Draft Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) and Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA)

Project Number: 50156-001 July 2016

INO: Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Project

Prepared by PT Greencap NAA for PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML)

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BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

Geothermal Development of M uara Laboh Power Plant Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province

25 July 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i

LIST OF TABLES ...... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ...... v

LIST OF M AP ...... vi

ABBREVIATIONS ...... vii

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Rationale for this Report ...... 1-1 1.3 General Approach ...... 1-1 1.4 Project Description ...... 1-2 1.4.1 Exploration Stage...... 1-2 1.4.2 History of Project ...... 1-2 1.4.3 Project Schedule ...... 1-3 1.4.4 Project Configuration...... 1-3 1.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives...... 1-8 1.5 Structure of this Document...... 1-8

2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES ...... 2-1 2.1 Project Scope ...... 2-1 2.2 Scope of This Report ...... 2-1 2.3 Aim and Objectives ...... 2-1

3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK ...... 3-1 3.1 International Regulation ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Ramsar Convention (1971) ...... 3-1 3.1.2 World Heritage Convention (1972) ...... 3-1 3.1.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975) ...... 3-1 3.1.4 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild ...... 3-2 3.1.5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ...... 3-2 3.1.6 Regional Regulations ...... 3-2 3.2 National Regulation ...... 3-3 3.3 Third Party Requirements ...... 3-6 3.3.1 Overview ...... 3-6 3.3.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards and Guidance ...... 3-6 3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards ...... 3-7

4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE ...... 4-1 4.1 M ethodology ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Study Area ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Desktop Information...... 4-1 4.1.3 Field Surveys ...... 4-2 4.1.4 Species Habitat Mapping ...... 4-3

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4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values ...... 4-3 4.2 Environmental Setting ...... 4-3 4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008 ...... 4-3 4.2.2 Species of Conservation Value ...... 4-9 4.2.3 National and International Protected Areas ...... 4-37

5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT ...... 5-1 5.1 Background Information ...... 5-1 5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach...... 5-1 5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat ...... 5-2 5.3.1 Critically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/or national level; Endemic and/or restricted-range species; and Migratory and/ or congregatory species ...... 5-3 5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems ...... 5-3 5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas ...... 5-4 5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features ...... 5-13 5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features ...... 5-13

6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION ...... 6-1 6.1 Impact Evaluation ...... 6-1 6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats ...... 6-3 6.2.1 Migratory and/or congregatory species and critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level ...... 6-3 6.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Protected Areas ...... 6-3 6.2.3 Evaluation of Impacts on Ecosystem Service ...... 6-3 6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations ...... 6-3 6.3.1 Avoidance...... 6-3 6.3.2 Minimization ...... 6-3 6.3.3 Restoration ...... 6-3 6.3.4 Offsets ...... 6-3 6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats ...... 6-6 6.5 Impacts on Priority Species ...... 6-6 6.5.1 Plants ...... 6-6 6.5.2 Mammals ...... 6-6 6.5.3 ...... 6-6 6.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles ...... 6-7 6.5.5 Summary of Impacts ...... 6-7

7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN ...... 7-1 7.1 Overview ...... 7-1 7.1.1 BAP Objectives ...... 7-1 7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats ...... 7-1

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7.2 External Engagement and Consultation ...... 7-2 7.3 Activity Plans ...... 7-2 7.3.1 AP 1: Monitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area ...... 7-3 7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area ...... 7-6 7.3.3 AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project area ...... 7-8 7.3.4 AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness ...... 7-10 7.4 Role and Responsibilities ...... 7-12 7.5 M onitoring, Evaluation and Reporting ...... 7-15 7.5.1 Monitoring during Construction...... 7-15 7.5.2 Post Construction Monitoring ...... 7-15 7.5.3 Reporting ...... 7-15 7.5.4 Evaluation ...... 7-16

8 REFERENCES ...... 8-1

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Project Schedule ...... 1-3 Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project ...... 1-7 Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulations regarding Biodiversity ...... 3-3 Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment...... 4-1 Table 4-2 Land Cover Classification ...... 4-3 Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016 ...... 4-4 Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetation Species before Exploration ...... 4-4 Table 4-5 Aquatic Biota on River (Survey 2008) ...... 4-6 Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area ...... 4-16 Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Species ...... 4-23 Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEML Working Area and Conservation Status. .... 4-25 Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area ...... 4-26 Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding Methodology ...... 4-27 Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area ...... 4-28 Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed Macaque Presence in Study Area ...... 4-28 Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locations ...... 4-30 Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping...... 4-33 Table 4-15 Populations of IBA Trigger Species ...... 4-40 Table 5-1 Gradient of Critical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Critical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3...... 5-2 Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U ...... 5-4 Table 5-3 Critical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3 ...... 5-6 Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features Meeting Threshold for Critical Habitat of DMU ...... 5-13 Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which Meet the Threshold for Critical Habitat that Found Around Project Area ...... 6-2 Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species and Critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level ...... 6-4 Table 7-1 Detailed Action Plan for Monitor IUCN Endangered Species and their Habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1) ...... 7-4 Table 7-2 Detailed Action Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect National Park area surrounding the Project area (AP2) ...... 7-7 Table 7-3 Detailed Action Plan for Collaboration with Stakeholders to Protect the Landscape surrounding the Project area (AP3) ...... 7-9 Table 7-4 Detailed Action Plan for Socialization to community for endangered species awareness (AP4) ...... 7-11 Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Action Plan and Responsibilities ...... 7-12

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Facilities Layout ...... 1-4 Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulations Development ...... 3-3 Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review ...... 4-1 Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP ...... 4-9 Figure 4-3 Vegetation Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest ...... 4-10 Figure 4-4 Vegetation Families Found in Primary Forest ...... 4-10 Figure 4-5 Deforestation on Surounding Project Area ...... 4-11 Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia) ... 4-15 Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (Microhierax fringillarius) perching ...... 4-16 Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) hunting over the canopy ...... 4-17 Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunting ...... 4-17 Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area ...... 4-18 Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard ...... 4-18 Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area ...... 4-19 Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area ...... 4-19 Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left) and Breeding Scene (right) ...... 4-20 Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon ...... 4-20 Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B ...... 4-21 Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family ...... 4-22 Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit ...... 4-22 Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps ...... 4-25 Figure 4-20 Siamang migration by walking on the access road to Wellpad A...... 4-26 Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos) ...... 4-27 Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) ...... 4-27 Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (M acaca nemestrina) ...... 4-28 Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings ...... 4-30 Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area ...... 4-31 Figure 4-26 Community Activities in Forest Area ...... 4-31 Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey ...... 4-32 Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos ...... 4-32 Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area ...... 4-39 Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP ...... 4-40 Figure 6-1 Location of the Project and the Zonation of KNSP...... 6-1

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LIST OF M AP

Map 1 Habitat Map before Exploration Stage ...... 4-8 Map 2 Habitat Map on Development Stage ...... 4-12 Map 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem Map ...... 4-13 Map 4 Distribution of Primate Groups ...... 4-29 M ap 5 Location of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area...... 4-35 M ap 6 Distribution of Raptor Bird Sightings...... 4-36 Map 7 Discrete Management Unit...... 5-5

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AM DAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Impact Assessment)

AP Action Plan

APL Area Penggunaan Lain (Other use Area)

BAP Biodiversity Action Plan

BMEP Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

DMU Discrete Management Unit

EBA Endemic Bird Area

EOO Estimated Extent of Occurrence

ESHIA Environmental, Social, and Health Impact Asessment GoI Government of Indonesia

IBA Important Bird Area

IFC International Finance Corporation

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources

KBA Key Biodiversity Area

KSNP or Kerinci Seblat National Park (Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat) TNKS

KTPB Kepala Teknik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Technical Head) M oEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry

PLTP Pembangkit Listrik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Power Plant) PT SEML PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh

PS6 IFC’s Performance Standard 6

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh (PT SEML) plans to develop a Geothermal Power plant project in Muara Labuh in Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province (the ‘Project’). The Project is expected to support the Indonesian government's policy of energy diversification and reduction in the consumption of fuel oil (BBM), reduction of electricity and fuel subsidies, as well as utilization of geothermal resources, which have high economic potential in M uara Laboh.

Based on the AMDAL document, the geothermal development plans generally include construction and operation of the geothermal power units, construction of supporting infrastructure, and electricity distribution. These activities have potential to cause environmental impacts such as reduced air quality and water quality, changes in land use and biodiversity, improved transportation, increased job and business opportunities, and modified public perception.

The Project site is directly adjacent to Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) or Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (TNKS) and to Protection Forest. KNSP is one of the important habitats on the Island of Sumatra. Some protected species use KSNP area as a major habitat, one being the Sumatran Tiger. Project activities potentially provide edge effects in the KSNP area.

A Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was prepared for the Project in accordance with International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards Guidelines and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguards, so as to assess whether the Project meets relevant international environmental standards.

1.2 Rationale for this Report

Land status of PT SEML geothermal project is located in other use area (APL). Although its location is not a protected area, but biodiversity study -- both literature review and detailed field data collection -- showed that on the site were found species and their habitats that become a critical habitat trigger. Therefore, the development of the BAP document is necessary to describe Project’s potential impacts and direct mitigation efforts, as well as the overall efforts to control the impact of the Project.

The BAP will be used as a reference in managing biodiversity in the Project area of PT SEML. The BAP is a plan that includes a set of actions that lead to the conservation or enhancement of biodiversity for the Project site. The report is not rigid and can be improved in accordance with existing conditions in the area of study.

1.3 General Approach

This Project will be approached using field recognition, biodiversity studies, literature study, and workshops to maximize the utility of the BAP for PT SEML.

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1.4 Project Description

1.4.1 Exploration Stage

In the pre-construction stage covers land use permit process, socialization activities, land acquisition and land measurement that planned for exploration activities in the area of geothermal WKP Liki Pinangawan M uara Laboh South Solok.

Construction stage is preparation activities include land (land clearing), civil construction, manufacture and repair of access roads, preparation of drilling site and other supporting facilities. The total time required for the construction phase is about 6.5 months.

The operational stage and production test is comprised of rig mobility activities, exploration well drilling and well testing. Time required of stages of drilling and production test reached ± 6 months.

Post operation stage is covering rig demolition activity, demobilization, closure of wells temporarily or permanently, and well location clearence. Post operation stage activity may take duration up to 4 months and specifically for demolition rig and mobilize to another location within the same prospect area takes about 10 days.

1.4.2 History of Project

PT SEML is a Joint Venture of Supreme Energy, Engie, and Sumitomo to develop a Geothermal Power Plant in M uara Labuh, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province, approximately 150 km from Padang, the capital city of West Sumatra (the ‘Project’).

The Geothermal Working Area (Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi, WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh is located in Pauh Duo and Sangir Kecamatans, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province. It lies at altitudes from 450 to 1,560 meters above sea level (asl), having an area of approximately 56,000 hectares (ha) stated on the Geothermal Permit (Izin Panas Bumi, IPB). The Project borders the KSNP on the west and south.

Exploration commenced in 2012, shortly after signing the Purchase Power Agreement (PPA). By 2013, a total of 6 wellpads (WP A to E and WP H) had been constructed, approximately 2 to 3 hectares in size each, and 6 wells were drilled (M L-A1, M L-B1, M L-C1, M L-E1, M L-H1, and M L-H2). For Phase 1 of Project development, Wellpads A and H will be used as production wellpads; wellpads D and E will be used as brine injection wellpads; and Wellpad B will be used for condensate injection. Future development activities include developing Wellpad F as a production wellpad and drilling a total of 13 wells (including 2 contingency wells in case the first 11 wells provide insufficient steam).

Phase 1 of Project development is to develop a power plant (PLTP) with a design capacity of 80 MW using dual flash technology, a proven technology with reliability close to 100% and its supporting facilities that include pipelines (production, re-injection, and fresh water); access roads; office buildings and storage yard; switchyard, substations (built and operated by PLN); and water treatment facilities.

The Project aims to address some of the electricity needs of the Sumatra region, which will be supplied through the Indonesian Government’s Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) transmission lines and grid.

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To meet the country’s increasing energy needs, the Government of Indonesia initiated “fast- track” power generating programs. PT SEML is included in the Presidential Decree no 4 / 2010 for 2nd fast track program of 10,000 M W and listed in Decree of M inister of M ines and Energy no 21 / 2015. PT SEML is one of the pioneers to capitalize the opportunity under the new regulation.

Developing geothermal energy is also of strategic importance to the Government of Indonesia (GOI) which targets to generate a total of new 35,000 MW by 2025 of which 23% (8,100 MW) are aimed to be from renewable resources. Of the total renewable energy by 2025 it is expected that geothermal energy will contribute about 80% (or 7,150 M W).

1.4.3 Project Schedule

The PLTP is planned to be ready for operation in 2019. Physical construction for the development phase will start by early 2017. The current Project schedule depicted in Table 1 assumes that there are no delays in further Project activities, in EPC contracts, or in provision of funds for Project implementation.

Table 1-1 Project Schedule

Activity Current Expected Date Permits & Agreements August 2016 Financing April to November 2016 EPC & Development Drilling December 2016 COD April 2019

1.4.4 Project Configuration The M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant taps into a hydrothermal system; injection wells are to be drilled to re-inject brine and condensate water.

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Figure 1-1 Facilities Layout

1.4.4.1 Capacity

The proposed power plant has an ultimate total capacity of 250 MW. Based on initial evaluation of exploration results and numerical modeling of the reservoir, initial power plant capacity will be of 80M W in total, using dual flash steam cycle technology.

The largest part of the total capacity, or 65MW, will stem from high pressure (HP) steam and 15MW from low pressure (LP) steam.

Capacity will be increased in accordance with the harvesting of the additional wells.

1.4.4.2 Dual Flash Power Plant as Preferred Option

The selection of technology will largely depend on the total proven heat energy and its variation of produced geothermal fluid (steam and brine) and well production capacities. Other factors will also influence technology selection: topography and land availability, availability of equipment, and economic considerations (e.g., required capital and operating costs). The selection of technology will aim to balance costs and benefits.

With results obtained from the initial exploration activities, a dual flash steam cycle is being considered. Steam entering the steam turbine is delivered from two sources of different pressure: high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) steam. Most of the LP steam is generated from the HP brine, supplemented by one exploration well that produces LP steam.

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Figure 1-2 Illustration of Dual Flash Power Plant

1.4.4.3 Project Components

The main project components of the M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant are:

Production Wells, Injection Wells, and Wellpads

It is estimated that about 27 production wells are required for operation of the Geothermal Power Plant at future full capacity of 250MW (PLTP). The Phase 1 power plant capacity is 80 MW using dual flash technology will need additional 9 production wells and 4 additional injection wells.

Injection (or reinjection) wells are required to discharge brine and condensate back to the formation. This will avoid brine pollution to the surrounding environment as well as providing closed water cycle to the geothermal system. The injection wells will be located outside the target hydrothermal zone, to minimize risk of production wells cooling.

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Source: Energy Information Administration, Geothermal Energy in the Western United States and Hawaii: Resources and Projected Electricity Generation Supplies, DOE/EIA-0544, Washington DC, 1991

Figure 1-3 Illustration of Geothermal Energy Production.

The geothermal drilling process will use water-base mud (WBM) to prevent boreholes from collapsing during drilling and also to protect the environment. Water demand for drilling is matched by surface water and/or collected runoff water, amounting to up to 30 – 100 l/sec, a very small amount compared to river discharges, which can reach more than 1,000 l/sec. This water will be taken from a river that is not used by its surrounding population, or taken in limited amounts from a river that is used by the population for irrigation and other purposes.

Pipelines

Pipeline consists of pipes for wet steam, dry steam, and for draining brine and condensate to injection wells as well as pipes for fresh water supply.

The production piping system consists of two-phase fluid pipes from wellheads to separator and three different single-phase fluid pipes: steam, brine and condensate. The steam pipes will divert steam from the separator stations to the Power Plant, the brine will be rerouted to the injection well, while the condensate will be diverted from the Condenser of the Power Plant to the condensate injection well.

The pipeline route will follow existing roads or dedicated corridors to facilitate construction and maintenance during production operation. Cut and fill are necessary in some sections of the pipeline corridors to provide stable slopes and safe operating conditions.

Drainage channels will be built parallel to the pipeline in addition to inspection roads. At some sections, structures to cross roads, rivers, or other features are to be built.

Power Plant

Steam from the welheads will enter separator to separate steam phase from liquid phase (brine). Brine will be reinjected to the formation, while the separated steam will then enter a scrubber to purify the steam from impurities such as silica.

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The purified steam then enter a turbine blades so as to spin them, which in turn rotates the turbine shaft to produce mechanical energy and the generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity energy that is then channeled to a switchyard and then to PLN's transmission network cable after its voltage is increased from 11 kV to 150 kV using a step-up transformer unit.

Switchyard and Transmission Line

The PT SEML switchyard is located within the Power Plant area, and is provided to allow connection of future units and to include the Revenue Meters. The interface between PT SEML and PLN is at the high voltage gantry of the switchyard, which is used for connection to the PLN transmission line. The switchyard is estimated to occupy 3,500 m2 of land.

The switchyard is the end point of connection at a voltage of 150 kV to the PLN transmission and distribution network. Then from this switchyard, PLN will connect a 3.2 km transmission line to the PLN substation at Batang Sangir, which also receives electricity from other power plants. From this Batang Sangir substation, the 150 kV transmission line will be connected to Sungai Rumbai substation, approximately 71.5km away. At the Sungai Rumbai substation, the voltage will be stepped up to 275 kV and then joins the Sumatra 275 kV transmission line.

Access Roads

Access roads and wellpads have been mostly constructed in the exploration phase. Improvement of roads to wellpads and construction of new roads for transportation of equipment and materials needed in preparing the new wellpad (i.e. Wellpad F) and conducting operational well drilling will be carried out as needed.

Additional Supporting Facilities

PT SEML also build domestic water supply and treatment, waste water treatment plant, chemical storage, warehouse, workshop, firefighting system, emergency power system, office buildings, and accomodation complex.

1.4.4 Land Requirements

PT SEML required 140 hectares for the establishment of power plant, wellpads, access roads, pipeline systems, and supporting facilities.

Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project

Item Area (m2) Access Road 215,465 Wellpad 186,852 Service Water System 8,333 Soil Disposal 139,564 Other Facilities 34,379 Stage 1 Development Facilities 125,194 Total Facilities 709,787 Total Land Acquired 1,418,444 Total Land Acquired Not Utilized 708,657

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1.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives

PT SEML have considered feasible project alternatives in the preliminary site assessment and subsequent Project design, to avoid or minimize economic displacement while balancing environmental, social, and financial costs and benefits.

The alternatives to this geothermal Development Phase are:

 Do nothing  Choose an alternate site.

The do nothing alternative means that the opportunity to reduce reliance on greenhouse gas intensive thermal energy is lost and the Indonesian Government’s initiative is not achieved. The use of coal is the common alternative in Indonesia to generate electricity. Since geothermal plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, their emission levels are relatively low, releasing 1/ 30 or 4% of the carbon dioxide emissions of a coal-fired plant of similar capacity. Geothermal plants also emit 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than are emitted by fossil fuel plants.

The choice of an alternate site alternative is impractical given current access to particular geothermal resources in Indonesia. Therefore the project is the best choice of the two alternatives.

PT SEML have also considered the best alternative in regards to environmental, social and economy, e.g.:

 The use of Dual Flash technology instead of Single Flash permits a more efficient energy extraction from the same amount of steam  The relocation of power plant from Administration Complex to near Wellpad A makes it further away from community and will use less length of pipes and less land area opened for pipeline corridors.

1.5 Structure of this Document

This report is structured as follows:

 Chapter 2 presents the scope, aim, and general objectives of the PT SEML BAP;  Chapter 3 summarises the legislative and policy frameworks at international and national levels together with the PT SEML AMDAL process and its key findings with regard to biodiversity;  Chapter 4 describes the biodiversity baseline and includes information on ecoregions, nature conservation areas, habitats, flora and fauna within the study area;;  Chapter 5 includes a Critical Habitat Assessment to establish which IFC PS6 requirements are applicable to this project;  Chapter 6 describes impact assessment analysis of PT SEML Geothermal project and mitigation;  Chapter 7 is the Biodiversity Action Plan, objectives include information on the mitigation ranking, BAP implementation, monitoring, and reporting.

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2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 Project Scope

Chapter 1.4 is the Project description of the PT SEML M uara Laboh Geothermal Project.

2.2 Scope of This Report

The development of the PT SEML BAP follows IFC Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b). It is important to recognize that a BAP is not just the production of a single document that details actions needed for the conservation and management of biodiversity. A BAP is a process from which a BAP document is formulated, through the review of previous studies and from consultation with local stakeholders. The AM DAL and ESHIA are parts of this process in that the ecological assessments of those studies provide the baseline upon which the BAP objectives and conservation priorities are based. A BAP should include eight specific tasks:

Task 1: Determination of the legal, regulatory, planning, permitting, and third party requirements

Task 2: Desktop assessment of the project

Task 3: Baseline survey of the biodiversity

Task 4: Biodiversity impact assessment

Task 5: Preparation of the BAP

Task 5.1 Establishment of priorities for conservation

Task 5.2 Identification of conservation actions

Task 6: Implementation of the BAP

Task 7: M onitoring, evaluation and improvement

Task 8: Reporting, communication, and verification of BAP performance

2.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of the PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML) Biodiversity Action Plans (BAP) is to achieve “no net biodiversity loss” as a result of the Project by ensuring that the biodiversity is protected and enhanced where possible. The BAP has been developed in consultation with the stakeholders and biodiversity experts.

The General objective of the BAP is to provide a comprehensive strategy and specific, implementable actions aimed at the protection and conservation of biodiversity during the construction and operation of the geothermal power plant. The specific objectives of the PT SEML BAP are to:

 Review existing biodiversity baseline information and legislative/policy frameworks for the Study Area;  Implement a consultation process with relevant stakeholders and biodiversity experts to inform priorities and actions for biodiversity conservation;  Undertake a Critical Habitat Assessment to determine the IFC PS6 requirements for the Project;

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 Identify priorities and actions for biodiversity conservation, in consultation with stakeholders and biodiversity experts;  Identify institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP;  Provide awareness raising and capacity building for the relevant stakeholders including local communities and organizations involved in BAP implementation;  Establish a monitoring and evaluation program for biodiversity allowing for the success of the BAP interventions to be assessed;  Develop monitoring and evaluation plan to ensure that the measures outlined in the BAP are implemented;  Ensure no-net loss or a net gain in affected biodiversity.

This BAP includes both long-term biodiversity conservation actions and on-site mitigation measures linked to the construction and operation activities of the Project. The biodiversity baseline, conservation actions, and mitigation in this BAP supplement the information in the PT SEML AM DAL, ESHIA, and Biodiversity Reports. Additional conservation opportunities/actions will be identified during the BAP process, following a comprehensive desktop review and consultation with stakeholders and biodiversity experts.

The biodiversity action plan covers no net loss/net gain measures as defined in the IFC PS6. The net reduction is analyzed based on project impacts on individual species with conservation significance. No net loss/net gain measures are quantified based on project adaptation and mitigation efforts in minimizing impacts.

The conservation actions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a, 2012b). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the mitigation hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is prioritized, and that offsets are measurable and only applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable

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3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK

3.1 International Regulation

Indonesia has ratified various international laws and conventions in conservation and biodiversity, as described below.

3.1.1 Ramsar Convention (1971) The Ramsar Convention also known as the Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was signed in 1971. The Convention’s mission is conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world. The Convention uses a broad definition of wetlands. It includes all lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands, peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, mangroves and other coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans.

3.1.2 World Heritage Convention (1972)

The World Heritage Convention (WHC) adopted in the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 aimed to protect the world’s cultural and natural heritage. The “ natural heritage” defined in the WHC may be in line with biodiversity conservation, which should have (Article 2):

 “Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view;  Geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas that constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation;  Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation, or natural beauty.”

The WHC addresses that each State Party should be committed to the conservation of its respective heritage sites. Heritage sites located within a State Party’s sovereignty will be the responsibility of the State. The State is committed to the protection and conservation of their heritage sites, to the utmost of its own resources, and where appropriate, with international assistance and cooperation

3.1.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention. The convention is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild.

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3.1.4 Convention on Conservation of M igratory Species of Wild Animals

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concluded under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Program, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. The CMS covers a great diversity of migratory species. The Appendices of CMS include many mammals, including land mammals, marine mammals and bats; birds; fish; reptiles and one insect. Among the instruments, AEWA covers 255 species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle. EUROBATS covers 52 species of bat, the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks seven species of shark, the IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU six species of marine turtle and the Raptors MoU 76 species of birds of prey.

3.1.5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Flora, also known as the Biodiversity Convention, was signed by 157 country leaders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Indonesia is the 8th country to have ratified this regulation. The Convention has three main goals:

 Conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);  Sustainable use of its components; and  Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.

3.1.6 Regional Regulations

 Asia Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region (1955)

Indonesia is a member of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission. The Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region is an intergovernmental treaty administered by the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission. The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region (formerly the Plant Protection Agreement for South-East Asia and Pacific Region) was approved by the 23rd Session of the FAO Council in November 1955 and entered into force on 2 July 1956. The FAO Council approved amendments to the Agreement in 1967, 1979, 1983, and 1999. This agreement aims to prevent the introduction into and the spread within the Asia and Pacific Region of destructive plant diseases and pests. Introduction of exotic species is considered to as a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

 ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks and Reserves (1984)

Member States of ASEAN established the ASEAN Heritage Parks to generate greater awareness and conservation of the ASEAN region’s natural heritage. The declaration was issued after Member States proposed criteria and guidelines for the establishment and management of protected areas in the ASEAN region. The declaration’s contextual message is declared as:

“Recognizing that conservation areas should be managed to maintain ecological processes and life support systems, preserve genetic diversity; ensure sustainable utilization of species

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and ecosystems; and maintain wilderness that are of scenic, cultural, educational, research, recreational and tourism values;”

Similar to the WHC, this declaration addresses that Member Parties are responsible for the conservation and management of heritage parks located in its sovereignty.

 Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1985)

Apart from the establishment of ASEAN heritage parks, ASEAN M ember States also have agreed upon conserving nature and natural resources. This agreement addresses, among others, integrating conservation and development, species and ecosystem protections, and environmental planning.

3.2 National Regulation

Indonesia legislation comprises the Constitution, environmental laws, international agreements, subordinate legislation, normative acts, presidential orders and governmental decrees, ministerial orders, instructions and regulations. Along with the national regulations, Indonesia is signatory to a number of international conventions, including those related to environmental protection (see Table 1).

Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulations Development

Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulations regarding Biodiversity No Regulation Substance

1. Presidential Decree No. 43 of Indonesia Government had ratified Convention on 1978 on Convention International International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna And Trade in Endangered Species of Flora. This convention also known as the Washington Wild Fauna and Flora Convention. Washington Convention is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild. Restrictions, prohibition and monitoring of species of flora and fauna, especially endangered.

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No Regulation Substance

2. Law No. 5 of 1990 on Biological Stressing safeguards such as buffer system protection, Natural Resources Conservation preservation of biodiversity, prohibited activities and and its Ecosystems sanctions. The Act also gives a description of the nature reserve zone, community and conservation area. Emphasizes land conservation.

3. Presidential Decree No. 48 of The provisions on the conservation of wetlands. Determining 1991 on the Ratification of the wetland sites that have international interest. Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar)

4. Law No. 5 of 1994 on Ratification Regulate the conservation and sustainable use, equitable United Nations Convention on benefit sharing and transfer of technology. Biological Diversity The protection of traditional knowledge and biosafety.

5. Government Regulation (GR) The aim of this regulation is to managing of Wildlife Reserves No. 68 of 1998 on Wildlife and Nature Conservation Zones, to establish and foster the Reserve and Natural protection of biological resources and ecosystem balance, so Conservation Zones that efforts to raise the prosperity and quality of life of the community can be supported.

6. Government Regulation (GR) The conservation of flora and fauna has the following No. 7 of 1999 on Flora And Fauna objectives: to avoid extinction of flora and fauna species; to Species Conservation safeguard genetically purity and species diversity of flora and fauna; to conserve the equilibrium and stability of the ecosystem so as to be useful for the sustainable well-being of mankind.

7. Government Regulation (GR) The exploitation of plants and wildlife’s can be done in the No. 8 of 1999 on Exploitation of following form of activities: Study, research and Wild Animals and Plants development; Breeding; Sports Game; Trade; Exhibition; Exchange; Cultivation of plants for its medical properties; and Pets.

8. Law No. 25 of 2000 on the Include a variety of ecosystem management plan, but did not National Development Program specify biodiversity (PROPENAS 2000 to 2004) 9. Law No. 19 of 2004 on forestry Set the function, planning and management of forests, including the role of the wider community, and set up a regional forest protection comparison as ecosystem 10. Presidential Instruction (IP) Instruction to 18 state institutions to take action in No. 4 of 2005 on the Acceleration accordance with the authority and give priority to efforts to of Actions to Combat Illegal combat illegal logging. Logging The establishment of a national labor force (national task force) which consists of echelon I officials from all agencies that given the instruction under the coordination of Coordinating M inister for Political, Legal, and Security. The establishment of a team of co-ordination, monitoring and evaluation as a working unit of a joint task force whose members include government officials and NGOs. 11. Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial M anagement of protected areas, the area of cultivation and Planning conversion, and management of protected areas 12. Law No. 32 of 2009 on Set the principles, objectives, and goals of environmental Environmental Protection and management in Indonesia, the rights and obligations of the M anagement community, authority for environmental management,

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No Regulation Substance environmental conservation, environmental planning requirements, supervisory, administrative sanctions, environmental auditing, environmental dispute resolution

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) is responsible for regulating the natural environment. The MoEF participates in the development of environmental state policy and implements all policies designed for the protection and conservation of the environment and for the sustainable use and management of Indonesia’s natural resources. This includes controlling activities that have a potential adverse impact on the environment and natural resources and issuing environmental licenses and permits.

The Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015 -2020 (IBSAP) was prepared by Ministry of National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) in corporation with MoEF and Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Target from IBSAP 2015-2020 following Aichi Targets (AT) and adapted with Indonesia condition. IBSAP targets following:

1. Awareness and participation of various parties through formal and informal education programs (AT-1);

2. Implementation of management sustainable biodiversity on planning and implementation national and local development for increasing economic community (AT-2);

3. Realization incentives and disincentives system in the effort and management of biological resources (AT-3);

4. Increased availability and implementation supporting regulations for sustainable production and consumption (AT-4);

5. Develop ex situ conservation area for protect local species (AT-5);

6. Implement regulation for sustainable management and harvesting (AT-6);

7. Increasing area for agriculture, plantations and farms with sustainable management (AT-7);

8. Decrease pollution levels that damage biodiversity resources and functions of ecosystem (AT- 8);

9. Prevention and eradication invasive alien species (AT-9);

10. Decrease anthropogenic pressure level for coral reef and others endanger ecosystem effected by climate change (AT-10) ;

11. Sustainable preservation and increasing conservation area (AT-11);

12. Implementation of effort to protected endangered species populations as national conservation priority species (AT-12);

13. Develop seeding systems, genetic breeding, and domestication of wildlife species, as well as breeding of wildlife species (AT-13);

14. Increasing function of integrated ecosystem to ensure increasing important services (water, health, livelihood, tourism) (AT-14).

15. Realization of conservation and restoration of ecosystems in degraded areas (AT-15).

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16. Implementation and ratification of Nagoya Protocol and derivative instruments with regulations and Institutional forms for central and local executives (AT-16);

17. Implementation new IBSAP in various stage (AT-17);

18. Develop innovation of local wisdom and increasing of bioprospecting capacity for conservation and utilization sustainable biodiversity (AT-18);

19. Increasing of science and technology capacity to biodiversity management as sustainable (AT- 19);

20. Identification resources and effective budgeting in implemented management sustainable biodiversity (AT-20);

21. Mapping data and information biodiversity as comprehensive and integrated;

22. Implementation of conflicts resolving related to biodiversity management as comprehensive.

3.3 Third Party Requirements

3.3.1 Overview

The Project is required to meet the international standards of the IFC, which is part of the World Bank Group. The international environmental and social safeguard policies of these organizations are outlined below.

3.3.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards and Guidance

The IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a) and Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b) have been used on the Project as best practice and international standards. In accordance with IFC PS6, habitats are divided into modified, natural, and critical habitats. Critical habitats can be either modified or natural habitats supporting high biodiversity value, including:

 Habitat of significant importance to critically endangered and/ or endangered species (IUCN Red List);  Habitats of significant importance to endemic and/ or restricted-range species;  Habitat supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/ or congregator species;  Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems; and/ or  Areas associated with key evolutionary processes.

A BAP is required for all projects located in critical habitat (IFC, 2012a) and is recommended for projects that have the potential to significantly impact natural habitat (IFC, 2012b). The PT SEML Project Biodiversity Study has highlighted the potential presence of critical habitats within the zone of influence of the Project. A Critical Habitat Assessment is included in Section 5 of this document.

Specific reference has been made to the following IFC environmental standards and guidance:

 IFC General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007)  IFC EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (2007)

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3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards

The ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 sets out policy principles and outlines the delivery process for ADBs safeguard policy in relation to environmental safeguards. The ADB has adopted a set of specific safeguard requirements that borrowers/clients are required to meet in addressing environmental and social impacts and risks. ADB staff will ensure that borrowers/clients comply with these requirements during project preparation and implementation.

The safeguard policies are operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse environmental and social impacts of projects including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process. ADBs safeguard policy framework in the SPS consists of three operational policies on the environment, indigenous people and involuntary resettlement. ADB has developed Operational Procedures to be followed in relation to the SPS policies and these are included in the ADB Operations M anual.

Requirements for assessing and addressing biodiversity effects of projects are set out within ADB Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment, Section D8 ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource M anagement’. This document is included as an appendix to the SPS.

Section D8 requires the environmental assessment process to focus on the major threats to biodiversity and for the borrower/client to identify measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate potentially adverse impacts and risks and, as a last resort, propose compensatory measures, such as biodiversity offsets, to achieve no net loss or a net gain of the affected biodiversity.

Obligations on the borrower/client differ depending on whether the habitat is classified as modified, natural, or critical. For areas of critical habitat the requirements state that no project activity will be implemented in areas of critical habitat unless:

 There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the critical habitat which could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to function.  The project is not anticipated to lead to a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such that the persistence of a viable and representative host ecosystem be compromised;  For any lesser impacts, mitigation measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity. They may include a combination of actions, such as post-project restoration of habitats, offset of losses through the creation or effective conservation of ecologically comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respecting the ongoing use of such biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or traditional communities, and compensation to direct users of biodiversity.

When the project involves activities in a critical habitat, ADB requires the borrower/client to retain qualified and experienced external experts to assist in conducting the assessment.

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4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE

4.1 M ethodology

4.1.1 Study Area

The main purpose of the study is to identify the home range and habitats of wildlife, especially endangered species. The biodiversity study focused on the buffer area between KSNP and the PT SEML Project area. The study area for the biodiversity study is shown on Figure 4-1 and is defined as a 1 – 2 km buffer from the closest Project activities. A grid method with dimensions 1 km x 1 km (1 kilometer square) was used to position camera traps. Objective of the study is to assess the diversity within the Project footprint and surrounding areas, and in KNSP, focusing on endangered species.

The study area is located in Sumatran montane rain forest ecosystem. Based on data from AM DAL study, forest types in the Project area are dominated by mature secondary forest.

Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review

4.1.2 Desktop Information

The following data sets listed in Table 4-1 were consulted for the biodiversity assessment.

Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment

Id Dataset Year Source

1 Global Biodiversity Hotspots 2011 IBAT

2 WWF Terrestrial Ecosystems 2015 WWF

3 RAM SAR Wetlands 2015 IBAT

4 UNESCO M AB 2015 UNESCO

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Id Dataset Year Source

5 World Heritage Sites 2015 UNESCO

6 Key Biodiversity Areas 2015 IBAT

7 Endemic Bird Areas 2015 IBAT

8 World Database of Protected Areas 2015 IBAT

9 IUCN Threatened Species Grid 2014 IBAT download

10 IUCN Red list of threatened species 2015 IUCN Red List

11 Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2015 GBIF

12 Bird database 2016 Cornell University

13 Land cover 2011 Ministry of Forestry

4.1.3 Field Surveys

In general, the survey focused on habitats used by the target species, particularly in the affected area and KNSP areas potentially impacted by activities of PT SEML. To achieve the goal, studies used observational approaches, point count methods, and camera traps.

The study area for large mammals focused on forest and adjacent habitats. The study identified home range using signs of the existence of species, such as existing photos/video, feces, footprints, feathers, scratches, and sounds. For primate troops, the survey focused on forest edge habitats.

The survey area for raptors is open high places, forest edges, and areas with diverse habitats. The focus of the survey was identifying raptor habitat for hunting and foraging.

4.1.3.1 Point Count and Line Transect

The study was conducted using two main methods: Concentration Counts and Exploration methods.

Concentration counts were carried out in strategic places for the species that emit sound such as Siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), Agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis), and raptor bird.

Exploration methods were conducted for all species in every route of observation. Transects were adjusted to the geomorphologyy of the study area, particularly ridges (punggung bukit). Exploration methods applied were direct encounter method and indirect methods through the footprints, traces, and marks of the presence of wildlife.

4.1.3.2 Camera Traps

Camera traps are classified as concentration count methods. Camera traps were installed and distributed purposively using a grid method. Camera traps target large mammals’ data, such as tapir, tiger, and other species. Camera traps were installed in the field from February 27, 2016 to M ay 31, 2016 (3 months) at 13 locations.

4.1.3.3 Habitat Classification and Analysis

Habitats were classified as natural and modified habitat. Analysis of habitats was done using land cover approach, field ground checks, and vegetation study literature.

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Land cover information was obtained using remote sensing and spatial analysis. High-resolution satellite image data were downloaded from Google Earth (2014) combined with Landsat 8 (acquisition year 2016). Analysis of satellite image acquisition using visual interpretation method with the results guiding ground checks in the field. Field observations were used to divide land cover into five classes (Table 4-2).

Table 4-2 Land Cover Classification

Species Habitat Type Description Forest Natural Habitat Areas dominated by tree cover, with dense canopy cover, and sparse cover ( formerly logged). Shrub Natural Habitat Natural areas dominated by ground vegetation cover. In the field, vegetation was recorded in seedling and sapling growth stages. Shrub Swamp Natural Habitat Area has a shrub cover with puddles whether temporary or permanent. Shrub swamps confirmed from the results of field visits. Dry-land Agriculture M odified Areas with lower vegetation cover that have mix with shrub Habitat particular patterns that indicate the work of humans. Paddy field/wetland M odified Areas with lower vegetation cover, with terraced Agriculture Habitat regular patterns and look inundated with water type colors.

4.1.4 Species Habitat M apping Species habitat mapping is developed based on the species encountered locations, both direct and indirect findings. Analysis will be based on data from habitat type maps, land cover, and expert adjustment.

4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values

Stakeholder engagement is accomplished using workshops. The workshop participants are species experts, NGOs, Universities, Regional and Local Governments, and other companies around the study area.

4.2 Environmental Setting

4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008

A biodiversity assessment study for the exploration stage was conducted in 2008 and focussed on wellpads and access roads.

4.2.1.1 Habitat The project area is mostly primary forest sub-mountains ecosystem. Habitat maps of the area before exploration began is presented on M ap 1 and habitat areas mapped for year 2016 is shown in Table 4-3.

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Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016

No Habitat Type Area (Hectares) Percentage 1 Primary Forest 21.4 46.6 2 Secondary Forest 10.9 23.8 3 Shrub 2.2 4.8 4 Dryland Agriculture 0.5 1.2 5 Paddy Field 6.0 13.1 6 Open Area 2.0 4.4 7 Road 2.8 6.1 Total 45.9 100

M ap 1 is the land cover analysis of satellite imagery acquisition in 2008. Compared to year 2016 primary forest was the most affected land cover type with 46% affected, followed by secondary forest (23%).

4.2.1.2 Vegetation Community

Based on M ap 1, the project will have an impact on natural and modified habitats. On modified habitat, vegetation studies recorded as many as 28 species of cultivated plant species. Cinnamon numerically dominated, followed by coffee, areca, coconut, banana, , mango and surian. Plant species commonly grown in home gardens as ornamental planta include Euphorbia species and Paper Flower (bunga kertas).

In the wellpad plan area, natural vegetation species recorded during field surveys were predominantly Shorea sp, Litsea glutinosa, Aglaia sp and Peronema sp.

Shrubs included Euphatorium odoratum (Krynyuh), Lantana camara and Mimosa pygra. Grasses had relatively less coverage. Species with wide cover included Blechnum sp and Nephrolepis sp.

Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetation Species before Exploration

No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form 1. Litsea glutinosa M adang kaladi T 2. Shorea sp M arantiah T 3. Disoxylum sp - T 4. Diospyros sp Ribu-ribu T 5. Lithocarpus sundaicus Paniang-paniang T 6. Macaranga javanica Sapek-sapek T 7. Aglaia sp Kalek T 8. Artocarpus elasticus Tarok T 9. Eugenia sp Kalek abu T 10. Piper aduncum Sirih-sirih T 11. Sauraia sp - T 12. Cyathea sp Paku tiang GC 13. Ficus pandana Baliak angin T 14. Alstonia sp Pulai T 15. Syzigium sp Jambu T 16. Albizia sp - T

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No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form 17. Peronema sp Sungkai T 18. Ficus variegata Gilabuak T 19. Glichodion sp - T 20. Euphatorium odoratum Krinyuh GC 21. Lantana camara - GC 22. Saccharum spontanium - GC 23. Imprerata cylindrica Ilalang GC 24. Mimosa pygra Putri malu besar GC 25. Sida acuta - GC 26. Borreria alata - GC Sources: UKL/ UPL, 2009. Not e: T = Tree; GC = Ground Cover vegetation

4.2.1.3 Fauna Study recorded 31 species of birds from 16 families and 7 orders, as well as four mammal species from 3 taxonomic families and 3 orders in year 2008. Nectariniidae or honey group birds and Alcenidae (Kingfisher Bird) are protected by Indonesian Laws at family taxonomic level.

No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note

Bird

1 Passeriformes Ploceidae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow

2 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia

3 Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia

4 Lonchura maja White-headed Munia

5 Ploceous philippinus Baya Weaver

6 Nectariniidae Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Protected

7 Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Protected

8 Sylviidae Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird

9 Prinia familiaris Bar-winged Prinia

Orange-bellied 11 Dicaeidae Dicaeum trigonostigma Flowerpecker 12 Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M igrant

13 Lanidae Lanius schah Long-tailed shrike

14 Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike

15 Dicruridae Dicrutus leucophaeus Ashy drongo

16 Turdidae Copsychus saularis The oriental -robin

17 Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama

18 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul

19 Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed bulbul

20 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed bulbul

21 Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet

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No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note

Bird

22 Collocalia maxima Black-nest Swiftlet

23 Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove

24 Macropygia unchall Barred -dove

25 Piciformes Picidae Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker

26 Coraciiformes Capitonidae M egalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet

27 Alcedinidae Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Protected

28 Halcyon smyrnensis white-throated kingfisher Protected

29 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon bittern

30 Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Protected

M ammals

1 Primata cercopithecidae M acaca fascicularis Long tailed M acacaques

2 Presbytis melalophos Sumatran Surili

3 Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus notatus Squirrel

4 Artriodactyla Suidae Sus vittatus Boar

4.2.1.4 Aquatic Biota Based on interviews, the 2008 study recorded 11 species in Liki River, 9 species in Pulakek River and 12 species in the Sapan M alulung River.

Fish reportedly still abundant in river is small fish and no economic value, such as Silarian (Nemacheilus fasciatus), Kapareh (Puntius binotatus) and Siluang (Rasbora sp), and fish like condition of the river is rather muddy as Rutiang (Ophiocephalus/ Channa striatus), Baluik (Monopterus albus) and Limbek (Clarias batracus).

Some of the fish that have economic value is Garing (Labiobarbus tambroides), Barau (Hampala bimaculata), Kulari (Grassocheilus sp). Population seemed to have started to decline in the river surveyed.

Table 4-5 Aquatic Biota on River (Survey 2008)

Study Lokasi No. Local Name Scientific Name Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River 1 Ikan ameh Cyprinus carpio - - + 2 Ikan baluik Monopterus albus ++ ++ ++ 3 Ikan barau Hampala bimaculata + - - Hemibagrus nemurus/ 4 Ikan baung + - + M icrones nemurus Ophiocephalus striatus / 5 Ikan bakok/rutiang ++ ++ ++ Channa striatus 6 Ikan kapareh Puntius binotatus +++ +++ +++ 7 Ikan kulari Grassocheilus sp - + -

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Study Lokasi No. Local Name Scientific Name Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River 8 Ikan Garing Labiobarbus tambroides ++ + + 9 Ikan Limbek Clarias spp ++ - + 10 Ikan nila Oreochromis niloticus - - ++ 11 Ikan Siluang Rasbora sp +++ +++ +++ 12 Ikan Silarian Nemacheilus fasciatus +++ +++ ++ 13 Ikan silanjiang M astacembelus sp + + + 14 Udang Cambarus sp + + ++

Sources: Field Study (2008); Note: - No + not abundant, ++ Abundant, +++ very abundant

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M ap 1 Habitat M ap before Exploration Stage

101°7'0"E 101°8'0"E 101°9'0"E 1°35'0"S 1°35'0"S Legend Existing Project Footprint Landcover on Exploration Stage Primary Forest Secondary Forest Shrub; Shrub Swamp Road Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub Dryland Agriculture Open Area Paddy Field Settlement 1°36'0"S 1°36'0"S 1°37'0"S 1°37'0"S 1°38'0"S 1°38'0"S

101°7'0"E 101°8'0"E 101°9'0"E

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4.2.2 Species of Conservation Value

4.2.2.1 Vegetation

Laumonier (1994) has conducted ecosystems study and divided KSNP ecosystems into nine types. Figure 4-2 illustrates ecosystem types of KSNP and M ap 3 is ecosystem map of study area.

Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP

According to the data of forest cover in the Project area, there are two types of ecosystems, the natural ecosystems and modified ecosystems. In general, the natural ecosystems around the Project site are dominated by sub-montane forest formations.

Based on succession processes, the forest ecosystem is divided into secondary forests and primary forests. Secondary forests are damaged forests currently undergoing natural succession. Pioneer species are commonly found in these ecosystems. In vegetation, the survey recorded 28 species of 20 families. Clusiaceae, , and Rubiaceae are flora families with the highest numbers of species.

Some species recorded as dominant are Quercus sp (oaks). Although rare and found in small number, Quercus sp and the conifer Dacrydium elatum were found with large diameters (Figure 4-3). Evergreens Calophyllum pulcherrimum and Calophyllum inophyllum were recorded abundant with wide distribution.

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Figure 4-3 Vegetation Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest

Surveys recorded 27 flora species of 18 families. Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae and Phyllanthaceae were recorded as families with the highest number of species found. The numbers of species per family can be seen in Figure 4-4.

Cratoxylon ligustrinum is the most dominant species. This species was found abundant and widespread. Other dominant species are Calophyllum inophyllum and Schima wallichii. Although rarely found and growing clumped, individuals of Schima walichii were found with large diameters.

Figure 4-4 Vegetation Families Found in Primary Forest

Sub-M ontane Forest, Sub-montane forest is located on ranges with elevations between 800 and 1400 m asl. Differences in vegetation structure were found in the woods on the west side compared to the east side of Bukit Barisan, and between the south side and the north side. Range canopy heights of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is still common. M yrtaceae and Fagaceae are the numerically dominant family taxa in this forest ecosystem. Two variations of forests types exist in sub-montane forest; bamboo and Garcinia forest.

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Results show this ecosystem type has high species diversity. Numerically dominant vegetation are puspa (Schima wallichii), kasiah baranak (Rhodoleia champiomii), paniang-paniang (Quercus sp.), M adang (Litsea sp.), Barangan (Lithocarpus sp.) and Kalek (Eugenia sp.).

In disturbed areas, some plant cultivation is found, including kandis (Garcinia sp.), Albizia, jackfruit (Artocarpus sp.), Coffee (Coffea sp.), Mahogany (Switonia macrophila). Some pioneer plant species are found in secondary forests due to logging such as Indarung (Trema orientalis), sapek (Macaranga triloba), bodi (Mallotus paniculatus) and jirak (Eurya acuminata).

Lower M ontane Forest, the elevation range for lower montane forest is 1400-1900 asl. Epiphytes and moss grow well with increasing humidity. Litter on the topsoil becomes thicker due to decreasing speed of the decomposition process. Dominant tree families are Fabaceae, Lauraceae, M yrtaceae, Theaceae, and Sapotaceae. Abundant ground cover vegetation is M yrsinaceae.

Generally, this area is primary forest with low species diversity, dense cover, smaller diameter trees and moss. The most common species are paniang-Paning (Quercus sp.), kayu ambun (Podocarpus imbricatus) and sapek (M icrocos saccifera).

4.2.2.2 Habitat

M ap 2 shows a land cover analysis map based on high resolution satellite imagery acquired in 2013 and updated with Landsat 8 imagery acquired in 2016.

Land cover change has occurred in the study area, including deforestation. Deforestation has occure not only in the project area but also surrounding areas. Local communities clear forest for agricultural. Deforestation from exploration to development stage is presented in Figure 4-5.

Legend

Deforestation

Secondary Forest change to non forest area

Primary Forest to non forest area

Figure 4-5 Deforestation on Surounding Project Area

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M ap 2 Habitat M ap on Development Stage

101°7'0"E 101°8'0"E 101°9'0"E 1°35'0"S 1°35'0"S Legend Landcover on Exploration Stage Project Footprint Primary Forest Secondary Forest Shrub; Shrub Swamp Road Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub Dryland Agriculture Open Area Paddy Field Settlement 1°36'0"S 1°36'0"S 1°37'0"S 1°37'0"S 1°38'0"S 1°38'0"S

101°7'0"E 101°8'0"E 101°9'0"E

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M ap 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem M ap

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4.2.2.3 Birds and Raptors There are about 292–313 species of diurnal raptor from the taxonomic Accipitriformes distributed widely in the world (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001), and about 67% of them are found in tropical areas, of which 30% of tropical raptors are endemic (Bildstein et al. 1998). The 71 species are listed of diurnal raptor in Indonesia (Sukmantoro et al., 2007), and Gill and Donsker (2014) believes that there are 72 species of diurnal raptor in Indonesia islands. All these species are protected by Indonesia law (Noerdjito & Maryanto 2001). And according to Zulkifli et al. (2012), there are 34 raptor species found in Sumatera.

Raptors are indicators of good environmental quality, because they are sensitive to human disturbance and environmental contamination (Lewis et al, 2004; Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998). In natural habitats, raptors are recognized as keystone species (Sergio et al. 2008), environmentally sensitive (Poirazidis et al. 2007), and also as indicators of the ecosystem health (Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998; Poirazidis et al. 2007). Hiraldo et al. (1995) said that people believe that raptors play an important role in controlling disease. Their population is threatened by illegal trade, hunting, , and the use of pesticides (Bildstein et al. 1998; Rodríguez- Estrella et al. 1998; van Balen et al. 2000; Nijman et al. 2006; Supriatna 2012). According to Bird¬Life International in Gunawan et al. (2016), major threats are the increase in human population, weak law enforcement, and low public aw areness about raptors conservation. a. M igratory Raptors

Migration is one of some animals’ behaviors as their adaption to environmental conditions, especially against season change in their habitat (Clark & Newton 1990). This condition makes them move to areas with enough resources for supporting their lives (Clark & Newton, 1990; Higuchi et al., 2005; Bildstein, 2006; Yamazaki et al. 2012; Pramono, et al., 2015). One type of migratory is the raptor, which migrates from frozen breeding areas to warmer areas in the tropics (Clark & Newton 1990; Higuchi et al. 2005; Bildstein 2006). Indonesia is a tropical country that is periodically passed by huge number of migratory raptors. This country also serves as one of their destinations (Higuchi et al. 2005). Ash said that first discovery of migration of raptors in large number across Java and Bali happened in 1982; then in 1998, 1999, and 2001 it continued with intensive monitoring in some locations in Java and Bali (Germi, 2005; Nijman, 2001). They usually were using forest and mountain areas as flyways, stop-overs, or migration destinations, because these areas have good habitat. They were soaring utilize thermal updrafts and gliding to save their energy (Spaar, 1996; Bildstein, 2006). Sometimes migratory raptors were soaring in huge numbers.

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Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia)

One of entry points of migratory raptors to Indonesia region is Rupat Island in Riau province (Sukmantoro et al., 2006; Iqbal, 2000; Syartinilia et al., 2013; Pramono et al., 2015). According to Zalles and Bildstein in Germi (2005), there are 55 species of migratory raptor in Asia, and 42 of them have been recorded as passed or stopped-over in Indonesia areas.

There are many records of migratory raptor in Java, but little information is found of these groups in Sumatera. Based on Sukmantoro (2006), the newest record of 100 migratory raptors in Sumatera are passing across in Lambaro Village (Aceh Province) in December 2007; of which 8 Oriental honey buzzard is found in Jambi province, and 15 Chinese ghosthawk is recorded in Bintan Island, Riau Island province. There is also 1,145 Oriental honey buzzards recorded in 2005, travelling from Rupat Island (Riau province) to M alaka (M alaysia). M onitoring activity of migratory raptors in 2001 shows that the migration route is from Malaka to Riau passing through Riau Islands, Jambi Province, Lampung Province, and continuing to Java Island. Small groups come through Aceh. Report of Higuchi (2006) demonstrated that one Oriental honey buzzard with a satellite tracking unit on it was found in Sumatera during their wintering migration. Makalew et al (2015) said that the habitat selection of wintering migration routes for Oriental honey buzzard was highly influenced by the availability of thermal winds and food. b. Diversity of Raptor Birds in Study Area

During the first survey, the weather was misty and cloudy. According to Spaar (1996) and Bildstein (2006), it is not the good condition to find raptor, since this species likes to soar utilizing thermal and gliding to save their energy. Most of recorded raptors were seeing when they do their activities a few minutes after the mist and drizzle. There is only one raptor (Crested serpent eagle) seen perching on the top of dead tree during the drizzle. Open area is the best location to watch them flying/ soaring. Raptors usually use secondary forest, farm land, or open areas for hunting their prey. The table below lists the raptor species found in the study area (Table 4-6).

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Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area

No Indonesia English Scientific Activity 1 Alap – alap capung Black-thighed falconet Microhierax fringillarius Perching, hunting 2 Elang hitam Indian black eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Soaring, hunting

3 Elang ular bido Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela Perching 4 Elang perut karat Ruffous bellied eagle Hiraaetus kienerii Soaring 5 Sikep madu asia Oriental honey buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus Hunting, soaring

6 Elang Brontok Changeable Hawk-eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Perching 7 Elang Walaceae Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nanus Perching 8 Elang Gunung Blyth’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus alboniger Perching, hunting 9 Alap alap kawah Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Soaring c. Black-thighed Falconet

One of the smallest raptor species, the Black thighed falconet likes to carry out most of its activities in the open areas of forest edges or villages and farm land (MacKinnon et al (1998). Their prey is insects, small birds, and lizards (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001; Wells 2007). It is their nature to stay perched on the tops of dead trees, flying to catch prey and returning to the same perch location to eat. They tend to repeat these activities before moving to another dead tree. Sometimes the species hunt and eat their prey under the canopy. This species also uses the holes in dead trees for nesting.

photo: Gunawan photo: Aji Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (M icrohierax fringillarius) perching

d. Indian Black Eagle

The Indian black eagle is one of the biggest forest raptors in Indonesia. It has a large wingspan that is not suitable for hunt under the forest canopy. It is the reason for them to hunt their prey in the open area or on the top of the canopy. Li YD (2011) said that this species supported by forest in the higher elevation. Their preys are monkeys, lizards, and small mammals. During the survey, this species was seen soaring or flying over the forest for hunting. In some location, this species was found soaring with the juvenile. It meant they just past their breeding season, because they will shoot the juvenile when it grown up.

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photo: Aji photo: Gunawan Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) hunting over the canopy e. Crested Serpent Eagle

According Prawiradilaga et al (2003), Crested serpent eagle is one of the common species in Indonesia. This species is most widely distributed (Amadon 1974, Stepanyan 1992) among Spilornis that only found in the Indo-Malay zoogeographical region (Thiollay 1994, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Their prey is reptile such as lizard and snake. They also can eat birds or frogs. This species liked to hunting in open area, under the canopy or forest floor. They can walk or running on the branches to catch the prey. During the survey, the team only found one individual of this species perching on the dead tree in the paddy field. Probably, this bird is waiting to hunt for its prey. Walther et al (2014) said that this species more often using degraded and semi-open mix forest.

photo: Aji photo: Wilson Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunting f. Ruffous Bellied Eagle

The other raptor species found in the survey is Ruffous bellied eagle. This is a colorful raptor and one of the most expensive raptor which offered in illegal trading through social media. The species adapted to hunting over or under the canopy. The Rufous-bellied Eagle is a resident species of southern Asia, covering from India to Southern Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia, continue to the Philippines and Indonesia, and reached to as far east as Flores in the Lesser Sundas (Thiollay 1994; Coates & Bishop 2000). In the Greater Sundas, it is known as uncommon forest resident species and can fly extending up to 1,500 m above sea level (MacKinnon et al. 1998). First breeding in Sumatera was recorded in 2007 (Iqbal et al, 2011). During the survey, this

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species was seen soaring alone or in a pair. In the survey location, the team saw a pair of this species soaring together with a pair of Indian black eagle over Wellpad-B.

photo: Gunawan photo: Dedy Istanto/ www.satuharapan.com/ Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area

g. Oriental Honey Buzzard

This species is most often seen in the survey area. It was seen fly over the Administration area alone and in a group consists of 2-3 individual in other locations. Oriental honey buzzard has many color body variations and it also belongs to migratory and resident. The resident-type color body is dark brown with 2-3 crested feathers. The nature of Oriental honey buzzard likes to attack the bee or wasp nests in order to eat the flyblow and drink the honey. The individual species that was found in the survey area probably as the individual migration, considering its color that is brighter, has no crested and the species usually migrates in a big flock and using the same path in every migration seasons. However, there is no literature that recorded the raptor migration in the survey area (Sumatera area).

The migration season is from February to May during autumn migration and from August to November during spring migration. Migratory raptor will stay during their winter migration in the destination location.

photo: Aji photo: Gunawan Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard

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h. Changeable Hawk-eagle

Changeable Hawk-eagle with scientific name Nisaetus cirrhatus is protected species by Indonesia Regulation with Least Concern conservation status from Red List Book IUCN. This species has an extremely large range, the distribution of this species from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, Indonesia (Sumtera, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara).

The foods for this species are birds, reptiles and mammals. This species was found perched on a dry tree around the bridge and intersection Wellpad D.

Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area i. Wallace’s Hawk-eagle

This species is protected by Indonesia regulation. IUCN categorized it into . It is resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally been reported up to 1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradation, having been recorded in heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and Sumatra, and logged forest in M alaysia. However, a study in Malaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to selective logging, but not subsequently (IUCN, 2016).

Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area

This species also has a wide range distribution from Brunei, M yanmar, Thailand, M alaysia, Sumatera, and Kalimantan. Their main preys are small birds, bats, and reptiles.

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During field observation, this species was found perched near a lake near Wellpad D and the path to Wellpad A. At another area at coffee plantation not far from Wellpad B, they were seen flying and fighting with the Black eagle.

Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left) and Breeding Scene (right)

j. Peregrine Falcon

Scientific name of this species is Falco peregrinus. Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and Arctic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America, Europe to Africa, and northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower latitudes or in the Southern Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Migrating birds leave their breeding sites between August and November, and return between March and May (Snow and Perrins 1998). M igrants readily fly over sea and ocean. M ost birds travel singly or in pairs, even on migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It inhabits an extreme variety of habitats, tolerating wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Birds make up most of its diet, principally pigeons and doves (del Hoyo et al. 1994). In breeding site eggs are usually laid in a scrape or depression in a rock face, with no nest being built (del Hoyo et al. 1994).

This species is the fastest predator bird in the world's. There are about 19 sub-species spreading almost all over the world, and migratory species. The main prey is birds, but they also prey small mammals, lizards, bats, insects, and fish. Observed flies over the forest near Wellpad H, but not certain migratory or resident species.

Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon

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k. Blyth’s Hawk-eagle

This is protected species with conservation status of IUCN is Least Concern. This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Areas of distribution are Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatera and Kalimantan. M ain preys of this species are bird, reptile and small mammals.

Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B

On study area, this species found perched in Wellpad B and flew in pairs around Wellpad H. l. Other Bird Species

Besides collecting data of raptor species on the area, the team also compiled data of other bird species. The monitoring results show that are 89 birds species of 39 families were found in the survey area (Appendix 1):

a. 17 of them are protected by Indonesia law

b. 18 of them are included in Red-list Book of IUCN

c. 10 of them are included in CITES Appendix

d. 7 of them are migratory birds.

Accipitridae (eagle groups) is a commonly found family with seven species, followed by Campephagidae (6 species) and Pynonotidae (6 species).

Apart from Accipitridae that has been discussed in Chapter b, other raptor family that is found in the study area is Falconidae. Falconidae is a kestrel bird group.

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7 6 6 5 5 5 5

3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Accipitridae Alcedinidae Bucerotidae Chloropseidae Columbidae Cuculidae Dicruridae Eurylaimidae Hirundinidae Leiothrichidae otacillidae M otacillidae M Paridae Passeridae Picidae Psittacidae Rallidae Sittidae Turdidae Zosteropidae

Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family

Migrant bird: Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, photo: Aji Migrant bird: Grey Wagtail, photo: Gunawan

Protected bird: Wreathed Hornbill, photo: Wilson Protected bird: Bushy-crested Hornbill, photo: Aji Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit

Figure 4-18 shows migratory and protected species birds that were encountered in the study location. Survey recorded two species of Hornbill groups; both species are part of the Bucerotidae family. Indonesia Regulation protects the Bucerotidae family bird.

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m. Endemic Bird and Restricted-range Species

Survey was found four Sumatran’s endemic bird species, three of them were captured by camera trap (Figure 4-19). A general description the ecology of each of endemic species were found are presented in the Table 4-7.

Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species

No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence 1 Salavadori's Lophura This species can be found at altiudes Pheasant inornata between about 650 and 2,200 m (2,130 and 7,220 ft). There are two subspecies; L. i. inornata being relatively common and known from many locations in the centre and south of the Barisan M ountains, while L. i. hoogerwerfi, Hoogerwerf's pheasant, is restricted to the northern part of the mountains and has been seen infrequently. The population is estimated to number 5,000-19,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of Estimated extent of occurrence abundance and range size. This is (EOO) – 71,400 km2. consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is roughly equivalent to 7,500-30,000 individuals (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ , 2016) 2 Red-billed Arborophila Occupants of the mountains forest at Partridge rubrirostris an altitude of 900-2500m. Shy bird and stayed on the ground in small groups. M ore like a moat moss and dense undergrowth on a ridge. The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as probably locally quite numerous (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ , 2016).

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) – 69,500 km2.

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No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence 3 Bronze- Polyplectron Occupants of primary forest and tailed chalcurum logged-over forests which are Peacock- common in Bukit Barisan, between pheasant altitudes of 800-1700 m. Commonly have 2 eggs that incubate for 22 days. The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be fairly common in places (del Hoyo et al. 1994).

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) – 83,200 km2. 4 Cream- Pycnonotus Inhabiting the primary forest, striped leucogrammicus lowland and hill dipterocarp forest, Bulbul also still be found in the peat swamp forests and secondary forests, mangrove, coastal vegetation, moor / treeless fields and cocoa plantations, usually at an altitude of under 750-900 m, although it is still found in altitude of 1500 m in Sabah. Less available information regarding the feed and behavior. But it estimated similar to C. hayii consuming large sized fruits. One tree is used by three or more pairs of Estimated extent of occurrence nesting that is generally close to (EOO) – 63,000 km2. streams. Nesting developed in tree holes former termite and ant nests around 1-10 m from the ground. The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as fairly common in mid- elevation forests, although generally uncommon in north Sumatra (del Hoyo et al. 2005).

Salvadori is found widespread in the study area; it is seen from the results of camera traps in Table 4-14. The study noted 9 of 13 locations to capture its existence with high intensity.

Peacock-pheasant Salavadori's Pheasant

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Red-billed Partridge Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps n. Potential Threat

Based on conversations with our local guide, some people enter the area to catch birds for pets, trading, and consumption. Usually they catch birds by glue trapping and mist-netting. The local guide said that the main target is the Banded Pitta (Pitta guajana) which is protected by Indonesia Law and is also in CITES.

4.2.2.4 Large M ammals a. Arboreal M ammals

Species and Distribution

Five species of primates were recorded in the study area, Siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), Ungko (Dark-handed) gibbon (H. agilis), Simpai leaf-monkey (Presbytis melalophos), and Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Long-tailed macaque was reported by people inhabitant in study areas, but was not encountered during the field survey.

Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEM L W orking Area and Conservation Status.

Name Conservation Status

Indonesian English Scientific name GOI IUCN CITES

Siamang Siamang gibbon Hylobates syndactylus P EN I

Ungko Dark-handed gibbon H. agilis P EN II

Simpai Sumatran surili Presbytis melalophos P EN II

Beruk Pig-tailed macaque M acaca nemestrina - VU II

M onyet ekor panjang Long-tailed macaque M . fascicularis - LC II

Note: IUCN: EN = Endangered, CR = Critical Endangered, CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, GOI = Indonesia law under PP 7/ 1999: P = Protected

The locations where primate groups were seen or heard is shown in M ap 4.

Species Description

 Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)

Siamang (H. syndactylus) was recorded as relatively abundant in the PT SEM L Project area and surroundings. Siamang was present at 19 locations in the study area based on observations from

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M arch to June 2016 (Figure 4-20). Based on these findings, approximately 11 groups are predicted to include this region within their home range. However, more research is required to improve the accuracy of this estimate.

Based on direct encounters, the number of group members ranged from 2 to 4 individuals.

Group size was not determinable from vocalizations alone (indirect encounters).

Figure 4-20 Siamang migration by walking on the access road to W ellpad A.

Field observations showed that Siamangs are generally located in primary forests and hillsides, especially at the edges of KSNP. Siamang is an arboreal species (always living up in tree canopies). Observations of Siamang walking on the ground crossing roads indicates this species has the ability to adapt to habitats fragmented by roads or agriculture (Table 4-9).

Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area

No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number 1 WP-D areas Hs-1 3 2 WP-D areas Hs-2 2 3 M ess areas Hs-3 2 (* ) 4 M ess areas Hs-4 2 5 WP-B areas Hs-5 3 (* ) 6 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-6 3 7 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-7 3 (* ) 8 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-8 3 9 Between WP-B and WP-A Hs-9 2 (* ) 10 WP-F proposed areas Hs-10 3 11 WP-F proposed areas Hs-11 4

Note: (*) identified by great call and predicted group size

 Simpai / Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)

Sumatran surili was found to be a relatively abundant species. The surveys identified 10 locations where it was present. The number of members in each group ranged from 2 to 6 individuals.

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Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)

Sumatran surili is a species that easily adapts to habitat changes. In the study area, Simpai were found in primary forest, secondary forest and scrub land around agricultural fields (Table 4-10).

Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding M ethodology

No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number 1 WP-H areas na (* ) 2 WP-H areas na (* ) 3 WP-B areas na (* ) 4 WP-B areas na (* ) 5 Road to WP-B areas na 6 - 8 6 Road to WP-D areas na > 10 7 WP-D areas na 6 8 WP-D areas na (* ) 9 Office areas na 4 10 Office areas na 6

Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups; na : no group name

 Ungko / Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)

Agile gibbon (H. agilis) is the sympatric gibbon species of Siamang in the working area of PT SEML, but its abundance is not high. Their presence was recorded at six locations, and only one group was observed directly. Similar to Siamangs, Agile gibbon is an arboreal species that lives in primary forests and hillside areas.

Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)

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Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area

No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number 1 WP-E areas Ha-1 2 (* ) 2 Office areas Ha-2 3 3 Office areas Ha-3 2 (* ) 4 WP-B areas Ha-4 2 (* ) 5 Danau kering areas Ha-5 3 6 WP-H areas Ha-6 2 (* )

Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups;

 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)

Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (M. nemestrina) was directly observed during field surveys. Two encounters were made with a total of 8 individuals in one group. Southern Pig-tailed M acaque is a primate species that is highly adaptive to land cover changes. Their habitat is wide spread ranging from primary forest up to residential areas.

Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)

Six of the thirteen camera traps recorded this species on the ground which indicates that this species has a wide distruibution range in the study area.

Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed M acaque Presence in Study Area

No Observed area Groups Name Individual Number 1 Office areas - 8 2 Camera trap - 6

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M ap 4 Distribution of Primate Groups

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b. Terrestrial M ammals

Survey was performed using 10 camera traps at 13 locations. Camera trapping started February 27, 2016 and continued until May 31, 2016. A total of 280 animal photos were obtained. The camera trap locations are shown in Table 4-13.

Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locations

Coordinate Elevation No. Camera ID Habitat Closed Location Longitude Latitude m asl 1 CT 1 736383 9819338 1658 Hill forest Wellpad I 2 CT 2 736489 9818790 1825 Montane forest Wellpad F

3 CT 3 736440 9818220 2020 Montane forest KSNP 4 CT 4 736292 9819809 1526 Hill forest Wellpad J 5 CT 5 736171 9819283 1708 Hill forest Wellpad I 6 CT 6 737682 9819384 1473 Shrub swamp Wellpad B

7 CT 7 737441 9818139 1712 Montane forest KSNP

8 CT 8 737564 9817779 1782 Montane forest KSNP

9 CT 9 735635 9820191 1599 Hill forest KSNP

10 CT 10 735672 9819171 1822 Hill forest KSNP 11 CT 11 738561 9818643 1448 Shrub swamp Wellpad B

12 CT 12 738250 9818349 1540 Hill forest KSNP 13 CT 13 736171 9819283 1708 Hill forest Wellpad I

Camera traps recorded 23 species i.e. 17 mammal species, four bird species, one reptile species and one amphibian species. The number of recorded mammals is about 20% of all mammals in the KSNP area which totaled 85 species. Mammals found can be categorized as a species that inhabit the forest edge until the forest interior, except Capricornis sumatraensis (Serow), relatively prefer forest cover area with steep topography. Complete list of found mammals can be seen in Figure 4-24.

Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings

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The analysis results of the abundance of each species showed that the most abundant mammal group is Rats (Rattus spp), followed by monkey apes and masked palm-civet. Southern Pig-tailed Macaque is a primate species found on the ground relatively more than other primates that are usually arboreal and live in groups. Macaque groups inhabits forest edge habitat, secondary forest and primary forest up to an altitude of 2,000 m asl.

The graph below plots the correlation between effort (Traps Days) and number of species. The number of species is increasing linearly with trap days and does not yet shown indications of levelling off which suggests that species richness is higher still (Figure 4-25). More camera trapping days are required to improve the estimate of total species richness.

Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area

Using camera traps species richness appears to be low. This may be due to habitat type, study area size, methodology and study duration. Additionally, low species richness could be due to high human activity in the study area. Field surveys show places around the Project site that have been recently cleared for cultivation. There are also indications that hunting is taking place as shown in camera trap photos (Figure 4-26).

Figure 4-26 Community Activities in Forest Area

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Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey

Camera trapping did not record the existence of tigers and tapirs, which were the primary focus of this study. For tigers, based on the information from locals, no presence has been reported in this area. Neither was tapir encountered nor recorded in the camera traps; but its footprints were found in the study area. Another trigger for critical habitat is the Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatransis) which was recorded in camera trap 3 (CT 3).

M asked Palm Civet Sambar Deer

Golden Cat Bearded Pig

M alayan Sunbear Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos

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Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping.

Indonesia Conservation No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name English Name Number ER Name Status 1 10 11 12 13 2 3 5 7 9 Lophura inornata Sempidan Salavadori's Pheasant 134 47.9 NT, Endemic of Sumatra Sumatra

2 12 13 5 Arborophila rubrirostris Puyuh Red-billed Partridge 3 1.1 LC, Endemic of Gonggong Sumatra Aves Sumatera 3 Myoponus glaucinus Ciung Batu Javan Whistling-thrush 7 2.5 LC, Endemic of 2 Sumatra Sumatra

4 13 Polyplectron chalcurum Kuau Kerdil Peacock-pheasant 1 0.4 LC, Endemic of Sumatra Sumatra

5 4 Varanus salvator Biawak Common Water Monitor 1 0.4 LC Herpeto-fauna 6 4 Bufo sp. Kodok 1 0.4

7 1 2 5 Sus barbatus Babi Jenggot Bearded Pig 6 2.1 NT

8 1 10 2 4 7 5 Paguma larvata M usang Palm Civets 12 4.3 Bertopeng

9 2 Hystrix brachyura Landak M alayan Porcupine 2 0.7 LC

10 10 3 4 7 Catopuma teminckii Kucing Emas Asiatic Golden Cat 10 3.6 NT, I , Protected

11 11 12 2 3 8 Muntiacus muntjack Kijang Common Barking Deer 10 3.6 Protected

12 13 2 4 9 M ydaus javanensis Teledu M alayan Stink Badger 9 3.2 Protected

13 11 5 Cervus unicolor Rusa Sambar Sambae Deer 2 0.7 Protected M ammalia 14 11 12 3 4 Rattus sp. Tikus 37 13.2

15 11 5 8 Tupaia montana Tupai Gunung 9 3.2 II

16 11 2 4 7 Prionodon linsang Linsang 5 1.8 II, Protected

17 10 2 Pardoffelis marmorata Kucing Batu M arble Cat 7 2.5 NT, I , Protected

18 2 Martes flavigula M usang Leher Yellow-throated Marten 4 1.4 LC Kuning

19 4 Arcticitis binturong Binturong Binturong 1 0.4 PP7/ 1999

20 10 11 13 3 6 9 M acaca nemestrina Beruk Piq-tailed M acaque 12 4.3 Vu

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Indonesia Conservation No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name English Name Number ER Name Status 21 13 4 Helarctos malayanus Beruang M adu M alayan Sunbear 3 1.1 Vu, I, Protected

22 4 9 Canis familiaris Anjing Kampung Domestic Dog 3 1.1

23 3 Capricornis sumatransis Kambing Hutan Sumatran Serow 1 0.4 EN, I, Protected

Total 280 100.0

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M ap 5 Location of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area.

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M ap 6 Distribution of Raptor Bird Sightings.

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4.2.3 National and International Protected Areas

4.2.3.1 Project Location Eco-region

The Project and KNSP locations are shown in M ap 2-1. Project boundary of PT SEML spans on two ecoregions of Sumatra, the Sumatran Lowland Rain Forest and Sumatran Montane Rain Forest. Characteristic of ecoregion types are described on www.panda.org. a. Sumatran Lowland Rain Forests

This ecoregion is the largest on Sumatra Island, including the small islands of Simeulue, Nias, and most of Bangka.

Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the tropical wet climate zone (National Geographic Society 1999). The lowland rain forests to the west of the Barisan Range receive more rainfall (~6,000 mm/year) than the lowland rain forests to the east (~2,500+ mm/ year). The Barisan Range blocks much of this rainfall. However, most of Sumatra experiences less than three consecutive months of dry weather (less than 100 mm rainfall/month) (Whitten et al. 2000).

Vegetation: Sumatra's rain forests are quite diverse and contain levels of species diversity comparable to those of the richest forests in Borneo and New Guinea and are much richer than Java, Sulawesi, and other islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Large, buttressed trees dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae family characterize Sumatra's lowland rain forests. Woody climbers and epiphytes are also abundant (Whitten et al. 2000). The lowland rain forests of Sumatra support 111 dipterocarp species, including 6 endemics. The emergent trees, which can reach 70 m tall, are also dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus spp., Parashorea spp., Shorea spp., Dryobalanops spp.) and, to a lesser extent, species in the Caesalpiniaceae family (Koompasia spp., Sindora spp., and Dialium spp.). Dipterocarps dominate the canopy layer as well. Other canopy and understory tree families that are common include Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiacae, Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, and M yristicaceae (Whitten et al. 2000). Ground vegetation usually is sparse-mainly small trees and saplings of canopy species-and herbs are uncommon.

Figs (Moraceae) are also common in the lowland rain forest. There are more than 100 fig species in Sumatra, and each species usually is pollinated exclusively by a single fig-wasp (Agaonidae) species. Figs may produce (mast) from 500 to a million fruits twice a year and are important food sources for many forest animals (MacKinnon 1986). Dipterocarps also use mast fruiting, perhaps to escape seed predation, by satiating the appetites of seed-predators and leaving the remaining seeds to germinate (Whitten et al. 2000). Sumatra once contained pure stands of rot- and insect- resisting ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) forests. Ironwood is a member of the laurel family and is distributed throughout southern Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Philippines. Ironwood forests are dominated by Eusideroxylon zwageri but may have also contained Shorea, Koompasia, or Intsia species as emergents (Whitten et al. 2000). b. Sumatran M ontane Rain Forests

This ecoregion represents the montane forests (>1,000 m) along the Barisan Mountain Range of Sumatra. This region is located in the western part of the island of Sumatra, and rows of active mountains, ranging from Aceh to Lampung Province.

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Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the tropical wet climate zone (National Geographic Society 1999). The montane rain forests of the Barisan Range receive more rainfall on their western slopes than their eastern slopes, which are in a rain shadow. However, most of Sumatra experiences less than three consecutive months of dry weather (less than 100 mm rainfall/month), and rainfall in the montane rain forests averages more than 2,500 mm/year (Whitten et al. 2000).

Sumatra's montane rain forests can be separated into three major forest zones: lower montane forest, upper montane forest, and sub-alpine forest. Temperature and cloud level are the major factors determining these forest zones. The lower montane zone forests are similar to lowland rain forests but begin to get smaller. The canopy height typically is no more than 35 m high. Emergents may extend to 45 m, but buttresses are rare. Lianas usually are absent, and epiphytes such as orchid begin to increase in abundance. The upper montane zone sharply changes from lowland rain forests. The canopy becomes even and rarely exceeds 20 m. Emergents may extend to 25 m, but buttresses usually are absent. Trees rarely have compound leaves or lianas. Orchids and other epiphytes such as moss, lichen, and liverworts are very common. Beyond this forest lies the sub-alpine forest, a complex of grass, heath, and bog areas. Small, stunted trees may reach 10 m high, orchids become very rare, but moss, lichen, and liverworts are very abundant (Whitten et al. 2000).

Vegetation: The montane flora of Sumatra originates from two sources: local sources (autochthonous) and areas that have a center of origin outside of Sumatra (allochthonous). The local source can be divided into two categories: species that are characteristic of lowland rain forest, such as Dipterocarpaceae, Bombacaceae, and the genus Ficus (figs), and those that have a large global latitudinal distribution such as pines, Cruciferae (e.g., mustard), Theaceae (e.g., tea), and tree ferns. The allochthonous flora belong to genera whose species are found only in cold climates, not near equatorial rain forests. These species in the tropics are never found below 1,000 m and usually dominate the sub-alpine flora. Genera include Rhododendron, the pretty herbs Gentiana, and grass Deschampsia. M ost of these species dispersed from Asia or Australia during cooler glacial periods when the Sunda region was a single landmass. Forest zones were all 350-400 m lower than their present height, providing numerous stepping stones (Steenis 1950).

The characteristic vegetation in lower montane forests changes from Dipterocarpaceae, the dominant lowland family, to Fagaceae (oaks) and Lauraceae (laurels). Lithocarpus, Quercus, and Castanea are common genera in the Fagaceae family, and Cinnamomum burmansea, Persea americana, and Litsea spp. are common Lauraceae species. Other families common to the lower montane region include Cunoniaceae, Monimiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Hamamelidaceae (FAO 1981; Whitten et al. 2000). Tree ferns in the genus Cyathea are also common in the lower montane forests. The upper montane forest is characterized by conifers (pines and related trees), particularly by the Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Vaccinium) and Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus, Melaleuca) families. Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Leptospermum flavescens are also abundant in these forests, which because of their smaller stature are called elfin forests. Lichens are common to the drier parts of this zone, whereas mosses and liverworts are common in the moister parts of this zone that coincide with where clouds form and are commonly called cloud or moss forests. The sub-alpine zone is characterized by smaller specimens of the montane forest. There is also an increased abundance of grasses (Agrostis and Festuca), rushes and sedges (Juncus, Carex, Scirpus, and Cyperus), and small, colorful herbs (Whitten et al. 2000).

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Shrub on accessed area

Steep slope montane rain forest ecosystem Vegetation types on top of the hill Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area

Five of the sixteen species of the parasitic Rafflesia plant are found in Sumatra and have been recorded as high as 1,800 m on M t. Lembuh, Aceh province. Rafflesia arnoldii, which produces the largest flower in the world, is found in this ecoregion. Its large brown-orange and white flowers can reach 1 m in diameter. Rafflesia have no leaves, instead deriving all their energy from the tissues of its host, the ground vine Tetrastigma. Large buds emerge from the vine and have five large, flowery petals surrounding spikes, which smell like rotting meat and attract pollinating insects (Whitten et al. 2000; MacKinnon 1986).

4.2.3.2 Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP)

Kerinci Seblat was declared National Park based on Decree of Minister of Forestry (SK Menhut) No. 736/ X-1982 and in 1996 the status was strengthened by SK. Menhut No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 96 on 5 January 1996 (1,368,000 ha) (www.birdlife.org). KSNP is located in four provinces: West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra. Most of national park area is located in South Bukit Barisan mountain landscape.

KNSP Park was announced as an ASEAN Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005, because it has a complete ecosystem and high biodiversity. KSNP is the habitat of more than 85 recorded mammal species, 5 endemic and 23 listed threatened (4 CR, 3 EN, and 6 VU). KSNP is also designated as an important Bird Area by Birdlife International where 370 species of birds are listed, 13 being endemic and 58 threatened (1 CR, 1 EN, and 7 VU).

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4.2.3.3 Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Asean Heritage Park The 2.5 million hectares Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site comprises three national parks: Gunung Leuser National Park, KNSP, and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra holds the greatest potential for long-term conservation of the diverse biota of Sumatra, including many endangered species.

View of Mount Kerinci (16 km away) from Project Field Unnamed Waterfall Office Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP

Besides being critical habitat for several threatened species, KSNP is designated as rainforest heritage because of Gunung (mount) Kerinci (3,805 m asl) along with many other physical features of exceptional natural beauty, including; Lake Gunung Tujuh (the highest lake in Southeast Asia), numerous other volcanic and glacial high-altitude lakes, fumaroles, waterfalls, cave systems, and steep rocky backdrops.

4.2.3.4 Important Bird Area (IBA)

KSNP is important habitat for Sumatran mountain species birds. Nine species of bird became the trigger species for this Important Bird Area (Table 4-15).

Table 4-15 Populations of IBA Trigger Species

Population IBA IUCN Species Season Period Estimate Criteria Category Lophura inornata resident 2004 present A1 Near Threatened M asked Finfoot (Heliopais non- 2004 present A1 Endangered personatus) breeding Sumatran Ground-cuckoo resident 2004 present A1 Critically (Carpococcyx viridis) Endangered Javan ( resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable reinwardtii) Alcedo euryzona resident 2004 present A1 Critically Endangered Schneider's Pitta (Pitta schneideri) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable Graceful Pitta (Pitta venusta) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa beccarii) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable

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Population IBA IUCN Species Season Period Estimate Criteria Category Large-billed Blue-flycatcher (Cyornis resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable caerulatus) Sources: www.birdlife.org

An IBA criteria A1 site is known or thought regularly to hold significant numbers of a globally threatened species, or other species of global conservation concern. A site qualifies if it is known, estimated or thought to hold a population of a species categorized by the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable. In general, the regular presence of a Critical or Endangered species, irrespective of population size, at a site may be sufficient for a site to qualify as an IBA. For Vulnerable species, the presence of more than threshold numbers at a site is necessary to trigger selection. Thresholds are set regionally, often on a species by species basis. The site may also qualify if holds more than threshold numbers of other species of global conservation concern in the Near Threatened, Data Deficient and, formerly, in the no-longer recognized Conservation Dependent categories. Again, thresholds are set regionally.

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5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT

5.1 Background Information

Desktop reviews and the biodiversity study trigger critical habitat criteria based on GN55, IFC PS6, 2012. Critical habitat is a description of the most significant and highest priority areas of the planet for biodiversity conservation. It takes into account both global and national priority-setting systems and builds on the conservation biology principles of 'vulnerability' (degree of threat) and 'irreplaceability' (rarity or uniqueness) (Mott MacDonald, 2013). Critical habitat assessment is analysis of the significant areas for biodiversity and conservation.

Critical habitat criteria following form the basis of any critical habitat assessment:

 Criterion 1: Critically Endangered (CR) and/or Endangered (EN) species at global and/or national level  Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species  Criterion 3: Migratory and/ or congregatory species  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems  Criterion 5: Key evolutionary processes

The determination of critical habitat is not necessarily limited to these criteria, however. Other recognized high biodiversity values might also support a critical habitat designation, and the appropriateness of this decision would be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Key examples are:

 Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II; and  Criterion 7: Internationally Recognized Areas.

GN58-GN62 of IFC PS6 describes the gradient of critical habitat. The gradients of critical habitat, or the continuum of degrees of biodiversity value associated with critical habitats, are based on the relative vulnerability (degree of threat) and irreplaceability (rarity or uniqueness) of the site.

5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach

The lack of detailed information is a limitation of the CHA (Critical Habitat Analysis). This study used species taxa experts for deliberation of critical habitat:

 Dr. Wilson Novarino

Dr Wilson is biodiversity expert with vast experience. He is head of ecology laboratory on Biology Faculty of Andalas University, Padang-West Sumatra. He is a representative of the Asian Tapir group and registered on Felidae Specialist groups with IUCN. In addition, he is active in the Indonesian bird community. He is one of the assessors for bird banding licenses in Indonesia.

 Dones Rinaldi, M ScF

Mr Dones is lecturer of wildlife ecology and behaviour on Forest Natural Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry - Institut Pertanian Bogor. He is a primates and spatial analysis expert and has over 20 years experience studying the ecology of primates, especially the gibbon.

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 Gunawan

Gunawan is the director of the Eagle Sanctuary Foundation. He is an expert in the field of raptor and animal rescue and release. He became part in the study Endangered species to groups of birds.

5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat

A Discrete Management Unit (DMU) is defined in paragraph GN65 of GN 6 (IFC; 2012) as “an area with a definable boundary within which the biological communities and/or management issues have more in common with each other than they do with those in adjacent areas” . The concept is central to the evaluation of critical habitat for Criteria 1 to 3, as the DM U is the geographical area within which a species population is assessed for significance against the thresholds and criteria used to determine if critical habitat is present.

Basic delimitation basis DMU is the estimate of the range area of key species, the Sumatran tiger. Some literature describes the cruising area Sumatran tigers, according to a study Priatna (2011), The home range size of each individual tiger estimated using 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP) varies between 67.1 km 2 and 400 km 2 for males while for the female was 610.3 km 2. Priatna estiamated the range using satellite based, all tigers were fitted with global positioning system (GPS) collars. The collars were set to fix 24-48 location coordinates per day.

The DMU boundary, defined based on the management boundary of Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) Section IV is presented on M ap 7. Total area of the DM U is about 672 km 2.

Table 5-1 Gradient of Critical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Critical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3.

Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2 Critically Endangered (a) Habitat required for sustaining ≥ (c) Habitat that supports the regular (CR)/ Endangered 10 percent of the global population of occurrence of a single individual of a CR (EN) Species a CR or EN species/ subspecies where species and/ or habitat containing there are known, regular occurrences regionally important concentrations of a of the species and where that habitat Red-Listed EN species where that could be considered a discrete habitat could be considered a discrete management unit for that species. management unit for that species/ (b) Habitat with known, regular subspecies. occurrences of CR or EN species (d) Habitat of significant importance to where that habitat is one of 10 or CR or EN species that are wide-ranging fewer discrete management sites and/or whose population distribution is globally for that species. not well understood and where the loss of such a habitat could potentially impact the long-term survivability of the species. (e) As appropriate, habitat containing nationally/regionally important concentrations of an EN, CR or equivalent national/regional listing. 2. Endemic/ (a) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 95 (b) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 1 perent Restricted Range percent of the global population of an but < 95 percent of the global Species endemic or restricted-range species population of an endemic or restricted- where that habitat could be range species where that habitat could

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Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2 considered a discrete management be considered discrete management unit for that species (e.g., a single-site unit for that species, where data are endemic). available and/ or based on expert judgment. 3. Migratory/ (a) Habitat known to sustain, on a (b) Habitat known to sustain, on a Congregatory Species cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ 1 95 percent of the global population of percent but < 95 percent of the global a migratory or congregatory species population of a migratory or at any point of the species’ lifecycle congregatory species at any point of the where that habitat could be species’ lifecycle and where that habitat considered a discrete management could be considered a discrete unit for that species. management unit for that species, where adequate data are available and/ or based on expert judgment. (c) For birds, habitat that meets BirdLife International’s Criterion A4 for congregations and/ or Ramsar Criteria 5 or 6 for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance. (d) For species with large but clumped distributions, a provisional threshold is set at ≥5 perent of the gloal population for both terrestrial and marine species. (e) Source sites that contribute ≥ 1 percent of the global population of recruits.

To determine whether the project is located in critical habitat, a comprehensive literature review and consultation with stakeholders and biodiversity specialists was undertaken. In addition, biodiversity surveys were undertaken as part of the AMDAL and BAP for the Geothermal Project. The following potential critical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DMU:

 Criterion 1: Critically Endangered (CR) and/or Endangered (EN) species at global and/or national level  Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species  Criterion 3: Migratory and/ or congregatory species  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems  Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II;

5.3.1 Critically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or national level; Endemic and/ or restricted-range species; and M igratory and/ or congregatory species

Critical Habitat Assessment for criteria 1, 2, and 3 are presented in Table 5-3.

5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems

Kerinci Seblat has a landscape with a unique ecosystem. Inside the park there is a unique ecosystem in Rawa Bento, Ladeh Long and Lake Gunung Tujuh. Rawa Bento is a freshwater

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swamp dominated by grass Bento (Leersia Hexandra), located at an altitude of about 1,300 meters above sea level. Long Panjang is a peat swamp in the highlands of Mount Kerinci (approximately 1,600 meters above sea level), the highest peat swamp in Southeast Asia. Lake Gunung Tujuh (Approximately 1,600 meters above sea level) is a crater / hole volcanic explosion in the surrounding ridge / ridge of the seven hills.

A unique ecosystem can not be found on the project site PT SEM L. Therefore, criterion 4 is not applicable to the project site

5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas

The DMU overlaps with KNSP; however, the Project footprint is not located within a legally protected area as specified in IFC PS6 and Guidance Note 6. KNSP was announced as an ASEAN Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005. KSNP is also designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife International.

Based on the map of West Sumatera forest and water areas (attachment to Minister of Forestry Decree No SK.304/Menhut-II/2011 and No. 422/Kpts-II/1999 regarding Designation of Forest Areas), the Project is located directly adjacent to Protection Forest and KSNP. Land status of the Project sites is categorized as ‘other usage’ or Area Penggunaan Lain (APL) according to the categorization by the Indonesian Forestry Ministry.

As noted above, KSNP was inaugurated by the Minister of Agriculture in 1982 with Declaration Letter No. 736/ Mentan/ X/ 1982 as well as Minister of Forestry Decree of No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 1996.

Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U

Overlap with DM U Protected area Designation Area (ha) (ha) Kerinci Seblat National Park 1,375,000 67,200 Kerinci Seblat National Park ASEAN Heritage 1,386,000 67,200 Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site 2,595,125 67,200 Kerinci Seblat Important Bird Area 1,484,650 67,200

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Map 7 Discrete Management Unit

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Table 5-3 Critical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3

Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3

A Bird

1 Red-billed Partridge  Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DM U approximately 1% of EOO area. The global population size has Yes Yes (Arborophila rubrirostris) not been quantified, but the species is reported to be fairly common in places (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Based on expert adjustment, this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for restricted-range species (criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global population.

2 M asked Fin foot (Heliopais  IUCN Critical This species was not found in the Project area and study area. Based on community interviews, the communities have not Yes personatus) Endangered seen any presence of this species in the study area. However, based on expert judgement, presence of this species has a low potential for occurrence. In literature, populations are apparently in steep decline throughout its range, such that its population is now thought to number in the low thousands at most, and possibly fewer than 1,000 mature individuals (J. C. Eames in litt. 2007). The last records from Sumatra date back to 1996.

3 Salvadori's Pheasant  Endemic of Sumatra Salvadori's Pheasant is endemic to Sumatera, Indonesia, where the nominate is known from at least ten localities in the Yes Yes (Lophura inornata) Island central and south Barisan mountain range and L. i. hoogerwerfi is found in northern Sumatera. Of the former, there are recent records from Gunung Kaba and Gunung Kerinci, both within Kerinci-Seblat National Park, where it remained relatively common during surveys in the late 1990s and early 2000s (F. Lambert in litt. 2008) and was camera trapped multiple times (31 records) in 2004-2006 (Yoan Dinata et al. 2008), and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (where it has also been camera trapped [N. Winarni in litt. 2004]). It was described as fairly common around Kerinci in the early 1900s. L. i. hoogerwerfi is known historically from two females (both collected) and a male (glimpsed), in the Gayo Highlands, Aceh province, within what is now the Gunung Leuser National Park. The population is estimated to number 5,000-19,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is roughly equivalent to 7,500-30,000 individuals. Camera traps captured the existence of the species is 9 of 13 camera traps locations. This species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for restricted-range species (criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global population.

4 Sumatran Ground-cuckoo  IUCN Critical This species is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is only known from eight specimens and a recent series Yes Yes (Carpococcyx viridis) Endangered of sightings, the majority of which have come from the Barisan Mountains in the southern half of the island (BirdLife  Endemic of Sumatra International 2001). Island The population is estimated to number 50-249 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 75-374 individuals in total, rounded here to 70-400 individuals. Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.

5 Sumatran  Endemic of Sumatra This species is mentioned on list of Important Bird Area (IBA) trigger species for KSNP. This species is endemic to Sumatra Yes Yes Trogon (Apalharpactes  Indonesia Protected Island. The surveys did not record existence of this species both in study area or project foot print area. mackloti)

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3

6 Schneider's Pitta (Pitta  Endemic of Sumatra Pitta schneideri is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where its known range spans a large part of the Barisan Yes Yes schneideri) Island range (from Gunung Sibayak, North Sumatra, to Gunung Dempo, South Sumatra) (BirdLife International 2001). Historically it  Indonesia Protected was very common in the Gunung Kerinci area, but a period of over 70 years followed before it was rediscovered on the mountain in 1988 (Hurrel 1989). Camera trapping at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park has recorded the species as often as Banded Pitta (Pitta guajana), which is not considered to be a rare species. However, camera trapping at KSNP in west- central Sumatra failed to record the species (Dinata et al. 2008). True distribution and abundance remain poorly understood, owing primarily to a lack of survey effort in many areas of potentially suitable forest, but improved knowledge of its call may lead to further sites being discovered in the future. The population is estimated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.

7 Graceful Pitta (Pitta  Endemic of Sumatra Pitta venusta is endemic to the highlands of Sumatra, Indonesia (BirdLife International 2001). Records are infrequent, and Yes Yes venusta) Island the species was thought to be rare or very local, occurring in pockets. The apparent paucity of records and known sites may  Indonesia Protected largely reflect a lack of widespread survey coverage. Increasing knowledge of the species' call led to records at a number of new sites, suggesting that it may not be as rare as previously thought (N. Brickle in litt. 2007). Given the destruction of lowland and lower-montane forest in Sumatra, it must have declined. The population is estimated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.

8 Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa  Endemic of Sumatra Cochoa beccarii is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is known from just four specimens and a few sight Yes beccarii) Island records (from five sites) along the Barisan Mts. However, observer coverage in likely areas across the remainder of the range has been extremely low. Little is known about its population status, but it appears to occur at low densities, in common with its congeners, and was considered very rare by collectors in the early 20th century. It is very unobtrusive, but is recorded regularly in suitable habitat once calls are known (N. Brickle in litt. 2007). It may be declining owing to loss of habitat in the lower portion of its altitudinal range, although the majority of populations should be relatively secure. The population is estimated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.

9 Black-thighed Falconet  Indonesia Protected This species is abundant and widespread with distribution in Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; M alaysia; M yanmar; Singapore Yes Yes (Microhierax fringillarius) and Thailand. Indonesia protects all species in family of Falconidae. This is a resident species with habitats in agriculture areas and forest edges. The population is estimated to number in the tens of thousands (IUCN, 2016). Surveys recorded the existence of this species on Wellpad D and adjacent to the National Park area. It is considered that habitat containing regionally important concentrations. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

10 Peregrine Falcon (Falco  Indonesia Protected Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and Arctic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America, Yes Yes peregrinus)  Migratory bird Europe to Africa, and northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower latitudes or in the Southern Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Migrating birds leave their breeding sites between August and November, and return between March and May (Snow and Perrins 1998). Migrants readily fly over expanses of sea and ocean. Most birds travel singly or in pairs, even on migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It inhabits an extreme variety of habitats, tolerating wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m ASL (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species was found once during the survey in June 2016. This species was recorded flying close to the top of Mount Kerinci and in a forest area. It is considered that the habitat characteristics and wide range distribution, the DMU area does not support nationally or

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3 globally important concentrations of this protected. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

11 Tiger Shrike (Lanius  Migratory bird The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as rare in China and Russia, relatively Yes Yes tigrinus) common in Korea, uncommon in Japan and locally uncommon to common throughout its non-breeding range (Harris and Franklin 2,000). Brazil (2009) estimates that there are: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Korea; < c.100 breeding pairs and < c.50 individuals on migration in Japan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). There is no record of the abundance of this species nationally. However it is certain this species does not meet with the criteria of tier 1. Based on expert adjustment, the DMU area is more than 1% of the global population of a congregatory species as criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. In the DM U it meets the tier 2 threshold.

12 Chestnut-winged Cuckoo  Migratory bird The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be fairly common (del Hoyo et al. 1997), Yes Yes (Clamator coromandus) while the population in China has been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009). There is no record of the abundance of this species nationally. However it is certain this species does not meet the criteria of tier 1. Based on expert adjustment, the DM U area is more than 1% of the global population of a congregatory species as criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global population, so it meets the tier 2 threshold.

13 Collared Kingfisher  Indonesia Protected The Kingfisher bird groups are protected by Indonesian law. National and global population size has not been quantified, Yes (Halcyon chloris) but the species is reported to be very widespread and common to abundant. Main habitats of this species are rivers and water bodies. Nationally, the distribution of this species is very wide and commonly found throughout Indonesia. Therefore, this species does not meet the criteria for either tier-1 or tier-2.

14 Changeable Hawk-eagle  Indonesia Protected The habitat of this species ranges over grasslands, forests, orchards, water bodies, tea plantations, forest near villages, even Yes Yes (Nisaetus cirrhatus) up on the edge of urban areas. Generally it lives in elevations below 1,500 m above sea level although it sometimes has been found up to an altitude of 2200 m above sea level. In the Project area is recorded on surrounding wellpad, secondary forest and agriculture area. DMU may suitable for regional important habitat concentration of protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

15 Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle  Indonesia Protected This species was recorded around wellpad and forest area, both primary and secondary. According to the IUCN, the global Yes Yes (Nisaetus alboniger) distribution of this species only on the island of Sumatra, the northern part of the island of Borneo, M alaysia, Laos and Thailand. DMU may be suitable as a regionally important habitat concentration for protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

16 Black Eagle (Ictinaetus  Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad distribution. Nationally, this species can be found in almost all areas of Indonesia. This species Yes malayensis) was frequently recorded during the biodiversity study. It is considered that the habitats in the DMU do not support nationally important concentrations of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

17 Rufous-bellied Eagle  Indonesia Protected The population is estimated to number 1,000-10,000 individuals, roughly equating to 670-6,700 mature individuals (IUCN, Yes (Hieraaetus kienerii) 2016). This species is widely distributed from the western part of Indonesia to Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; India; Lao People's Democratic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam. In the study area, this species was recorded close to the Office area when perching to hunt prey. It is considered that the habitats in the DMU do not support nationally important concentrations of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

18 Crested Serpent Eagle  Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad distribution. In Indonesia, this species was recorded throughout the island of Sumatra, Borneo Yes (Spilornis cheela) and Java. Based on expert adjustment, It is considered that the habitats in the DMU do not support nationally important

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3 concentrations of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

19 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle  Indonesia Protected The population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 2,500 to 9,999 mature individuals. This equates to 3,750- Yes Yes (Nisaetus nanus) 14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Nationally, no record of species numbers exist. It is resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally been reported up to 1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradation, having been recorded in heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and Sumatra, and logged forest in Malaysia. However, a study in Malaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to selective logging, but not subsequently. In Indonesia, it can only be found in Sumatra and Borneo. This species was recorded in the wellpad area and forest edge area. Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable as a regionally important habitat concentration of a protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

20 Bushy-crested Hornbill  Indonesia Protected Hornbill species are protected by Indonesian Law. This species is only distributed on Sumatra and Borneo Islands. The global Yes Yes (Anorrhinus galeritus) population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be widespread but only locally common (del Hoyo et al. 2001). The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al. 2001) and poaching. Generally, this species is found in forest edges and primary forests that have abundant fruiting trees. Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable for designation as a regionally important habitat for a concentration of a protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

21 Wreathed Hornbill  Indonesia Protected This species has a wide range, distributed across Central Asia and South East Asia, including Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Yes (Rhyticeros undulates) Darussalam; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam. In Indonesia, this species is more widespread than Bushy-crested Hornbills. There are no records about the population and habitat distribution. The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation and, locally, hunting for food (del Hoyo et al. 2001). However, based on expert adjustment, this species does not meet the criteria for tier 1 or tier 2.

22 Pied Fantail (Rhipidura  Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad distribution. Globally it is spread across Australia; Brunei Darussalam; India; Indonesia; Yes javanica) Malaysia; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Timor Leste; and Vanuatu. This species can be found throughout the islands of Indonesia. There is no record of research or other literature that explains the abundance and distribution of habitat. Based on expert adjustment, areas of the DM U do not support nationally important concentrations of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for critical habitat in the DM U.

23 White-throated Fantail  Migratory bird The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common (del Hoyo et al. 2006). The Yes Yes (Rhipidura albicollis) population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. This species has a very broad distribution, through Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; and Viet Nam. In Indonesia, this species has been recorded in the mountainous areas of the western part of Sumatra Island. This species is widespread and there are no records of the populations and habitat distribution. Based on expert judgment, DMU may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populations of some of the migratory raptor species listed above. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the critical habitat Tier 2 criterion.

24 Asian Brown Flycatcher  Migratory bird There is evidence to suggest that the European population (200,000-510,000 pairs, occupying 50-74% of the global Yes Yes (Muscicapa latirostris) breeding range) has declined by up to 30% over ten years (three generations), but this may reflect shifts in breeding populations, populations in Asia are not thought to be declining and wintering populations in Africa appear to be increasing. The population size is unknown, but the species is described as common to locally common in much of its range (del Hoyo et al. 2006), while national population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.100-100,000 breeding pairs and c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3 (Brazil 2009). Indonesia has no records for the habitat distribution and populations of this species. This species can be found on Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara. Indonesian is used as a non-breeding area when wintering, while the breeding areas are in Africa. Based on expert judgment, DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populations of this migratory species. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the critical habitat Tier 2.

25 Crested Honey Buzzard  Indonesia Protected Birds in the northern part of its range are migratory, arriving at breeding grounds in April and May and leaving again Yes Yes (Pernis ptilorhynchus)  Migratory bird between August and October. Further south the species is sedentary (del Hoyo et al. 1994). It migrates by flapping as well as soaring, enabling it to cross expanses of water. Small groups generally form on migration, but otherwise the species is generally seen singly or in pairs (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It inhabits woodland of various climatic types, preferring broad-leaved forests; it is recorded up to 1,800 m (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Diet Bees and wasps (usually larvae) form the main part of its diet (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Breeding site The nest is built in the fork of a tree (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species requires forest, although not necessarily old growth: it has been recorded to move back into irrigated forest plantations in Pakistan (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The global population is estimated to number c.100,000-1,000,000 individuals (Ferguson-Lees et al. 2001), while national population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in China; < c.100 breeding pairs, c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). In Indonesia, there are no records for the habitats distribution and populations of these species. This species can be found on Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan. In this study, this species was recorded in agriculture and forest areas. Based on expert judgment, DMU may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global population, so this part of the DM U is likely to meet the critical habitat criteria for Tier 2.

26 Cream-striped Bulbul  Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DM U approximately 1% of EOO area. The global population size has Yes Yes (Pycnonotus not been quantified, but the species is described as fairly common in mid-elevation forests, although generally uncommon leucogrammicus) in north Sumatra (del Hoyo et al. 2005). Based on expert adjustment, this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for restricted-range species (criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global population.

27 Red-billed Partridge  Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DM U approximately 1% of EOO area. The global population size has (Arborophila rubrirostris) not been quantified, but the species is described as probably locally quite numerous (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ , 2016). Based on expert adjustment, this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for restricted-range species (criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global population.

B M ammals

1 Sumatran Tiger (Panthera  IUCN Critical The survey did not find the tiger, either using camera traps or transect methods. Community interviews indicate in the Yes tigris) Endangered Project area no one has encountered tigers for at least the last 15 years. Generally, the Tigers can be found in core habitat  Indonesia Protected of the KSNP area. Results of the monitoring report conducted by KSNP indicate Tiger were recorded at about 3 to 4 km from the Project area. The Sumatran Tiger occurs in about 58,321 km² of forested habitat in 12 potentially isolated Tiger Conservation Landscapes totalling 88,351 km² (Sanderson et al. 2006), with about 37,000 km² protected in ten national parks (Govt of Indonesia 2007). The tiger population was estimated at 400-500 in the first and second national tiger action plans (Govt of Indonesia 1994, 2007a), and at 342-509 in six major protected areas (estimates from Shepherd and Magnus 2004). However, incorporating more recent research, covering most tiger estimated habitat (Sanderson et al. 2006) suggests the population could be higher.

2 Pangolin (Manis javanica)  IUCN Critical The survey did not find pangolin, either using camera traps or transect methods. Communities have never seen pangolin in Yes Endangered the study area.  Indonesia Protected There is virtually no information available on population levels of any species of Asian pangolin and no comprehensive population estimates. This species is rarely observed, principally because of its increasing rarity, but also because it is secretive, elusive, and primarily nocturnal. There is a paucity of research on population densities at local, national, and

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3 global scales (WCMC et al. 1999, CITES 2000).

3 M alayan Tapir (Tapirus  IUCN Endangered Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Tapirus indicus occurs in southern and central parts of Yes Yes indicus)  Indonesia Protected Sumatra (Indonesia), and on the Asian mainland in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (along the western border and on the Peninsula south to the Malaysian border, and in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in the north), and Myanmar (south of latitude 18°N). In Sumatra, Indonesia, over 50% of the remaining forest is outside Malay Tapir habitat. The concern that illegal logging and forest encroachment would result in the loss of all forest outside conservation areas by 2005 does not seem to hold up, and large tracts of tapir habitat still persists in Sumatra. Yet, Novarino maintains that habitat destruction has continued significantly in the 2008-2014 period in Sumatra, both inside and outside protected areas. Localized hunting in Sumatra also occurs as well as elsewhere in its distribution range, but there is no evidence of systematic activities targeting the species. Most off-take results from accidental snaring, road kills (M agintan et al. 2012) and retaliation killing by local villagers (Novarino pers. comm.). In the past, several Indonesian zoos, especially Pekanbaru, traded in live tapirs for sale to other Indonesian zoos or private collections, or for sale as meat in local markets. Fifty tapirs were reported passing through the Pekanbaru Zoo since 1993 with some of these animals likely to have originated from protected areas. While impossible to confirm, this practice appears to have been greatly reduced, possibly as a result of Indonesia’s economic prosperity and bigger awareness among local communities. In addition, the formation of organizations such as the Round Table for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has resulted in a large portion of the palm oil industry committing to protecting and managing high conservation value areas, rather than to convert it all to agricultural land. This has reduced the speed of habitat conversion, and in some places even reversed it due to RSPO-principles that require members to rehabilitate HCV- areas that were destroyed post 2005. Whereas the threat status for the species has not changed notably in the 2008-2014 period there is far better understanding of what causes the population decline. There exists no accurate population estimate of tapirs in Sumatra, but it is anticipated to be below 400-500 adult individuals. The DMU may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion

4 Dhole (Cuon alpinus)  IUCN Endangered The survey did not find Dholes, either using camera traps or transect methods. Communities indicate they have never seen Yes  Indonesia Protected dholes in the study area. Historically, Dholes occurred throughout both Sumatra and Java; however, their current distribution on both islands is fragmented and greatly reduced. On Sumatra, Dholes have recently been confirmed in several national parks along the Barisan Mountain range, ranging from the northern to southern parts of the island (e.g., Gunung Leuser, Kerinci Seblat and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks; FFI, WCS and WWF country programs unpubl. data). Dholes also have been recently confirmed in several protected areas in lowland forests in the east-central part of the island (e.g., Tesso Nilo and Bukit Tigapuluh National Parks, Harapan Rainforest and Batang Hari Protection Forest; FFI and WWF country programs unpubl. data). On Java, Dholes have recently been confirmed in national parks only in the extreme western (e.g., Gunung Gede Pangrango, Ujung Kulon and Gunung Halimum Salak National Parks) and eastern (e.g., Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park) parts of the Island (A. Ario pers. comm.). They are likely extirpated in other regions of the island. The Dhole is a habitat generalist, and can occur in a wide variety of vegetation types, including: primary, secondary and degraded forms of tropical dry and moist deciduous forests; evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; temperate deciduous forests; boreal forests; dry thorn forests; grassland–scrub–forest mosaics; temperate steppe; and alpine steppe. Consequently, their elevation range is from sea level to as high as 5,300 m asl in Ladakh (R. Simpson pers. comm.). They have not been recorded in desert regions.

5 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates  IUCN Endangered Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Generally, these groups found in secondary forest. Yes Yes  Indonesia Protected agilis) O'Brien et al. (2004) performed a population assessment in 2002 on agile gibbons in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Using calling counts in both forest edge and interior habitats, and basing their estimate on forest cover area in the park, they calculated a population of 4,479 agile gibbons (CV = 30%). Density estimates for this species range from 1.4-2.8 individuals/km2 in Bukit Barisan Selatan (O'Brien et al. 2004), and 6-11.4 individuals/ km 2 in KNSP (Yanuar 200) The DMU may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.

6 Sumatran Surili (Presbytis  IUCN Endangered Surveys recorded this species in the vicinity of the Project area and study area. Generally, these groups are found in Yes Yes melalophos)  Indonesia Protected secondary forest and modified habitat. This species is relatively common (Aimi and Bakar 1992) in its remaining and appropriate habitat, but its occurrence is very patchy and fragmented. The species is tolerant of habitat conversion to a degree (V. Nijman pers. comm.), and can be found in disturbed and

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Distribution and Critical Habitat Criterion No Species Description and Rationale Tier 1 Tier 2 Conservation Status 1 2 3 secondary forest areas. It has also been found in primary and secondary hill rainforest, shrub forest and plantations. This species is primarily folivorous, but will also consume fruits, flowers, and seeds. Its home range has been observed to be 14- 29.5 ha and its daily distance moved is about 300-1,360 m.

7 Siamang (Symphalangus  IUCN Endangered The study identified 10 gibbon groups in the study area. In the Project area, Siamang groups were commonly found in Yes Yes syndactylus)  Indonesia Protected secondary forest and some groups in the primary forest surrounding riparian areas. In a study on this species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, O'Brien et al. (2004) calculated an average group density of one group for every 2.23 km2, with an average group size of 3.9, and a population estimate of 22,390 individuals. In Kerinci Seblat, Yanuar (2001) recorded densities of 11.4 – 18.4 ind/ km 2 in montane and submontane ecosystems. DMU supports appropriate habitat for Siamang groups as endangered and protected species. This part of the DMU meets the criterion of Tier 2.

8 Sumatran Serow  IUCN Endangered This species captured on camera traps in the national park area. In Indonesia (Sumatra), it is limited almost entirely to the Yes Yes (Capricornis sumatraensis)  Indonesia Protected volcanic mountain chain of the Barisan mountains which runs along the western spine of Sumatra from Aceh in the north to Lampung in the south. Although suitable habitat is more extensive within these mountains (Santiapillai and Widodo, 1989), there are only three known major concentrations: the Aceh highlands in the north, the Kerinci highlands in the centre and the Barisan Seletan highlands in the south. No population estimates have been made in Indonesia. Although vulnerable to poaching and habitat destruction, Serow appears to thrive well in some of the better protected areas such as Gunung Leuser National Park. Here the Serow population may be healthy and increasing (M. Griffiths pers. comm., 1992). The species is considered 'rare' in Taratak Forest Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia, based on a camera trapping survey undertaken in 2005. DMU support appropriate habitat for Serow as an endangered and protected species. This part DMU meet criterion of Tier 2.

9 Smoky Flying Squirrel  IUCN Endangered Surveys did not record this species in vicinity of the project area and study area. This species is hard to find because of Yes (Pteromyscus nocturnal species, lives in tree hollows in tall and undisturbed primary forest. According to Bornean and Malay records it is pulverulentus) probably a rare species, as it is rarely seen even in primary forest. So, even in optimum habitat it is not abundant. There are probably two relatively secure populations (with not large numbers) in Mt. Kinabalu National Park Malaysia and in the nearby protected area.

C Flora

1 Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii  Endemic of Kerinci This species is not observed during biodiversity study. P. merkusii strain Kerinci spread around the Kerinci Mountain. Yes Yes strain) Natural stands relative cluster in an area that is not so widespread in Bukit Tapan Natural Reserved, Sungai Penuh, Bukit Terbakar and Pungut M udik. Altitude 1500 - 2000 meters above sea level (Harahan and Aswandi, 2008). Heavy hilly topography with slopes between 80% to 85%, and altitude 900 m above sea level. P. merkusii Kerinci strains naturally grow on soil type of Red Yellow Podzolic and Podsol, Latosol and Litosol. Climate includes type A and B with the average annual rainfall of 1900-2000 mm (Cooling, 1968). The DMU may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.

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5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features

Table 5-4 summarizes Table 5-3 in explaining the biodiversity features that meet the threshold for critical habitat in the DMU. DMU qualifies as critical habitat based on findings of the biodiversity study, literature review, and expert justification.

Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features M eeting Threshold for Critical Habitat of DM U

Species Status CH Criteria Bird Cream-striped Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogrammicus) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2) Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirostris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2) Salvadori's Pheasant (Lophura inornata) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2) Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirostris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2) Black-thighed Falconet (Microhierax fringillarius) Indonesia Protected C1(2) Tiger Shrike (Lanius tigrinus) Migratory bird C3(2) Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) Migratory bird C3(2) Changeable Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) Indonesia Protected C1(2) Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus alboniger) Indonesia Protected C1(2) Wallace’s Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nanus) Indonesia Protected C1(2) Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus) Indonesia Protected C1(2) White-throated Fantail (Rhipidura albicollis) Migratory bird C3(2) Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa latirostris) Migratory bird C3(2) Crested Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) Migratory bird C1(2); C3(2) Indonesia Protected

M ammals Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) IUCN Critical Endangered C1(2) Indonesia Protected

Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos) IUCN Critical Endangered C1(2) Indonesia Protected

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) IUCN Critical Endangered C1(2) Indonesia Protected

Sumatran Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) IUCN Critical Endangered C1(2) Indonesia Protected

Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) IUCN Critical Endangered C1(2) Indonesia Protected

Flora Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii strain) Endemic of Kerinci C2(2)

5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features

Biodiversity studies did not record all potential target species in the project area; however, Table 5-4 can be modified to accommodate key species that trigger critical habitat should they be discovered.

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6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION

6.1 Impact Evaluation

This chapter is a discussion of the potential impact of project activities on species and habitats. PT SEML Geothermal Project is located in critical habitat, but has a very small footprint area compared to the overall area of the DMU. PT SEML’s Geothermal Project is located in an edge area of the DMU. This mean potential impacts that result are indirect impact such as pressure on the core habitat.

Figure 6-1 Location of the Project and the Zonation of KNSP

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The location of a project within critical habitat does not mean that the project should not proceed. IFC PS6 2012 focuses on appropriate mitigation and offset actions to ensure net gain to critical habitat in the country or region as a result of the presence of the project. Through wise application of the mitigation hierarchy, measurable adverse residual impacts on the critical habitat features are unlikely on this project (M ott M acDonald, 2013).

Habitat types around the Project site are secondary forest, scrub and dry land agriculture.

Table 6-1 is trigger species of critical habitat found in/or surrounding the project location. Trigger species found are mostly species that can readily adapt to disturbances. Primates found in secondary forest, except Sumatran Surili are commonly found in scrub area bordering dry land agriculture.

For birds, the project site is not their primary habitat. They use primary forest as core habitat for shelter and cover. Raptors prefer more open landscapes such as secondary forest, scrub and agricultural areas.

Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which M eet the Threshold for Critical Habitat that Found Around Project Area

Species Status CH Criteria Bird Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant IUCN Critical Endangered C2(2) (Polyplectron chalcurum) Indonesia Protected Black-thighed Falconet Indonesia Protected C1(2) (Microhierax fringillarius) Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Migratory bird C3(2) (Clamator coromandus) Changeable Hawk-eagle Indonesia Protected C1(2) (Nisaetus cirrhatus) Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle Indonesia Protected C1(2) (Nisaetus alboniger) Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Indonesia Protected C1(2) (Nisaetus nanus) Crested Honey Buzzard Migratory bird C1(2); C3(2) (Pernis ptilorhynchus) Indonesia Protected M ammals Agile Gibbon IUCN Endangered C1(2) (Hylobates agilis) Indonesia Protected Sumatran Surili IUCN Endangered C1(2) (Presbytis melalophos) Indonesia Protected Siamang IUCN Endangered C1(2) (Symphalangus syndactylus) Indonesia Protected Flora

Kerinci Pine Endemic of Kerinci C2(2) (Pinus merkusii strain)

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6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats

6.2.1 M igratory and/ or congregatory species and critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level

Impact Assessment Analysis of the Project activities is divided according to the stage in the AMDAL document. The qualitative analysis of impacts is based on expert adjustment in accordance with the characteristics of the species and its habitat. In detail, impact prediction for critical habitat trigger species are presented in Table 6-2.

6.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Protected Areas

PT SEML Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any legally protected or internationally recognized areas. This is because the Project is not located in any of these areas and no indirect impacts on the National Park are likely.

6.2.3 Evaluation of Impacts on Ecosystem Service

PT SEML Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any environmental services. This is because the project has minimal utilization of natural resources components such as water, and vegetation clearing to develop the Project area is very small compared with the DM U. The impact to environmental services is insignificant.

6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations

6.3.1 Avoidance Performance Standard 6 (IFC, 2012a) requires Projects potentially affecting critical habitat to demonstrate that it is not possible to avoid areas of critical habitat through viable alternative options in the region for Project development on habitats that are not critical.

6.3.2 M inimization

When avoidance of impacts is not possible, measures to minimize impacts and restore biodiversity and ecosystem services should be implemented. Reduce or minimize the duration, intensity and/ or extent of any impacts that are not feasibly avoidable.

6.3.3 Restoration

Remedy (mitigate/restore) any impacts on site that cannot be avoided or reduced. Measures taken to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems or restore/reinstate cleared ecosystems. Options for creating suitable conditions post project-closure will be defined based on results of research. A programme of research and study has been developed to improve knowledge of the ecological requirements of species and the habitat and to support development of an effective restoration programs.

6.3.4 Offsets

Offset or compensate for any residual impacts that cannot be avoided, reduced or remedied on site. The need for offsets will be reviewed following a phase of monitoring. Project development is phased over time and allows for a period of monitoring and research.

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Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species and Critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level

PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT CONSTRUCTION Species OPERATION STAGE Species PRE- Equipment & CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Characteristic Exploration Stage Land Preparation & (Wellpad, Power Plant POST-OPERATION CONSTRUCTION M aterials Well Drilling Wellpad Construction and Transmission Line) mobilization Siamang  Arboreal Primate group is the Pre-  The main impact  The main impact is Significant direct  The direct impact of At this stage have  Direct impacts for  Based on existing Illegal hunting,  Monogamous of this stage is deforestation and the species is Wellpads A, H and (Hylobates/ Symphalangus most impacted fauna construction impact is noise. It a positive impact, this species are Land status and group noise from noise, but scale of relatively low, due to B, Siamang gibbon syndactylus) group. Direct impact on stage of project is quite high but both species and relatively low, Wildlife workforce the impact for the noise and can adapt with  Sensitivity : High exploration stage is land is not significant the impact habitats. The especially due to conflict.  Adaptability : clearing activity is impact for mobilization, species is low duration is short, workforce main activity at noise and high disturb condition. M edium fragmentation habitat. species or transportation of because area is only during mobilization have this stage is activity in  Study findings equipment and opened for been reduced. In illustrate Siamang  Territory: High Impact that resulted habitat. drilling. rehabilitation. wellpad. The materials. wellpads addition, the species adapt to land cleared on groups can move  No significant approximately 3 ha has been able to fragmentation by exploration stage is to the other part impact for each. adapt to a more walking on the show on Table 4-3. of homerange habitat.  Road construction stable condition. temporarily, ground to move. It The indirect impact is  Direct potential can lead to habitat  Potential direct except by hunting is a potentially for the encroachment, ie impact that is fragmentation of impact that is likely to activity. incident when the change of forest to likely to occur at habitat. occur at this stage is  Indirect impact to traffic levels in the agriculture or shrubs this stage is a  Direct potential wildlife conflict. species habitat project area is high. that show on Figure 4-5. wildlife conflict. impact that is likely could be  Case studies, to occur at this categorized as arboreal primates stage is a wildlife medium impact can have the conflict. by road potential of electric construction, shock on the track wellpad of powerline. preparation, land clearing, and trees cutting. Agile Gibbon  Arboreal Same as Siamng impact Pre-  M ainly impacts of  Impacts of this This stage is a  At this stage of the At this stage have  Direct impacts for  Based on existing Illegal hunting,  Monogamous stage such as land operation, the direct this species are activity at wellpad (Hylobates agilis) prediction construction this stage are significant direct a positive impact Habitat group stage of project noise come from clearing in wellpads impact on the impact to the species to both species relatively low, and access road, fragmentation, and along road. is relatively low, especially due to Ungko gibbon can  Sensitivity : High is not significant workforce species, because and habitats. The Land status  Adaptability : impact mobilization, Significant impact the noise is quite because noise and main activity at noise and high adapt with disturb M edium (insignificant) transportation of for habitat, but high. But the workforce this stage is activity in condition  Territory: High for species or equipment and scale of the impact impact is not mobilization have rehabilitation. wellpad. The  Case studies, habitat, except materials along on the species is long runs, only been reduced. In groups can move arboreal primates illegal hunting the road and not great because during drilling. addition. The species to the other part can have the (poaching), wellpad areas. the area is opened has been able to of home range potential of electric occupancy, and  No significant for wellpads adapt to a more temporarily. shock on the track habitat impact for approximately 3 ha stable condition.  Indirect impact to of powerline. destruction by habitat. each, except for  Potential direct species habitat people. road construction impact that is likely to could be which can lead to occur at this stage is categorized to fragmentation of wildlife conflict. medium impact habitat. by road  Direct impacts construction, come from noise wellpad preparation, land clearing, and trees cutting

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PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT CONSTRUCTION Species OPERATION STAGE Species PRE- Equipment & CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Characteristic Exploration Stage Land Preparation & (Wellpad, Power Plant POST-OPERATION CONSTRUCTION M aterials Well Drilling Wellpad Construction and Transmission Line) mobilization Sumatran Surili  Semi terrestrial Same as Siamng impact Potential  M ainly impacts of  Impacts of this This stage is a  The impact on species At this stage have Direct impacts to Surili is semi Illegal hunting,  Un M ale group this stage are stage such as land is categorized as low, (Presbytis melalophos) prediction impact on pre- significant direct a positive impact this species are terrestrial species. Land status  Sensitivity : High construction noise come from clearing in wellpads impact on the but has long duration. to both species relatively low, They are not only  Adaptability : stage of project workforce and along road. species, because Intermediate and habitats. The because the groups using tree to move, M edium is insignificant mobilization,  Significant impact the noise is quite adaptation level main activity at can move to the but also terrestrial. It  Territory: High impact for transportation of for habitat, but high. But the makes this species this stage is other part of is potential for an species or equipment and scale of the impact impact is not survive and rehabilitation. homerange incident when traffic habitat, except materials along on the species is long runs, only proliferate. temporarily. levels in the project illegal hunting the road and not significant during drilling  The direct impact of area are high. wellpad areas. because the area the species is (poaching), done. Case studies, arboreal  No significant that is opened for relatively low, occupancy and primates can have impact for wellpads is because noise and habitat the potential of habitat. approximately 3 ha workforce destruction by electric shock on the each, and the width mobilization have people.  Potential direct track of powerline. impact that is of land opened for been reduced. In likely to occur at the road is less than addition, the species this stage is 10 m. These species has been able to wildlife conflict. can overcome this adapt to a more condition because stable condition. they are semi-  Potential direct terrestrial. impact that is likely to  Direct impacts occur at this stage is come from noise. wildlife conflict.  Potential direct impact that is likely to occur at this stage is wildlife conflict.  Black-thighed  Sensitivity : High Land cover change is The impact at Noise is main impact At this stage activities Noise is main The impact at this stage At this stage have The direct impact is The group of birds Poaching and Adaptability : Falconet (Microhierax  provides habitat this stage is not for this stage, but will be higher. impact for this is low but has long a positive impact low, they can move can adapt well to the pesticide Low - High fringillarius) diversity of birds groups. significant. the impact is Deforestation and stage. The impact duration to both species to another location existing activity  Territory: Low - This increases the feed Project insignificant. noise will disrupt their is significant. and habitats. The within the range project activities.  Chestnut-winged High source. activities are on Duration of the hunting activity. The Duration of the activity has long area while indirect They can adapt and Cuckoo (Clamator The negative impact is terrestrial area impact is short impact is small and impact is short duration impact. impact is habitat proliferate. This is coromandus) the increasing of and very small insignificant with destruction and because the  Changeable Hawk- accessibility that causes disturb water short duration. ease of access that condition of the eagle (Nisaetus increasing of poaching. areas. allows illegal forest at DM U area as cirrhatus) hunting. The use of a habitat is still  Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle pesticides in categorized as very (Nisaetus alboniger) agricultural areas good.  Wallace’s Hawk-eagle around the project (Nisaetus nanus) site could  Crested Honey Buzzard potentially be a (Pernis ptilorhynchus) proliferation threat.

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6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats

The Project is located south of KSNP at a distance of 0.5-2 km. Habitat types in project site area is dominated by modified habitat (dry land agriculture, paddy field), while, Natural habitat types is dominated by sub-montane secondary forest ecosystem in surrounding of Wellpad H, Wellpad F (future) and Wellpad E. Ecologically, the project has no significant impact on unique habitat ecosystem.

Sub-montane forest is located on ranges elevation 800 - 1,400 m asl. The differences of vegetation structure were found in the woods on the west side to the east side of Bukit Barisan, and between the south sides to the north side. Range canopy height of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is still common. Myrtaceae and Fagaceae are the most dominant family tree in this forest ecosystem. Two variations of the forests types exist in sub-montane forest are bamboo forest and Garcinia forest.

6.5 Impacts on Priority Species

6.5.1 Plants

The study did not record findings presence of flora with the important conservation status, such as restrict range distribution or threatened species. Flora species are found in the survey areas are commonly found in other areas in sub-montane forest ecosystem.

6.5.2 M ammals

Three species of threatened mammals that were found in surrounding project footprint area are siamang gibbon, agile gibbon and sumatran surili. All three are primate group. The potential impacts of project activities are:

 Pre-construction stage of potential impact project is insignificant for species or habitat.  Construction and operation stage will increase human activity, such as transportation and noise. Survey found some primate species are semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potentially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.  Construction and operation stage will increase human activity, such as transportation and noise. Survey found some primate species is semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potentially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.  The indirect impact is increasing of poaching and deforestation that may occur throughout the project stage. These are related to access road.

6.5.3 Birds Generally, project activities do not have significant impact for the bird groups. Main impact for bird is noise and deforestation. In the construction stage, noise impact will increase, while deforestation for project activity is categorized insignificant because it only requires a very small area. Project area is home-range area and the core area of KSNP is the main habitat. Some of the priority species that can adapt to edge areas is a group of hornbills and raptors. Although migrant species was discovered in the study area but there was no habitat or landscape that has a large concentration of migrant species.

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Birds are one of the targets of hunters. Although adjustment has no detailed discussion, but the level of the group hunting of birds is quite high. Potential indirect impact is potential poaching activity by community.

6.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles

Study did not find any significant findings of herpeto-fauna group. IUCN has not recorded any significant herpeto-fauna species found in this location.

6.5.5 Summary of Impacts

Based on the review and impact assessment analysis of PT SEML Geothermal project, potential impacts for biodiversity and the habitat are:

 Land clearing, this activity is to prepare the land for the new wellpad and facilities. The direct impact of this activity is the loss of natural habitat in the form of sub-montane forest. Secondary impact of this activity is loss of fauna habitat.  Noise is a main source of impact that has long-term impact. The species will be disturbed by noise derived from construction and operations activities.  Land transportation, this activity will increase during construction and operation. Potential impact is wildlife conflict, particularly due to an incident. Priority species that will be affected are terrestrial and arboreal species that still use the land for migration.

The results of the evaluation of the literature and field activities, some key issues that become indirect impact and challenges but not directly related with PT SEML Geothermal project are:

 Endangered species findings and habitat degradation

Group of primates habitats were found in disturbed area. The location is vulnerable to hunting. In addition, the massive changes of their habitat for agriculture led to habitat degradation and fragmentation.

 Land status of endangered species habitat

Despite of its forest cover, the project is located in ‘other use’ area. Therefore, natural habitats changes to agriculture are difficult to prevent. Primate habitat is generally found in the area bordering agriculture.

 Poaching and deforestation

Pressure on KNSP is very high. The abundant access to forest area through walking tracks is difficult to control and manage. This led to many hunters entering the forest area.

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7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

7.1 Overview

Where biodiversity values of importance to conservation are associated with a project site or its area of influence, the preparation of a BAP provides a useful means to focus a project’s mitigation and management strategy.

7.1.1 BAP Objectives The BAP document addresses the management and mitigation of potential impacts caused by project activity to biodiversity and ecosystems. Although the significance of the geothermal Project’s impacts to biodiversity are expected to be minor or negligible, specific management measures are proposed for biodiversity, to manage any adverse impacts, and to achieve no net loss of biodiversity values. General objectives of the BAP are:

 Mitigating potential impacts of the Project  Managing impacts caused by the Project, either directly or indirectly, particularly on endangered species and their habitats  Develop cooperation with parties to manage the Project footprint landscape.

7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats

This BAP document of the PT SEML Geothermal Project focuses on species and habitats affected by the Project activity. Based on the impact assessment and discussions with experts, the priorities for biodiversity conservation have been selected based on:

 Global, national and/or regional conservation importance of some species and habitats in the Study Area – this category includes rare, restricted-range, and threatened species in Indonesia or globally (IUCN Red List), as well as the habitats where these species occur;  Trigger species for critical habitat, habitats and legally protected areas that are affected by the Project  Biodiversity hot spot, arboreal mammal habitats in the study area mapped during the biodiversity study.

Habitats

 Sub-montane and montane ecosystem forest and KNSP;  Habitat of primate groups in secondary forest on steep slopes in the study area;  Natural water bodies, such as lakes, temporary shrub swamps, and rivers.

Species

 Bird Species: raptor and migratory species groups and endemic species  Arboreal M ammals: Agile Gibbon, Sumatran Surili, and Siamang  Terrestrial M ammals: M alayan Tapir and Sumatran Serow.

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7.2 External Engagement and Consultation

Consultations will be conducted using a workshop method. Participants are to be experts on priority species, from local and national universities, local government, and national and local NGOs interested to biodiversity and geothermal development.

The objective of this activity is to obtain feedback, opinions, ideas, and related information from experts and multiple other stakeholders regarding the Biodiversity Action Plan.

7.3 Activity Plans

The conservation actions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the mitigation hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is prioritized, and that offsets are measurable and only applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable.

The conservation objectives and actions have been identified and developed based on:

 Legal, policy, regulatory and third party requirements;  International and national standards, guidance, and best practice (e.g. IPIECA, 2005; IFC, 2007; IFC, 2012a, 2012b; EBRD, 2008);  Inputs from priority species experts and the biodiversity study team.

A number of actions have been identified to achieve each objective, mitigate the impacts, and address biodiversity problems. Under each sub-plan, the objectives and actions relevant to impact avoidance and reduction are presented first, as they have high priority. The objectives and actions will involve further monitoring and research, biodiversity enhancement, and stakeholder engagement. The order of the actions generally follows the mitigation hierarchy (Chapter 6.3), but this is not always possible as one action can be relevant to more than one category in the mitigation hierarchy.

Based on potential impacts and biodiversity issues on the Project landscape, a summary of conservation objectives for PT SEML’s BAP follows.

Action Plan 1 (AP1): M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area

Monitoring of endangered species and habitats is needed to determine the impact of the Project activities, both direct and indirect. Monitoring results can be used as a basis for policy in management of habitat and ecosystem conservation. M onitoring activities might be held periodically (at least every 3 years).

Action Plan 2 (AP2): Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area

KSNP is a very important area for biodiversity on Sumatra Island, with an area of 1.4 million hectares. The size of forest area is disproportional to the number of KSNP officers that supervise the area. Therefore, many disturbances to KSNP area are difficult to control. Since the Project

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area is directly adjacent to KSNP, the Company may participate in KSNP efforts to protect the National Park.

Action Plan 3 (AP3): Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape around the Project area

Collaborative management is needed to maintain the landscape. This relates to the findings of the habitat of endangered species in the non-forested area. Local government has the authority to manage the area outside the Project area. Efforts against abuses, such as poaching and clearing of forests, require cooperation with law enforcement authorities. Although the Company is not part of the landscape management authority, the Company can participate in the effort.

Action Plan 4 (AP4): Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

Reduction in illegal activities can be effected through an educational approach to the surrounding community by the authorities with support from the Company by improving community awareness on the importance of forest ecosystems and biodiversity. The Company may support the socialization program by authorities to the communities surrounding the Project area.

7.3.1 AP 1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area

Current Status. The following protected and threatened terrestrial species have been recorded or are likely to occur within the project area:

 Endemic and restricted-range Bird species: Salvadori’s Pheasant  Migratory raptor bird: Oriental honey buzzard  All raptor bird species are protected by GoI  Protected (GoI)and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Arboreal Mammals: Agile Gibbon, Siamang, and Sumatran Surili  Protected (GoI) and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Terrestrial Mammals: Asian Tapir and Sumatran Serow  Protected (GoI) species of Terrestrial Mammals: Marble cat, Golden cat, Sambar deer, and M alayan Sun bear

In addition to the above taxa the precautionary principle would suggest that the BAP incorporate activities for the Sumatran tiger even though all evidence to date suggests that the tiger is not in the immediate area. Similarly, the Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) and fat-nosed spiny rat (Maxomys inflatus) should be included in the BAP.

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Table 7-1 Detailed Action Plan for M onitor IUCN Endangered Species and their habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1)

M itigation Hierarchy

Detailed Action Plan Duration Target and Indicator Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP1.1 Install warnings on identified wildlife crossings Pre-Construction; Target: the access road user. Construction and Indicator: Users of access road are asked to focus attention Operation stage and reduce speed at wildlife crossings; no records of wildlife incidents in Project area to date.

AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity assessment before land Construction stage Target: Construction staff to be made aware of existence of clearing threatened species of flora and fauna. Indicator: No threatened fauna species on land clearings.

AP1.3 Collect native flora seed before land clearing Construction stage Target: Construction and Environment staff to be aware of native flora species on land clearings. Indicator: Seeds of native flora species in nursery.

AP1.4 Build Security post on access road Pre-Construction; Target: Security staff to be aware of access road traffic, to Construction and prevent hunters. Operation stage Indicators: Control entrance gate, thereby reducing unauthorized persons entering the Project area; Report incidents of staff violating hunting rules.

AP1.5 M inimize noise and artificial lighting at night during Pre-Construction; Target: No disturbance to birds and arboreal mammals construction Construction and species through noise or light pollution. Operation stage Indicator: Evidence of provisions for minimizing light and noise emissions during construction.

AP1.6 Assess the need for the installation of artificial During Project Target: Assess the need for the installation of artificial crossing (crossing bridge) for endangered arboreal period crossing bridge for endangered arboreal mammals; to be mammals crossing in Project area confirmed following pre-construction surveys. Indicator: Implementation of the decision on the need for

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M itigation Hierarchy

Detailed Action Plan Duration Target and Indicator Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

artificial crossing bridges.

AP1.7 Support research projects and conservation During Project Target: Provide support for external researchers, such as programmes in Project area period universities, NGOs, and scientific groups, approved by PT SEM L. Indicator: Updated database and information of biodiversity in Project area.

AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity monitoring of endangered During Project Target: Validate monitoring endangered species species in Project area period Indicator: updated database and information of biodiversity in Project area.

AP1.9 Conduct habitat rehabilitation with native During Project Target: Secondary forest and disturbed area surrounding vegetation in Project area period Project footprint, arboreal mammals’ habitats. Indicator: improvement in quality of secondary forest and disturbed areas, especially arboreal mammals’ habitats.

AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps for Project site using Before Target: Obtain satellite images for Project site and prepare satellite imagery construction stage habitat maps before construction. Indicator: Detailed habitat maps prepared and issued before construction.

AP1.11 Control of invasive alien species During Project Target: No invasive alien species is to be introduced or period spread as a result of the Project. Indicator: Project does not introduce invasive alien species to the Project site as a result of Project activities.

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7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area

Current Status. PT SEML’s Geothermal Working Area is directly adjacent to Section IV of KSNP with total area 44,000 hectares. KSNP is an important conservation area because the area is habitat for hundreds of endangered, endemic, and critical species. Ecologically, KSNP is a very important habitat for local, regional and global populations of threatened species.

Unfortunately, the importance of the Park is not matched with supporting management resources. Pressure on the KSNP region is quite high. Although not abundant, camera traps capture some of the presence of GoI-protected species and endangered species in the forest edges of KSNP; in addition, camera traps also captured illegal activities, such as hunting and land clearings. PT SEML can help the National Park management protects the KSNP area.

At the present time, PT SEML has cooperated with KSNP management to help secure the National Park area. Several efforts have been made including the installation of warning signs, support for routine patrols, and coordination for sharing information about regional disturbances.

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Table 7-2 Detailed Action Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect National Park area surrounding the Project area (AP2)

M itigation Hierarchy

Detailed Action Plan Duration Target and Indicator Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP2.1 Install warning signs at the border of the Park. Pre-Construction Target: Provide information and warnings to the community and outsiders who want to get into the National Park. Indicator: Evidence of installed warning signboards that inform the presence of the National Park.

AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to secure the National Park. During Project Target: Reduce disruption to the National Park. period Indicator: Number of joint patrols.

AP2.3 Establish communication system for reporting During Project Target: Good communications between PT SEML and incidents such as poaching, wildlife conflict, illegal period management of KSNP. forest clearing in the National Park, and forest fires. Indicator: The establishment of incident response protocol with KSNP.

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7.3.3 AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project area

Current Status. The study recorded threatened and protected species in the region’s “other use” lands (APL) outside the Project footprint. This landscape is dominated by modified habitat such dry field agriculture, but it was found to have interconnected patched of forest. The survey noted the presence of endangered primate species in these patches, such as Sumatran surili, Agile gibbon, and Siamang. All three species are able to adapt to secondary forest and fragmented natural habitat. Primates are the target of poaching, and therefore this group is very vulnerable to poaching efforts. The target area of this action plan is other usage area (APL) outside of PT SEML working area.

PT SEML has no authority outside of its work area; therefore, multiple stakeholder collaboration is needed to manage the environment, especially threatened species and their habitats.

In this action plan, PT SEML is not a major actor because the success of this Plan depends on the other stakeholders.

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Table 7-3 Detailed Action Plan for Collaboration with Stakeholders to Protect the Landscape Surrounding the Project Area (AP3)

M itigation Hierarchy

Detailed Action Plan Duration Target and Indicator Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP3.1 Develop communication protocol with multi- During Project Target: Sharing responsibility of environment management. stakeholders for environmental management, such period Indicator: Good communication with related stakeholders. as local government, police, and customary leaders.

AP3.2 Routinely meet stakeholders to share updated During Project Target: Sustainable communication with stakeholder and information related environment, especially period sharing information. biodiversity and habitats. Indicator: Minute of meeting of stakeholder.

AP3.3 Support authorities to rehabilitate and restore During Project Target: support the authorites to restore habitat quality, disturbed natural habitat, especially protection period especially arboreal mammals habitat area and endangered arboreal mammals’ habitat. Indicator: increasing of forest cover in protection zone, such as riparian, steep area.

AP3.4 Support the development of arboreal mammal During Project Target: support the development of corridor for the corridor period movement of endangered arboreal mammals, either artificial corridor or natural habitat corridor. Indicator: evidence of proof support of the development of corridor for arboreal mammal hotspot habitat.

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7.3.4 AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

Current Status. The results of random interviews with local community members, poaching still occurs in the area including KSNP. Although not their main job, the number of people who hunt is quite high. Birds are the main target; however, some hunt terrestrial mammals using live traps or dogs.

In addition to hunting issues, land clearance such as the riparian zone and steep slopes, is quite common in the APL zoned study area. This is dangerous because doing so can increase the risk of landslides and erosion. Efforts to increase community awareness, guests and employees on environmental issues, especially the issue of biodiversity and habitats should be done regularly.

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Table 7-4 Detailed Action Plan for Socialization to community for endangered species awareness (AP4)

M itigation Hierarchy

Detailed Action Plan Duration Target and Indicator Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP4.1 Raise awareness of guest and employee staff of During Project Target: All guests and employees of PT SEML are aware of the PT SEML period importance of ecosystem, biodiversity, and the habitat, especially endangered species. Indicator: Number of staff and contractors reached through site induction programs, toolbox talks, and training. Number of leaflets, office posters, wildlife photo competition, etc.

AP4.2 Raise awareness in the local communities on the During Project Target: Reduce threat to KSNP, endangered species and the importance of endangered species and relevant period habitat and reduce the land clearing in protection area. national laws. Indicator: Posters, billboards, banners of species conservation and habitat, conservation posted at public places, environmental education in schools.

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7.4 Role and Responsibilities

In addition to the measures defined by the mitigation hierarchy, the BAP also includes a number of actions that can be classified as enhancements in that they create additional biodiversity value on the ground and actions that do not directly lead to value creation, but rather indirectly may have a positive effect on the area, e.g. education of local communities or research. These enhancement actions are called ‘Additional Conservation Actions’ (ACAs). Summaries of action plan and responsibilities of and stakeholder partnership are tabulated in Table 7-5 below.

Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Action Plan and Responsibilities

M itigation Hierarchy

Partnerships and Detailed Action Plan Responsible Stakeholders Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area

AP1.1 Install warnings on X X SHE staff of PT identified wildlife SEM L crossings

AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity X X SHE staff of PT assessment before land SEM L, clearing Contractor

AP1.3 Collect native flora X X SHE staff of PT seed before land SEM L, clearing Contractor

AP1.4 Build Security Post on X X Security staff, access road Project M anager

AP1.5 M inimize noise and X X Contractor SHE, artificial lighting at Project M anager, night during SHE staff of PT construction SEM L

AP1.6 Assess the need for the X X SHE staff of PT installation of artificial SEM L, crossing (crossing Project M anager bridge) for endangered arboreal mammals crossing in Project area

AP1.7 Support research X SHE staff of PT Universities, NGOs, projects and SEM L, research centers, conservation Field Relations environmental programmes in Project consultants, related area institutions,

AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity X SHE staff of PT monitoring of SEM L endangered species in Project area

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M itigation Hierarchy

Partnerships and Detailed Action Plan Responsible Stakeholders Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

AP1.9 Conduct habitat X X X SHE staff of PT rehabilitation with SEM L native vegetation in Contractor Project area

AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps X X X SHE staff of PT for Project site using SEM L, satellite imagery Project

AP1.11 Control of invasive X X SHE staff of PT alien species SEM L, Contractor

AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area

AP2.1 Install warning signs at X X SHE staff of PT KSNP management the border of the Park. SEM L

AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to X X SHE staff of PT KSNP management secure the National SEM L and Security Park.

AP2.3 Establish X X SHE staff of PT KSNP management communication system SEM L, for reporting incidents Field Relations, such as poaching, KTPB wildlife conflict, illegal forest clearing in the National Park, and forest fires.

AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project area

AP3.1 Develop X Field Relations, Local government (BLH, communication SHE staff of PT Forestry Agency), Police protocol with multiple SEM L and officer, and Customary stakeholders for leaders environmental management, such as local government, police, and customary leaders.

AP3.2 Routinely meet X Field Relations, Local government (BLH, stakeholders to share SHE staff of PT Forestry Agency), Police, updated information SEM L and Customary leaders, KSNP, related to NGOs environment, especially biodiversity and habitats.

AP3.3 Support authorities to X SHE staff of PT Local government (BLH, rehabilitate and restore SEM L, Forestry Agency), disturbed natural

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M itigation Hierarchy

Partnerships and Detailed Action Plan Responsible Stakeholders Avoid Reduce Remedy Offset Additional Action

habitat, especially Project M anager customary leaders, NGOs protection areas and endangered arboreal mammal habitats.

AP3.4 Support the X SHE staff of PT Local government (BLH, development arboreal SEM L, Forestry Agency), NGOs, mammals corridor Project M anager Universities, research centers, environmental consultants

AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

AP4.1 Raise awareness of SHE staff of PT guests and employees/ X SEM L, staff of PT SEML KTPB

AP4.2 Raise awareness of Field Relations, Local Government local communities on KTPB, (education and culture importance of agency), customary X SHE staff of PT endangered species leaders SEM L and relevant national laws.

Chapter 7.3 and Chapter 7.4 present the Action Plan that will be implemented and timeline/ project stages, and responsible persons. Additional information on the implementation and coordination of the BAP is provided in this section.

The KTPB, Project M anager, and SHE officer will have the overall responsibility to ensure an effective implementation of the protection and enhancement of biodiversity during construction of the Project. The responsibilities of the KTPB, Project Manager, and SHE Officer include but are not limited to:

 Inform, explain, and where necessary enforce the biodiversity legislations, policies, and lender requirements associated with the Project.  Enforce the ban on hunting across the Project area, raise awareness of the importance of the ban among all employees.  Undertake patrols across the Project area and oversee and provide guidance on activities that may affect the biodiversity features within the Project area.  Undertake and arrange for the clear demarcation of, and signage to restrict entry to, ecologically sensitive areas.  Provide advice to contractors regarding the ecological sensitivities within the Project area and region, and if necessary supervise contractors to ensure that they adhere to environmental requirements to avoid or minimise disturbance to habitats, flora, and fauna.

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 Ensure the implementation of best practice guidelines on the prevention and management of alien invasive species.  Develop working relations with local community groups, National Park management, land- owners, land-managers, and business interests by maintaining close liaison with local individuals and communities.  Provide advice to Project staff, as necessary, in relation to the conservation and management of wildlife areas.

7.5 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

7.5.1 M onitoring during Construction For the construction phase the monitoring activities will include:

 Daily monitoring of construction areas for leaks, spills, releases, improper waste disposal, and unexpected occurrences.  Weekly monitoring of construction areas for general disturbance, and more intense when there are potential wildlife conflict findings.  Monthly inspection of construction areas to monitor temporary working area size, number and extent of temporary access routes, construction vehicle use of specified access routes, levels of noise and light disturbance.  Monitoring of vegetation, endangered species and birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians before vegetation clearance.  Monthly check of camera traps to monitor presence of terrestrial mammals, especially priority species during the biodiversity monitoring period.  Monthly update and data compilation of the presence of endangered species on Project area.  Monitoring primate group populations in Project area and update periodically.  Daily monitoring of wildlife conflicts on transmission line route.  Daily M onitoring of PT SEML access roads to secure them from poaching activity, in cooperation with Security department.

7.5.2 Post Construction M onitoring

Additional monitoring will check for evidence of bird and primate incidents related to power plant and powerline. This monitoring will happen monthly for one year.

7.5.3 Reporting

 PT SEML will be responsible for the following: reporting non-compliance incidents, corrective actions, SHE trainings, and inspection reports.  PT SEML will report externally on compliance with ecological mitigation requirements and BAP implementation to the financing parties and regulatory bodies.  Annual post-construction monitoring reports and reports on the BAP implementation will be prepared and made available to regulatory bodies, financing parties, research institutes, and nature conservation NGOs. If evidence suggests a decline in the ecological conditions relating to the construction and operational activities of the Project then intervention and further measures will be defined and implemented.

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7.5.4 Evaluation Project is unlikely to have any significant residual adverse impacts on the trigger features of critical habitat and therefore no biodiversity offsets are required. Nevertheless, IFC PS6 requires that for projects located in critical habitat (irrespective of impacts), a Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Program (BMEP) is prepared and integrated into the client’s management program (IFC, 2012a).

The aim of this BMEP is to monitor the natural landscape features, extent, quality, and spatial configuration of the habitats in relation to Project impacts, other Project activities, and other human activities.

The objectives of this BM EP are to:

 Undertake long-term monitoring to detect any significant changes in landscape.  Analyze monitoring and time series data and identify the reasons for any significant changes in consultation with specialists, local communities, and other stakeholders.

7.5.4.1 M onitoring Indicators Biodiversity monitoring indicators need to be realistic, practical, simple, sensitive to anthropogenic impacts, dynamic (responsive to on-going changes), meaningful, and cost-effective to monitor (World Bank, 1998; EBI, 2009). The monitoring for the BMEP will be undertaken at several levels: Impacted Project area and priority species/ populations around Project area.

7.5.4.1.1 Project Impacted Area Landscape

Project impacted area was defined as the ecological boundary in the AMDAL document. Some parameters monitored are:

 Land cover and land use changes  Habitat type changes related to biodiversity

Methodological approaches used are remote sensing and spatial analysis. Land cover was obtained from interpretation of satellite images with guidance of ground truth data. Land cover and land use change analysis uses time series data.

Habitat analysis data are defined with analyses of species location finding and literature review or botanist field survey data of characteristics of vegetation composition. Habitat mapping is developed by combining present land-cover and land use data with detailed vegetation information. In future, the BMEP will repeat the habitat classification every three years.

7.5.4.1.2 Species/ Population Level

Species or population levels are analyzed by monitoring time-series data. Baseline study already identified distribution groups of Siamang, Sumatran Surili, and Agile Gibbon on the Project area. Monitoring data are updated with group numbers and populations of each group.

The method used is line transect with a focus on obtaining data on populations of the primate groups. For terrestrial mammals, camera traps are used and findings discussed with terrestrial species experts to identify individuals.

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7.5.4.1.3 Evaluation This monitoring will be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in meeting the objectives, and identifying any necessary remediation.

The findings of the above monitoring program will be evaluated every six years and the outcomes will be used to adapt the management and ongoing mitigation measures.

Management interventions will need to be identified when there is a negative trend in the areas of natural habitat and/or the connectivity of the habitats. The threshold for interventions will be when the area of any natural habitat has significantly decreased.

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Appendix 1

Bird Finding Result

List of Birds Species Found in Study Area during M onitoring Survey

Name Family Status No Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES 1 Alap-alap capung Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet Falconidae Protected LC II 2 Alap-alap kawah Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon Falconidae Protected LC I 3 Apung tanah Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pipit M otacillidae LC 4 Bentet kelabu Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Laniidae 5 Bentet loreng Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike Laniidae M igrant 6 Bondol haji Lonchura maja White-headed Munia Estrildidae 7 Bondol peking Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Estrildidae 8 Brinji gunung Iole virescens Olive bulbul Pycnonotidae 9 Bubut alang-alang Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Cuculidae 10 Bubut pacar jambul Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Cuculidae M igrant 11 Burung madu sepah-raja Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Nectariniidae Protected 12 Burung madu sriganti Nectarinia jugularis Olive-Backed Nectariniidae Protected 13 Cabai bunga api Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeidae 14 Caladi belacan Dendrocopos canicapillus Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Picidae 15 Cekakak sungai Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected 16 Cica daun kecil Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropseidae NT 17 Cikrak kutub Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopidae 18 Cikrak mahkota Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crowned Leaf-warbler Phylloscopidae 19 Cinenen belukar Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird Cisticolidae 20 Cipoh jantung Aegithina viridissima Green Iora Aegithinidae NT 21 Cipoh kacat Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Aegithinidae 22 Ciung batu siul Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling-thrush Turdidae

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Name Family Status No Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES 23 Cucak gunung Pycnonotus bimaculatus Orange-spotted Bulbul Pycnonotidae NT 24 Endemic of Cucak kerinci Pycnonotus leucogrammicus Cream-striped Bulbul Pycnonotidae Sumatra 25 Cucak kuning Pycnonotus dispar Ruby-throated Bulubul Pycnonotidae 26 Cucak kutilang Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotidae 27 Elang brontok Nisaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle Accipitridae Protected LC 28 Elang gunung Nisaetus alboniger Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle Accipitridae Protected LC II 29 Elang hitam Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle Accipitridae Protected LC II 30 Elang perut karat Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle Accipitridae Protected LC II 31 Elang ular bido Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Accipitridae Protected LC II 32 Elang wallace Nisaetus nanus Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Accipitridae Protected Vu 33 Enggang klihingan Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill Bucerotidae Protected II 34 Gelatik batu kelabu Parus major Great Tit Paridae 35 Gemak loreng Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail Turnicidae LC 36 Gereja erasia Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passeridae 37 Jingjing bukit Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatchershrike Campephagidae 38 Jingjing petulak Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike Campephagidae 39 Julang emas Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill Bucerotidae Protected II 40 Kacamata gunung Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye Zosteropidae 41 Kacamata topi hitam Zosterops atricapilla Black-capped White-eye Zosteropidae 42 Kadalan kembang Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed M alkoha Cuculidae 43 Kangkok india Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo Cuculidae 44 Kareo padi Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Rallidae 45 Kekep babi Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow Artidae Migrant

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Name Family Status No Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES 46 Kicuit batu Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M otacillidae 47 Kipasan belang Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail Rhipiduridae Protected 48 Kipasan gunung Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail Rhipiduridae Migrant 49 Layang layang asia Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundinidae 50 Layang layang batu Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Hirundinidae 51 Madi injap Psarisomus dalhousidae Long-tailed Broadbill Eurylaimidae LC 52 Manyar tempua Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Ploceidae 53 Merbah cerukcuk Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotidae 54 Munguk loreng Sitta azurea Blue Nuthatch Sittidae 55 Niltava kumbang padi Niltava grandis Large Niltava Picidae 56 Pelatuk kuduk kuning Picus flavinucha Greater Yellownape Picidae 57 Perenjak gunung Prinia atrogularis Hill Prinia Cisticolidae 58 Pergam gunung Ducula badia Mountain Imperial Pigeon Columbidae 59 Pijantung tasmak Arachnothera flavigaster Spectacled Nectariniidae Protected 60 Poksai genting Garrulax mitratus Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush Leiothrichidae 61 Punai gading Treron vernans Pink-necked Green Pigeon Columbidae 62 Raja udang kalung biru Alcedo euryzona Blue-banded Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected CR 63 Sempidan sumatera Lophura inormata Salvadori’s Pheasant Phasianidae NT Endemic of Sumatra 64 Sepah dagu kelabu Pericrocotus solaris Grey-chinned M inivet Campephagidae 65 Sepah gunung Pericrocotus miniatus SundaM inivet Campephagidae 66 Sepah padang Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet Campephagidae 67 Sepah tulin Pericrocotus igneus Fiery M inivet Campephagidae NT 68 Serindit melayu Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Psittacidae II

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Name Family Status No Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES 69 Sibia ekor panjang Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed Sibia Leiothrichidae 70 Sikatan belang Ficedula westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher M uscicapidae 71 Sikatan biru laut Eumyias thalassina Pale Blue Flycatcher M uscicapidae 72 Sikatan bubik Muscicapa latirostris Asian Brown Flycatcher M uscicapidae M igrant 73 Sikatan emas Ficedula zanthropygia Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M uscicapidae 74 Sikatan kepala abu Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher M uscicapidae 75 Sikep madu asia Pernis ptilorhynchus Crested Honey Buzzard Accipitridae Protected II M igrant 76 Srigunting kelabu Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Dicruridae 77 Takur api Psilopogon pyrolophus Fire-tufted Barbet M egalaimidae 78 Takur bukit Megalaima oorti Black-browed Barbet M egalaimidae 79 Takur Topi-merah Megalaima henricii Yellow-crowned Barbet Megalaimidae NT 80 Takur ungkut ungkut Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet M egalaimidae 81 Takur warna warni Megalaima mystacophanos Red-throated Barbet M egalaimidae 82 Tangkar uli sumatera occipitalis Sumatran Endemic of Sumatra 83 Tekukur biasa Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Columbidae 84 Tepus dahi merah Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Babbler Timaliidae 85 Tepus emas Stachyris chrysaea Golden Babbler Timaliidae 86 Tepus kepala hitam Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler Timaliidae 87 Uncal kouran Macropygia ruficeps The little cuckoo-dove Columbidae 88 Uncal loreng Macropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-Dove Columbidae 89 Wiwik uncuing Cacomantis sepulcralis Brush Cuckoo Cuculidae

Note: P - Protected

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