Unprotected Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Brazil

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Unprotected Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Brazil AIDS Behav (2013) 17:1288–1295 DOI 10.1007/s10461-012-0398-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Unprotected Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Men Who have Sex with Men in Brazil Gustavo Machado Rocha • Lı´gia Regina Franco Sansigolo Kerr • Ana Maria de Brito • Ines Dourado • Mark Drew Crosland Guimara˜es Published online: 17 January 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract The aim of this study was to assess factors Introduction associated with unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) in a sample of MSM recruited by respondent dri- According to reports from the National Department of ven sampling in Brazil. Among 3,449 participants, 36.5 % STD, AIDS and Viral Hepatitis of the Brazilian Ministry of reported URAI. Final logistic model indicated that living Health (ND-STD/AIDS) [1], HIV prevalence is estimated with a male partner, illicit drug use, having stable part- in 0.6 % among the general adult Brazilian population. nership, having sex with men only, having few friends Nonetheless, the HIV epidemic is considered to be con- encouraging condom use, and high self-perceived risk for centrated with men who have sex with men (MSM) as the HIV infection were characteristics independently associ- main affected group, despite high prevalence among other ated with URAI. Intervention strategies should focus on the vulnerable populations such as injection drug users and role of anal sex practices on HIV transmission, address female sex workers in some regions of the country [1]. illicit drug use, stigma and expansion of HIV testing and Unprotected receptive anal intercourse is known to be the care. riskiest practice for acquisition of HIV infection during sexual intercourse, as the entrance of the virus in the host is Keywords HIV Á Sexual behavior Á Vulnerable enhanced by the fragility of the rectal mucosa and by the populations Á Brazil absence of local humoral immune protection. In a meta- analysis of studies that evaluated HIV risk transmission among serodiscordant couples [2], most of them among G. M. Rocha (&) MSM, the probability of transmission due to unprotected Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of Sa˜o receptive anal intercourse was estimated in 1.4 % (95 % CI Joa˜o Del-Rei, Sebastia˜o Gonc¸alves Coelho, 400-Chanadour, 0.2–2.5 %) per-act, and in 40.4 % (95 % CI 6.0–74.9 %) Divino´polis, Minas Gerais 35501-296, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] per-partner. This could help explain the disproportionate HIV disease burden among MSM worldwide [3]. L. R. F. S. Kerr Recent data show decreasing rates of condom use by Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceara´, MSM worldwide, possibly indicating that preventive Fortaleza, Brazil strategies may not be effectively working. In Brazil, a A. M. de Brito comparison of results from four different surveys (1995, Aggeu Magalha˜es Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1998, 2002, and 2005) among MSM in the city of Fortaleza Recife, Brazil (400, 200, 401 and 406 participants, respectively), the I. Dourado proportion of risky sexual behavior varied from 31.4 to Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, 54.6 % [4]. Reasons for the potential decrease in condom Salvador, Brazil use and the high rates of unprotected sex among MSM may include an increasing optimism related to antirretroviral M. D. C. Guimara˜es Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal treatment efficacy, the emergence of the internet as University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil potential risky environment for sexual encounters, and 123 AIDS Behav (2013) 17:1288–1295 1289 structural deficiencies in the organization of health services Population and Procedures offered to MSM [3]. Many characteristics have been associated with incon- Respondents were MSM with at least 18 years old who lived sistent condom use by MSM, including sociodemographics in the following cities: Manaus, Recife, Salvador, Belo (e.g., low income and schooling), behavioral (e.g., alcohol Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Curitiba, Itajaı´, Brası´lia, and illicit drug use), personality traits (e.g., sensation- and Campo Grande. The cities were a priori defined by the seeking, impulsivity), contextual (e.g., poverty, homopho- ND-STD/AIDS taking into account regional, socioeco- bia and racism) and factors related to the social network nomic, and cultural diversity. Potential participants should (e.g., having supportive relationships). Fisher and Fisher have had at least one sexual relationship with another man in (1992) [5] proposed a comprehensive theoretical model in the twelve months preceding the interview. For this analysis, which information (e.g., HIV transmission and prevention only participants who reported a sexual contact with a man knowledge), motivation (e.g., perceived social support, in the previous six months were included. self-perception of vulnerability), and behavioral skills (e.g., Due to the difficulty of accessing MSM in surveys, alter- ability to negotiate with partner, to act publicity, to refuse native sampling techniques are necessary to obtain satisfac- to use drugs before sexual contacts) would be the major tory results. Therefore, Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) determinants of safer sexual behavior. was used to obtain the desired sample in each center (previ- In Brazil, surveillance of the HIV epidemics is mostly ously defined between 250 and 350 participants per city). based on reporting of AIDS cases rather than on HIV RDS [7] is a sampling technique used to address hard to reach infection, except for specific groups such as pregnant populations, where recruitment is carried out by participants women. This potentially limits grasping the real extent of themselves using a dual incentive system, starting with pre- the epidemic in the general population and in several viously chosen participants, i.e., seed participants. In this vulnerable subgroups. In this regard, the ND-STD/AIDS study, the seeds were selected during a preliminary formative gave priority for monitoring and evaluation of the HIV/ research, when subjects of different age and socioeconomic AIDS epidemic [1], and recent studies were conducted classes were included. In each city each participant received among MSM, female sex workers and illicit drug users in three unique coupons, non-falsifiable, to distribute to their order to establish behavioral and prevalence baseline data peers. Individuals who came to the study site (usually HIV for future monitoring. Knowing the characteristics of sex- Testing and Counseling Centers) with a valid coupon and ual behavior among MSM and its determinants is crucial to who met the inclusion criteria were considered the first determine the burden of the problem and to plan new ‘‘wave’’ of the study. After carrying out research procedures, strategies for preventing HIV and other sexually transmit- each participating subject also received three coupons to ted diseases (STD) transmission. Thus, the purpose of this invite new acquaintances, repeating this process thereafter paper was to describe overall sexual behavior characteris- until the desired sample size was reached in each city. tics and to analyze correlates of unprotected receptive anal Data collection was conducted through a semi-structured intercourse in a sample of MSM in ten Brazilian cities. face-to-face interview, and it was composed of questions Moreover, the results can be used as a reference for future regarding sociodemographic data, sexual behavior and drug research to be developed to monitor the dynamics of sexual use, network and social context, health care, access to con- behavior in this population in Brazil. doms, HIV testing and information about STDs. Patients were also invited for HIV and Syphilis testing. Outcome and Explanatory Variables Methods For this analysis, the outcome of interest was defined as Study Design unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI), i.e., no condom use during all receptive anal intercourse in the six Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained from a national months preceding the interview. study of MSM in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008–2009 [6]. The Explanatory variables were evaluated in four main main objectives of the national study were to assess sexual groups: behavior, attitudes and practices of MSM and to estimate the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections. The project 1. Sociodemographic: age, race, schooling, conjugal was approved by Ceara´ State University Ethical Commit- situation (single/living alone, married/living with a tee, the National Ethical Council (CONEP no. 14494), and female partner, or living with a male partner); by all institutions involved. All participants signed an 2. Behavioral: current alcohol intake (never/eventual and informed consent before answering the questionnaire. two or more times per week) and any illicit drug use, 123 1290 AIDS Behav (2013) 17:1288–1295 number of sexual partners in the six months preceding the interview and were included in this analysis. On the interview, gender (male, female, transvestite), and average, there were 15 (range 8–20) waves of recruitment type of sexual partnership (stable, casual or in each city, and approximately one-third of the individuals commercial); recruited by their peers returned to the project. Pooled HIV 3. Characteristics related to social context: receiving prevalence was estimated in 14.2 % (varying from 5.2 % encouragement from friends to use condoms, and self- in Recife to 23.7 % in Brası´lia) [6], while 36.5 % of the reported sexual identity, which was categorized as participants practiced unprotected receptive anal sex in the heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual/MSM/Gay; last six months, varying from 24.4 % in Itajaı´ to 40.1 % in 4. Characteristics related to health services: self-per- Curitiba. ceived risk of HIV infection, HIV transmission Most of the sample (57.5 %) consisted of MSM over knowledge, and prior HIV testing. Self-perceived risk 25 years old (24.1 % in Manaus, 33.4 % in Salvador, of HIV infection was assessed by a direct question 46.1 % in Campo Grande, 47.1 % in Itajaı´, 49.4 % in with four response options, and then classified into two Recife, 52.3 % in Belo Horizonte, 65.3 % in Curitiba, categories (no/little or moderate/high risk).
Recommended publications
  • Charlotte International Open Championship 2016 Final Results
    Last Update: 10/14/2016 15:13 (UTC-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada) Charlotte International Open Championship 2016 Final Results Academies Results Charlotte International Open Championship 1 - Alliance - 327 2 - Roberto Traven BJJ - 256 3 - Team Royce Gracie - 208 4 - RMNU Team - 159 5 - Atos Jiu-Jitsu - 123 6 - CheckMat - 78 7 - Gustavo Machado BJJ - 76 8 - Team Rubao Carioca BJJ - 69 9 - Ribeiro Jiu-Jitsu - 67 10 - Ground Control - 58 Athletes Results By Category WHITE / Juvenile / Male / Light First - Patrick E. Rosser - Alliance Second - Joshua Philip Springfield - Roberto Traven BJJ WHITE / Juvenile / Female / Light First - Savannah Alexia Joy Gheen - RMNU Team Second - Sofia Mariela Pauca - Alliance Third - Savannah Jo Bourgeois - Team Royce Gracie WHITE / Adult / Male / Light Feather First - Tyler Paz - Team Royce Gracie Second - Michael Johnson - Terra Planus Jiu-Jitsu Third - M. Andrew Heo - Ground Control Third - Antonio Sepulveda - Jiu-Jitsu Institute WHITE / Adult / Male / Feather First - Phillip Thai - Fifty/50 Jiu-Jitsu Second - Andrew Garasich - Alliance Third - Benjamin Devos - Ribeiro Jiu-Jitsu Third - Bennette Harding - Team Rubao Carioca BJJ WHITE / Adult / Male / Light First - Gunnar Oepen - Gracie Humaita Valencia / Antiga Mario Aiello BJJ Second - Ezekiel Herman - SAS Team BJJ Third - Ryan Lewicki - Team Robson Moura Third - Justin Vedrode - Tick Tock Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu WHITE / Adult / Male / Middle First - Justin Sizemore - Ground Control Second - Logan Perkins - Team Royce Gracie Third - Christian Macarilla -
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte International Open Championship 2016
    Last Update: 10/07/2016 19:00 (UTC-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada) Charlotte International Open Championship 2016 WHITE / Juvenile / Male / Light Alliance Patrick E. Rosser Roberto Traven BJJ Joshua Philip Springfield Total: 2 WHITE / Juvenile / Female / Light Alliance Sofia Mariela Pauca RMNU Team Savannah Alexia Joy Gheen Team Royce Gracie Savannah Jo Bourgeois Total: 3 WHITE / Adult / Male / Light Feather Ground Control M. Andrew Heo Jiu-Jitsu Institute Antonio Sepulveda Nova União Hawai Nick Pierorazio Roberto Traven BJJ Alec Wooden Team Royce Gracie Tyler Paz Terra Planus Jiu-Jitsu Michael Johnson Total: 6 WHITE / Adult / Male / Feather Alliance Andrew Garasich Alliance Fredy Pineda Alliance Charlotte Andrew Williford Brasa Caio Terra Logan Grant Brazil 021 International Danny Guzman Brazil 021 International Jelmar Salimbacod CheckMat Pedro Augusto Husby Fifty/50 Jiu-Jitsu Phillip Thai Gracie Barra Adam Barnes Ground Control Joao Pedro Cangussu Ribeiro Jiu-Jitsu Benjamin Devos RMNU Team Jeremiah Morefield RMNU Team Noah Carroll Team Rubao Carioca BJJ Bennette Harding Tick Tock Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Matthew Hughes Total: 15 WHITE / Adult / Male / Light Alliance David Gonzales Alliance Sam Voisin GF Team Michael Smith Gracie Humaita Valencia / Antiga Mario Aiello Gunnar Oepen BJJ Ground Control Brian Michael Geoghegan Ground Control Matt Gilbert Gustavo Machado BJJ Sean Ward Ribeiro Jiu-Jitsu Jamar Harrington RMNU Team Thomas Schorn RMNU Team Tyler Whisner Roberto Traven BJJ Gustavo Salazar Roberto Traven BJJ John Richardson SAS Team
    [Show full text]
  • Nevada Athletic Commission
    STATE OF NEVADA MIXED MARTIAL ARTS SHOW RESULTS DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY DATE: AUGUST 16, 2003 LOCATION: CITY CENTER PAVILION, RENO ATHLETIC COMMISSION Referee: Steve Mazzagatti Telephone (702) 486-2575 Fax (702) 486-2577 Visiting Referees: Herb Dean, Larry Landless, Cecil Peoples COMMISSION MEMBERS: Visiting Judges: Abe Belardo, Nelson Hamilton, Lester Griffin, Raul Porata, Jon Schorle Chairman: Dr. Luther Mack Timekeeper: Steve Menzel Dr. Tony Alamo Skip Avansino Ringside Doctors: Todd Chapman, Damon Zavala John R. Bailey Ring Announcer: Tyson Johnson Dr. Flip Homansky Promoter: King of the Cage, Inc. Matchmaker: Christopher Cordeiro EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Marc Ratner Contestants Results Rds Date of Birth Weight Remarks BENJI RUSSELL RADACH Radach won by TKO 1:31 of the 1st 3 04/05/79 189.5 Radach suspended until neurology evaluation on Castle Rock, WA round abnormal MRI and must have follow up MRI in August 2004 ----- vs ----- GUSTAVO MACHADO-DA SILVA Suspend Macahdo until 10/01/03 05/17/75 186 No contact until 09/16/03 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Referee: Herb Dean DENNIS LLOYD HALLMAN Fickett won by split decision 3 12/02/75 170 Hallman must have Orthopedic surgeon or Olympia, WA Hallman – Fickett Neurosurgeon clearance on lumbar spine injury ----- vs ----- 29-28; 28-29; 28-29 DREW ROBERT FICKETT Hamilton, Shorle, Porata 12/24/79 175 Referee: Larry Landless Tempe, AZ JAMES EDWARD FANSHIER Villasenor won by tap out 2:26 of the 2nd 3 11/30/71 183 Suspend Fanshier until10/01/03 El Dorado Hills, CA round – rear naked choke No contact until 09/16/03 Viilasenor suspended until neurology evaluation on ----- vs ----- JOEY SIMON VILLASENOR abnormal MRI and must have follow up MRI in August 10/17/75 189 2004 Farmington, NM Referee: Cecil Peoples SEAN ANDRE GRAY Santore won by TKO 0:54 of the 3rd 3 08/06/73 205.5 Santore must have an EKG and be cleared to fight Anniston, AL round again.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle of the Legends" MMA Match at DC Armory May 15
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACTS: Amber Johnson, WCSA April 16, 2010 202-480-5789 Nicole Hawkins, NHC 202-491-6980 WASHINGTON COMBAT PRESENTS “BATTLE OF THE LEGENDS” SATURDAY, MAY 15 AT THE DC ARMORY Come see mixed martial arts at its best live in the nation’s capital WASHINGTON, D.C. – Calling all mixed martial arts fans! Don’t miss the first major MMA event in the District of Columbia. The Washington Convention and Sports Authority (WCSA) announced today that Washington Combat will hold “Battle of the Legends” at the DC Armory Saturday, May 15 at 7 p.m. Tickets are on sale now. The main event features MMA legends Pedro Rizzo and Gary Goodridge. “The Rock” Rizzo, a four-time Brazilian Muay Thai Champion, holds notable wins over Josh Barnett, Andrei Arlovski, Mark Coleman, Dan Severn and Ricco Rodriguez. Trained by Vale Tudo legend Marco Ruas, Rizzo’s MMA record is 32-9-0. Nicknamed “Big Daddy”, Goodridge is well- known for his showmanship and hard-hitting fighting style. Born in Ontario, Canada, Goodridge began his MMA journey defeating Paul Herrera in Ultimate Fighting Championship 8. Former PRIDE contender Goodridge had key victories over Don Frye, Dan Bobish, Valentijn Overeem, and a KO of Oleg Taktarov. Big Daddy’s record is 23-20-1. “We are looking forward to hosting Battle of the Legends featuring some of the best fighters in the world,” said Erik A. Moses, managing director of the WCSA’s Sports, Entertainment and Special Events Division. “It’ll be showtime in the District, and for those who haven’t witnessed the sport, we encourage you to come out.
    [Show full text]
  • World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2014
    Last Update: 05/27/2014 19:00 (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2014 WHITE / Juvenile 1 / Male / Light Bruno Bastos Association Dallas Buck Jackson Gracie Elite Team Joshua Gerik Joseph Boodhoo-Cere Gracie Humaita Shawn Michael Bareiter II Roberto Traven BJJ Roberto Jose Rivas Total: 4 WHITE / Juvenile 1 / Male / Medium Heavy CheckMat Vinicius Farias Kossatz Coachella Valley BJJ Anthony Joseph Mantanona Coachella Valley BJJ William Neuman Weaver Gracie Elite Team Paul Evans Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Pedro Sauer Team Jakub Andrzej Kielb Synergy Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Jesus Emanuel Cervantes Z1 Angola Victor Hugo Arcanjo Dos Santos Total: 7 WHITE / Juvenile 1 / Male / Ultra Heavy CheckMat Jake Richard Denno Total: 1 WHITE / Juvenile 2 / Male / Feather Cleber Jiu Jitsu Christopher Michael Cisneros Cleber Jiu Jitsu Daniel Joe Ramirez Jr. Gracie Elite Team Charles Jess Bayles Total: 3 WHITE / Juvenile 2 / Male / Light Alliance Matheus Magalhães Carvalho CheckMat Ricardo Matheus Dantas Silva Lima Paragon BJJ Academy Maxwell Ruhr Team Lagarto Carlos Jesus Olivar Sanchez Zenith BJJ Alberto Garcia Encinas Total: 5 WHITE / Juvenile 2 / Male / Middle Alliance Gabriel Vieira Lopes Luiz Palhares Jiu Jitsu Justin Anthony Fleming-Huerta Pedra 90 Ronildo Souza Z1 Angola Arliano Filomeno Meireles Auboy Total: 4 WHITE / Juvenile 2 / Female / Feather Gracie Barra Aliyah Belle Malapit Total: 1 WHITE / Juvenile 2 / Female / Medium Heavy Gracie Elite Team Jessica Ketlin Cerqueira Santana Gracie Humaita Melanie Raye Gonzales Marcio Cruz
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Behavior Score: a Practical Approach for Assessing Risk Among MSM in Brazil
    BJID 800 1–10 ARTICLE IN PRESS braz j infect dis 2 0 1 8;x x x(xx):xxx–xxx The Brazilian Journal of INFECTIOUS DISEASES www.elsevier.com/locate/bjid 1 Original article 2 Risk behavior score: a practical approach for 3 assessing risk among MSM in Brazil a,∗ b c 4 Q1 Gustavo Machado Rocha , Lígia Regina Franco Sansigolo Kerr , Carl Kendall , d 5 Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães a 6 Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil b 7 Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil c 8 Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 9 Q2 New Orleans, USA d 10 Q3 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 11 12 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 13 14 Article history: HIV/AIDS epidemic is not well controlled, and multiple sexual behavior factors help explain 15Q4 Received 14 November 2017 high rates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). This article proposes 16 Accepted 22 February 2018 to exam the use of a potential risk behavior score for HIV infection, based on the type and 17 Available online xxx number of sexual partners, and condom use, and their associated factors in a sample of 18 MSM in Brazil. A cross sectional RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) study was performed 19 Keywords: among 3738 MSM aged 18+ years old from ten Brazilian cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation Against MSM
    DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720190003.supl.1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTIGO ORIGINAL Discrimination based on sexual orientation against MSM in Brazil: a latent class analysis Discriminação por orientação sexual entre HSH no Brasil: uma análise de classes latentes Laio MagnoI,II , Luís Augusto V. da SilvaII,III , Mark Drew Crosland GuimarãesIV , Maria Amélia de Sousa Mascena VerasV , Luiz Fábio Alves de DeusVI , Andrea Fachel LealVII , Daniela Riva KnauthVIII , Ana Maria de BritoIX , Gustavo Machado RochaX , Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa LimaXI, Carl KendallXII , Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-CastroXIII , Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo KerrXI , Rosa Maria Salani MotaXIV , Edgar Merchan-HamannXV , Inês Costa DouradoII , The Brazilian HIV/MSM Surveillance Group* ABSTRACT: Introduction: Discrimination based on sexual orientation can influence vulnerability to HIV, increasing exposure to risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objectives: To analyze data using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of individuals with specific patterns of discrimination based on sexual orientation (DSO). Methods: Cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016. LCA was used to characterize discrimination among MSM based on 13 variables in the survey questionnaire. The proportions of men reporting DSO and other variables of interest were estimated using Gile’s Successive Sampling estimator. Results: Most MSM were young, single, had a religion, had a high school or college degree, black or brown skin color, and socioeconomic status classified as average. More than half of the participants reported that they had been discriminated against during the last 12 months due to their sexual orientation (65%), more than a third said they had felt afraid of walking in public places during the past 12 months, and about one-fifth of participants reported having been victims of physical or sexual assault due to DSO.
    [Show full text]
  • Acceptability of HIV Self-Testing Is Low Among Men Who Have Sex with Men
    Magno et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2020) 20:865 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05589-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Acceptability of HIV self-testing is low among men who have sex with men who have not tested for HIV: a study with respondent-driven sampling in Brazil Laio Magno1,2* , Andrea Fachel Leal3, Daniela Knauth4, Inês Dourado2, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães5, Elis Passos Santana2, Tiago Jordão1, Gustavo Machado Rocha6, Maria Amélia Veras7, Carl Kendall8,9, Alexandre Kerr Pontes10, Ana Maria de Brito11, Ligia Kerr9 and The Brazilian HIV/MSM Surveillance Group Abstract Background: Brazil has many people living with HIV (PLWH) who are unaware of their serostatus. The public health system has recently added HIV self-testing (HIVST) for key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM). This study estimates HIVST acceptability among Brazilian MSM and explores factors associated with acceptability among MSM who have never tested for HIV or who had a previous negative result. Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit 4176 MSM in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016 to this biological and behavioral surveillance study. We excluded from this analysis all MSM who were aware of their positive HIV serostatus. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Overall proportions were weighted with Gile’s estimator in RDS Analyst software and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The analyses of HIVST acceptability were stratified by prior HIV testing (never or one or more times). Results: For this analysis, 3605 MSM were included. The acceptability of HIVST was 49.1%, lower among those who had never tested for HIV (42.7%) compared to those who had a previous HIV negative test (50.1%).
    [Show full text]
  • World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2014
    Last Update: 05/27/2014 19:00 (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2014 2 Brothers BFC WHITE / Adult / Female / Feather Joana Almeida Serras Pires BLACK / Adult / Female / Light Monica Vanessa Fonseca da Silva Total: 2 AB Mixed Martial Arts Academy WHITE / Master 1 / Male / Heavy Pablo Perez BLUE / Adult / Male / Light christopher gallego BLUE / Adult / Male / Medium Heavy ronal hernandez Total: 3 ABC BJJ / Icon JJ Team PURPLE / Adult / Male / Light Feather Ryan Clay Total: 1 Absoluto BJJ WHITE / Master 2 / Male / Middle marius marian gioarsa BLUE / Adult / Male / Light Feather Mihai Handrea BLUE / Adult / Male / Middle Horatiu Balint PURPLE / Adult / Male / Ultra Heavy Camil Moldoveanu Total: 4 Abusado Team WHITE / Adult / Female / Light Feather Andrea Fahl BLACK / Adult / Male / Middle Brian J Beaury II Total: 2 Academia BSB BLACK / Adult / Male / Light Richard da Silva Sampaio Total: 1 Academia CM System PURPLE / Adult / Male / Middle Guilherme Correia Abilhoa BLACK / Adult / Female / Light Lauriane Clarice dos Santos Mendes Total: 2 Academia Eduardo Santoro BLACK / Adult / Male / Middle Eduardo Santoro de Camargo Total: 1 Academia POA BLUE / Adult / Male / Light Feather Clint Cooper BLACK / Adult / Male / Super Heavy Rivaldo Rodrigues da Silva Total: 2 Academia Saikoo BLACK / Adult / Male / Feather Isaque Alberto de Oliveira Paiva Total: 1 Academie Pythagore BLUE / Adult / Male / Middle Tomasz WALISZEWSKI PURPLE / Adult / Male / Feather hart franck BROWN / Adult / Male / Light Ugo Oswaldo Gaillard BROWN
    [Show full text]
  • Acceptability of HIV Self-Testing Is Low Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Have Not Tested for HIV: a Study with Respondent-Driven Sampling in Brazil
    Acceptability of HIV self-testing is low among men who have sex with men who have not tested for HIV: a study with respondent-driven sampling in Brazil Laio Magno ( [email protected] ) Universidade do Estado da Bahia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-0782 Andrea Fachel Leal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Filosoa e Ciencias Humanas Daniela Knauth Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Ines Dourado Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto de Saude Coletiva Mark Guimarães Drew Crosland Guimarães Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Elis Passos Santana Universidade Federal da Bahia Tiago Jordão Universidade do Estado da Bahia Departamento de Ciencias da Vida Gustavo Machado Rocha Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei Maria Amélia Veras Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Departamento de Saude Coletiva Carl Kendall Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Alexandre Kerr Pontes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Ana Maria Brito Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes Ligia Kerr Universidade Federal do Ceará The Brazilian HIV/MSM Surveillance Group Universidade Federal do Ceara Page 1/19 Research article Keywords: HIV self-test, acceptability, HIV testing, men who have sex with men, respondent-driven sampling, Brazil Posted Date: November 9th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22067/v6 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on November 19th, 2020. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05589-0.
    [Show full text]