International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology (IJETST) Volume 03 Issue 01, 2017 ISSN.: 2349-7866 Traffic Characteristics in Urban Areas

G. Balaji1*, P. Mukesh2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, , . Email: [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] *Corresponding Author

Abstract: The rapid population growth and increasing ata ollection nd reparation economic activities have resulted in tremendous growth II. D C A P of vehicles which is considered as one of the primary The very important area in any traffic or transportation factors responsible for increasing the traffic volume in engineering project is the data collection part. As this is a road metropolitan cities of developing countries, including safety management project, much care was taken in collection, Tiruchirapalli in India. The first phase of the project was modification and compilation of data. Since an error in this may the determination of reduced percentile spaced between lead to disaster results in the analysis part of the study. the places and Tennur. The second phase of the project was the determination of the design of National Highway-227 in the area of Tolgate to Lalgudi to analyse A. Traffic Flow Data the traffic in that road and to design that road according to it. The road safety level in National Highway is majorly The volume of the traffic changes with respect to time and based on two parameters, namely reduced percentile place. The data was collected during the month of (January speed and design of that road. Thus the study is primarily to February 2013) .To calculate the observed speed of the confined in obtaining the percentile speed and design of vehicles. The traffic data used in this study was observations. the road. The design of the road is majorly based on the The traffic flow was different locations. Depending upon the Indian Road Congress (IRC). data and time of observations the value of traffic flow changes. Keywords: Indian Road Congress, National Highway, The traffic flow was observed for one hour continuously in Percentile speed, Traffic volume. various locations.

I. Introduction B. Speed Data

The importance of the road sector in India cannot be The spot speeds measured at any particular location will depend underestimated. It is one of the key sectors in the economic upon a number of traffic conditions of the road, environmental social development of the nation. India with 33,00,000 km of influences the human element associated with individual roads as the third largest network of roadways in the world half drivers and characteristics of vehicles. As a result the observed of which are un surfaced roads. As per economist 1% in the GDP data makes it possible to understand speed characteristics. growth rate of 9% in the future. Hence the infrastructure sector This chapter is concerned with the analysis of speed data by should also grow at this rate. The road transportation in India statistical methods. The field survey is done in two different carries 80% of the passenger traffic and 60% of the good traffic. locations for light vehicle and heavy vehicle. The time of entry Moreover, the national and state highway which carry 70% of and time of exit of each vehicle is noted at a distance of 81m. all passengers and freight traffic in India, constitute only 2% The difference between them gives the time taken for the time but carries 40% of total traffic. Moreover, the vehicular traffic taken for the vehicle to travel 81m. Speed = distance/time in India is growing at the rate of 10% while the road sector in India is growing at the rate of 6%. The national highways act ix esign as an indicator for the economic development of the country. III. M D The prosperity brigade of a nation normally comprises of The formatted data were analyzed to investigate relationship intelligentsia, hard labour, infrastructures available and lastly among speed and sight distance. A separate analysis was smooth functioning of its highways. Due to the increased performed to examine the effects of vehicle types. volume of traffic, speed is decreased.

Article can be accessed online at http://www.publishingindia.com ii. 85th percentile speed, the speed below which 85% of the Fig. 1: Cumulative frequency curve of light vehicles vehicles travel is used for determining the speed limits traffic regulations. From the graph, th iii. 50 percentile speed, or medium speed is the speed at 98th percentile speed = 85 km/hr which there are many vehicles going faster as they are th going slower. 85 percentile speed = 67km/hr th iv. 15 percentile speed, the speed below which 15% of the TYPE OF VEHICLE : HEAVY VEHICLE vehicles travel is used to determine the lower speed limit on major highway facilities such as expressway. Vehicles LOCATION : URAIYUR travelling below this speed cause interference with traffic stream and may cause hazards. v. From the Fig. 1 to 4, the percentile speed of light and TABLE II: FOR CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY heavy vehicle for URAIYUR road and TENNUR road were taken. Mid- Speed No. of Cumulative C. Road Design Based on the Calculated and Point Frequency Known Values Class Vehicle Frequency Speed The width of the road where the project was done is of the width 5.50m. The average amount of the vehicle that is crossing in the area is about 20490. The CBR value of that soil 20-29.9 25 0 0 0 is said to be known. The time of the construction type of the road where the construction is to be done is known. 30-39.9 35 2 2 2

With the help of this values the wet mix macadam , granular 40-49.9 45 26 12 14 sub base, bituminous macadam, semi dense bituminous Traffic Characteristics in Urban Areas 7 concrete are known with the help of the following software. A. Cumulative Frequency Curve 50-59.9Ta ble I: T55yp es of Vehicles24 Vs PCU Factor20 34 TABLE I: TYPES OF VEHICLES VS PCU FACTOR Cumulative frequency is used to determine the number of S.No60-69.9 Types65 of Vehicles 3 PCU Factor30 64 S.Noobservation Types that of lie V aboveehicles (or) below a particularPCU Factor curve. The 1 Two wheeler 0.5 cumulative frequency is found from a stem and a leaf table 70-79.9 75 26 21 85 2 Cycle 0.5 1 of a frequencyTwo distribution wheeler table by adding each0.5 frequency to the sum of its predecessor. The last value will be always equal 803 -89.9Car 85 2 1.010 95 the total, for all observations, as all frequencies will have to 4 Auto 1.0 2 Cycle 0.5 be added. For continues or discrete variables: cumulative 905 -99.9Bus 95 17 3.05 100 frequency is calculated from a frequency distribution table. 6 Lorry 3.0 3 Car 1.0 7 Truck 3.0 B. Analysing Result 4 Auto 1.0 120 The above figs from 6.1 to 6.4 shows cumulative frequency curve. The horizontal axis represents the speed of vehicle and 100 5 Bus 3.0 the vertical axis represents the cumulative frequency. This is very commonly used in determining the percentile speed. The 80 6 percentile speedLorry is the speed below which specified3.0 percentage of vehicle is travelling. 60 The percentile speed of interest to a traffic engineer are: 7 Truck 3.0 40 i. 98th percentile speed, the speed below which 98% of the vehicles travel is used as a design speed in geometric frequency cumulative 20 design. Sometimes 95th percentile speed is used for this 120purpose. 0 th ii. 85 percentile speed, the speed below which 85% of the 0 50 100 vehicles travel is used for determining the speed limits

100 traffic regulations. speed th iii.80 50 percentile speed, or medium speed is the speed at Fig. 1: Cumulative Frequency Curve of Light Vehicles which there are many vehicles going faster as they are Fig. 2: Cumulative frequency of heavy vehicles 60going slower. From the graph, th iv. 15 percentile speed, the speed below which 15% of the th 98 percentile speed = 85 km/hr vehicles travel is used to determine the lower speed limit From the graph, 40 th on major highway facilities such as expressway. Vehicles 85 98 percentileth percentile speed speed = 67km/hr = 83 km/hr cumulative frequency cumulative travelling below this speed cause interference with traffic 20 TYPEth OF VEHICLE : HEAVY VEHICLE stream and may cause hazards. 85 percentile speed = 62 km/hr LOCATION : URAIYUR v. 0From the Fig. 1 to 4, the percentile speed of light and TYPE OF VEHICLE : LIGHT VEHICLE heavy vehicle for URAIYUR road and TENNUR road Table II: For Cumulative Frequency were0 taken. 50 100 LOCATION : TENNUR speed Speed Mid-Point No. of Cumulative Frequency C. Road Design Based on the Calculated and Known Class Speed Vehicle Frequency Values 20-29.9 25 0 0 0 30-39.9 35 2 2 2 The width of the road where the project was done is of the width 40-49.9 45 26 12 14 5.50m. The average amount of the vehicle that is crossing in the 50-59.9 55 24 20 34 area is about 20490. The CBR value of that soil is said to be known. The time of the construction type of the road where the 60-69.9 65 3 30 64 construction is to be done is known. 70-79.9 75 26 21 85 80-89.9 85 2 10 95 With the help of this values the wet mix macadam , granular sub base, bituminous macadam, semi dense bituminous concrete 90-99.9 95 17 5 100 are known with the help of the following software. ii. 85th percentile speed, the speed below which 85% of the Fig. 1: Cumulative frequency curve of light vehicles vehicles travel is used for determining the speed limits traffic regulations. From the graph, th iii. 50 percentile speed, or medium speed is the speed at 98th percentile speed = 85 km/hr which there are many vehicles going faster as they are th going slower. 85 percentile speed = 67km/hr th iv. 15 percentile speed, the speed below which 15% of the TYPE OF VEHICLE : HEAVY VEHICLE vehicles travel is used to determine the lower speed limit on major highway facilities such as expressway. Vehicles LOCATION : URAIYUR travelling below this speed cause interference with traffic stream and may cause hazards. v. From the Fig. 1 to 4, the percentile speed of light and TABLE II: FOR CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY heavy vehicle for URAIYUR road and TENNUR road were taken. Mid- Speed No. of Cumulative C. Road Design Based on the Calculated and Point Frequency Known Values Class Vehicle Frequency Speed The width of the road where the project was done is of the width 5.50m. The average amount of the vehicle that is crossing in the area is about 20490. The CBR value of that soil 20-29.9 25 0 0 0 is said to be known. The time of the construction type of the road where the construction is to be done is known. 30-39.9 35 2 2 2

With the help of this values the wet mix macadam , granular 40-49.9 45 26 12 14 sub base, bituminous macadam, semi dense bituminous concrete are known with the help of the following software. 50-59.9 55 24 20 34 TABLE I: TYPES OF VEHICLES VS PCU FACTOR 60-69.9 65 3 30 64 S.No Types of Vehicles PCU Factor 70-79.9 75 26 21 85 1 Two wheeler 0.5 80-89.9 85 2 10 95 2 Cycle 0.5 90-99.9 95 17 5 100 8 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017 3 Car 1.0 From the graph 4 Auto 1.0 120 98th percentile speed = 38 km/hr

100 5 Bus 3.0 85th percentile speed = 34 km/hr 80 TYPE OF VEHICLE : HEAVY VEHICLE 6 Lorry 3.0 60 LOCATION : TENNUR

7 Truck 3.0 40 Table IV: For Cumulative Frequency

frequency cumulative 20 Mid- Speed No. of Cumulative Point Frequency Class Vehicle Frequency 120 0 Speed 0 50 100 5-9.9 7.5 0 0 0

100 speed 10-14.9 12.5 10 10 10

80 Fig. 2: Cumulative Frequency of Heavy Vehicles 15-19.9 17.5 13 13 23 Fig. 2: Cumulative frequency of heavy vehicles 20-24.9 22.5 22 20 43 120 60 From the graph, 25-29.9 27.5 25 24 67 98th percentileFrom the speedgraph, = 83 km/hr 100 40 30-34.9 32.5 14 19 86 th TABLE III: FOR CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY 85th percentile98 percentile speed speed = 62 km/hr= 83 km/hr 35-39.9 8037.5 12 10 96 cumulative frequency cumulative 20 85th percentileMid -speed =No 62. okm/hrf 40-44.9 42.5 4 4 100 TYPESpeed OF VEHICLE : LIGHT VEHICLEFreque Cumulative 60 Point Vehicl 120 0 LOCATIONClassTYPE OF : TENNUR VEHICLE : LIGHTncy VEHICLE Frequency Speed e 40 0 50 100 LOCATION : TENNUR 100 5-9.9 Table705 III: For Cumulat0 ive F0requency 0

TABLE III: FOR CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY frequency cumulative 20 speed 80 10-14.9 12.5 7 7 7 Speed Mid-PointMid- No.No. ofof Cumulative 0 Speed FrequencyFreque Cumulative 60 15Class-19.9 SpeedPoint17.5 VehicleVehicl9 9 Frequency16 0 10 20 30 40 50 Class ncy Frequency Speed e 40 205-9.9-24.9 70522.5 016 160 300 speed 10-14.95-9.9 12.5705 70 07 0 7

cumulative frequency cumulative 20 25-29.9 27.5 22 22 55 15-19.910-14.9 17.512.5 97 79 7 16 0 Fig. 4: Cumulative frequency of heavy vehicles 3020-24.9-34.9 22.532.5 1625 1625 8230 15-19.9 17.5 9 9 16 From the0 graph10 20 30 40 50 3525-29.9-39.9 27.537.5 2214 2214 9655 20-24.9 22.5 16 16 30 th speed 30-34.9 32.5 25 25 82 98 percentile speed = 37 km/hr 40-44.9 42.5 4 4 100 35-39.925-29.9 37.527.5 1422 2214 55 96 Fig.th 4: Cumulative Frequency of Heavy Vehicles 85 Figpercentile. 4: Cumulative speed = frequency 35 km/hr of heavy vehicles 40-44.930-34.9 42.532.5 254 254 82100 FromFrom the theT graphABLE graph V : FOR PERCENTILE SPEED IN VARIOUS LOCATION 35-39.9 37.5 14 14 96 120 98th percentileth speed = 37 km/hr

98 percentile speed = 37 km/hr 40-44.9 42.5 4 4 100 100 8585th percentileth percentile speed speed = =35 35 km/hr km/hrPercentile Speed Percentile Speed for Light for Heavy 80 TABLE V: FOR PERCENTILE SPEED IN VARIOUS LOCATION Table V:Location For Percent ile SpeedVehicle in Var ious LocatiVehicleon 12060 (km/hr) (km/hr) Percentile Speed Percentile Speed 10040 Percentile Speed Percentile Speed for Light fVehicleor 98Lightth for85 thHeavy for Heavy Vehicle98th 85th Location (km/hr) (km/hr) 2080 Vehicle Vehicle cumulative frequency cumulative LocationURAIYUR th 85th 67th 83 th 62 60 98 (k85m/hr) 98 (km/h85r) 0 Uraiyur TENNUR85 6738 8334 3762 32 40 0 20 40 60 th th th th Tennur 38 98 34 85 37 98 3285 20 speed cumulative frequency cumulative URAIYUR 85 67 83 62 0 From the above Table V the percentage of reduced percentile Fig. 3: Cumulative Frequency Curve of Light Vehicle From theTENNUR above Table V the38 percentage34 of reduced37 percentile32 Fig. 3: 0Cumulative20 frequency curve40 of light60 vehicle speed speedfor light for and light heavy and vehiclesheavy vehicles are listed are below listed below speed From the graph LIGHT VEHICLE From the above Table V the percentage of reduced percentile 98th percentile speed = 38 km/hr 98th percentile speed – 55% Fig. 3: Cumulative frequency curve of light vehicle speed for light and heavy vehicles are listed below 85th percentile speed = 34 km/hr th From the graph LIGHT VEHICLE85 percentile speed – 47% TYPE98th percentile OF VEHICLE speed = 38 km/hr: HEAVY VEHICLE HEAVY98th VEHICLE percentile speed – 55% th LOCATION85th percentile speed = 34 km/hr: TENNUR 85th 98percentilepercentile speed speed – 47% – 56% th TYPE OFT VEHICLEABLE IV: FOR :C HUMULATIVEEAVY VEHICLE FREQUENCY HEAVY VEHICLE85 percentile speed – 40% LOCATION : TENNUR 98th percentile speed – 56% Mid- Speed No. of Cumulative th TABLEPoint IV : FOR CUMULATIVEFrequency FREQUENCY 85 percentile speed – 40% Class Vehicle Frequency Speed Mid- 5Speed-9.9 7.5 No.0 of 0 Cumulative0 Point Frequency Class Vehicle Frequency 10-14.9 Speed12.5 10 10 10 5-9.9 7.5 0 0 0 15-19.9 17.5 13 13 23 10-14.9 12.5 10 10 10 20-24.9 22.5 22 20 43 15-19.9 17.5 13 13 23 25-29.9 27.5 25 24 67 20-24.9 22.5 22 20 43 30-34.9 32.5 14 19 86 25-29.9 27.5 25 24 67 35-39.9 37.5 12 10 96 30-34.9 32.5 14 19 86 4035--44.939.9 42.537.5 124 104 96100 40-44.9 42.5 4 4 100

Traffic Characteristics in Urban Areas 9

LIGHT VEHICLE IV. Conclusion 98th percentile speed – 55% The National Highways are meant for high speed transportation th 85 percentile speed – 47% but surprisingly maximum number of vehicles cannot HEAVY VEHICLE achieve the speed of National highways. According to IRC recommendations, traffic growth is increased up to 7.5% per th 98 percentile speed – 56% year. This will lead to the increase in Traffic volume. The 85th percentile speed – 40% primary duty of the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is not concerned in constructing new highways but also to check whether the present highways satisfy the increase in D. Software Used traffic volume. In this fast moving world, people want to move D. Software Used faster and reach their destinationREFERENCES quicker. [1] V. T. Arasan, and S. S. Arkatkar, “Enhancing the accuracy of estimationV. Future of passengerUse car unit for vehicles of heterogenous traffic,” Highway Research Journal, vol. The suggestion1, no. 1, for pp. extending 61-69, 2008. of road from Tolgate to Pullambadi stretch Section of NH-227 which aims at reducing the transport constraints[2] L. R.on Kadiyali,National economicTraffic Engineering activity and a ndimproved Transport institutionalPlanning capabilities, Khanna to Publishers, manage road New program, Delhi, 1999 assets, pp. and 142 - services 160on a. more commercial basis. To do a speed survey and to find the percentile speed of the specific area to reduce the traffic[3] andR. R. to Laboratory,reduce the Researchaccidents inon theRoad area Traffic of Uraiyur, H. M. andS. O, Tennur. London, 1965.

[4] S. Khan, and P. Maini, “Modeling hetrogeneous traffic flow,” Transportation.References Research Record: Journal of Transportation Research Board, vol. 1678, pp. 234-241, [1] V.TRB, T. Arasan, National and ResearchS. S. Arkatkar, Council, “Enhancing Washington, the accu D.- C. racy2000. of estimation of passenger car unit for vehicles of heterogenous traffic,” Highway Research Journal, vol. [5] 1,C. no. J. 1,Khisty, pp. 61-69, and B. 2008. K. Lall, Transportation Engineering [2] L.– AnR. IntroductionKadiyali, Traffic (3rd ed.) ,Engineering Prentice Hall andof India Transport, New Planning,Delhi, 2002 Khanna, pp. 337 Publishers,-382, New Delhi, 1999, pp.

142-160. [3] R. R. Laboratory, Research on Road Traffic, H. M. S. O, London, 1965. [4] S. Khan, and P. Maini, “Modeling hetrogeneous traf- fic flow,” Transportation. Research Record: Journal of Transportation Research Board, vol. 1678, pp. 234-241, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D. C. 2000. [5] C. J. Khisty, and B. K. Lall, Transportation Engineering – An Introduction (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, pp. 337-382, 2002.

Fig. Fig.5 5

IV. CONCLUSION The National Highways are meant for high speed transportation but surprisingly maximum number of vehicles cannot achieve the speed of National highways. According to IRC recommendations, traffic growth is increased up to 7.5% per year. This will lead to the increase in Traffic volume. The primary duty of the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is not concerned in constructing new highways but also to check whether the present highways satisfy the increase in traffic volume. In this fast moving world, people want to move faster and reach their destination quicker. V. FUTURE USE The suggestion for extending of road from Tolgate to Pullambadi stretch Section of NH-227 which aims at reducing the transport constraints on National economic activity and improved institutional capabilities to manage road program, assets and services on a more commercial basis. To do a speed survey and to find the percentile speed of the specific area to reduce the traffic and to reduce the accidents in the area of Uraiyur and Tennur.