNA islands that constitute the archi- pelago are situated along a NW- Santa Maria and São Miguel SE oriented, 600 km long, line were first settled by the and can be divided into three Portuguese in 1439, followed different geographical groups, by Terceira in 1450, Pico and that is, the Occidental (Flores Faial in 1466, Flores, Corvo and and Corvo), Central (Faial, Pico, São Jorge in 1470 and, finally, São Jorge, and Terceira) Graciosa in 1510 (Albuquerque, and Oriental (São Miguel and 1989). In 1591, Gaspar Frutuoso Santa Maria) (França, 2003). (Figure 1) described in his chron- Due to its isolation, the Azores icles Saudades da Terra, the early was only discovered in the be- years of the settlers in the Azores ginning of the XV century, being (Books III, IV and VI), and gave described by the first settlers as valuable information about the islands covered by dense na- fauna and the flora of the islands tive vegetation with thousands at that time. Frutuoso was the of birds, especially seabirds first person to write about the

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Azorean avifauna, reporting the Although Gaspar Frutuoso existence of several native bird was not a scientific naturalist, species, some of which had popu- the list of Azorean birds pro- lations comprising thousands of vided in his books (Table 1) is individuals. The Manx shear- of great value. It constitutes water (Puffinus puffinus) popu- the first authentic list of species lation alone, the most abundant known to inhabit the Azorean bird at that time, comprised islands four hundred years ago. hundreds of thousands of breed- ing individuals. Frutuoso also THE BEGINNINGS OF reported the existence of a small AZOREAN ORNITHOLOGY woodpecker and a black pigeon that subsequently became ex- Almost three hundred years tinct. He also recorded the kill- after the Frutuoso chronicles, ing of thousands of birds for two works were published on food, feathers and meat. Some the fauna of the Azores, in par- stories involve one man, a stick ticular its birds. These were and more than one thousand bird killings in one day. This was probably due to the fact that Azorean birds had never seen people and, as a consequence, were unable to associate man with predation. Consequently, birds were not afraid of them, with disastrous consequences. The Priolo (Pyrrhula murina) was also hunted to the point of near extinction (Le Grand, 1982; Ramos, 1996a). The vegetation of the islands was also cut for wood and, with settlers, predators and invasive species also having arrived; it was the beginning of 500 years of habitat destruction in the FIGURE 1. Gaspar Frutuoso (Centro de Azores. Estudos Gaspar Frutuoso, 2010).

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TABLE 1. List of bird species reported by Gaspar Frutuoso (1591) from the Azores at the time of human settlement. Species common name Some notes about Frutuoso’s observations Woodpigeon Rock dove Buzzard Partridge Probably referring to the introduced Red-legged partridge Quail Azorean bullfi nch Records this species only from São Miguel island Canary Chaffi nch Blackbird Wagtail Blackcap Goldcrest Litle woodpecker A doubtful record Black pigeon This is the unique record of a bird extinction in the Azores Shearwater Refers to the Manx shearwater as the most abundant species Migrants Refers to species that do not breed in the Azores

Notice sur l’Histoire Naturelle des History of the Azores or Western Açores published by A. Morelet Islands in 1870. This is one of the in 1860 and Éléments de la Fauna most important books about the Açoréenne published by H. natural history of the archipela- Drouët in 1861. Both natural- go and wherein was contained ists visited the Azores during a a list of species known from the scientific expedition in 1857 and Azores. Godman’s work can be reported the existence of thirty considered as the modern foun- to forty bird species. Eight years dation for the study of Azorean later, in 1865, Frederick du Cane ornithology. Godman (Figure 2) collected In the following ninety years, hundreds of Azorean bird speci- several local and overseas nat- mens for identification purpos- uralists collected specimens es. In 1866, Godman published of and eggs from all bird spe- On the Birds of the Azores, the first cies in the Azores (Bannerman paper on Azorean birds, wherein & Bannerman, 1966). During the endemic Priolo (Azores bull- this time, some naturalists finch) was described. Godman stand out. For example, W.R. also published The Natural Ogilvie-Grant who visited the

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Azores on a British Museum AZOREAN ORNITHOLOGY: expedition in 1903, and was as- THE PRESENT AND THE sisted by Colonel Francisco FUTURE Afonso Chaves, director of the Carlos Machado Museum in In 1966 David and Mary Ponta Delgada. The report of Bannerman published the third this expedition, On the Birds of volume of Birds of the Atlantic the Azores, written by Ogilvie- Islands: A History of the Birds Grant and the taxonomist Ernst of the Azores. This was a great Hartert, was published in 1905 advance in the understanding and became the most important of the Azorean avifauna. This work on Azorean ornithology book has become the most com- for the next sixty years. prehensive work on the archi- pelago’s avifauna, providing comprehensive descriptions of and details about all the breed- ing birds of the Azores, their distributions and behaviours, including migrant and vagrant birds. In the last thirty years, the has become the research centre for studies of Azorean birds, with some leading researchers pub- lishing several works about dif- ferent aspects of the biology, ecology and behaviour of lo- cal species. Gérard Le Grand published several papers on the general ornithology of the Azores (Le Grand, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987; Le Grand & Furtado, 1982). Fátima Medeiros studied the detailed ecology of sparrows FIGURE 2. Frederick du Cane Godman (Passer domesticus) in the Azores (Wikipedia, 2010). (Medeiros, 1995, 1997, 1998).

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Luís R. Monteiro dedicated his All the above researchers life to the study of Azorean sea- have helped to reveal the impor- birds. He and his team studied tance of the Azorean avifauna their ecology and developed in the global context. At least bio-indicators of environmental 40 species breed in the Azores quality based on seabird char- (Table 2). Of these, thirteen are acteristics (Monteiro & Furness, endemic species and subspecies, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Monteiro and the colonies of several sea- et al., 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999). bird species are of great impor- Following his untimely death in tance in a European context. In 1999, Monteiro’s team and oth- addition, every year, dozens of ers, continued to develop studies individuals belonging to more on seabirds (Ramos & del Nevo, than 100 different species cross 1995; Ramos et al., 1997; 1998a, the Azores on their flight routes 1998b; Bolton, 2007; Bolton et and it is also known that these al., 2004; Bried & Bolton, 2005; islands are a harbour for va- Bried & Bourgeois, 2005; Bried grants. Nevertheless, the impor- et al., 2008, 2009; Magalhães tance of these islands with re- et al., 2008; Paiva et al., 2010a, gard to the migration of Nearctic 2010b), culminating in the de- and Western Palaearctic birds is scription of a new endemic spe- poorly understood even with cies, Monteiro’s storm-petrel the existence of records about (Oceanodroma monteiroi) from the the occurrence of more than Azores (Bolton et al., 2008). 300 different species of migra- Jaime A. Ramos studied the tory or vagrant birds that have ecology of the Azores bullfinch landed in the Azores over the and developed conservation past years (Birding Azores, 2010; measures for this endangered Rodrigues et al., 2010). species (Ramos, 1994, 1995, The breeding birds of the 1996b, 1996c; Monticelli et al., Azores and the recognized im- 2010; Ceia et al., 2011), and portance of the archipelago’s is- most recently some genetic and lands for migratory birds are a phylogeographic studies with natural heritage not just locally passerines have been devel- but also within a global con- oped (Packert & Martens, 2004; text. Because of their unique- Packert et al., 2006, Dietzen et al, ness, there is an important need 2006; Neves et al., 2010). to protect and conserve the

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TABLE 2. List of birds known to breed in the Azores. EA, Endemic to the Azores; EM, Endemic to ; I, Introduced; N, native (from Rodrigues et al., 2010)

Species Colonization status Anas platyrhynchos N Alectoris rufa I Coturnix coturnix N Puffi nus puffi nus N Puffi nus baroli EM Calonectris diomedea borealis N Bulweria bulwerii N Oceanodroma castro N Oceanodroma monteiroi EA Buteo buteo rothschildi EA Gallinula chloropus N Fulica atra N Charadrius alexandrinus N Gallinago gallinago N Scolopax rusticola N Larus michahellis atlantis EA Sterna dougallii N Sterna hirundo N Onychoprion anaethetus N Columba livia N Columba palumbus azorica EA Streptopelia decaocto N Psi acula krameri I Asio otus N Motacilla cinerea patriciae EA Erithacus rubecula N Oenanthe oenanthe N Turdus merula azorensis EA Sylvia atricapilla gularis EA Regulus regulus azoricus EA Regulus r. sanctae-mariae EA Regulus r. inermis EA Sturnus vulgaris granti EA Passer domesticus I Estrilda astrild I Fringilla coelebs morele i EA Serinus canaria EM Carduelis chloris I Carduelis carduelis I Pyrrhula murina EA

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Azorean birds and their habi- BOLTON, M., R. MEDEIROS, B. tats, especially the very impor- HOTHERSALL & A. CAMPOS, tant colonies of seabirds and 2004. The use of artifi cial cham- several endemic species. bers as a conservation measure for For the future, it is necessary cavity-nesting procellariiform sea- to continue scientific studies on birds: a case study of the Madeiran the ecology, biology and genet- storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). ics of Azorean birds. Truly inte- Biological Conservation, 116: 73-80. grative approaches are still un- BOLTON, M., A.L. SMITH, E. common and there is an urgent GÓMEZ-DÍAZ, V.L. FRIESEN, need to implement a holistic un- R. MEDEIROS J. BRIED, J.L. derstanding of the mechanisms ROSCALES & R.W. FURNESS, that regulate bird populations 2008. Monteiro’s Storm-petrel on islands, particularly oceanic Oceanodroma monteiroi: a new spe- ones, and thereby achieve their cies from the Azores. Ibis, 150: protection and conservation. 717-727. BRIED, J., & M. BOLTON, 2005. An LITERATURE CITED initial estimate of age at fi rst re- turn and breeding in Madeiran ALBUQUERQUE, L., 1989. Introdução Storm-petrels Oceanodroma castro. à História dos Descobrimentos Atlantic Seabirds, 7: 71-74. Portugueses, 4ª ed., [s.l.]. Publicações BRIED, J., & K. BOURGEOIS, 2005. Europa-América, D.L., Lisboa. Which future for Bulwer’s Petrel BANNERMAN, D.A., & W.M. in the Azores? Airo, 15: 51-55. BANNERMAN, 1966. Birds of the BRIED, J., M.-P. DUBOIS, P. Atlantic Islands. Volume 3: A History of JOUVENTIN & R.S. SANTOS, the Birds of the Azores, 262 pp. Oliver 2008. Eleven polymorphic mi- & Boyd, Edinburgh and London crosatellite markers in Cory´s Birding Azores, 2010: h p://www.bird- shearwater, Calonectris diomedea, ingazores.com/ and cross-species amplifi cation BOLTON, M., 2007. Playback experi- on threatened Procellariiformes. ments indicate absence of vocal Molecular Ecology Resources, 8: 602- recognition among temporally and 604. geographically separated popula- BRIED, J., M.C. MAGALHÃES, M. tions of Madeiran Storm-petrels BOLTON, V.C. NEVES, E. BELL, Oceanodroma castro. Ibis, 149: 255- J.C. PEREIRA, L. AGUIAR, L.R. 263. MONTEIRO & R.S. SANTOS,

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