sign in sign up
<<
Home , Filtration fraction

Select the one that is best in each case : 1) The best evidence that plasma of (Cin) measures glomerular in man is : a) at high flow rate the clearance of urea approaches Cin b) it is found in the urine of aglomerular kidneys c) when phlorizen is given glucose and have the same clearance as inulin d) when the tubules are overloaded with PAHA, the clearance of PAH approaches Cin e) at low the clearance of glucose approaches Cin

2) The volume of plasma needed each minute to supply a substance at the rate at which it is excreted in the urine is known as the : a) diffusion constant of the substance b) clearance of the substance c) extractions ratio of the substance d) tubular mass of the substance e) filtration rate of the substance

3) Total renal blood flow of both human kidneys is what fraction of the resting cardiac output : a) 5% b) 10% c) 25% d) 40% e) 50 %

4) An increase in the osmolarity of the ECF will : a) stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors and inhibit ADH secretion b) inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors and stimulate ADH secretion c) inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors and inhibit ADH secretion d) stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors and stimulate ADH secretion e) has no change an ADH secretion

5) If the renal plasma flow is 600 ml/min and the haematocrite value is 40 % what is the renal blood in ml/min : a) 1500 b) 1000 c) 960 d) 1200 e) 1800

6) The normal human GFR approximate ml/min : a) 25 b) 50 c) 125 d) 300 e) 500

7) The role of the in homeostasis may include which of the following : a) secretion of certain substances such as , kinins and for regulation of arterial blood pressure b) regulation of ECF composition c) regulation of red blood cell formation d) secretion of e) all are correct

8) Which is a feature of the glomerulus : a ) podocyte b ) fenestrated epithelium c ) slit membrane d ) foot processes e ) all are correct

9) According to the equation for net tubular transport rate : net transport rate = filtration rate – excretion rate , if the transport rate is positive : a) secretion must have taken place b) reabsorption must have taken place c) excretion rate is in excess of filtration rate d) solute must have been added to the glomerular filtrate e) B and D are correct

10 ) Clearance ratio greater than one are most likely seen with substances which are: a) neither secreted nor absorbed b) reabsorbed c) secreted d) bound to tubular proteins e) none are correct

11) Solute particles move from the plasma of renal glomerulus to the fluid in the bowman's capsule by: a) bulk flow b) active transport c) diffusion d) renal flow e) A and C are correct

12) The renal threshold for glucose will be decreased by : a) an increase in glucose Tm b) a decrease in glomerular filtration rate c) a decrease in tubular reabsorption d) A , and C are correct e) none are correct

14 ) Of the following which are correctly defined or described : a) filtration fraction : GFR divided by renal plasma flow b) clearance ratio : renal clearance of one substance divided by the clearance of another substance c) effective renal plasma flow: volume of plasma flow through the entire renal tissue d) renal threshold level : at is the maximum amount of a substance transported by renal tubules in minute e) none is correct

15 ) The juxtaglomerular apparatus: a) include a long loop of henle that dips into the medulla b) participate in the control of secretion through the renin angiotensin system c) is involved in maintaining the normal balance of Ca++ in the body d) function an a sphincter around the distal tubule e) B and D are correct

16) About 6 days after you place a normal subject on low sodium diet to reduce his weight which of the following is observed : a) plasma renin and aldosterone below normal b) plasma renin and aldosterone are above normal c) plasma sodium concentration is below normal d)plasma sodium concentration is above normal e) B and D are correct

17) The substance ( s ) which makes up the greatest part of the reabsorptive ''load'' in the renal tubules is (are) : a) urea b) glucose c) potassium d) sodium e) glycine

18) Plasma ( PAHA ) 0.3 µg/ml , PAHA in urine 90.0 µg/ml, Inulin concentration in plasma 10.0 µg/ml and U in = 0.6 mg/ml : V = 2 ml/min - hematocite value = 40%

GFR could be Renal plasma flow could be Renal blood flow could be a) 120 a) 100 a) 100 b) 150 b) 300 b) 300 c) 180 c) 600 c) 600 d) 240 d) 900 d) 1000 e) 400 e) 1200 e) 1200

19) The initial step urine formation is the at the glomeruli, the forces aiding ultrafiltration include : a) colloid osmotic pressure of plasma protein b) glomerular capillary pressure c) hydrostatic pressure in bowman's capsule d) crystalloid osmotic pressure of the final urine e) B and C are correct

20) At plasma glucose concentration of 400 mg/dl : a) clearance of glucose is zero b) excretion rate of glucose equal the filtration of glucose c) reabsorption rate of glucose equals the filtration rate of glucose d) excretion rate of glucose increases with further increasing of plasma concentration of glucose e) none of the above are correct

21) Renin is secreted by : a) cell in the proximal tubules b) cells in the c) juxtaglomerular cells d) cells in the peritubular capillaries e) cells in the distal tubules

22) Erythropoietin is secreted by : a) interstitial cells in the peritubular capillaries b) juxtaglomerlar cells c) cells in the distal tubule d) cells in the proximal tubule e) cells in the macula densa

23) Which of the following would not be expected to increase renin secretion ( or expected to ↓ renin secretion ): a) giving drug that block ACE b) giving drug that block angiotensin receptor c) giving drug that block β adrenergic receptors d) constriction of the aorta between celiac artery and renal artery e) giving a drug that reduce ECF volume

24) If the clearance of a substance which is freely filtered is less than that of inulin : a) there is net reabsorption of the substance in the tubule b) there is net secretion of the substance in the tubule c) the substance is neither secreted nor reabsorbed in the tubule d) the substance become bound to protein in the tubule e) the substance is secreted in proximal tub. to a greater degree than in distal tub.

25) Glucose reabsorption occurs in : a) proximal tubule b) loop of henle c) distal tubule d) cortical collecting duck e) medullary collecting duct

26) Which of the following factors best explain an increase in the filtration fraction : a) increased urethral pressure b) increased efferent arteriolar resistance c) increased plasma protein concentration d) decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure e) decreased glomerular filtration area

27)Resistance to blood flow through the kidney can be determined by : a) measuring the clearance of PAHA b) measuring the hydrostatic pressure difference between renal artery and renal vein. c) measuring the renal blood flow d) dividing the arterio- venous hydrostatic pressure difference by the renal blood flow e) dividing the renal blood flow by the arterio- venous hydrostatic pressure difference

28) the collecting ducts are the site of final adjustment of urinary : a)Na+ b) K+ c) water d) Ph e) All

29) the maximum amount of substances actively transported by renal tubules per unit time : a) requires specific transport system for each substance transported b) depends on the maximum rate at which the transport mechanism itself operate c) is dependant on tubular load d) in termed the tubular transport maximum e) a , b , and d are correct 30) Angiotension II, all are correct except : a) is produced mainly in the lung b) it causes c) it stimulates the secretion of ADH d) it is inactivated by kinase II e) it causes an increase in arterial blood pressure

31) In humans kidney all are true except : a) renal plasma flow is normally about 650 ml/min b) blood flow in the cortex is greater than that in the medulla c) reabsorption of ions and water occurs mainly in the distal convoluted tubule d) the renal blood flow is decreased in dehydration e) antidiuretic hormone increases water reabsorption mainly in the collecting ducts

32) Regarding the kidney all are true except : a) there are about one million in each kidney b) they receive about 20 % of COP art rest c) they produce aldosterone d) they produce 1,25 dihydroxycalciferol e) there are more blood flow through the renal cortex than the

34) The main barrier preventing the free passage of albumin across the glomerular capillaries is formed of : a) the fenestrated glomerular endomelium b) anionic proteoglycan within the glomerular basement membrane c) the filtration slits in between visceral epithelial cell ( podocyte ) d) none are correct e) all are correct

35) Concerning the measurement of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate: a) inulin is a good GFR marker because it is freely filtered in the glomeruli , and in not absorbed or secreted by renal tubule . b) inulin concentration in the lumen of proximal tubule increases progressively as water is absorbed c) PAHA is a good marker of RPF d) A,B and C are correct e) non is correct

36) Concerning the functional histology of the kidney : a) the superficial have short loops of henle, thus they have a low capacity to reabsorb salt ( salt losing nephrom ) b) the deep nephrons have long loops of henle thus they have a high capacity to reabsorb salt and water c) in dehydration , the blood flow to deep nephrons tends to increases d) A and B correct e) all are correct

37) The following factor (s) tend to increases GFR : a) decreased albumen concentration in plasma b) vasodilatation of the c) of the d) A and C are correct e) all are correct

38) The following factor (s) tend to increase GFR : a) sympathetic stimulation of afferent arterioles b) obstraction of the urinary tracts c) VD of efferent arterioles d) none are correct e) all are correct

39) Concerning the function of the glomerular mesangeal cells : a) can contract and cause some decrease in glomerular surface area b) they play a major role in systemic AII production c) they are phagocyte and play a role in the clearing of proteins and immune deposits entrapped in mesangium d) A and C correct e)all are correct

40) Concerning the function of the proximal tubules : a) most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules in an iso- osmotic fashion b) the concentration of PAHA does not change much along the proximal tubule c) under normal conditions , most of the filtered bicarbonate and all glucose are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule d) A and C correct e) all are correct

41) Concerning the function of the podocyte : a) laydown and maintenance of the basement membrane b) major barrier for filtration of large mollecules c) phagocytosis of macromolecules d) A and C are correct e) none are correct

43) Passage of particle from glomeruli to bowman's capsule is called : a) osmosis b) diffusion c) bulk flow d) active transport e) endocytosis

44) The lower rate of plasma clearance under normal conditions : a) creatinine b) inulin c) Na+ d) glucose e) Cl-

45) Concerning water reabsorption by the proximal tubule : a) the main driving forces for water reabsorption in that tubule are solute uptake and oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries b) a significant amount of water in the proximal tubule is dependant on Na+ uptake by Na+ / H+ antiporter present on their luminal membrane c) aquaporin I ( water channel ) are abundantly present in membrane of proximal tubule d) A and C are correct e) all are correct

46) Concerning the thick loop of henle : a) the thick segment of the loop has a very powerful Na/K/2Cl pump b) water and urea move freely across the epithelium of the thick loop of henle c) following the administration frusemide large volume of urine is produced d) a and c are correct e) all are correct

47) Concerning urinary concentration : a) the thick loop of henle generate most of the osmotic gradient needed for reabsorption of water in CD b) the tubular urine that reach the cortical collecting duct is generally hypotonic with respect to plasma c) in the absence of ADH, urine is not concentrated along the length of the collecting duct d) A , and C correct e) all are correct

48) Concerning the transport of urea in the different segments of the nephron : a) the main source of tubular urea is the plasma via ultrafiltration b) the urea concentration in the cortical collecting duct increases as water is reabsorbed c) the thin loop of henle and medularly collecting duct are permeable to urea d) A, and C correct e) all are correct

49) concerning the macula densa: a) Senses the total amount of Nacl of tubular fluid being delivered by the loop of henle into the distal convoluted tubule b) if the delivery of Nacl is lower than normal the macula densa signals the afferent arteriole to release renin c) the renin release causes angiotensin formation that preferentially constrict efferent arteriole d) A and C correct e) all are correct

50) Within an hour following I.V infusion of AII the following is (are) clinically evidence : a) increased Na+ uptake in the proximal tubule b) systemic vasoconstriction c) increased plasma aldosterone d) A and C are correct e) all are correct

51) Renin : a) increase H2O reabsorption b) decrease Na+ reabsorption c) angiotensin II formation d) increased Na+ reabsorption e) decreased phosphate reabsorption

52) Atrial natriuretic peptides : a) increased H2O reabsorption b) decreased Na+ reabsorption c) AII formation d) increased Na+ reabsorption e) decreased phosphate reabsorption

53) ADH : a) increased H2O reabsorption b) decreased Na+ reabsorption c) AII formation d) increased Na+ reabsorption e) decreased phosphate reabsorption

54) AII : a) increased H2O reabsorption b) decreased sodium reabsorption c) AII formation d) increased Na+ reabsorption e) decreased phosphate reabsorption

55) Which of the following statements is true about proximal tubule : a) the Na+- K+ ATP ase drives Na+ into the cell from the urine side of the tubule b) Na+ - H+ exchange is largely the mechanism by which the H+ secretion occurs c) bicarbonate reabsorption is independent of carbonic anhydrase activity d) the PH in the luman of proximal tubule can reach an low as 5

kidney