STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020 updated version / November 2018 Contents

Introduction 3 Priorities of the Region 6 Orientations of the Region 9 Map of UIC Middle-East Railways 13 UIC RAME Action Plan 14

ISBN 978-2-7461-2768-5

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© International Union of Railways (UIC) - Paris, 2018 STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020 INTRODUCTION

he Middle-East, composed of countries/regions of Southwest Asia and parts of Northern Africa, is a geographical region connected to Tthe land areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Middle-East is also con- nected to maritime areas, where the major trade routes between Asia and Europe operate, including the Indian Ocean, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.

The Middle-East Railways in this Strategic Action Plan imply the UIC Middle- East Regional Assembly member railways. The Regional Assembly for Mid- dle-East (RAME) was established as one of the six regions of UIC, as part of the global dimension in 2007. This region is included in the new UIC statutes adopted in 2009 and officially began its activity from then onwards. The Middle-East Railways include railways from (TCDD as Chair railway, & TCDD Taşımacılık A.Ş), (RAI, Rail Pardaz Seir Co.), (SRO), (ARC, JHR, Ma’an Development Area), (IRR), Qatar (QRC), Sul- tanate of Oman (Oman Rail), United Arab Emirates UAE (FTA), (CFS, CFH/SHR), Afghanistan (ARA). The UIC Regional Office for the Middle-East 3 is managed by RAI and located in Tehran.

The goal behind this Strategic Action Plan is a move towards an integrated and competitive railway system in the Middle-East region. Presenting the priorities and guidelines of the 15 members of RAME based on three defined strategies of UIC i.e. innovation, integration and involvement of members, this action plan intends to show coherently and concisely the future activi- ties and performances of the Middle-East with a focus on the regional rail projects and expected achievements for the Middle-East Railways.

This strategic document may be followed and evaluated annually, and un- dergoes certain corrections and revisions taking into account actual situa- tions and conditions.

MIDDLE-EAST, A STRATEGIC BRIDGE FOR THE EAST-WEST AND NORTH-SOUTH CORRIDORS THE STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN 2018-2020 IS PREPARED BY UIC MIDDLE-EAST OFFICE ON BEHALF OF THE UIC MIDDLE-EAST REGION ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC Country Population Annual Mean OVERVIEW OF THE REGION (million), Relative 2017 Growth Rate % The Middle-East region is considered as one Afghanistan 35,530,081 2.52 of the earliest cradles of civilization in the world. From the second mid of the 20th Cen- Iran 81,162,788 1.10 tury, the region had been the centre of global Iraq 38,274,618 2.88 focus and in perhaps the most sensitive area Jordan 9,702,353 2.61 of the world in terms of strategy, economy, politics, and culture. The region is of high Qatar 2,639,211 2.70 strategic importance in the world’s equations Saudi Arabia 32,938,213 2.05 due to its geographical situation bridging Af- Syria 18,269,868 -0.87 rica, Asia and Europe together and as well Turkey 80,745,020 1.55 possessing waterways and more significantly United Arab Emirates 9,400,145 1.41 accessibility to the vast energy resources. Source: World Population Prospects (2017 Revision) - The Middle-East is endowed with the world’s United Nations population estimates and projections largest oil and gas resources; about 60% of 4 the world’s proven resources of oil and 35% of gas resources exist in this region. The Mid- POPULATION dle-East retain enormous mines and mineral The region has around 411 million people resources with some of the most complicat- living in 17 countries. The urban population ed and variable geological textiles, iron, cop- in Middle-East stays higher than the global per, coal, cement and other mineral. average by dwelling of 70-90% of the popu- Resources and precious stones together with lation of these countries in the cities. It is other metals like manganese, chromate, gold, expected that the population of the Middle- lead and copper that are amongst mineral re- East with 31% growth will reach 500 million sources found abundantly in the Middle-East, people by 2025. Population growth in the the exploitation and export of which are main Middle-East has impelled the governments part of the region’s economic activity. to develop all sectors of the economy, espe- cially transportation. Likewise, agricultural products such as grains, fruits and vegetables contribute a lot to the NDP and transit growth of the re- gion thanks to the farmlands fertility, mod- ern watering systems and state of the art technology. Mass reservoirs of mineral resources, chemi- cal, agricultural and animal products, tex- tiles, metals different types and artefacts, manufactured products, foodstuff with oth- er ever-increasing products of the region, have all turned the Middle-East economy into a boosting economy where need to freight transport in particular rail transport as one of the cost effective and effective

mode is deeply felt. - by Jordan Hejaz Railways (JHR) STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020

Vision OUR MISSION

The main objective for preparation of a stra- Our mission is to realize and sustain the tegic document for the Middle-East region rail transport potentials of the Middle-East is to lay down a policy for short and mid- countries and shape a reliable and efficient term development of rail transport networks future for the railway sector. To achieve this, within the region, as well as connection with priorities of the RAME member countries Asia and Europe based on a formulated ac- concerning development of rail transpor- tion plan; this would facilitate transporta- tation followed by the guidelines, are ad- tion, gain greater share of the trade market, dressed respectively. together with economic growth and social cohesion in the countries of the region. This document aims to meet the needs of the railway sector in Middle-East and to create an integrated network, which will lead to competitiveness of passenger and freight rail transportation, turning it into one of the best transport modes for its customers in

the region. hauled by Train, Modern CFS Passenger Alleppo Glass U17C, north of

5 High Speed train of Madinah-Makkah in Saudi Railways Organization (SRO) Thus, involvement and support of this sec- PRIORITIES tor, especially in the Middle-East, mainly depends on the states and their decisions; OF THE REGION in the meantime, development of rail in- frastructure itself may be one of the most The Middle-East has based its priorities on revenue making sectors of the economy. main principles of: Railway Infrastructure; Therefore, completing rail lines and increas- Improvement of technology; Promotion of ing required fixed installations are crucially rail transport; Cooperation with interna- important to develop rail transport. tional organizations; environment; Training and Membership expansion. IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY Railway has increasingly experienced con- RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE tinuous innovations and technical improve- Infrastructure is one of the most important ments. Currently, fleet travel speeds are and necessities of the rail transport. Inte- increased, signalling applications are facili- grated rail connections within the coun- tated and more safety is provided thanks to tries, along regional transit corridors and the rail modern technologies. New technol- between the regions are made possible ogies give more emphasis on clean energies through interconnected rail lines and physi- technologies and put priority on environ- cal installations and facilities. Therefore, ment protection. They make feasible run- construction of rail infrastructures and their ning of trains through border crossings with improvement along with missing links re- while diminishing heavy moval are vital for development of competi- costs of initial technologies. Each modern 6 tive rail routes and corridors and shall make tool has made easy railway operations and the international corridors operational. improved capacity and productivity of rail industry. Taking benefit from these technol- Infrastructure is one of the most capital in- ogies, the rail sector is now highly capable tensive sections in the railway industry, the of competing with road and building up its establishment, maintenance and upgrading transport share in the market. Employing of which require non-stop financial support. new technologies shall be seriously looked at, besides expansion of rail infrastructure.

Country Area (km2) Railway Total length of Abbreviation lines (km) Afghanistan 652,000 ARA 85

Iran 1,648,195 RAI 11,000

Iraq 437,072 IRR 2,000 ARC 294 Jordan 89,341 JHR 212 Under study & Oman 309,500 Oman Rail construction Source: UIC Synopsis 2016 Under study & TCDD Statistics Qatar 11,586 QRC construction (end of January 2018) Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 SRO 1400 RAI Statistics (end of January 2018) CFS 1,801 Syria 185,180 SHR 338 SRO Vision 2030 IRR Powerpoint Presentation Turkey 783,356 TCDD 12,608 Turkish Statistical Institute Under study & United Arab Emirates 83,600 FTA World Development construction Indicators, World Bank STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020

PROMOTION OF RAIL TRANSPORT They efficiently prepare the international standards and regulations and probe into Bulk cargos are mainly moved by railways, the execution of international rules. The in- highways and waterways. Some cargos like ternational organizations can influence de- mineral reservoirs are by tradition carried cisions and understanding of the politicians via rail, but still, forecasting the market fu- and their effective functions are to the ben- ture needs is a prerequisite for attracting efit all countries national interest. more freight and passenger. The nature, qualifications and powers of In this respect development of rail transport these organizations are relatively different, networks in proportion to the needs of do- covering specific expertise areas; meanwhile, mestic and international markets is crucial. the major activity of these organizations is Foreseeing market future needs and meet- to coordinate the measures of the govern- ing the needs, identifying main commercial ments in certain fields of railway issues. routes, connection of important industrial and agricultural centres to the target mar- The RAME members, as part of UIC, the kets together with providing railway poten- biggest international railway organization, tial customers needs all play significant role intend to reinforce their cooperation with in attracting cargo. More accessibility with the regional and international rail organiza- more infrastructure and using new tech- tions and consequently contribute to the nologies shall double rail network potential development of a common knowledge, ap- power. Besides, connection of population plication of uniform rules and facilitation of important centres and giving consideration reciprocal cooperation. to smooth movement with increased speed contribute largely in demand augmentation. ENVIRONMENT Application of consistent uniform rules, 7 close and coordinated cooperation and The transport is one of the major energy customs procedures facilitations are initia- consumers particularly, oil products, in the tives of Middle-East Railways for attracting world and air pollution, and global warm- confidence of rail sector potential markets ing it causes, have a destructive impact on and make possible ensured and continued the environment. But energy consumption movement of passengers and cargos. The and pollution emission differ from one mode Middle-East Railways consider passenger to another mode of transport. Road and air and cargo increase as a priority and take transports with congested traffic are main it into account in their rail development factors causing environment pollution, noise policies. pollution and emission of green house gases. Therefore shifting railway transportation as the most environmentally friendly mode of COOPERATION WITH transport is recommended. Protection of en- REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL vironment is amongst the priorities of Mid- ORGANIZATIONS dle-East Railways; the realisation of which In the era of opening international coopera- will be made possible through comprehen- tion, the regional and international rail or- sive policy-making and formulating common ganizations mainly target at formulating in- environmental goals and developing nation- ternational cooperation through developing al and regional green transport plans. procedures, methods, standards, rules and To enjoy healthier world, RAME members regulations related to rail transport and help commit themselves to use international en- the railways to implement them. They deal vironmental standards and development of with common rail issues and are considered green transport. the major sources of development and dis- semination of information and knowledge at the world level. TRAINING MEMBERSHIP EXPANSION Training and updating the career knowl- Membership expansion in the Middle-East edge of managers, engineers, staff and all region provides a ground for other region’s those dealing with the railway. countries to contribute to the planning and developing rail networks of the Middle-East Providing comprehensive training programs as well as sharing experiences and best prac- and raising the knowledge level in railway tices among the concerned railways. Con- specific fields and as well as informing the tribution of more members in the region’s employees about their tasks and responsi- planning shall strengthen the activities of bilities. The Middle-East Railways are aware the UIC Middle-East region and promote of the integral relation between knowledge, efficiency of the regional plans. Adhesion skill and efficiency with career development of new members to UIC and RAME and ex- as well as issues that are vital for gaining pansion of membership in the region is as- success in the development and operation signed as one of the priorities helping the of railways. region from a steering, technical and finan- Progress of their rail activities, and in this cial viewpoint. line, pursue the needs of the region in terms of scope and content. Jobs will considerably improve the qual- ity of railway services, and optimum use of sources. The railways of the Middle-East region also do their best to train young managers and senior experts by continuing 8 training activities and transferring former experiences to them for the bright future of

the region. in RAI Train Siemens Passenger High speed train in TCDD High speed train in STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020

ORIENTATIONS OF THE REGION

RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE Rail infrastructure encompassing all physi- to Europe passes through the Middle-East cal facilities and equipment (lines, terminals, via different alternative routes; International stations, bridges, tunnels, border crossings, North-South Corridor links Persian Gulf and signalling and telecommunications and oth- Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via Iran and er fixed facilities) is one of the main neces- continues the way to the Northern Europe sities for rail transport. Missing links in the via territory of and Saint Petersburg; infrastructure networks impede largely in- and Southern Corridor of Asia connects tegration of rail network in the Middle-East the Middle-East to south and east of Asia and a challenge ahead of international tran- as well as south of China and southeast of sit and transport corridors. Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, …) to Eu- rope through India, Pakistan, Iran and Tur- The construction of efficient transport infra- key. Various corridors could be created and structure, eliminating missing links and res- become operational when the countries are toration of the infrastructure are essential interconnected to each other by rail. for the development of corridors and com- petitive rail routes and ensures operations Being aware of the main role of infrastruc- of international corridors. Presently more ture in rail transport development, RAME than 20 000 km of lines are under construc- members are moving to expand their rail tion with many lines in the planning stage in infrastructures, complete the lines, remove the Middle-East. the missinglinks, and develop their fixed 9 installations. In this line, absorption of new The Middle-East is crossroad of numerous investment and marketing for the existing corridors along western-eastern and north- corridors for flourishing rail transport is ern-southern directions: Asia International necessary. Corridor starting from China and stretching

Missing Links in Middle-East

Involved countries Interconnections

Turkey – Iran One missing link (Lake Van): 2 ferries crosses on a 24-hour basis

Turkey – Syria Two connections for combined operation–Meydan Ekbos which is commonly used, and /

Turkey – Iraq No rail connection (only through Syria)

Syria – Iraq One link at Yaarubiah. Second link to be established at Al Bou Kamal

Syria – No current connections due to severely damaged network of Lebanon

Iraq – Iran No current rail connection. Two missing links: 1) Khoramshahr – Shalamcheh – Basra 2 ) Arak – Kermanshah – Qasr e Shirin – Khosravi

Syria – Jordan No rail connection to Jordan border

Jordan – Iraq No rail connection between Iraq – Jordan

Saudi Arabia – Iraq No rail connection between Iraq – Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia – Jordan No rail connection between Saudi Arabia – Jordan

Qatar – Saudi Arabia No rail connection

UAE- Saudi Arabia No rail connection Marmaray

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY Using advanced technologies ensures con- tinued existence of the rail sector and a Rail transportation has brought fundamental foundation for planning other economic ac- changes in freight and passenger traffic. Rail tivities like production and distribution. advanced technologies including electrifica- tion, use of high speed systems, state of the 10 art signaling and telecommunications sys- PROMOTION OF RAIL TRANSPORT tems, control systems, safety build-up system Adequate transit routes, expansion of the at the border crossings, modern bogie chang- rail networks and capability for mass cargo ing facilities and other new technologies each traffic, compared to road and waterways, of which serve to facilitate railway operations. have marked up railways capacity and flex- Electrification of rail lines protects the en- ibility to carry agricultural products, oil vironment thanks to fuel consumption sav- products and mineral resources and made ing and energy efficiency. Additionally high possible access to the concerned markets. speed systems evidently increase rail sector However railways could survive if more car- competitive capability by improving travel gos and passengers could be attracted. time. Presently, Middle-East Railways includ- Meanwhile identification of main commer- ing Railways of Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, cial routes and anticipation of future ca- Qatar and Emirates have started design and pacity of freight transport and according- construction of High speed lines. Railways of ly expanding rail networks will ensure the Turkey is now leading in high speed systems availability and continuation of freight traf- in the region where some high speed projects fic. Highly expanded rail networks, launch- have been put into operation with others be- ing scheduled and regular trains, respect- ing under way. ing punctuality and accurate timetable with Installing signaling on the routes and equip- commitment to safety and security, uniform ping them with an ATC system is step for customs procedures, standardized docu- optimum and safe steering and full control ments, cost cutting and appropriate servic- of the train during the movement. Utilizing es are, inter-alia, among the factors paving the standard system of GSMR radio network, the ground for the railways to compete with ETCS- automatic control of train, GPS utiliza- other modes of transportation and attract tion, and Information Technology (IT) systems passengers and cargo. are among necessities making possible safe and smooth movement of trains. Operational systems should be promoted to make use of infrastructure investments to the utmost. STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020

The last two decades experienced inter- efits from harmonized transport; this surely national transport of cargos along the two eliminates the need to re-issue the consign- continents of Europe and Asia in particu- ment note at the borders with a time and lar from/to China using different modes of cost saving and make feasible the smooth transportation. When the missing links are running of trains. eliminated and physical barriers removed Uniform rules in line with standardized roll- rail traffic from Central Asia and Europe ing stock, procedures and infrastructure are to the Middle-East and vice versa shall be a must for the Middle-East to facilitate the increased to create an integrated rail net- complicated border crossing procedures. In work and by this means railway could even order to realize and make operational rail be considered as the main mode of trans- routes and interconnecting the countries, port. In addition, the Middle-East region has regulations and agreements are prepared huge oil resources and mineral reservoirs, as by the regional/international organizations a benefit for the RAME members to boost to cover technical, operational and com- their rail share from this potential market. mercial issues. International transporta- Being aware of the cargo absorption impor- tion is a medium that enables free transfer tance in promoting rail transport, the region of goods and people and can be achieved railways expand their rail networks taking only in an open environment. Maybe all the into account the domestic and international countries are not prepared for this issue si- market needs and follow to make rail freight multaneously but international tools (con- traffic competitive through punctuality and ventions, agreements, etc.) are the most ef- improving trains speed and rail services fective legal instruments for coordination of quality. legal systems that facilitate trade and trans- portation within or between regions. There- 11 fore, international legal tools can play roles COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL in the facilitation of intra-regional trade by AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS required frameworks, activities, standards The existence of transport rules and regu- and rules. The Middle-East Railways’ in- lations respected and applied regulations ternational activities could be co-directed and harmonized rules and uniformity of when joined to the rail-related international the rules among the countries are in fact organizations and consequently to the re- the tools functioning to promote rail effi- spected international regulations. cient performances. Adhesion of countries to regional/international rail organizations and consequently to their rules and observ- ing unified rules practically shall facilitate interoperability and thus train traffic ben- Freight train in Afghanistan Railways (ARA) Freight train in RAI (CFS) ENVIRONMENT So far International Railway Business, High Speed and Safety Courses have been held Railway transportation is recognized as the by the Centre under the auspices of UIC. most environmentally friendly mode of trans- port, having less impact on climate and envi- The main targets of the training centre are: ronment in comparison to the other modes. preparation of future generation of railway Railways can help diminish air pollution by re- management and staff for new rail challeng- ducing road traffic congestion. Hence, shifting es, development of technical knowledge, more traffic from road to rail is an important finding the best working practices and en- step in fighting against air pollution. couraging interoperability in the region. Mid- dle-East Railways are decisive in taking part Reducing road and air transport will have con- in training programs and development and siderable and positive effects on the earth’s exchange of knowl- air quality improvement, acid rains diminution edge and updating and climate changes. In the area of railways, their knowledge by using less polluting energies, like electrifica- participating in dif- tion, hybrid train, as well as energy efficiency ferent training pro- could highly help in the reduction of pollut- grams planned for ants caused by transportation. The railways safety, security, in- in Middle-East region have other under-way frastructure and high environment-related measures to trim down speed. noise and other negative factors taking into account both operational aspects and installa- The Middle-East tions utilizations such as stations, workshops, Railways make ef- offices, etc. fort to develop the 12 technical knowledge, The members of RAME are committed to standardization, uni- protect and maintain the environment for fication and optimis- the next generations. They apply preventive ing procedures and and precautionary measures to cope with systems by holding environmental challenges and take also sup- training courses and portive measures for the projects and the workshops under the new technologies for a better environmental support of UIC that performance. is leading on the rail modern systems. TRAINING Among the region’s strategies is a more se- AMMAN rious focus on the rail-oriented global re- STATEMENT searches and training activities, promotion of Amman statement information level and exchange of technical was issued and en- knowledge. These initiatives shall be followed dorsed during the by organizing training seminars and work- High Level Confer- shops. For this, some events were held on an ence on the Middle- alternating base in the member countries. The East Region Rail initiatives were followed by the establishment Projects and Per- of the Middle-East Railway Training Centre spectives – Towards (MERTCe) in 2012 in Turkey aiming to survey an Integrated Com- the training needs and encourage participa- petitive Rail Trans- tion, build cooperative relationships with oth- portation System in er training centres, organize services and in- November 2012 in ternational training activities for all the RAME Amman, Jordan. The members and create a database among the statement has an members for sharing knowledge and experi- eye on the enhance- ence through regular and intensive courses. ment of rail transport STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS 2018-2020

development in the Middle- East as a sus- actors to contribute to the Middle-East tainable transport system in proportion to projects. social and economic needs of the region The statement also expects to strengthen and a way to cooperate with governments, regional cooperation among the members international organizations and financial in- in particular in the fields of technology, op- stitutions to help the strategic prospects of eration, trade and training aiming to improve rail transport in the region. These initiatives rail system interoperability and commence shall be met through international conven- multi regional cooperation projects to help tions and agreements and investment poli- the members under the support of UIC. The cies that can be a magnet for new commer- statement objectives are the cornerstone of cial opportunities and persuade investors, the present strategic action plan. trade partners and multimodal transport

13 Map of UIC Middle East Railways UIC RAME ACTION PLAN

ÀÀ Follow-up of Railway Vision and Strategic Action Plan for the Middle-East ÀÀ Regular updating the Map of UIC Middle East Railways; ÀÀ Updating 2016-2020 Strategic Action Plan of the Middle-East Railways; ÀÀ Follow-up of “Amman Declaration” through planning and performing the following tasks: • Collecting important national and regional projects of the Middle-East Railways along with enough details in order to present to international organizations and financial institutions, • Holding the investors’ forum of the Middle-East with the presence of internation- al/ regional banks and financial institutions and also decision makers from the governments. ÀÀ Setting up different working groups on rail safety, infrastructure, interoperability, stand- ardization, etc. ÀÀ Holding training seminars and workshops with the cooperation of UIC and also the rail training center of the Middle-East Railways concerning issues in connection with work- ing groups and other necessary matters; ÀÀ Defining common regional projects with the cooperation of UIC technical departments ÀÀ and solid partnership with members;

14 ÀÀ Developing cooperation with international organizations and using their current capaci- ties in line with RAME plans. Railway track on Veresk Brodge, RAI Railway track on Veresk A detailed presentation of all existing and planned railway networks in the Middle-East is included in the report entitled “Regional and Supra Regional Rail Transportation Linkages – Middle-East”. This report was prepared by the UIC Regional Office for the Middle- East in close cooperation with all Member Railways from the Region.

This document offers detailed descriptions of railway developments in the Middle-East and focuses on: • Existing transport networks, • Freight and transit flows in the region, • Map of UIC Middle-East Railways, • Middle-East corridors, connections with other regions’ corridors, • Recommendations and conclusions, • Description of railway development plans country by country, with maps and figures.

This report can be obtained from the UIC Middle-East Regional Office ([email protected]) or from UIC ([email protected]).

Published by: International Union of Railways (UIC) - Railway Technical Publications (ETF) The Strategic Action Plan for UIC Middle-East Railways (2018-2020), prepared by the UIC Middle-East Regional Office, is the result of the collective contribution of the following people: • Prepared by: Mozhgan Kordbacheh, Poupak Ashtari, Fahimeh Rahbari, Azadeh Poursaddami, Mehdi Torabi • Endorsed by: Abbas Nazari, UIC Middle-East Regional Office Director • Revised by: Jerzy Wisniewski, Coordinator for the UIC Middle-East Region • Publisher: Marie Plaud-Lombard, UIC Communications Director • English version: Helen Slaney • Design and edition: Ludovic Wattignies (Design), Cécile Gendrot (Edition) • Printer: ACINNOV’

Copyright and intellectual property rights STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR UIC MIDDLE-EAST RAILWAYS, 2018-2020 Copyright deposit: November 2018 ISBN 978-2-7461-2768-5