11Ruprnia1 Th !I1aug Tiw Namr

/24O7 BEFORE THE UNITED ST TES GEOGRAPHICBOARD

IN THE MATTER OF THE

11ruprnia1th!I1aug tiw Namr uiiI1UUt &1tUW1

N I ,

STATEMENT OF CHARLESTALLMADGE CONOVER

REPRESENTING NUMEROUS CITIZENS OFTHE STATE OF WASHINGTON IN FAVOROF RETAINING THE PRESENT NAME Thus hearing is held in compliance with a joint_memorial ofthe legisla- tort' of the state of Washington stitioning yourHonorable Body to substitute for the name Mount Rainier the most appropriate namethat you may select aft4r havung given a hearing to those who may desire to presentevidence. The original joint-memorial which passed the house and was killed inthe senate on a point of order as to its form and byridicule was in these words:

Is 'rsFHouse By Mg.Eworr nuu, QIrnuurrintI&,ønlutiun Na. B STATE OF WASHINGTON FIFTEENTH REGULAR SESSION

January 15, 1917, read first and second time, ordered printed,and referred to Committee on Memorials.

RELATING TO CHANGING THE NAME OFMOUNT RAINIER

'l'tin' Honorable, thmt' Meunhers of the GeographicBoard of the United States.Sirs: \Viu:mw.ts, 'l'lte name ot the great mountainpeak of the Cascade range, situate in the State ofWashington, is a iuiatter of unending contro- versY a nuong the citizensthereof, many of whom (and these br the most part among those niost cloelvassociated with it) always have refused and still refuse to call it hv the official designationRainier, but insist that a name by which it was known tothe aborigines is in every way more appropriate; and refusal, that the \VIIEREAS,The reason given by these cutizens for saiti nanue Rainier was bestowedby the so-called discoverer, Vancouver, an Englishman, to honor a friend of his in the English navy, onePeter Rai- nier. who never saw tile mountain norhad any other association with it whatever such as would entitle hint tosuch honor and distinction, anà that, instead, said Rainier at the time ofthe American Revolution, when we were fighting for liberty, wasactively engaged as an enemy against us and was effective in harassing and destroying ourships of commerce, it being a mattel' of history that he captured andcarried away the ship Polly forth in a petition signed by front the American coastthese reasons, set this a considerable numberof' the citizens of this State and submitted to Legislature seem to us reasonable and toform substantial cause upon which to base this memorial to yourhonorable body, we therefore respectively submit these following facts for yourconsideration, namely: (1)That the name Rainier is objectionablefor tile reasons here already set forth; and (2)That it has been a subject of constant criticismby publicists from the country at large and has subjectedthe citizens of this State to humiliation through reflection upon their tasteand patm4otism; and (3)That it is well known to be the custouuu inthis and othet' coun- tries to give p ri feil ii I oa I a nil a ho rig na I na ines for nat ii rid physical objects w here en p1 ioii- pen tilts, antIt halIt is custom. tint at eti by good taste and prou'r sent inientis here grossly violated and (4)That the aboriginal name for this mountainis euphonious, meaningful anti peculiarly appropriate and should be given preference on these merits without regard to the no less peculiarly inappropriate an1 unfortunate character of liii' uame nOW officially applied ; and (.5) 'l'his pea.k being the most stately and altogether imposing natural monument on this tont inent. and situate in the State called Wash- ington. should not he given over to the honor of an enemy of our country one who fought to prevent our securing freedom and independence. For these reasons we respectfully petition your honorable body to substitute for the name Rainier the most appropriate of the several varia- tions of the aboriginal name, and that you select this name after having given a hearing to those who iiiav desire to present evidence as to what that name is as applied bthe various tribes of this region, and who have always looked and still look to the mounthin with awe and reverence, as to God.

we tviil e ir prav.

NOT THE SENTIMENT OF THE STATE

Throughout the entire ii.ii n u Inch lia itt aaged for nioo than two rears to secure such ation hr the legislature of Washington, Rainier's nation- ality and the fact that he had serve(I in some minor cap&'itv in the Revolu- tionarv \Var was the chief motive urged.Every member of both houses was personally visited weeks anti months before the convening of the legislature and pledged. if possible. to vote for such a memorial. The argument advanced was so generally ridiculed throughout the state that it was finally abandoned in the memorial that passed.This ridicule was emphasized by uttemorials intro- duced to change the name of Mount Baker to Mount, Bellinghain. Mount St. Helens to Mount ('hehalis. Mount Hood to Mount Portland. Puget Sound to Seattle Sound. etc.. various communities apparently desiring to have named for them for advertising purposes the great natural features nearest to them repectiveiv. reciting that they had all been named for men at one time enemies of this countri, and British. Referring to tlipresent luaritig anti tntirmatorv of the fact that the niovenient for a change of nato isnot expressive of the sentiment of the state. tbfollowing extract from titSuattiPost-Intitligeneer. April 21.1 917. is quoted:

"V,thin a few1a - iii. I nitt'd Slates Geographic Board will con- sidir th.proposal to (I1anrutilefl8lllPof Mount Rainier. and a move- mint that rectiveul no inein-idirahle part (Ifits inijxtus as a jest will leonme a decidedly serious uitatter.The question of changing the name of the mountain has bon1IulI-s4lolong anti with so much vehemence on the part of the good people of 'l'acoivathat the rest of the state until now has ceased to take it seriously. "When the Tacoma boosters made their drive atthe legislature this year many newspapers saw an opportunity tohave some interurban fun.Much to the astonishment of the jocular press, the necessaryfor- malities were achieved in the legislature and theTacoma proposal is about to be given serious consideration." After the original memorial had been killed amid a waveof ridicule, the following was substituted and flnallv passed:

'ivatr Iawt ifirmurialNu. 14 To the Honorahle. the Members of the GeographicBoard of the United States: Your niemorialists. the Senate and House ofRepresentatives of the State of Washington. in legislative sessionassembled, respectively repre- sent that, Vrins, The name of the great mountainpeak of the Cascade Range. situate in the state of Washington, is amatter of unending controversy among the citizens thereof, manyof whom always have refused and still refuse to call it by the official designation"Rainier", \\HEREFOR E,Your memorialists respectfully petition yourhonorable body to substitute for the name "Rainier" the mostappropriate name that you may select after havinggiven a hearing to those who may desire to present evidence as to what that name shouldbe. And we will ever pray. The action of the legislature in passing thismemorial in no way repre- sents the sentiment of the State ofWashington.The campaign referred to met with no organized opposition becauseit was not considered possible that this Honorable Board would reverse ajudgment rendered more than twenty- six years ago, after a thorough andcomplete investigation of the subject; and to ask it to do so seemed to thepeople of the state at large as impertinent as it would be to ask the Suprellie court of theITnited States to reverse a judgment previously given. The people of the state at large had littlechance to oppose that memorial. They had no concerted agency to combatthe ambitions of the city of Tacoma and had no realization of the fact thatthe ground had been prepared for such action by the legislature. POLITICAL PRESSURE Attention is called to the affidavit ofWilliam Bishop, born in the County of Jefferson, State of Washington,the son of a full-blooded Indian mother and he a member of the present Houseof Representatives of the State of Wash- ington from the County of ,Jeffersonand member for the past ten years, particularly these words: "'l'hat. knowing the facts anti tircuiiistantes ini Ins iiiattor. he opposed the passage of the joint memorial in the last session of the state legislature and unqualifiedly states that the real sentiment of both houses was opposed to the passage of the memorial asking for the change in this name: that its passage was secure.! through the powerful influence of the speaker of the house, who was from Tauoin. and the president of the senate, who was from Tacoma. Their influence, through the chairmen of the Various committees. whom they had appointed. absoluteIcontrolled.'l'hat the passagc' of said memorial was somewhat facilitated by the argu.muiithat laiuier vas an Englishimian and had keen an enemy of this country.'

MUCH FORMER EVIDENCE NOT NOW AVAILABLE

From the tilt' \ ulItu\ir'IIMct(i\ antiilalitilig ii tlutiiit laiiuti' to the present day this limiuntain has keen officially known as ilainier on all ('harts and publiiirtions of the United States Governumt'nt and of the governments of the civilized world, anti liv the people of the world. excepting only those of tine county in tIn' State of \Vashington.The judgment of the Geographic Hoard has likewise keen accepted by the entire world outside of the one county referred to.It is impossible at this late date to present aminew evidence or anything like tIme first hand evidence that was a'aiIahh' when the previous hearing by this Honorable Board was held more than twenty ears ago, for time reason that the majority itt the pioneers who knew the facts at first hand have passed away. The reason advanced for the change, that the name Hainier honored an Englishman who had been an .'neimiv of this country. we respectfully submit has nitlti;lrio' whatevir.

WHAT A CHANGE WOULD LEAD TO To carry this to a logical conclusion would mu'et'ssitate changing the names bestowed 1w Vancouvr on praetically all the physical features in the Pacific Northwest and the names of countless numbers of mountains, rivers, cities and natural features throughout the nation, as well as tin rechristening of several of the original thirteen colonies ..t this tiiiie when we are allied with the great

British nation init fight for world freedomum. a change of name based on such an argument could not fail to L' construed as an uimifriendlv act and would be a flagrant offense against national honor and good faith.If it were possible to ioncu'ive of the National Getigraplmn Board taking such action on such grounds, it would inevitably follow that we should have to replace all historic Spanish ,iamnes with otli,rfor liii- reason that wi have s'muii.' had a war with Spain, and as we an' now in a conflict with Gernianv. we should likewise he obliged to oh- literate all geographic names of (i'rnuan origin, as Bismarek. Berlin. and many others. The matter appears too ridiculous for discussion and was happily omit- ted from the final memorial, although it was the motive upon which the passage of said memorial wa..'vured.Wecite the leaflet submitted herewith signed by seventeen prominent citizens of Tacoma, headed by the mayor, and entitled. "For Justice to the Mountain", particularly this extract: "That a petition be circulated in Seattle and Tacoma and throughout the state, asking the Geographic Board at Washington to renounce the name Rainier and adopt in its stead one of the various forms of the Indian name * * *for the reason that Rainier, for whom Vancouver named the mountain, was an enemy of our country and fought against us when we werestruggling for our liberty, and that to honor him with such a monumentthe most rflajes- tic single peak on earthis extremely offensive to the patriotic I('eling of a people living in the state called Washinghoi." etc. It will be noted that the same leaflet goes to the length of quoting a member of this Board as favoring a change of name on the same ground. Happily the right of Mount Rainier, the most sublime single scenic feature in the Vnited Stat. to tiji name of Rainier and noother is conclusive and incontrovertible.

RAINIER'S TITLE UNASSAILABLE "The weather was serene and pleasant and the country continued to exhibit between us and the eastern snowy rangethe same luxurious appearance.At its northern extremity Mount Baker bore by compassN.22E, the round snowy mountain now forming its southern extremity and which, after myfriend, Rear-

Admiral Rainier, I distinguished by the name of MOUNT RAINIER, bore N.(S.)42E." (Captain George Vancouver: A Voyage of Discovery to the North PacificOcean and Round the World, London, 1801, Book II, ChapterIV, Page 79, entry of May 8, 1792.)

Ilic acleptld right of early liunr iii a100 ULIIItIV\vItlI IlIIt\ ilticd inhabitants, or with no inhabitants, to confergeographic names has never been traversed by geographic authority.Such, in almo8t verbatim language, is the precept laid down by George I)avidson, for many yearsidentified with the ITnited States Coast Survey and author of the PacificCoast Pilot and othc&- monumental geographic works.(George I)avidson in Sierra Club Bulletin, .Jan., 1907, page 89.)This principle is so universally accepted and so generally observed that it is hardly necessary to citemultitudinous examples or apologies for the few exceptions.In vancouver's application of names he was conforming to the precepts of his (lays and to hisprofessionAll the names which he bestowed have been retained.Only one. "Rainier", has been questioned. 9 In his explorations in the northwest country Vancouver was first toreach some parts and second and even third to reach otherpartsthus Gray beat him in the race to the River of the West, but Vancouver. recognizing his defeat,followed the tune-honored precept and r(tained the name('olumbia", which Gray gave to this river.Vancouver further honored Gray hy naming Gray's Harbor for him. because he (Gray) was first to enter it..Other explorers on the coast at the sann' time were the Spanish.It has since developed that that nation made extensive survvvs and added many names to the geographic features thereof.Unfortunately, due to Spanish indifference, these maps did not appear until the heginning of the nineteenth century. Had theyappeared earlier Vancouver would niest certainly have incorporated the Spanish nomenclature in his maps. NEVER QUESTIONED BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY Thus, by priority of (liseover. and livpublicity to the world, Vancouver made good his claim to name the highest peak in the now state of Washington Mount Rainier. That claim has never been questioned by competent authority. All official publications of the United States Government, of international governments, all maps, charts, profiles, etc., of explorers, whether representing official governments or not, have, by the retention of the name Mount Rainier, substantiated Vancouver's claim.Further, in the vastmajority of private works, in the conversations, letters, communications, etc., of pioneers andpri- vate citizens, and in a vast majority of advertising by legitimate exploiters of the mountain, the claim of Vancouver has been substantiated.From 1792 until 1917. no competent authority has shaken Vancouver's claim. GEOGRAPHER COULD NOT ASSIST THE MOVEMENT In support of the inviolability of the title of Mount Rainier we particularly call attention to the Sierra ('lub Bulletin of San Francisco, January, 1907, pages 87-99 inclusive, embracing a report to the directors of the club by George Davidson. of the United States Coast Survey, author of the Pacific Coast Pilot and other important geographic works.This is the most thorough and able discussion of the present controversy that probably has ever appeared.It is too long to quote in this paper. but the first and last sentences are most pertinent: "To the Directors of the Sierra Club, San Francisco, Gentlemen:You have assigned to me the duty of making a report for your consideration upon the subject proposed by Mr. Charles F. Lummis, namely, to assist in having the name of Mount Rainier changed to Mount Tacoma********* This examination has extended beyond what we expected to present, yet it seemed desirable not to appeal to any local prejudices, hut to lead through good authority to that of the highest governmentsl decree .And we respectfully sub- 10 mit that in this instance such decree is in conformity with the usage of his- torians. geographers and government records through more than a century; therefore, we suggest that th Sierra ('tub can take no action whatever in urging the use of the new name proposed for Mount ilainier." We wilt also quote the following pertinent sentences front the exhaustive and impartial report of 1)avidson: George Vancouver did not ignore indian names when he could obtain them from the Spaniards and fur tra(ler. * * "In \ancouvers application of namesand he was far from prolifiehe was conforming to the precepts of his day and profession.That method has been followed to the present time.It is seen in the latest Antartic Explora- turns. * * * "Vancouver's names upon this western coast are part of the history of geographic discovery and exploration permanently given to the world in his narrative and charts and have been unchallenged h' geographers of all na- tionalities." OTHER EFFORTS AT NOMENCLATURE In 1839 flail .1. Keilev, of Boston, \lass., in the interest of the American side of the 'Oregon Question", issued a memoir (in Report of theCommittee on Foreign Affairs, HouseReport, No. 101, 25 C., 35., Serial No. 351, pp. 47-61) in which he urged that the Cascade Mountains becalled the Presidents' Range and that the various therein named after ex-presidents the United States.Kelley put this system of nomenclature into operation upon his own authority. He distributed the presidents' namesfrom Washington to Jackson on such peaks as he saw tit.He ran out of ex-presidents' names and, therefore, did not depose Mount Rainier..1. Quinn Thornton, in 1849, carried Kelley's scheme further and removed Rainier in favorof Harrison (Oregon and California, New Yorl, 18-19, Vol. 1, p. 316). Athird exponent extended the list to include Tyler (L. W. 1-Tastings, A NewDescription of Oregon and California, Cincinnati, 1857, pp. 21-26).By that time there appeared some rivalry and confusion among the Kelley exponents,and Mount Baker some- times appears as Mount Tyler and at other times asMount Polk.This system never had official or local usage.One would have to get a book or check-list to keep the names straight.'l'h' svstent was, in fact, only a historical curiosity. THE CITY OF TACOMA NAMED In 1863 Theodore Winthrop, iii a posthumouswork (Canoe and the Sad- dle)referred to Mount Rainier as "Tacoma", without any"Mount".In August, 1868, General MeCarver, one of thetownsite owners of the present city of Tacoma, employed Charles A. White, anOlympia civil engineer, to survey and map a portion of hisland for towrisite purposes.In doing this White placed upon the map the words, "Coin mencementCity". The word Commence. 11 iiient was secured from the official name of the ha, a namebestowed by Wilkea in 1841.At the suggestion of Mr. McCarver. who had just readTheodore \Vinthrop's book, the name was changed to Tacoma.

RAINIER HISTORICALLYCONFIRMED BYTACOMA

\\ ll' iiseil(Ofi- F'rouii tiiis tllilc.1I iwtii I the name Motiiit Raillili inuouslv by the people of Tacoma as the name of themountain.Nobody questioned the right of the mountain to be known as Rainier. OnDecember 15. 189, the TacomaNorth. PacificCoa.st says: "Back of Steilacooni are the gravelly plains, interspersed with beautiful lakes and groves.In the rear groun(l of this natural park stands majestic Rainier."(Original submitted.) Inder date of January 1, 1880. the same paper prints a poem by BelleW. (ooke. entitled "Mount Tacoma": also a reprint of an article byHazard tevens entitled "Tb\ient of 'lakhioma".In the same issue is this editorial

"Inthe poem by Mrs. Cooke and in Hazard Stevens' 'As- cent' of Mount Rainier, which we republish from the 'Atlantic', we have followed the author'sspelling. We do not suppose that names so well established as arePuget Sound, Mount Rainier, Straits of Juan de Fuca, can be changedbyan author's sentiment or an editor's whim, so we shall continue toapply the name of the old English Rear-Admiral to our mountain and callit Rainier."

tat I III "IIUJII I! I !i iii ItUI I i ',4iir I hit \orth i'iwt/ic I 'I (oa4 continued that policy.'I'lie same uof Mount Rainier was made by the TacomalhrrA1 Ledt'rand the 'Iaeoma \ .Attention is re8pectfullv called following issue-, t articles appearinginthe which are submitted herewith:

In theNorth J'oeiflc ("ii.(.T)eeeiiiber 1..i. 189, is reprinted an article from an FranciscoC1,ronirte.written by B. F. Hadebaugh, with this sentence: "The pass istothii' southof Muntlhuinier about twenty miles and was recently liscovcred afeasible." ii,. Mr. Halhangh was liii owner and publisher of tile TacomaLedgerat the ofthe cdi tofthe Noi thorn Pacific Railroad to change the name of the mountain to "Mount tacoma. anul was thereafter one of the most pronounced advocates of the name "Tacoma." This is stated on personal knowledge, as the wri her wa' on the staffof liii'paper somewhat later.

Fa(,)nla.V,vu N,eiiihr1f. 1 i2. an article entitled "Approaching Mount

12 'I'asonia HerA!,, I.'d er, .Julv. 1882, itemreferring to glaciers on Mount Rainier. lacouila 1leA1!/ !'(!yer. November 1, 1882,quotation from Seattle Post- Ie!elliyeucer rt'!arding Mount Rainier. Tacoma Weekly Ledqer. .January 5, 1883, an article regardingthe cutting of a new trait to the glaciers on Mount Rainier. Tacoma Veu's, February 22, 1883, an article embracing adescription of sunset on Mount RainierAlso an artjle descriptive of glacial formationsof Mount Rainier by a party of young men. l'acoiiia Weekly Leilqer, February 23, 1883, an article onNew 'I'acoma, refcrnng to the snow_capped summit of Mount Rainier. North Pacific ('oasf. March 30, 1881, "l'he loftiestpeaks of the Cascade chain are in order of height as follows: Mt. St.Elias in Alaska, 22,000 feet; Mount Rainier in Washington, 18,00t) feet," etc. In most of the above issues appears thefollowing lodge notice: "Rainier Lodge, No. 11, I. 0. 0. F.. meets on 'l'uesdavevenings at the Masonic Hall.

\IcTUlT..ii.rol ..tnl I ni. ii i ti.'' EDICT ISSUED TO CHANGE THENAME In March, 1883, the Xrtliire..I!agazine, published in New York by the Northern Pacific Railroad, announced that."The Indian name Tacoma will hereafter be used in the guide hooksand other publications of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Oregon flailway &Navigation Co.. instead of Rainier, which the English Captain Vancouver gaveto this magnificent peak when he explored the waters of Puget Sound in thelast century." This was the beginning of the movement to change the nameof the mountain. Immediately thereafter the Tacoma newspapers,which, since the date of their first issues, has been using the nameRainier, began to use the word "Tacoma" when referring to the mountain,and attempted to ridicule all who did not do likewise. Numerous photographic copies of Tacoma papers aresubmitted showing their change of policy as to the titleof the mountain immediately following the Northern I'acific's edict, "Tacoma"being substituted for Rainier. Despite the fact that Mount Rainier wasby mandate of the Northern I'acifie changed to "Mount Tacoma",the Tacoma newspapers occasionally for- get to use "Mount Tacoma". Aslate as July 19, 1884, in the Tacoma News, Mount Rainier appears. What confusionthis double use of a name created is made clear from a contributed articlepublished in the Daily Tacoma News on 13 Jul12, 1884 :I went out to Mt. 'Faeopna--wliiuli, by the way, is Mt. Rainier everywhere except in 'I'acomaabout sixtmiles from the city." 'l'aconta .Veu.. .JuIv 19, 1884, says: "lion. .Jaines Longmire, of Yelm, has obtained aim amil' '.is of Mt. Rainier Medical Springs". etc. MOVEMENT FOR A STATE OF TACOMA Before the name 'l'acoma was even used unanimously in the city of Tacoma. as a designation for Mount Rainier. this article appeared in the Yakima Signal. May, 1884 : "The proposition to name our future state Tacoma is strongly opposed b papers throughout the Territory. While all are agreed that. the name ought by all means to be (hanged at time of admsision to statehood, it is alsq generally agreed that to name the state Tacoma would not improve matters much and that some name should be selected which is not now appropriated by any city, and that this name should, if possible, have some geographical or topograpkkal significance." * * (Italics ours.) Hon. Cornelius Ii. Hanford, for twenty-three'ears judge of the United States District Court in the State of Washington, who has spent his life from earliest infancy in the territory and state and is a recognized authority on pioneer history, says: few months prior to the passage by Congress of the Enabling Act under which the states of \Vashiugton. Montana, North l)akota and South Dakota were admitted into the Union, I attended a convention of citizens of Washing- ton Territory held for the purpose of devising means whereby to obtain admis- sion of Washington Territory into the Union as a state.That convention was held at North Yakima. a city near the geographical center of the territory, and the attendance was fairly representative of all parts of the territory.Tacoma propagandists were then' urging the adoption of that name for the state, and the subject was referred to a committee, which made a report strongly adverse to i'hanging the name of the commonwealth, and that report was adopted nthusiastiellv by the convention."(See statement by C. H. Hanford.)

RAINIER TITLE OFFICIALLY CONFIRMED

Ilie etIiri.&t sub'iii Ute"Mount Iac.oiiiafor Mouiit liaiiiicr Were continued with unabated ardor until1tH).when the matter was referred to the United States Board of th'ographic Names, which body, after a complete investigation. confirmed thname "Mount Rainier".This decision removed any existing doubt as to the rightful claim of the title Mount Rainier.This decision was accepted as final by all time world excepting the City of Tacoma, which has ignored the decision and has persistedin. using "Mount Tacoma," thus d..fving the body whom they now petition. Even the Northern Pacific llailrod ('u.. which had been responsible for the entire controversy, yielded to the decision of the Geographic Board and 14 adopted the name Rainier on all its literature, and has continued to do sofrom 1890 to the present day.In an article in the Seattle Post-I ntelligencer, March 13, 1916, the general passenger agent of the Northern Pacific was quoted as say- ing to a delegation of Tacoma people who had protested against the useof the name Rainier: "Gentlemen, we have carried thisfarce as far as we are going to for advertising purposes.The name has been officially declared to be Rai- nier, and that is what we shall (all it.You can call it what you please." Since Mount Rainier has a perfect title, by what authority then canthe name "Mount Tacoma" be substituted therefor?Only by decision of the United tates Geographic Board. The question, then, is. is such a change desirable and advisable? The genuineness of "Tacoma" as the Indian name of MountRainier is most questionable.Several considerations made this so: INDIAN NAME FOR MOUNT RAINIER Other designations of indian origin are jimatters (it historicalrecord.In 1833 Dr. William Frasier Tolniie gives the Indian nameof the mountain as "Puskehouse".Dr. Tolmie was horn in Inverness, Scotland, February 5, 1812, and died on December 8, 1886.He was educated at Glasgow University, where he 1832.1-Ic later became a Licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. On September 12,1832, he accepted a position as surgeon and clerk withthe Hudson's Bay Co. and left home for the Columbia river, arriving at Fort Vancouver in 1833.In the service of the Hudson's Bay Company he traveled and resided inall portions of the northwest country.In 1855 he was appointed Chief Factor, and in 1858had full charge of the British case before the United Statestribunal.Dr. Tolmie was known to ethnologists for his contributions to thehistory of the native races of the west coast, and dated his interest in ethnologicalmatters from his con- tact with Horatio Hale, who visited the west coast asethnologist to the United States Exploring Expedition.lie afterwards transmitted vocabularies of a number of tribes to Dr. Scomiler and to Mr. GeorgeGibbs, some of which were published in contributions to the North .4,nericanEthnologist. In 1884, in con- junction with T)r. (. M. Dawson, a complete seriesof short vocabularies of the principal languages met with in the northwest waspublished by authority of Parliament entitled. "Comparative Vocabularies ofthe Indian Tribes of Brit- ish Columbia".Dr. Tolmie, under date of May 26, 1833, recordsthe following in his diary, kept while on a journey fromFt. Vancouver to Ft. Nisqually: "The prairie now seemed encircled with trees,which arose a bristling serraded wall around, St. Helens hearing easttowards high, unenclosed mag- nificence, and the other mountain, called bythe Indians 'Puskehouse' (Rainier) bore E. N. E., at summit divided intorounded eminences, with a narrow, inter- 15 eniI1g hollow, to form suggesting the vulgar comparison withthat of Dunbar- ton reck has for ages been the highest and mosteasterly eminence, and has a black. precipitous face, while the remainder is nestled in snow.The ascent s(M'nIs most practical to the S. E., bwhich the precipice is avoided." The close trading connection of the Hudsons Bay Companywith the Indians of all tribes makes this the most authoritative testimonyjn the world. If any name has a claim to be perpetuated after Hainier, that nameis most certainly Puskehonse. ANOTHER INDIAN NAME Other competent authorities have stated that Tacoma was not the Indian name of the mountain, and have advancedother names which arc Indian.F. H. Vhitworth conic to Washington Territory in the year 1854 and hasbeen a resident of that territory and state ever since, and for a number of years was interpreter for the Superintendency of Indian Affairs forWashington. while C. H. hale and Mr. \Vaterman were Sllperint4'ndents of Indian Affairsduring the administrations of Presidents Lincoln and Johnson.At that time Mr. Vhitworth's father. 11ev. (leorge F. VhitworIIi. was president of the University of Washington. and he was also the founder of the First Presbyterian Church in Seattle,F. 1-1. \Vhitworth further was instructor in that institution for a number of years. By profession he is a civil engineer, and his duties have given hun an intimate acquaintance with the territory and state.Mr. Whitworth states as follows: "In all that time T have never heard the mountain referred to by them (the Indians) as anything but 'Stiquak' (or 'Tiswauk'). 'Lanier' (1is L on an Indian's tongue). or 'Lalemite' (the mountain).I have never heard the name Tacoma applied to the mountain by any Indian: nor had I everheard this name applied to the mountain by any white man until after the publication of Theodirr Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle." (See afidavit of F. H. Whit- worth.) CONFIRMATION OF TISWAUK Samuel L. Crawford was a native of Oregon and resided in the Territory nd State of Washington from earliest youth. He was a pioneer journalist and until the time of his death lest year one of the leading authorities on historical matters in the Pacific Northwest and an ex-president of the Pioneers' Asao- ciation of Washington.In an interview with him published in the Seattle Posl-1uf4Iqenrer. March 13. 19li. he recites that in early days in Olympia Peter Stanup and lie were employed on the OlympiaEcho.and were close friends through life: that Stanup was the on of Jonas, a sub-chief of the Piivallup Indians and was doubtless the best educated Indian on Puget Sound. (The Tacoma 1.dp'r. Friday. July. 1S82. submittedherewith. confirms this estimate in these words: "Much interest was added to the occasion by an ora- tion delivered by P. C. Stanup. probably the best educated and most intelligent young Indian on the Pacific Coast.")Mr. Crawford stated that Peter Stanup studied for the Presbyterian ministry, preached for seven'ears, also studied law and was admitted to the bar.Crawford then says: "Peter told me long before Tacoma (the city) was really on the map or before the name Rainier had ever been challenged that the Indian name of the mountain was 'Tiswauk'. and that all snow-clad mountain ranges were called 'Tacobed'.The Puvallups were, of course, the nearest tribe to the mountain, living almost in its shadow, and they and visiting tribes called itTiswauk,' Peter said. "In later veaiis. whin the controversy about the name of the mountain had arisen, Peter advised me that there was nothing to the claim that the Indian name of he mountain was 'l'aconia; that Tacoma is not an Indian nameand that no Indian could pronounce it.No one ever heard the name applied to the mountain until the Northern Pacific Railroad entered Tacoma in 1873, except the few who had rend Vinthrop's 'Canoe and Saddle'.* * * I am fond of Indian nomenclature, and to settle the controversy would agree to what I have no doubt is the 01(1 Indian name. "l'iwauk'."(See affidavit of C. T. ('onover and the manuscript, biography of L. Crawford.) TACOMA NOT A GENUINE INDIAN WORD OF PUGET SOUND Dr. ('harI\l ilton Buchanan. for twenty-five years superintendent at the Tulalip Indian Heservation, Tulalip. Wash., conceded by Prof. Edmond S. Meany, professor of history of the 1niversity of Washington, to be the best living authority on Indian languages and who is the author of many ethno- logical works, in a letter to Btnj. E. harvey. 'l'acoina. Wash., under data of April 17. 1908, writes: '1 do not believe that the word 'l'acoiiia' is known to anof the native tribes of the Puget Sound region as, generically, a genuine Indianword of this region. I have commonly believed it to he (even beforeI knew of the claims of the city of Tacoma, Washington) an Indianword of Algonquian origin, and by the Algonquian stock appliedtoobjects of un- usual altitude, or, as sonicof them express it, 'almost up to the sky' or 'almost up to heaven'.You will find that Tacoma, Washington, is very, very far indeed from being either the first or the only possessor of theright to and use of this name. You will find a Tacoma inFlorida, and in Virginia, as well as in Washington.You will nd a Tecoma in Nevada, and a Tekoine in Nebraskayou will even find a Tecoma in Mexico.In this connection it is to be recalled that Indian orthography is far from beingabsolute, since few. if any, Indian tongues are written tongues per se, and suchspelling as exists is the effort (more often faulty than otherwise) of the white man to express (in his way) an Indian word.It will therefore readily occur to you that the word Tacoma is verfar from having any particular or peculiar local significance so far as this vicinity or state may be concerned. "The Puvallup Indiansflfl(1the Tulalip Indians both speak dialectic van- 17 ants of the Niskwalli linguistic root stock,which is in turn a variant of the Salishan stock. What the Puvallup word for Tacomais. or for Mt. Rainier is, I do not know.I have long been unable to ascertainthat the Tulalip Indians have ever had any special word for Rainier, otherthan to speak of it as the mountain' or 'the mountain'.Their word for mountain is 'sbah-det'.Their word for the place where Tacoma (the cit' ofTacoma) stands was 'shu-hal-lup' (accent the second syllable), which means,literally, a dry place, such as one and its vari- might find under a tree.With few excej)tiOflS the word 'Tacoma' ant forms and spellings will befound either in Algonquian territory (past or present) or somewhat adjacent theretoorcarried from either.Winthrop was born in. lived in, and died in territorysubject to such conditions. "The Government official who wrote youthat the word 'Tacoma' meant 'Great Mountain' probably had in mindthe Algonquian meaning of the word referred to above, as such would he a legitimateapplication and use of the word apparently. "I have also heard, on good authority (bythis I mean Indian authority. since it is on a subject concerning which anintelligent Indian would probably be a better authority than even anintelligent white man) that some of the tribes north of us (allied to the Clallamsand the Lummis) used the word 'Tah-hoh-rnah' (or a very similar word) for MountBaker, and that it was so used for Mount Bakerexclusively.l'his corroborates the statement of the Reverend Father Bloulet, and also practicallycorroborates the statement of your aforesaid U. S. Governmentofficial. "I have heard the Reverend Father Hylebos, ofTacoma. Washington, state that the word 'Tacoma' referred to the mountain'Rainier' and that it con- sisted frozen waterS (snow).The allusion is obvious.I do not ncrce with the Father, however. WINTHROP FIRST TO USE TACOMA

"My own opinion is that Vinthrop was the first toactually use the writ. ten word 'Tacoma' with a localapplication, and that in so doing he probably confused the better known Algonquian word withthe word used exelnaively for Mount Bakeror else that he knowinglyand deliberately created fiction rather than chronicled fact."(See copies of correspondence herewith, veri- fied by 1)r. Buchanan.) Aside from the 'i'iswauk" or "Stiquak" of F. H.Whitworth, Indian Wil- liam, Samuel L. Crawford and Peter C. Stanup,and the "Puskehouse" of Wil- liam Fraser Tolmie, there is an entire absence of anyknowledge of an' Indian names for Mt. Rainier, and anahnliitc denial of an Indian name on the part of many competent authorities. DENIAL OF A SPECIFIC INDIAN NAME

(it ofSeattle, coming Ii.1. lhnn aaunui tin irigtnal4ill('rsui tin there in lt5I. He was a man of great probity,high intelligence, and became the close friend of the Indians.He lseame conversant with their language and talked to them in their natie tongue and wasrecognized as their devoted friend. He interpreted for them in cases of necessit..In a letter to the Seattle Post -1 ate1liy,ie.r. dated I)eceuiber 4. 1902, he says: "Corning to the country when young. I reasiilv learned the Chinook jargon and in process of time learned to understand anti speak the native Indian language common on Puget Sound. I have made careful inquiries of the Indians in regard to their name for Mount Rainier and I have found that their name was 'l'acobed, which really means 'Snow Mountain.' and I understand that the name Tacobed applies to any mountain perpetually covered by snow.For instance, Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Hel- ens. Mt. Adams, Mt. Rainier or Mt. .Baker would be designated as Tacobed." (See photographie copy.) Mrs. Louise Boren I)ennv, widow of said l)avid 'I'. I)enny and since de- ceased. was interviewed by C. T. Conover and said interview was published in the Seattle Post-I ntelligencer March 13, 191(1, in these words: "What do they want to change the name of the mountain for They might as well change the name of the Sound, which was also named for a Britisher.No, I never heard the name Tacoma until comparatively recent years.In the early days I used to talk with the Indians a great deal, and I am sure that if they had called the mountain Tacoma I should have known it.'l'hey gave the name Tacobed to Mt. Baker, Mt. Rainier, and all ranges of snow mountains in the vicinity.I know distinctly that Chief Sealth, who was one of the most intelligent Indians. always used the white man's name, Rainier, and in the early days we never knew any other name.I never knew of any Indian name for any specific mountain."(See affidavit of C. T. Conover.) David Graham, aged 81 years, testified that he had resided continuously in the Puget Sound country since 1857, that in the early days lie was a school teacher and was engaged in vocations that took him about the country a great deal, especially in Pierce and 'l'hurston counties, and that never (lid he hear the mountain called anything but Rainier; that in his judgment there is no more justification for the use of the word Tacoma in thisconnection than there was for the attempt to name the state of Washington Tacomawhen it was admitted to statehood.Mr. Graham is a high type of the pioneer, and no man in the State of Washington has a better reputation for integrity and character. (See his affidavit.) L. W. Bonney testified that he is the son of Sherwood S. Bonney, who settled in Pierce county, in which the City of Tacoma is located, in 18.53, andthat the greater portion of his life has been lived in sight of Mt. Rainier; that he never heard the mountain called by any other namethan Rainier by either Indians or whites until about 1878, or until the Northern Pacific B. H. Co.'s terminus was located at Tacoma.(See his affidavit.) A. M. Young testifies that he was born in Port Madison, Wash., in 1861, and never heard the name 'I'acorna applied to Mt. Rainier until after theNorth- erit Pacific B. made Tacoma itsterminal.(See his affidavit.) 19 ('ornel ins Ii.I Ian fors I. for I vcnt -t Ii iee vt'arsjudge of the united States I )istrict Court in the State of Washington.and an eminent historical authorit.. says: "1 have lived in the territory ansi state of\Vahingthn siflct' the year 1854, and so far as I have any k-nowleilge themountain was known by no other name than Rainier prior to the time of the locationof the Northern Pacific terminus on ('ommneneement Bay in 1$3 ;except that in Theodore Winthrop'sbook, 'The Canoe and the Saddle'. that writeroriginated the name 'Tacoma.' "If an Indian ever gave that word or anyword having a similarity of sound he probably meant to say 'Tacope Butte'. Tacopt'beiiig a word of the Chinook jargon which means white and butte mne:ms bill ormountain. The designation white hill would probably be given by any Indianin lieu of a particular name for any snow-covered mountain."(See statement, of ('ornolius II.Hanford.) \Villiam Bishop, one of the largest dairy ranchersand breeders of blooded stock in the state of Washington. testifies s.cfollows: "That he is fifty-five years of age, was born andhas lived his life in Jeffer- son county, state of Vashington :that his mother was a full-blooded Indianof the Snohomish tribe; that be is especiallyfamiliar with matters of Indian history. and is and has been for a period of ten years amember of the house of representatives of the state of \Vashington from thecounty of Jefferson. TACOMA NOT AN INDIAN WORD OFTHE NORTHWEST "That there never has been a specific Indian namefor Mount Rainier; that aU the Puget Sound Indians called MountOlympus, Mount Baker, Mount St. Ilelens, Mount Rainier. Mount .damns, and all thehigh snow peaks, 'Tahoma', meaning high mountain. The Nisquallv and KlickitatIndians, having a more gutteral pronunciation. used the word 'Tacobet' for allhigh peaks, the difference being purely a matter of pronunciation. "That the word 'Tacoma' is not a word in anyIndian language of the Pacific northwest, and that no Pur'Sound Indian could pronounce the word 'Tacoma'."(See his affidavit.) MOUNTAIN RENAMED AFTER THE CITY Ellwood Eiii. .n enuinent iunia liunir and hituiiaiu. of one of the greatest historical collections on the northwest,and who died in Tacoma many years ago. states in hisHistory of the Pacific Northwest, Portland, 1889, II, p.153: "By the latter appellation (Rainier) it was known to allthe early settlers up to the time of the completionof the Northern Pacific Railroad to Tacoma. The railroad company then renamed the mountain after thecity, claiming that to be the original word designating itstitle.'l'he truth of the matter is, however, that the Puvallup Indiansinhabiting the region, called all snowy peaks by the same nameTak-ho-niathe meaning ofwhich, according th the trans- lation, is 'the breast that feeds': meaning to convey theidea that from the eter- nal snows come the perennial water of the rivers flowinginto the Sound." INDIANS TAKE CUE FROM WHITES

Ezra I ker settled in the environs of the present ii of Tacoma in 1853, and from earliest days has been the firmest friend and confidant of the Indians. lie 'onversed with them in the native language, and in defense of one of their chiefs wrote a five hundred and fifty page volume entitled, 'Pioneer Remi- niscences of Puget ound, or the Tragedy of Lesehi." On page 179 he says: "We have a like curious phenomenon in the case of Winthrop first writing the word hwoiiia inepteinher. None of the old settlers had heard that name, either through the Indians or otherwise, until after the publication of Winthrop's svork ten years later. 'The Canoe and the Saddie'. when it became common knowledge and was locally applied in Olympia as early as 1866, said to have been suggested by Edward Giddrngs of that place. "However, as Winthrop distinctly claims to have obtained the word from the Indians. tin' fact was a('cepted hthe reading puhiie. and the Indians soon took their cut I rum tin i r ih i te neighbors. "It is un interisling coincitlene that almost within a stone's throwof wlwrt' Winthrop coin1 iiiname, that we find it applied to the locality that has grown to iw the great iitv of 'l'aeoma." Holland 1-I. Denny. aged sixty-five veal's, was horn on Puget Sound and is the son of one of the earliest settlers in Western Washington. He is a manof high character and a leader in all important movements in the state.He testifies that he never heard the name "Tacoma" until the townofrfacoma was established ; that the void "Tacohed" was applied liv the Indians to all high mountains, but that lie is firmly convinced that Tacoma is not a word of the Indian langnage and was eoifle(1 by Theodore Winthrop.(See affidavit of Rolland H. Denny.) Edward L. Terry. treasurer of the (itof Seattle. was born a4 years ago in said city, and is the son of oneofthe pioneers and foundersofthat place; he had never heard the word "Tacoina.' either as applied to the iiiountain01' otherwise by Indians or whites until after the Northern Pacific Railroad Co. made its tenhiinus at the present citof 'l'aeoma. and is positive that no stu- dent of the University of Washington had eve!' h;uil tin' name in any eon-

nection prior to that tiiio'.( See affidavit of Edwi i I I''rrv. LEGEND BY WINTHROP Harvey W. Scott wns the editor cit the PortlandOregonian.recognized as the ablest editor engaged in this pi'ot'ssiOn on the Pacific (uiat. withhistorical knowledge not surpassed liv anyone in his time.He spent his early years in Washington Territory.In theOregonianin an article reprinted in the Tacoma Daily Newsof April 1, 1884, he says: "To the imagination ofl'heodoi'e Winfhiroj, the word 'Tacoma', or at least its perpetuation. is due. The story about Mount Rainier which he dressed up as a legend, calliiiu it 'Tacoma', hasgiven a name to an important and grow- ing town and may give the name to a state', etc.(See photographic copy.) 21 "NOTHING LESS THAN A SACRILEGE" Snowden, "The Rise andI'rogRsof au American State," by Clinton A. of Tacoma, Vol. 4, page 251, says: "The newspapers and people of Oregonjoined this opposition.The attempt to change the ancient name of themajestic mountain was declared to be nothing less than a sacrilege.It was simply a scheme of a lot of real estate boomers and speculators to turn a great worldlandmark into an advertisement, to reduce sublimity itself to the level of asignboard. The name "l'acoma' was nothing but the invention of a dreamer, a brilliantdreamer, doubtless, hut a dreamer nevertheless.It had never been the indian name of themountain. The Indians had no names for mountains orother landmarks distinguishing one from another.To theni a niountain was a mountain. and ariver was a river, and that's all there was of it A primrose by a river's brim a yellow primrose was to them and nothing more. "The newspapers of 'l'acomaof which there weretwoand the pool)le of the town stood sturdily for the change and madesuch a fight for it as they were able.The two papers were issued only weekly as vet, but intime, as the town grew and prospered and when daily editionsappeared, the battle raged hotly.The Indians were appealed to for evidence on bothsides, and, after their custom, generally furnished something that wassatisfactory to both. Edward Huggins, last of the Hudson's Bay factors, whohad lived for thirty years among them, declared that he had neverheard them speak of the moun for it. tam by any other name than "Le monte", which was the Chinook name But Mrs. Huggins. who was a (laughter of John Work and hadbeen .born on the coast, had been told by old Schlousin, or Schiouskin, thatthe mountain's name was Tachkoma, 'but he couldn't give anfurther information as to why it was so named other than that anything or everything inthe shape of a mountain or large mound covered with snow was named Tachkoma orTacobah.' (See Edward Huggins Mss. for this quotation from Mrs.Huggins.)They also pronounced it Tahoma or 'racohet, according to their severalpeculiarities of dialect." Thomas \V. Prosch, publisher of the pioneer newspaper of Tacoma,The Pacifie Tribune,and son-in-law of (eneral \l. F. McCarver, the founder and namer of Tacoma. says in his biographyentitled: "Mc('arver and Tacoma." page l4: "It is ouR historically fair to say that these names (which Winthropbe- stowed. including Tacoma). were unknown to the white people untilafter the publication of this hook (('anol' and Sailille). and unknown in our own territory until 1S$i." In the Atlantic Monthly for November, 1$6, was an article byGeneral Hazard Stevens. son of Isaac I. Stevens. the first Governor of theTerritory of Washington. descriptive (If the first successful ascent in 1X70 ofMount Rainier. Referring to'ancouver's 'ploration of the North Pacific country he says 22 'When Vancouver, in 1792, penetrated the Straits ol Fuca and explored the unknown waters of the Mediterranean of the Pacific, wherever he sailed, from the Gulf of Georgia to the farthest inlet of Puget Sound, he beheld the lofty snow-clad barrier range of the Cascades, stretching North and South, and bounding the Eastern horizon.Towering at twice the altitude of all others, at intervals of 100 miles, there loomed up above the range three majestic, snowy peaks. Like giants stan(l To sentinel enchanted land.' In the matter-of-fact spirit of a British sailor of his time, he named these sublime monuments of natureinhonor ofthreelords of English AdmiraltyHood, Rainier, and Baker.Of these Rainier is the central, situ- ated about half way between the Columbia River and the line of British Co- lumbia. and is by far the loftiest and largest," etc., etc. STEVENS SAYS TAKHOMA IS A GENERIC TERM Stevens then refers ithe nuuric "Takhorrraand in a foot-note says: 'Tak-hoina or 'l'a-hoina among the Yakimas, Klickitats, Puyallups, Nis- quallys, and allied tribes of Indians is the generic term for mountain, used precisely as we used the word 'Mount,' as Takhoma Wynatehie, or Mount Wynatchie. But they all designate Rainier simply as Takhoma, or the Moun- tain, just as the mountain men used to call it the 'Old He'."(See reproduc- tion in "Mount Rainier: A Record Explorations," edited by Edmond S. Meany, Professor of History in the University of Washington, p. 95, and also photographic copy of the original herewith.) Thus on the authority of General Stevens Takhoma is not a specific name applied to any particular mountain exclusively, but is a generic term equiv- alent in the Eirrli4i lancirage to the word "Mount" and applicable to all snow peaks. TESTIMONY OF A LIVING HISTORIAN Clarence B. Bagley, President of the University of Washington State Historical Society, is a man whose interests and pleasure, outside of his ordi- nary duties, have been the study andcompilation of matters relating to early Pacific Northwest history.Attention is directed to his signed statement in the following words: "In 1852 the writer came across the plansto01(1Oregon, with his parents, and since then has lived in sight of Mount Rainier. "In 1866 he went into the office of the Surveyor General of Washington at Olympia as clerk, and was advanced to AssistantDraftsman.Captain James S. Lawson, of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, used that office one winter in making up his notes, charts, etc., and the writer was in the room when he announced the result of his triangulations and measurements ofthe height of Mount Rainier, as being 14,444 feet, a continuing fraction. 23 (ontinue(1 in 1868 the "rit'i'(bllgage(1 in the l'vsi1pi'L'hLlsilu'4$ an(1 (hvnt((1 n gnatthu1 of 1ii tiin' it for about tvent vars. Since 1890 he1ia_ HlanhIsrl'iI)ts. 1t111 to thecollecting and ii'si'ation of books. iievspatpi's. Pcilic Noit 1v i ind (hlrin phiets. etc.. pertainingto t1 hist4rv of lht regard to it.. that period hasdone a 1arg amount(if writing in ofI he con t ro'erii rega r1 ing '1 le has been fani i 1 ia r vI tli (verv 1)ae and of '\\ ho Nan'dI a'oina the several proposP(1 na11if4sof Iotiiit 1iiiuer Sadd1i 1()LL11t !I%I'ntil t.h( appiraneeof \\iiithropsbook 'Caiioe and I i 1t18tLn%(b. Rainier wa the only namein use in fl(W})8 Pc"nhl(1 inoi' (ri1)t1s 1i1g' ol ( 'u1 '1'(1111)ltT'4 i. '( 'i' aiid4athlh' )a fter it1s ajjii'antehere ( t. a1tl iii IIi. saiii ()lnipia \.8I lIllle(1' 1 IIUOHU1 1flhl SiI1aftti'vard 'nnii1Iing i'n iI1 ( 'I)I111il(ih'('IiIt'111 ('Vfl Zi\tfl that nanie. in1 SS a 1;i'i.it' 1Ii1roi4I Bay va iiiiiit'd 'I'aoina,and in \'11i'n the N 'ii't1iti'ii 1uget SiiiuI. it nlhbd ii r'inbi'vn &()i11J)u1lVlocated it. \VI'st4rn terminal OIl until1 "'1 I1II I1&( 4)1 towii 'NCVi'aeonia. 1)nring the next t(n years. ()t'

tIiinigh i;imion- 1ount 1HiI1itr wasuniversal. (o11o(111i81!\'.anti in t1ii. I)r4. nse(1 ih' wi'd1 nin: in ally SOIfl fug1t1b\(1i$t or )F41 ol lutinn

&IOfl Viti) the niountain. ( UI I9' I t I1(' I v 01 I:1 \. tili 1i('' F(bht'ifliF\ aiid J ''1'1iat year. 1)ct\v(,hfl l(1 1 W iflL tlU' tliti 'L'1(()i1Ia tO i1 iiì 'till t ;1 iil 'Iact)liIl.lJC}_Ii1 aJJd\ iIi. 1a('i fR iI- sugge;t )ofl ororder (1iiallat ingfroiiitli.' ollict" ni I 1 1(b N Oi'l 11('l'li

in St. 1aiu1. road (1()i11Ib;iiY I iI I( fi'oin thQ . ' 1 i i 1a:i 1 1i(b (Ielnan(1for the hangi (ii th iiai.iii

I I has 1lt\e1 1'na'ttnited OffiCtFS of that onipanvand the jop1iofI acoina. 1.liti 1 iidian itiiies ui t h i i'ion. hut by a (1(sire to 1)tr1)(tuatt' t.11(1 0i'igill8l of adirti'iiig ajLftRL1l;l1' ('il\. onevori1 ha t)etn iipZ1e(1 out a n1(ans nior' of I 1i true )i4)fl1(11 of "FliP ". riter 1ia 1i1kd v i I ii oneIiiii1 i'd or i

I () t1i 1 1I hiP.iIli(1 (V('F\ \Vestern \\is1iington 1io eaiiie here ini1 11 J)1i()i' sht had n.'rhtard the iiains.'1aoina oneof t1i&iii lIStold him that 1i oi of '( '1111P i.fl(i applied to Iount 1ai11i(runtil aft(tthe iIJ)(l'flh1Ce llel'(' addIe. WINTHROPCONCEDESTACOMA TOBE A GENERIC TERM

that ev4rv (4 iiijs.'tnt Ii isi i'ica an Ihoritv a vaiIahlv \\-tII hi ' ' 1 rF(()1)(b(1 FL(.()I)(btlfld all tli( vari , Da(obe(1, (.e(1,L'b that Takhonia.'la(i)l)et the difficultIndian pronunciation.is tionof thisword asUfl(1eT'StOO(l frOTh snows-capped mountains. flefl(tcTmapplied to all reaonal)1e (10111)1 thatthe word 'I'a'oii it 1:uFl a101)een shown1)C\Ofld any \\inthrop. and thathe firt appliudit to \Ifn111 va oru..rinate(1 by lheo(iorI toknow thi cxa(1 t4I'In in \vhi(l1 11, di 'Rain tiir. I t i therefore iiItJHrtant 1)11b1iS1'I(41 h t1i* Saddle,' by'l'heodur' \\ifltl'Ir()J). o_ In "The(1anot' anl 44. appearthese words: John \V.Lvell Co. ofNiw York. page

Frazers Jiver. this oneJ)('foru )flt Of all thepeaks from( a1ifornia to (lubbed it. in 8tupidnoinenc1a Mount HegnieF.('hristians have wasrova1it. the of Ofl1(l)d)(lV OFnobOdY. i(ore melodiously tiireperpetuatingthe name (71.Oapp1to.il.n.oi'pcak. Siwashe call itTaeovna. iiqenPrif (V'r'Ii (Ita1ic ours.) 24 Winthrop was, of course, only a bird of passage. He traveled from Port Townsend to Nisqually 'by canoe, and thence over the Cascades towards the East on horseback.If Winthrop is actually the authority for the name Ta- coma, and it appears beyond all peradventure that he is, he completely anni- hilates all claim that it was the Indian name of the mountain by the statement that it was "a generic name also applied to all snow peaks," which exactly agrees, with reasonable allowance for pronunciation, with the early pioneers and leading historical works herein quoted.Winthrop may easily have made "Tacoma" out of the sputtering, gutteral Indian pronunciation of "Tacobed" or "Tacobet." The authenticity, however, of the latter word supported by historical record and the testimony of the pioneers understanding the native tongue, is of course, unassailable, as against the interpretation of Winthrop. One is inclined to believe that the application of the name Tacoma to the mountain was rather a flight of poetical fancy on the part of Winthrop, for in his intimate letters to his mother during his voyage through the Pa- cific Northwest he invariably uses the historical name Rainier, as: "Over the trees that belted the river, nearer than ever, rose graceful St. Helens, and now first clearly seen, the immense bulk of Rainier, the most massive of allgrand, grand, above the plains !" And, "Had a jolly time, splendid sheet of water with islands and nooks of bays.Mount Rainier hung up in the air."(See life and poems of Thee- dore Winthrop, edited by his sister, 1884, pages 156 and 157, and photographic copies of the same herewith.)

NO CHANGE WARRANTED EXCEPT ON GROUNDS THAT CARRY CONVICTION A change of name of a prominent geographical feature should only be made by eompetent authority for clear and well defined reasons in the interests of historical accuracy or public policy.Changes are confusing at best and should not be based upon trifling grounds or irrelevant pretexts.The question is not "What name shall be given to an unnamed object." The mountain has now a name conferred on it by its discoverer in accordance with age-old custom, a name since universally applied to it by geographers, followed with only limited exception by popular usage and officially confirmed by this Board. A CHANGE WOULD MAKE CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED It would be inadvisable to substitute Tacoma for Rainier because oi the endless confusion which would result from such action.It is impossible in a paper of this length tosuhuitit all citations to Mount liiiierin the enor- mous body of Americana nowembraced in our libraries.Especial attention is called to the following partialcategories: 1p to theear 18fi3. when TheodoreWinthrop's hook entitled "The Canoe and The Saddle" made its appearance. nowork, public or private. cites any name for Mount Rainier savethe one given by Captain Vancouver. The exceptions to the above by threeprivate writers who preferred Mount Harrison. have already been noted. In all public documents of the civilizedworld up to the present day, in all public maps. charts. scientific works,and in government literature, ,no name save that of Mount Rainierhas been used.One exception only is noted: Mr. Emumons in one article preferred the nameTacoma, but spelled it dif- ferentiv. In all the works of explorers. navigators,and scientists, notably Wilkes, Fremont. Stephens, l)avidson, Alden. Kellett,Inskip. and Richards, no other designation except Mount Rainier is used.In by far the greater portion of all private literature Mount Rainier issanctioned by usage.Special attention is called to the index by Poole. thepresent Headers' Guide.Further, in the official publications of Westernmountaineer societies. especially the Sierra Club of California, the Mazamas of Oregon.and the Mountaineers of Wash- ington. the designation Mount Rainieris used exclusively.In all the official literature of railroads and steamimboat companieswhich send thousands of people to the Mount Rainier NationalPark. no name other than Mount Rainier appears as the title of this mountain. Mention is especially made of the literatureof Mount Rainier National Park. distributed by the T'nited StatesGovernment. It is scarcely necessary to comment uponthe great confusion and ihmpli- cation which would ensue were a second namesubstituted for Mount Rainier. .lreadv enough confusion has been brought.about by the persistence of advo- eates of the word Tacoma.As an illustration of this we cite Poole'sIndex. In that work the vast majority ofarticles appear under Rainiera few under (and few persons Tacoma.Vnles the reader is familiar with the controversy outside of Puget Sound region are familiarwith it.). lie will look under Rainier in the index, and thus miss thearticles which are cited under Tacoma.Fur- ther some artides are not listed underTacoma. hut under some form of the "r Tae.ma. aTakhnnia. A CHANGE WOULD CAUSEMONETARY LOSS latIRr%tlIlhut Isad- 1'.,usi1tui4 ihinaiii Ia1IlaIiitliimaill sable because it would result in anunjustifiable financial loss of "good will National to the legitimateadvertisers of the mountain and Mount Rainier Park. 26 I' 'iii liii ('Oilit$ lit'jttss 11111Iiiii il'flSSliii(i I I ii' jilt ('II 'Lutes Itt'rtiniint. anti part iiiiaritliii'fact tiuLtfor iiiaiivttii's the go'riiiiicnt liii,.t ih'I Iage iitlIs 0$' liiollevinthepreparationali(I(iistrii)lItIOIl

tiilililiS I iterallirlin101tifitit to educate the public to the fullest pos- si hle up p Fec jut t ion ot tijisi Ole. sclent he and heal tlu gi vihgviii in of t park and that upon this park it huts spent immense souls to make its n tractions available.This constitutes a public good will which could scai'celv he appraised in money.To change the name of the mountain and consequently of the park WoUld he v in iiallto destroy in the minds of the people of the world the existence of such a park. anti thousands of dollars11001(1have to be expended in educating the people of the United States anti Europe to the appreciation of the park under a new uRine.Every private corporation knows the vli ue of an established niUII('. anti tiji name or trade-mark is often times the chief asset of important business concerns. rca ter loss and one even iii ore hu rdensoni c woo hi resil It to ri vate in- ulividuals who have been the chief actors in bringing ai)out a sentiment which resulted in the creation of the Rainier National Park.For many years all railroads entering the Puget Sound region, have sl)ent money liberally in advertising the mountain and the park with a view to securing tourist travel. If a change of name were now muinde much of this work would have to be done

..'er. Likewise. many authors have issued booksUl)Oflthe mountain and in .00d faith have put out their work under the official name of Mount Rainier. Attention is called to a recent work by Professor Edmond S. Meany, entitled 'Mount Rainier: A Recor(l of Explorations ...A large edition has already teen disposed of. eight hundred copies of which are now in Eastern libraries. A second edition has just('OfliCfrom off tile press, and will he in the market hortiv.Much money has been expended by tiii' puhi ishiers in exploiting this Ittitik toilert niThial title. A CHANGE WOULD NOT SETTLE THE CONTROVERSY

ii i i i I -ii iii it uoti hiIi e i 'lu flier because such action would not settle the controversy.It would renew and intensify it. The controversy hasitsstrong side and its weak side.Very few persons who are free from local or personal interest in tile matter question that the strength of the matter is with Rainier.The citizens of tile city of Tacoma ciesire that the nanu' Tacoma he substituted for the name Rainier. while nine-tenths of the remainder of the state desire that the name Rainier hretained. 'rile )nly controversy is that of the city of Tacoma againsttilt' rest of the world anti the United States Geographic Board.ThesiiIi$itit on of Tacoma for Rainier would make confusion worse confounded auliunihied fold.If the action of this Board twenty-six years ago supported by alltilehistorical precedents did not terminate the controversy, can it be hoped that its action. if taken now in opposition to all precedents. will set the matter at rest? 27 NEWSPAPER EXPRESSIONS

rot IiiitIn Sent tie ['nsf- 'I'li is iser etcH rI x trcsst'.I in iil('a(l ing el it lie Stateif \Vasli- In tel I igenrer. t lie iiiosti in loi'tiin tnot riling news paj wr in t iflgton. tinder date of .lIr1i 21. 1Jl

ff1111 lii i'W1st'. arc ''The pros nit d eons of t lie con trovers.lii sf0 i'i(aiI (it lie beyond new sj ni per space.l'u tt in g I bent all aside. sofluliierous ashI the gre- here stiltreillains one indisputaitie Intlt lint 5110111(1 (OflVinti graphic board of the ftitiiiI of any change. For years the otlicial name of the mountainhas been Mooii t ilainier. 'I'ht'rc has been no question as to that.The existence of official sanction t he wople of 'I'a coma It ave never UsciI 1)115never been quest i ont'il.Vet he name Ham icr. and t 1mev have jimain ti i nedt lwi r antipathy to such desigitat ion so consistently thatrail roads and other (orltorations using the mountain for ailvert ising pu rposesaIwmivs felt coitipelled to iflclU(le the name Mount 'I'acoiiimt in theirprinting. pos hle to ilecn'e I liii tImemire forth t lit'liii time of the It is. of ('oilNC, But no mm omnta in shall be M ouintTiwoimua.or M01111tSoinet Ii ingel se can make PtM)Plt use the name.It will still lie Mount ilni n icr in slcch and in the written word.Time act ion of the geographiithoar(l, should it order a change, would be immerelv totake away official sanction frommm Rainier. without anj)ossihijIjtv of changing the habit of speech of the lwoplc of Washington ..\ndcertainly itwill have intinitel less e ffrct on the ciist (liii(If the won d at large. M o litI a in icr itwill al - ways he."

of t he .,'a / / Ic l'imes. 'I'm following is1UIext act from the lea (Ii ng ciii tori a I the chief afternoon (Iflik of the l'aeifieNorthwest. in its issue(IfFebruary 10. 191 LE'l'I'I' HI'.I.IN 'M[N'l lL1NIEH' * * King County and this city gave ainindant evidenceof their friendship for Pierce County when they 'wentdown tin' linein support of the armpost scheme in Pierce t 'oiintvthebiggest thing that has hiapjwned for Tacoma inits history.Seattle. of its own volition. an- noumneed that it was prepar((I. if necessary to assurethe success of the plan. to ask that Fort Lawtiin he ahan(loned as an armypost and turned proof into a mulnici}bal park.Taioma could ask or no nlOre convincing if this citySihjsinWrested friendship. "Tacoma always has taken the question of themountain's naimie alto- g.'ther too seriously for its own good.It has fretted itself into a sthtc tf mind where it regards tIn' majestic height as aprivate asset of the Cit of l)i'stinv. forgetting that ever' other conimlinitvin the state and, par- tieularlv. inVesltrn Wa"hingtnn. has a certain very definiteinterest in this most beautiful of all .%rnerican 1a'aks. TaIl,ina has no better claim to the mountainthan has Seattle.In fact, if there is to 1' a contest precipitateil overits name. Seattle may elect ti, 'get into the game' itself.(ertaintv. 'Seattle' is just as good In- I than as ''I' n 1101. IS jUstas iiigiiified511(1is not spelliliiforty httrnt WasIV (00ten ii ngIllthus lasts. Fort heI'lliin, iflacoiiia can clla.ng(' Ha in Ic r's liaflie at lii is5(55loll of the Legislature, why will it not he possible for Seattle to change 'Mount 'l'acoma's' name to Mount Seattle' at the next?En fact, there is no ap- parent reason why this absurd ('ontest should not he kept up in(lefinitely, to the mingled amusement and aniazement. of an astonished country. "Tiler.is aiisolutelv no justification for 'I'aconia's attempt to steal the mono tllinfor ad veit isi ng pu rposes.The legislatu rishoti Id he ac- quainted at once with Seattle's disapproval of the proposition.(ertainl. if the state solons indorse tIle change desired by 'l'aconla, tiny should. with equal reason, vote to change all the other distinctive designations in this state whenever requested to do so h' self advertising municipalities or real estate booniers."

The Seattle Post-Intelligencer said editorial!. April 3.l!)11 "Seattle is exceedingly busy just. now in trying to niect tile oppor- tunities so fortunately thrust upon it and to acquit itself creditably of its new responsihil ties.In this situation, with its coat off and sleeves rolled up110(1ever% hour calling for action, Seattle is invited to lay aside its work and undertake an enqlIirv as to Wilat naiiie the Inllians, of Puget Sound used in referring to what is now known as Mount Haiflili. ''Various citizens of 'I'll101na feel that It won ill he a gIi ill a I vi-

isement to have the great moin to inI leart lii nil iii e 0 t I I Ir(1 t V 1(01 they are seeking t ii is change like a ('11am her if ('0111111(0 ( II 111111ttei (night seek a111Winilustrv or a new railroad11011for tile501111 reasons. * * Tacoma should get. down to the business of citynIilding and take advantage of its opportllnities for material ailvanccnìent flowso liberally offered.There is nothing in tills name campaign and itan only mean the waste of valuable time and effort in a triviality. * * * Tacoma hoiild put heu' shoulder to the wheel and 101511 fltilelireltillil of sonic practical cnnst riictioii purpose.

It is to be renieni liered that the controversy isHiltsolely between the pin- pIe of Taconla and tile [ni te(l States Geogra phiic Boll01. Fii rt,her. for nyc I twenty-six yea i's(frIllII 1 S91 Ito 191) ,the (1111 iiilions oft he naitie Taeonlll have ignored the decision of the l'iiiteil Statt Board of (1e0g1'apllic Names. Is there any guarantee that, if the mime rlilcoflla were Illilde the official designation by the Inited States (ivoglalllic Board, it would lx' accepted by those who believe (on grounds that this Board must recognize as just), that Iainiei ist he on lv name Ii isto ri cal lv correct?\\e sel'iouslV IjIest ion will tiier an' compromise name, ueh as Puskehouse, Tiswauk, Eifl(IllIl or VIIIltllIiill,would be accepted by tilose who have asked br a change.'l'ilev ivill stilk[(1rIøiiii A had example has been set by tue advocates ot tue nalile 'l'aeoma, anti. if one bad example can bring ai)otlt a de$ire(1 end, a second endeavor of like character is quite likely to follow.Thus, in the near flItlIre.theITnited States Geographic Board, if it reverses its decision iii IS9U, vjli a(al I'd upon to reverse a reversal and return to the previous (blisiol, who'llISins- torically supported. 29 iii tor of t lit' nat ion Hi is is aI a rgeruest ion than that of any coil iii ii i nte rest and in its effect.Is itnohn ble that foreign it. is jut ct-national in its in- geographers will agree to the innovationof a new iiaiiie at this late day, volving a change in all their maps.charts and records? other No cotuhliun ii v. howe er. proximal e.has acliiiiii over and above any It would be as pertinent eoniinnnitv in the U nited States,however distant. rechristen the mountain as for any corn- for a city in the state of Florida to munitv in the State of \Vasliington. IN CONCLUSION

ia,- 1 tI-feet title in history Therefore, sink i of tIttiti Itainier I lilt''I'ii i'oiiia has not been esta hI is] ied. am 811(1since the genuinenessof t he nil national re(1ncst br a change hasbeen iiiade. 1111(1 siIl&fno vitlt'siireHil or result in since the change to the nameiacoiiia. or an\' ot her ii a tile, won Id confusion and financial loss, and since achange to the naiiie 'I'aconia would lit iiiailt' from I lie naii ie of not end the con t roversv. itjsurged that. no ci lange Mount llanier. Wash- Il this is hilosi respectfullysubmitted liv one whose first hoille in there, ington territory was in Tacoma.whose oldest friends in the state art' and who himself called themountain Tacoma until convincedh research that no historical warrantexisted for the name. .tlI authorities cited herein aresuhiiiitteil in the original or in the form if photographic copies. ('lI.11LES 'l'IItL1)GE (.'OXOVEII, mgion. Rejircten tin q n niti pro u.t'ti-,,.oI/ia 't(i Ic of Wa.'I, .priI 24. l91.

1 Before the United States Geographic Board

In the Matter oi the Proposal to Change the Name of Mount Rainier

Supplemental Statement in Favor of Retaining the Present Name

We herewithu1,iuit a tea additional authorities to those quoted in the maui statement in this matter.If time per- mitted others could (loubtiess be added, but we feelthat the ease for Rainier has been soconclusivel' and overwheliii- inglv substantiated that further evidencevouI(lulilyhe burdensome. CLINCHING STATEMENT BY THE DIRECTOR OFTHE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Vrom the same publication of the \Vashingtoii Stal I trical Siety, pages 440-441, we quote thefollowiim cam- elusive and disinterested letter of George OtisSmith, director of the United States Geological Survey: "WASHING'roN, D. C.,FEBRUARY 28, 1908. "Mr. Benjamin L. Hareey, Tacoma,Washington. "Sia: In reply to your letter of February15: "You will understand that, being aresident of neither Seattle nor Tacoma, I have no personalinter- est in continuing the presentdiscussion concerning the name of America's noblest mountain.I wish, however, to direct your attention tocertainfacts which influence me in the position Ihave taken. First, hi me rail your not ce to the Jo_ct that youfind no trouble in ii'ingthe nameofCaptain Puget, although you pen sin mb/es a icr the no_meofA drn,iral Rain icr..1 s Imm nderstammd it, both wereEnglishmen with. the same preji/ices and mttch the sametrain- ing.Nor would 1 e.rpeet you to object to the name girentotime.'mmlerm'olcano in Whatconm, County, ?mfLln4y, MounJ Baker.This by way of introduction to the real argument 1 wish tosubmit to you, which I believe is rather new and possibly not evenin the repertoire of the average Seattle boomer. "In lt)Ol I was in charge of the investigationof the Northwestern boundary of the United Statesand of your State between Osoyoos Lake and PugetSound and in the course of this investigation I made use of the old boundary map, which had not beenpub-. lished. but of which I had secured photographs from the State l)epartmeiit.On those old maps, which antedated much of the settlement of your State, the prominent geographic featuresrivers, lakes,and mountainswere given both the English iiaines and the old Indian names, in many cases only the Indian names, since the country was thencomparatively unknown to white men.Now the interesting fact is that Mount Baker wa.s given not only this English name, but the old Indian name aswell of Ta-ho-ma. In other words, the Indians applied this name,which, as you know, signifies The GreatMountain, not only to the mountain which so beautifully looms upabove your own city, hut also to the mountainsomewhat similar in general appearance, in the northern part of your State and very likely to others of the volcanic cones in \Vashington.The fact is that the Siwash would speak of the largest mountain in his immedi- ate vicinity as 'the mountain' just as theTacoma man will today refer to 'the mountain,'meaning Mount Rainier. whereas in the vicinity of the Nook- sak you will hear the ranchman designating Mount Baker as 'the mountain.'The name Ta-ho-ma or Tacoma. as applied to a mountain, thus having no distinctive value, it was necessarily abandoned and the more distinctive names of Baker and Rainier have been applied to the mountains that are so well worth nammg. "As a member of an organization devoted to exact geographic work, I am compelled to stand for the authoritative name of Rainier, which is supported by the Board of Geographi(' Names, which in turn lieni's the stamp of approval of President Roosevelt, to whoni your letter refers in this ('OnflOCtiOli. "Very respectfully, "GEORGE OTIS SMITH,Director." (Italics ours.)

TESTIMONY OF GENERAL KAUTZ, WHO MADE FIRST ASCENT,

'i. \V. Kautz. who was stuti,iicd at Fort teilai,i iii iii, Iitti&s,made time first successful ascent of Inimiier iii1 M.7. lii hiaccount of time ascent in theOver- lanvi Monthly,\Iiv. ls75, he says: "I wa.s at that time a first-lieutenant, young, and fond of visiting unexplored sections of the country, and possessed of a very prevailing passion for going to the tops of high places.My quarters fronted Mount Rainier, which is about 60 miles nearly east of Fort Steilacoom in an air line.On a clear day it does not look more than 10 miles off and loonis up against the eastern sky white asthe snow with whichitis covered, with a perfectly clear middle outline, except at the top, which is slightly rounded and broken.It is a grand and inspiring view and I had expressed so often my determination to make the ascent that my fellow-officers finally became in- credulous and gave to all improbable and doubtful events a date of occurrence when I should ascend Mount Rainier." lie mentions no other name for the mountain than Rainier throughout the narrative.In honor of General Kautz's achievement one of the great glaciers on the moun- tairi'sides was named Kautz glacier. GENERIC TERMS OFTEN TAKEN FOR SPECIFIC TERMS, In an article entitled "1ndian Myths of the Northwe-i. in the proceedings of the American Antiquarianoeiety for October. 19I, William D. Lyman, professor of history at \Vhitman College. says: "One confusing condition that often arises with Indian names and stories is that some Indians use a word generically and others usethe same word specifically. For instance, the native name for Mount Adams, commonly known as 'Pahton,' and Mount Rainier or Tacoma, better spelledTahkoma,' as sounded by the Indians, really mean any high inountai us.AW' asco Indian once told me that his tribelled Mount hood 'Pahton,' meaning the big mountain.' but that the Indians on the other side of the Columbia River applied the same name to Adams. A very intelligent Puyallup Indian told me that the name of the 'flreat White Mount1lin' was 'Tah- koma,' with accent and prolonged sound on the second syllable, but that any snow peak was the same with the second syllable not so prolonged, according to the height or distance of the peak.Mount St. Helens was also Tahkoma, but wit.h tIme 'ho' not so prolonged.'"

EVEN JULIAN HAWTHORNE'S ALLEGED HISTORY CONFIRMS RAINIER. We are lothe to quote from that mass of inaccurate statement labelled "History of \Vashington, the Evergreen State, from Early Dawn to I)aylight." by .Juhian hawthorne (hut in fact by C. G. Brewerton), New York. 189g. but even in this work, at page 2(4. appears this truth, with only one errorthat of the orthography of the word Rainier: "Vancouver, to . compliment some British naval officer, whose fame by the way, so far as we are able to discover, is in no wise, save possibly as a casual visitor, in any way connected with the exploration of Ptitl uind, called it Regnier.This name after- war 'jr ittt'i Ito Rainier, was generally accepted livtii i k -tiers up to the time of the completion of the Northtiii f'ii'ihc to 'l'aconia ;then renaming

the ijicitintijin 1 I i the t'it'. the l'ollipalIv tailed it

II 'I I Iii -

AND STILL ANOTHER INDIAN NAME, Puskehouse. Stiquak and Tiswauk have still another rival for the right to the I inliaji title, as note the following from the \Vashingti in State hlistni'icai Society publications, vol- time II. page 44-I: "RELL1NUII.I,\V.tsn., March 31, 1908. "Benjamin L. harvey, Esq., 2612 N. Puget Sound Ave.. Tacoma, \\'ash. "l)EARSin: Since I wrote you the other day I hae talked withI"athier Boulet, the missionary I mentioned. whn has "pent the greater part of his life time aiiiolig the various tribes of Indians on Piiget Sound..\sItold you his version of the matter of names applied to the nioUfltaiIIs along the coast, I should regard as authentic.He tells me the word 'Ta-ho-ma' does not mean the great mountain,' but '\Vhite Rock:' that it was the Indian name for Mount Baker, and was applied tothis mountain exclusively.The name applied to the mountain southeast of Tacoma by the Puyallup In- dians was 'Tu-ah-ku,' the meaning of which I have forgotten, if indeed it was given to me.The discussion of the ancient Indian lore is beginning to interest me. and I shall take occasion to ascertain the meaning of this last word when next I meet the old missionary. "Yours very truly, "ROSS WELCH, Secretary." In the same volume, page 45, is a letter from the late Thomas W. Prosch. founder of the Pacific Triinne in Tacoma. and untilhis death a leading authority on his- toricalmatters in\Vashington.This extract from Sai(l letter is to some extent confirmatory of the Welch letter: * * I note with interest the alleged (by the secretsrv of the Belliiigham Chamber of Commerce) statement of Father Boulet concerning the Indian namof Mounts Baker and Rainier.It is new to me that Baker was Tahoma. andprobably is or will he to other citizens.That Rainier was Tuahka among the Indians has at least partialconfirmation in one quarter.Myron Eells, one of the best in- formed and most conscientious of our writers upon such subect.s. in an article upon our aboriginal geographical nautes. published in the American Anthro- pologist for .Januarv. 1892. said: 'A very intelligent Piiyallup Indian, whose reser- vation is near the foot of the mountain, told me that it means "the mountain," being pronounced by his people "Takoha." hut that this was not the name by Tndians originally (ailed it. as their name was "Tuwaku" or "Twahwauk."'" This letter was addressed to Benjamin L. Harvey. T:t- coma, and was dated September 18. 1908.

TACOMA" UNHEARD OF BEFORE WINTHROP'S VISIT.

The following are extracts from another letter from Mr. Prosch to Mr. T-Iarvev, under date of September ii, 1908, from the volume last quoted. page 457: "I would be glad to gratify you in the matter of the word or name Tacoma if I were able. hut I am afraid it is impossible for me so to do. "Mv first knowledge of the word came in 186(3. when I had been a resident of Steilacoom eight years and when it was adopted as the name of a Good Tern- plar Lodge in Olympia.I feel quite sure that prior to that time Tacoma had never appeared in any Washington Territory publication and I feel equally sure that it never appeared in print anywhere until the coming of Theodore Winthrop's 'Canoe and Saddle' in 1S62.I have not been able to find it in any of the written letters, records, diaries, narratives, or the prints of the Territory or the Nation.None of the early representatives of the British or AmericLin GovernmentsVancouver, Lewis and Clarke, Wilkes, Elijah \Vhite, l'remont et iil.seem to have heard of it. though it was directly in their line, and so also may be said of the first missionaries, the 1-ludson Bay men, the Governor Stevens expedition, the settlers of fifty and sixty years ago, no one, so far as I have learned, wrote the word, put it in type, or otherwise used it before Winthrop.I do not mean to say with Meeker, that Winthrop coined the word.He may have heard it. or something like it, among the La- dians, and he used it in his 'Canoe and Saddle' hook. Winthrop was a stranger, a mere passer-through, and it must have been difficult for him to communicate intelligently with the savages about him.If you don't think so, try it on with an Indian, even now, who cannot speak the English, which was the case with the Tndians generally iii his day. T-Te also wrote his book several'ears afterward, and then with the help of a Chinook jargon dictionary.I only mean to say that the word was not in use on Puget Sound before 1866, and that after it came to us but few of us for a number of years knew itsalleged meaning. The knowledge was spread rapidly, however, after the name Tacoma was given to the town onCommence- ment Ba' by Gereral McCarver." No'rE.Mr. Proseh was General McCarver's son- in-law. ra

AMUSING INVENTIONS.

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FIRST HEARD NAME TACOMAWHEN TOWN VA , CHRISTENED.

\1('C'aI'ver and 'T'a('()nla, I'v'Iltiii' \\ . 1 \IuCar\'er' ii-in-1aw.page1 (. says:

(1 )nh1'(t'1 ' '"Plie ( T11V living participant (f the 1ILtI1( (.e.'T'aeoiii areSaiiiu11 hidl SteeL" A idler is then given fromTTadluek. rn. ff)05, from which thefollowing extru1 i 9

"Just before starting for Portland,General Mc- Carver got Mr. Ackerson, myself,and Starr together, and asked how we would like the nameTacoma for * 'K the town. I hadnoobjection t thename. * Thatwasthe first time 1 had heard the name Tacoma. and I believed General MeCarver tohave been the author of it."

RAINIER, 46; TACOMA, 1.

"Bibliology of\Vashington Geology and Geography," issued by the State of \Vasliingtou,Olyiiipia, 1913, cites 47 pu}ilicationsonMount Rainier, many of them by the Alpine, Mazaitia. Mountaineer, and bierra clubs. In 46casesthe lllOUlltLlil1 1.5 called Rainier, and in one case Tacoma. he use ofthe t\V() iiames respectively is in very much the saiie I)ro1I'ti11throughout the State of \Vashington. Aside froti-i h i 401'i cal accu racy afld every ethicalconsideration, whicli is easiest to change the habitof 46persons orof one?

MR. WALL SUGGESTS A VERY REAL FACT.

rfacollla )S. \\ . \Vall, the head of the movement, in these words in the Seattle A1ryus of March 17, expresses a very definite fact:

C' 'K 'K And there is justone reason,itseems to me, why it(Tacoma)may notbe adopted, and tIiat is that the board may fear it would not be accepted by all the citizens of the State and the confu- sionweseek to be rid of continued."

As 1)i1)ted out inourmain statement, the confusion now existing from Tacoma's refusal to conform to the decision of' the Board of Geographic Names and designate the mountain by its official title, would certainly be immensely increased byan attOfll)t tomake the entire civilized world. outside of Tacoma. call the mountain by thenameof that city, after a century and a quarterofusageof thenameRainier. MORE ABOUT INDIANS TAKING CUEFROM WHITES.

supportingtuetheory of Ezra Meeker, quoted in the ivaiii brief, that 'i'acoiiiaas a word incorporatedinto the Indian language from the whites, is a letter fromDr. Charles M. Buchanan, superintendent of the Tulalipindian Agency, to Benjamin L. harvey, dated April 22, 1908(Proceedings of \Vashington State historical Society, page 449),from which this extract is taken: When I stated to you that 1 did not know the Puyahlup indian word for the mountain Rainier, 1 had in mind the word Ta-ko-bid,' or'Tah-koh-buh, (as sonic pronounce it), but I have neverconsidered that a genuine Indian word, but merely theIndian attempt to say the word Tacomna.'Several very intelligent Indians (some of the most intelligent and reliable I have ever knowmi) agree with me in the belief that it is merely an Indian attempt to say a word that they have heard the whites me, and this appears to confirm Meeker." Thomas \V. Prosch, in a letter to Benjamin L. Harvey, dated September 18, 1908, \'ashington State HistoricalSo- riety Publications. Vol. II, page 4.9, along the sameline save: " * * At any rate, the Indians were always ready to adopt for themselves the personal names given them by the whites, and even more freely gave up their local names for the namessubstituted by the white men."

INDIAN NAME HAS NO RIGHT OVER CIVILIZED NAME. The argumiment has been repeatedly advancedthat the name Rainier should hedeposed and the aboriginal name restored.Even if a specific Indian name had been proven, 11 am! there are four with titles quite well conthmned, such an assutupton has no warrant in fact.Au explorer may lie- stow any niune that lie may choose, and long usage amid official recognition give it a title.The limp of time Stateof Washington discloses hundreds 0f naimies of civilized origin replacing imborigumal appellations.Thus the cliv(If'l'il(OtiIfl has its Italian imaimme "Shuhhahlup.hit its inhahitmimils iinvc shown no (lesire to return to time aboriginal title. Respectfully subimmitted,

Cu.R1EsT.i,i rm :('oNoVER.

W5H1NaTON.P. 1'., April 30. 1917.

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