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v IPM CRSP ANNUAL HIGHLIGHTS FOR YEAR 9 (2001 - 2002)

The purpose of the Integrated Pest Philippines, and Uganda. Among the active Management Collaborative Research Support partner US institutions are: University of Program (IPM CRSP) is to develop and Georgia, Montana State University, Ohio implement a replicable approach to IPM that State University, Penn State University, will help reduce: 1) agricultural losses due to Purdue University, U.C.-Davis and Riverside, pests; 2) damage to national ecosystems; and North Carolina A&T University, Florida 3) pollution and contamination of food and A&M University, Fort Valley State water supplies. The goals of the CRSP are to University, USDA, and Virginia Tech (VT) develop improved IPM technologies and with VT as the lead and the Management institutional changes that will reduce crop Entity (ME) institution. losses, increase farmer income, reduce pesticide use, reduce pesticide residues on This report highlights the activities of the export products, improve IPM research and CRSP during Year 9 of its operation. The education program capabilities, improve main part of the report is a presentation of the ability to monitor pests, and increase the CRSP's activities by its main regions: East involvement of women in IPM decision and West Africa, Central and South America, making and program design. the Caribbean, South and Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. For each active site in a Working towards this goal, the IPM CRSP region, this document gives a description of follows the following specific objectives: the collaborative program, the IPM constraints addressed, selected research · Identify and describe the technical factors accomplishments, progress made in training affecting pest management. and institution building, and networking · Identify and describe the social, activities. The remaining sections of the economic, political, and institutional report cover several major activities of the factors affecting pest management. CRSP such as the Board of Directors · Work with participating groups to design, Meeting, Technical Committee Meetings, test, and evaluate appropriate participatory External Evaluation Panel Reviews, Trip IPM strategies. Reports, and Technical Assistance. Details · Work with participating groups to on each of these topics and other related items promote training and information can be found in the institutional reports of the exchange on Participatory IPM. Year 9 Annual Report of the IPM CRSP. · Work with participating groups to foster policy and institutional changes. The Site Chairs, host country Site Coordinators, collaborating scientists, and the The research activities of the IPM CRSP are Management Entity contributed to this report. based on close collaborations between The Site Chairs and host country Site scientists of the participating host countries Coordinators during Year 9 were: and US institutions. The participating host country sites of the CRSP during Year 9 West Africa Site in Mali: Keith Moore, included Albania, Bangladesh, Ecuador, Virginia Tech (Site Chair); Kadiatou Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mali, The Touré Gamby, IER (Site Research

1 Coordinator); Bouréma Dembélé, IER Dean of the College of Agriculture and (Site Administrative Coordinator). Life Sciences, Virginia Tech. East Africa Site in Uganda: Mark Erbaugh, Brhane Gebrekidan, Program Director, IPM Ohio State University (Site Chair); Sam CRSP, Virginia Tech. Kyamanywa, Makerere University (Site E. A. “Short” Heinrichs, Interim Program Coordinator); George Bigirwa, NARO Director, IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech. (Deputy Site Coordinator). Keith M. Moore, Interim Associate Program Director, IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech South America Site in Ecuador: Jeff Greg Luther, Assistant Program Director, Alwang (Site Chair), Virginia Tech; IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech. Carmen Suárez, INIAP (Site Coordinator); Victor Barrera, INIAP (Vice Site Coordinator).

Central America Site in Guatemala: Glenn Sullivan, Purdue University (Site Chair); Guillermo Sanchez, Universidad de Valle de Guatemala (Site Coordinator).

Caribbean Site in Jamaica: Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech (Site Chair); Dionne Clarke-Harris, CARDI (Site Coordinator).

Southeast Asia Site in the Philippines: Sally Miller, Ohio State University (Site Chair); Aurora M. Baltazar, PhilRice (Site Coordinator)

South Asia Site in Bangladesh: Ed Rajotte, Pennsylvania State University (Site Chair); Rezaul Karim, IRRI Dhaka (Site Coordinator)

Eastern Europe Site in Albania: Doug Pfeiffer, Virginia Tech (Site Chair); Josef Tedeschini, Crop Protection Institute, Durres (Site Coordinator)

In the Management Entity the following contributed to the report:

S.K. DeDatta, Principal Investigator of the IPM CRSP, Director of the Office of International Research, Education, and Development (OIRD), and Associate

2 AFRICA REGION extension agents, representing six separate disciplines. Collaborating with Uganda co-PIs are eight USA-based co-PIs, representing four East Africa Site in Uganda disciplines from three universities: The Ohio State University, Virginia Tech, and Fort J. Mark Erbaugh, Site Chair, The Ohio Valley State University. Two activities State University; Samuel Kyamanywa, involved new collaborating scientists. The Site Coordinator, Makerere University; Geographical Information Systems (GIS) George Bigirwa, Deputy Site Coordinator, training program involved Drs. L. Grossman and A. Roberts from Virginia Tech and a NARO/NAARI seminar and field-training effort on Gender Roles involved Dr. C. Harris, Women In The Collaborative Program Development specialist from Virginia Tech. Two additional changes in site team The IPM CRSP Uganda Site is a collaboration composition were the addition of Dr. Twaha- of Makerere University Faculty of Agriculture Lule, Entomologist with the Maize Research (MU/FA), the Ugandan National Agricultural Team at NAARI, and the departure of Dr. Research Organization (NARO), the Ministry Brhane Gebrekidan, IPM CRSP Program of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Director at Virginia Tech and Uganda Site co- Fisheries (MAAIF) Extension Service, PI. The Site Chair, Dr. Mark Erbaugh, The participating farmer NGO groups and Ohio State University, coordinates this multi- scientists from IPM CRSP USA Institutions. institutional and disciplinary program. The program in Uganda operates under a Memorandum of Understanding with Throughout the year, site management is Makerere University Faculty of Agriculture facilitated by weekly contact between the Site (MU/FA). Dr. Samuel Kyamanywa, Chair of Chair and Coordinator and all co-PIs are the Department of Crops Sciences at MU/FA encouraged to maintain regular is the Uganda Site Coordinator. He is directly communication on individual research linked to NARO through the Deputy Site activities with respective collaborating Coordinator who is appointed by the Director scientists. The planning of the IPM CRSP General of NARO, Dr. Joseph Mukiibi. Dr. program in Uganda follows a now regular G. Bigirwa is the Deputy Site Coordinator, sequence of meetings that seeks to maximize and he is also leader of NARO's Maize interdisciplinary and multi-institutional Research Team. The IPM CRSP collaborates collaboration, integrate research findings, and with research scientists from four NARO provide consistent contact between Site research institutes and one sub-station: managers and collaborating co-PI’s. Year 9 Kwanda Agriculture Research Institute planning activities began with a one-day (KARl), Namulonge Agricultural and Animal meeting held on March 1, 2002, of five social Research Institute (NAARI), Serere scientists affiliated with the project. This was Agricultural and Animal Research Institute followed by the annual work plan (SAARI), the Kalengyere Potato Research development meeting held in Jinja, March 7- sub-station, and the Coffee Research Institute 9, at which 21 Uganda Site co-PIs and (CORI). graduate students and five USA-based co-PIs attended. At this meeting, brief progress The IPM CRSP team in Uganda consists of reports were presented, priorities for the next six co-PIs and five graduate students from year discussed, and draft work plans for Year MU/FA, nine co-PIs from NARO, and three 9 were developed. One new activity

3 conducted at this meeting was break-out Finally, planning and support for IPM CRSP sessions by focal crops to assemble fact sheets activities in Uganda continues to involve that addressed priority pest and disease communication and collaboration with constraints. Following the planning meeting, a USAID/Kampala; the IDEA Project; the special meeting was organized to designate Rockefeller Foundation through the Forum on responsibility for planning the IPM Agricultural Resource Husbandry; germplasm Conference for Sub-Saharan Africa. The Year exchanges with AVRDC, IlTA, CIP, 9 draft was discussed with the Director ICRISAT/Malawi, and CIMMYT/Harare; and General of NARO, USAID/Kampala, and the several collaborative interactions with ICIPE. Chief of Party of the USAID funded Investing The IPM CRSP, ICIPE, NAARI's Biological in Developing Export Agriculture Project Control Unit and Maize Research Team, and (IDEA). A final draft of the work plan and Makerere University scientists combined to budget was presented at the IPM CRSP provide financial and technical support for Annual Meeting, held at Virginia Tech on MU graduate student Ms. Teddy Kauma to May 15-19, 2002. Drs. Kyamanywa and rear, release and monitor the introduced Bigirwa from the Uganda Site attended the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Co-PI Dr. R. Pratt Annual Meeting. In most years, the calendar continues to coordinate research efforts to of events is concluded with an Annual Report determine molecular marker-assisted selection Preparation Meeting, however, this year the procedures for improvement of maize disease IPM Conference for Sub-Saharan Africa, held resistance with scientists from in Kampala on September 9-12, replaced this CIMMYT/Harare, the Grain Crops Research meeting. Institute in South Africa and NARO’s Maize Research Team. This collaborative effort was The Site Coordinator administers the the recipient of a special biotechnology implementation of field research activities research award from the IPM CRSP ME. with local co-PIs and extension agents during USAID/Kampala continues to provide Uganda's two rainy seasons: the longer season funding support with a match from the IPM roughly extends from April through early CRSP ME to investigate the etiology, July, and the short rains extend from epidemiology and integrated management of September through December. Linkages with coffee wilt (Fusarium xylarioides). Also, local extension agents have facilitated the $65,000 was raised from 12 different donors implementation of a farmer participatory by the Ugandan Organizing Committee to approach to integrated pest management support the IPM Conference. Research (PIPM) technology generation and transfer. collaboration with the Rockefeller Forum They provide scientists, co-PI's and graduate provided opportunities to cost share outreach students with the necessary linkages to local activities and five graduate student activities communities and farmer groups. The number through Makerere University. of farmer groups has been expanded to five each in Kumi and Pallisa districts and four in IPM Constraints Addressed Iganga district. The site continues to cooperate with an informal grouping of The primary IPM constraints addressed at the tomato growers in Mpigi District. In turn, Uganda Site are 1) poor linkages between extension agents work with NARO and research scientists and farmers; 2) A lack of Makerere scientists in the conduct of on-farm alternatives to multiple applications of research and specialized technology transfer chemical pesticides, particularly for important activities. legume crops such as groundnuts and cowpea in Eastern Uganda, but also for important

4 horticultural crops including tomatoes and Groundnut moulds and mycotoxins potatoes; 3) research fragmentation caused by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus and insufficiently integrated research activities of Penicillium species; and, Coffee, coffee wilt multiple institutions and disciplines; and 4) (Fusarium xylarioides (telemorph = limited distribution and dissemination of IPM Gibberella xylarioides). Researcher inter- technologies. actions with farmers also suggested component technologies that have been In order to address these constraints, the integrated into trials. Local farmers suggested Uganda Site has implemented a participatory the interplanting of Celosia argentia with approach to the conduct of IPM research. The sorghum, and the use of cotton in rotation, to initial field PA held with farmers at research reduce the incidence of Striga and the use of sites in Iganga and Kumi Districts in 1995, several locally available bio-rational products and now verified by two baseline surveys, in post-harvest storage to reduce bruchid identified priority crops and pests. This damage. helped orient research to solving farmer problems (i.e. demand driven activities). The Year 9 work plan is organized into six Subsequent activities including farmer field topical areas that address these constraints: pest monitoring, farmer open days, and on- (1) Developing IPM packages for important farm trials added to or amended pest and legume (cowpea and groundnuts) and cereal disease priorities. Priority insect pests and crops (maize and sorghum) with transition diseases by crop being addressed in the IPM farming systems in Eastern Uganda; (2) CRSP research program are as follows: Developing IPM packages for tomato and Cowpea, cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), potato, which are high-value horticultural cowpea flower thrips (Megalurothrips crops. The development of pest management sjostedti), Maruca sp. pod borers, and M alternatives for both legume and horticultural vitrata, pod sucking bugs and the bruchid crops is particularly important because the beetle (Callosbruchis chinesis); Groundnuts, production of these crops is associated with groundnut rosette virus disease (Arachis excessive use of pesticides; (3) Determining hypogaea L.), aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch the effects of harvesting techniques and on- the vector of rosette disease), Cercospora leaf- farm processing on incidence of moulds and spot (Cercospora arachidicola), the mycotoxins on maize in order to develop groundnut leaf miner (Aroarema modicella), appropriate post-harvest disease management foot rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and thrips (Thrips options; (4) Conducting socioeconomic palmi Kamy, Frankiniella schultzie Trybom, assessments of crops and technological Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, and Caliothrips packages that have not yet been evaluated, indicus); Maize, stalk borer Chilo partellus including a tomato marketing assessment and Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae ), Gray leaf an adoption study of IPM packages for spot ( Cercospora zeae-maydis) and termites cowpea and groundnuts; (5) Developing and (Macrotermes, Pseudacanthotermes and disseminating IPM informational outputs for the IPM CRSP Uganda Site; and, (6) Microtermes); Sorghum, stalk borer Chilo Examining the etiology, epidemiology and partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) integrated management of coffee wilt and the parasitic weed, Striga; Tomato, late (Fusarium xylarioides (telemorph = blight (Phytophthora infestans), bacterial wilt Gibberella xylarioides). This is an affiliated (Ralstonia solanacearum) and thrips (Thrips activity with funding from USAID/Kampala tabaci and Frankliniella sp.); Potato, late and the IPM CRSP Management Entity (ME). blight (Phytophthora infestans); Maize and Additionally, the Uganda Site planned and

5 hosted an IPM Conference for Sub-Saharan A. Kaaya is taking course work in food safety Africa and a GIS training session. at Virginia Tech.

Institution Building There were 14 trips made to the Uganda Site this year by USA based co-PIs and IPM According to Dr. Joseph Mukiibi, the Director CRSP administrators. The OSU Vice General of NARO, “The IPM CRSP has President for Agricultural Administration and played a critical catalytic role in galvanizing Chairman of the IPM CRSP Board of support for and institutionalizing IPM Directors Dr. Bobby Moser, and Site Chair research and dissemination efforts in Uganda Dr. Mark Erbaugh visited the Uganda site in and at NARO.” Approximately, 53% of the early November. In late January, graduate total Uganda Site budget was allocated to student J. Bonabana returned to Uganda from Makerere University and NARO. One of the Virginia Tech to begin her data collection main contributions to institution building by activities for her thesis. In mid-February, Drs. the IPM CRSP Uganda Site has been in Larry Grossman and A. Roberts conducted a human resource development. Graduate three-day workshop on GIS applications to student training at Makerere University has IPM in Uganda. Drs. Taylor, Warren, Luther helped facilitate domestic and international and Erbaugh attended the annual work plan institutional collaborations and has development meeting in March. At this same contributed to research output. Fourteen time, Drs. Taylor and Erbaugh worked with Ugandan graduate students have completed or social scientists on data collection and are in the final stages of completing their MS analysis and participated in IPM conference degrees. The CIAT, CIP and IITA programs organizing activities. Also, Drs. Warren and in Uganda have each hired one of these Erbaugh worked with scientists at the Coffee graduates. One has accepted a job with the Research Institute and Dr. Luther continued newly created National Agricultural Advisory his collaborative effort with Dr. Kyamanywa Service, three are pursuing doctoral degrees at and a Makerere University graduate student international institutions, and two are on the identification and biology of beneficial pursuing doctoral degrees at Makerere. Two insects on cowpea and groundnuts. Drs. Ugandans participated in short-term (two- Kyamanywa and Bigirwa attended the Annual month) training programs in the United States IPM CRSP meeting held in Blacksburg, at The OSU Agricultural Research and Virginia. In early July, Dr. C. Harris, Women Development Center (OARDC). Dr. Georgina In Development specialist from Virginia Hakiza, a co-PI Plant Pathologist with CORI, Tech, conducted a seminar and field-training worked in the laboratory of Dr. Sally Miller effort on Gender Roles. Dr. George Mbata with Ms. Melanie Ivey learning techniques from Fort Valley State College went to and typing different strains of Fusarium Uganda in early August to initiate work on xylarioides. Miss Mildred Ochwoh, a integrating biological controls of bruchids. Ugandan graduate student, worked in the Mr. Kaaya left Uganda to begin his course laboratory of Dr. Sophien Kamoun on the work at Virginia Tech in mid-August. characterization of potato late blight Attending the IPM Conference for Sub- (Phytophthora infestans). Several students Saharan Africa were the following: IPM are also pursuing graduate degrees in the CRSP Principal Investigator Dr. S.K. USA. Ms. Jackie Bonabana is pursuing an DeDatta, Site Chair M. Erbaugh, and Co-PI’s M.S. degree in Agricultural Economics at Pratt, Hammond and Ivey. Virginia Tech; Mr. Godfrey Asea is pursuing a PhD. in plant breeding at The OSU; and Mr.

6 Networking Saharan countries, six European and North American countries, and four CG Centers, Networking is facilitated by the functional including CIP, IITA, CIAT, and ICIPE. In links between the Site and Deputy Site addition to the IPM CRSP, the Rockefeller Coordinators and their respective Forum, ICIPE, UN/FAO, Dutch Government, organizations, and close communication with USAID IDEA Project, NARO and Makerere the Site Chair. These linkages are reinforced University helped support the conference. by visits made by USA based co-PIs, usually One hundred and forty papers were presented in the company of the Site Chair and and 50 posters were displayed. Thirty-two Coordinator, to the Director General of papers were presented by IPM CRSP Uganda NARO, the Dean Faculty of Agriculture and Site co-PI’s and graduate students. Dr. the Directors of participating research Kadiatou Toure Gamby represented the IPM institutes. Preliminary research results are CRSP Western Africa Site in Mali at the presented by co-PIs at annual meetings held conference. Dr. S.K. DeDatta, Principal in Uganda. Visits by the Site Chair always Investigator of the IPM CRSP, presented a include update meetings with lead paper titled: “Harmonizing Food Security USAID/Kampala and other USAID sponsored and Natural Resource Management through efforts such as IDEA and ACDI/VOCA. Global Research and Education.” Articles Regional networking is conducted via about the conference appeared in local electronic communication, research newspapers, and radio and TV segments. collaborations, and participation in professional societies and symposia. Formal Selected Research Accomplishments research collaborations with ICIPE and the Rockefeller Foundation focus on mutual 1. Cowpea: Two of the most important pests contributions to graduate student training and of cowpea are thrips (Megalurothrips advising. Direct communication between sjostedti) in the field and cowpea bruchids Uganda co-PIs and USA co-PIs have resulted (Callosbruchis sp.) in post-harvest storage. In in germplasm exchanges with AVRDC, IITA, terms of yield and economic loss, thrips were CIP, ICRISAT, the USDA potato research again found to be the most important field program, and CIMMYT/Harare. Functional pest for cowpea this season. The AT (Action links with extension agents and farmer NGO Threshold) for treating thrips occurred at 50% groups are maintained to promote IPM and flowering. For two seasons, trials have been technology transfer. conducted in an attempt to develop methods that control both of these pests in the field. In past years, regional networking was Results indicate that the most effective promoted through the participation of co-PIs strategy is to use a combination of synthetic in regional fora, including the All African and botanical insecticides. This combination Crop Science Society, the International was found to be most effective when one Association for Farming Systems Research, synthetic spray was applied at flowering and a the Rockefeller Forum, collaborations with botanical (tobacco extract) was applied at the ICIPE, the Gray Leaf Spot Collaborative time of plant podding. Network and Africa Link. In addition to these activities, this year’s special networking There is a strong and positive relationship activity was the IPM Conference for Sub- between cowpea pod pests (Riptortus spp., Saharan Africa, which was attended by over Nezara viridula, Acanthomia spp., 190 people, from nearly 20 different Sub- Anoplocnemis and Maruca sp.) damage and bruchid (Callosbruchis chinesis) damage on

7 cowpeas during storage. As such, treatments 2. Groundnuts: This economic analysis that reduce and/or control pod damage in the pertains to data from the second season of field significantly lower bruchid damage 1999 and first season of 2000. Igola-1 during storage. The intensity of cowpea pod production involved high seed and post- pest infestation in the field directly affects harvest costs. These high production costs bruchid infestation in storage. Treatments were not matched by a high price at harvest. with Ambush CY and Sumithion 50% EC Consequently, at the prevailing market prices, recorded the least damage by pod pests. In this disease resistant variety was not plots sprayed with botanicals (tobacco, profitable to the farmer. Groundnut farmers tagetes and tephrosia), pod damage levels who plant the local variety Erudurudu at the were reduced but were higher than when first sign of rains at a low plant density of synthetics were used. Tobacco was the most 60x30cm (the current practice in the area), effective among the botanicals. Botanicals would increase their marginal returns by showed moderate effects on control of simply changing from that variety to Etesot cowpea bruchid damage levels in storage, under the same agronomic conditions. These compared to synthetics with the most farmers would expect to obtain Ushs12.9 effective, again, being tobacco. from every shilling investment made in changing from the age-old groundnut variety Farmers commonly harvest cowpea leaves for to Etesot. Low plant spacing has a positive making sauce and there was a common effect on net income (probably because there perception expressed by farmers that this is less pest pressure in low plant populations reduced the occurrence of several major or that pests that survive in low plant density cowpea pests. A second season trial seems to situations cause less severe damage). In verify this aspect of farmer knowledge. addition, early planting of groundnuts tended Defoliated vs. non-defoliated cowpea had to produce higher net benefits than late significantly higher cowpea grain yields and planting (because early planting helps to significantly reduced population densities of ensure that the crops are harvested before pest flower beetles, pod sucking bugs and Maruca populations peak). Because of these reasons pod larvae, but not aphids. and the fact that Igola-1 involved high production costs, the most economically The effectiveness of predators and parasitoids promising IPM practice included early on insect pests of cowpea and groundnut planting of Etesot variety at low planting continues to be studied. Population densities density. However, this recommendation is of earwigs, spiders, ladybirds, Orius sp., likely to change as market conditions change syrphid larvae, and mantid prey were higher with time. in cowpea and groundnut polycultures than in monocultures. Ladybirds and syrphid larvae 3. Maize: The establishment of Cotesia predators are able to suppress population flavipes Cameron, a braconid parasitoid of densities of aphids. Tachnidae (Diptera) and Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Aphidius (Hymenoptera) were the most Crambidae) was monitored in 2001 and 2002 abundant parasitoids of aphids. Chemical in Masindi and Kumi districts. Establishment insecticide applications significantly affect was determined by sampling maize and population densities and activities of native sorghum fields where C. flavipes had natural enemies, leading to erosion of useful previously been released by the collaborative arthropod biodiversity. efforts of the IPM CRSP, NARO/NAARI, and ICIPE in 1997. The rate of parasitism of

8 Cotesia sesamia Cameron and of C. flavipes This observation was probably related to varied according to stemborer species and maturity time and to the amount of foliage location. A high rate of host specificity was litter shed over the growth period of the observed in the two districts with each different legume species. parasitoid species exhibiting preference for the co-evolved host, suggesting probable Using biotechnological techniques to identify absence of inter-specific competition. These genes for resistance to maize gray leaf spot preliminary results show lack of competitive (Cercospora zeae-maydis) has led to the displacement between the exotic and development of molecular breeding tools indigenous parasitoids, raising the possibility through identification of SSR molecular that the two species can co-exist in areas markers. New resistance genes (QTLs) for where the stemborer complex occurs. The improvement of disease resistance in Sub- preference of C. flavipes for C. partellus and Saharan maize germplasm have been of C. sesamiae for B. fusca and S. calamistis identified. shows that both parasitoids are complementary in regulating the stemborer Gray leaf spot (GLS [Cercospora zeae- complex. This factor is (will be) crucial in maydis]) is one of the major maize production the sustainability of the biological control constraints in Uganda. There are seasons program. when epidemics are severe, thus badly affecting maize production in the country. Termites (Macrotermes, Pseudacanthotermes Previous studies showed that certain farming and Microtermes) are an increasingly practices carried out by farmers were important problem on maize. Previous IPM associated with the observed high incidence CRSP research has demonstrated that using and severity of gray leaf spot. These include powdered fish bones as bait increased planting in a field having previous stover, predatory ant activity by 90% and suppressed continuous maize cropping, intercropping termite damage by 54%, compared to maize with banana or coffee that is mulched untreated control plots. Applying baits in with infected stover, and growing of shallow furrows led to significantly higher ant susceptible varieties. It was therefore found nesting compared to surface applications. The prudent to sensitize farmers about the disease superior performance of buried bait is and find a way of avoiding some of the probably related to the availability of suitable practices. A campaign to create awareness nesting sites (inside maize stalks) for ants in and educate farmers about maize pests and the vicinity of protein-rich foods. The diseases, particularly GLS, was carried out in production of the fish bone baits is four districts. Factsheets and specimens of inexpensive, does not require high input infected plants were used to help them technology, and can be prepared locally and understand the symptoms. Field visits to serve applied easily. This year’s work indicates that as practicals were made with farmers to get combining intercropping with application of more insight in identifying the various fish baits led to significant improvement in production constraints and seeing for predatory ant activity and reduced termite themselves the farming practices that were damage to maize. Legumes used in the likely to perpetuate GLS development. intercrop were cowpea, soybean, and Desmodium. Termite attack was lower in the 4. Sorghum: Striga is still a major constraint maize/cowpea and maize/soybean intercrops affecting sorghum production in Uganda. than in maize intercrops with Desmodium. Three field experiments were conducted

9 during the first rains (April – August) of economically viable option to recommend to 2002, as a continued activity to develop novel farmers. A partial budgeting technique was options for the management of Striga in used to derive the most economically Uganda. The first experiment was to promising treatment. Results indicated that determine the effect of inter-cropping overall treatments involving sorghum plus sorghum with silver leaf desmodium desmodium in ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 recorded (Desmodium uncinutum) for the control of the highest net benefits of 317,237 and Striga in sorghum. Desmodium was 141,829 Shs /ha., followed by sorghum with compared with three established trap crops cowpea at a ratio of 2:1. (i.e. Cowpea, Celosia argentia and Bambara nuts). The second experiment was to evaluate 5. Tomato: The major production constraints the efficacy of herbicide seed coating as an of tomatoes, an important vegetable in option to minimize the deleterious effects of Uganda, include early and late blights Striga on sorghum. The country’s recently (Alternaria solani and Phytophthora released improved sorghum varieties, infestans), bacterial wilt (Ralstonia Epuripur and Sekedo, were treated with solanacearum), thrips (Thrips tabaci), aphids 0.05% of each of 2,4-D and 2,4-DB prior to (Myzus persicae), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), planting. The third experiment was a and American bollworm (Helicoverpa continuation of an effort to develop an armigera). To control these pests and effective crop rotation system for the diseases, farmers often resort to the overuse management of Striga in farmers’ fields. of synthetic pesticides that are expensive, are During this period, inter-cropping sorghum not readily accessible, are sometimes with desmodium at a ratio of 2:1 reduced adulterated, and may not be used correctly Striga emergence by 46% and increased and in the right concentrations. sorghum yield by 66%. Treating Epuripur and Sekedo seeds with herbicide before DithaneM-45 is one of the commonly used planting reduced the number of Striga plants Dithiocarbamate fungicides to control fungal emerging by 50%-90%, compared to the diseases in fruits and vegetables in Uganda. control treatment (susceptible local sorghum However, its application by farmers in terms variety without seed treatment). At this of concentration and frequency is seventh season of crop rotation, questionable, and is likely to contribute to cotton/sorghum rotation reduced Striga residues above safe levels in the produce. All emergence by 43% compared to continuous farmers in a study involving 10 tomato sorghum cropping. This appears to strongly commercial growers were found to apply a suggest that cotton, as the previous crop in a concentration of DithaneM-45, which was rotation, is more effective in reducing Striga about three to seven times the recommended emergence on sorghum than other trap crops. dose of 2.5g/l. No farmer was found to apply the chemical on fruits after harvesting. An economic assessment was done on Striga However, there was no consistent time management options for sorghum using 4 trap between the fungicide application and crops of silver leaf desmodium (Desmodium harvesting. For example, some farmers may uncinatum), cowpea, Celosia argentia and apply in the morning and harvest in the Bambara nuts. These were intercropped with evening. The frequency of application an improved sorghum variety (Seredo) in the depends on the season and stage of first season of year 2001 in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, development of the crop. Farmers were found 2:1 and 2:2 in order to identify the most to apply the fungicide more during the rainy

10 season and after fruit set than during the dry been the most important of the four pests season. The levels of DithaneM-45 applied on afflicting tomatoes over this reporting period. Ugandan tomatoes have been established to Though there is evidence that Dithane M45 be three to seven times above the (mancozeb) can negatively affect predators recommended dose. More than 90% of and thus indirectly influence arthropod pest retailers, depending on season, may want to populations, it never significantly influenced see DithaneM-45 on the surface of tomato thrips populations on tomatoes in this study. fruits before purchasing them from farmers. The use of Metarhizium anisopliae, staking, From these results, the doses used by farmers, yellow sticky traps and synthetic pesticide the frequency of spraying and the significantly reduce thrips populations on inconsistency between spraying and tomato plants. Given that the use of harvesting are likely to increase DithaneM-45 Metarhizium, staking and yellow sticky traps residues in the harvested tomato fruits. showed potential in reducing thrips pest status on tomatoes and help in conserving The IPM CRSP tomato program carried out environmental quality (not harmful to an on-station trial to determine the effect of beneficial organisms), they could be management practices on the incidence of recommended as one of the IPM tactics to be Phytophthora and insect pests on tomatoes. further evaluated at the farmers' fields. Research trials to control tomato late blight Results for the second experiment showed a conducted over the last four seasons indicate significant negative relationship between mulching as the best treatment for reducing thrips densities and varying spray schedules. late blight severity and giving the highest total There was also a strong positive relationship and marketable yields. Tomato late blight between yield loss and thrips density in all the severity is reduced by using dry grass or straw growing seasons and the EIL was set at 7 mulch, staking, and/or trellising, all of which thrips per 3 leaves (i.e., the point at which the prevent direct contact of plants with soil. benefits of preventing losses due to thrips is These methods also help farmers reduce the equal to the losses that would result if number of fungicide applications during the management practices were not applied). season. Staking and trellising may also require additional material and financial Evaluations were carried out of Solanum resources unavailable to most small-scale incanum, S. indicum distichum, S. tomato growers in Uganda. macrocarpon and S. camphylocanthum for resistance to bacterial wilt; the rootstocks To develop management options for insect compatibility on tomato scions; the overall pests, the IPM CRSP tomato program carried growth characteristics; and the overall out two on-station trials, one to determine the acceptability of the ripe tomato fruits. The effect of management practices (i.e., results showed that the four Solanaceous trellising, staking, mulching [dry grass], rootstocks were found to be compatible with yellow sticky traps, Metarhizium anisopliae the tomato scions. However, S. indicum [a bio-pesticide], clean weeding [control] and distichum and S. macrocarpon were more insecticides only) on the incidence of insect resistant/tolerant to bacterial wilt than S. pests and late blight. The other aim was to incanum and S. camphylocanthum. The determine the relationship between thrips results also indicated that tomato scions population and tomato yield and to establish grafted on S. indicum distichum and S. the economic injury levels (EILs). The results macrocarpon rootstocks exhibited better of this study demonstrate that thrips have overall growth characteristics than on S.

11 incanum and S. camphylocanthum. Using the control blights in wet weather. There could Hedon scale to determine the overall also be a need to explore trade-offs of dry acceptance of the grafted tomato fruits, the season tomato production with optimal fruits obtained from S. indicum distichum and watering levels and reduced fungicide S. macrocarpon grafts were more comparable application. to the fruits from ungrafted tomato plants than the fruits obtained from the other grafts. 6. Potato: On-farm trials using four potato Among the four rootstocks tested, the S. cultivars with varying levels of resistance to indicum distichum should be developed late blight (Phytophthora infestans) were further. subjected to four fungicide regimes (i.e. weekly, fortnightly, tri-weekly and Peri-urban farmers are shifting from monitoring spray schedules). A no spray subsistence to agrochemical intensive patterns control was included. The key findings of this of production in order to keep pace with the study are that late blight causes substantial growing demand for tomatoes. Therefore, it is yield losses in favorable seasons, such as important to realize that the choice is not during the 1999B and 2000B seasons. In such necessarily the resource combination with the seasons, losses as high as (74%) were highest output. Socio-economic observed on the susceptible cultivars (Kisoro circumstances also influence and play an and Victoria). Host resistance plays a key important part in improving the factor in late blight management. As indicated competitiveness of tomato enterprises. This above, resistant cultivars recorded lower yield research explored the socio-economic losses than susceptible ones, and in less late conditions of tomato farmers and assessed the blight prone season, as during season 2000A. economic potentiality of tomato production in There was no advantage of using fungicide peri-urban areas using gross margin analysis spray on the resistant cultivars (Rutuku and and linear programming. The study indicated Nakpot 3), whereas one to two sprays were that tomato farmers were nearly all young still essential for the susceptible cultivars (20-30 years) males often cultivating small (Kisoro and Victoria). Integration of host pieces of land (<0.5 ha), which were mostly resistance and fungicide sprays enhances late worked on by family labor using hand hoes blight control and reduces the need for (67%). Most farmers sprayed twice a week to frequent fungicide application. Whereas three control blights and once a week to kill pests to six sprays were needed on the susceptible on tomato crops. One of the priority problems cultivars, only two sprays were needed for revealed by farmers in this study was over- resistant and moderately resistant cultivars in dependence on expensive agrochemicals to late blight favorable seasons. control pests (particularly thrips in dry spells) and diseases (especially late blight under wet An economic assessment was done to conditions). It also revealed that higher determine the viability of the treatment returns may not be attractive to smallholder options in regard to their associated costs and farmers if they require much higher costs. A benefits. Although partial budgets drawn for high level of fungicide sprays resulted in an different varieties indicated that frequent economically unacceptable level of (weekly) fungicide sprays resulted in more investment. Technological innovations benefits, the marginal analysis showed that (varietal introduction) were found to be a changing from no spray to two monitored more cost-effective means of increasing sprays pays the farmer the original investment tomato output than adding more sprays to as well as over a 250% rate for susceptible

12 cultivars (Kisoro, Victoria) and about a 200% content of kernels, but had no effect on rate for tolerant cultivar (Rutuku, NAKPOT germination percentage and mould incidence. 3). This suggests that monitoring disease Adult maize weevils were examined at the progress in the field followed by spraying is end of the solarisation experiment and there the most economic strategy for the farmer. was 100% mortality. Thus, solarisation was very effective as a drying method but not as a Phytophthora infestans isolates were method for destroying mycotoxigenic fungi in recovered from late blight infected leaf maize kernels. Although solarisation samples collected from the districts of Kisoro, temperatures rose beyond what have been Kabale, Mbale and Mbarara in the Eastern reported for mould survival, exposure time and Western highlands of Uganda in 2001. may not have been adequate for mould Genetic analysis for mitochondrial haplotype, destruction. Mould incidence was higher in AFLPs and functional genomic examination processed and stored kernels, which is most for putative avirulence genes with subsequent likely due to drying on bare ground, seed sequencing, clustered the Ugandan isolates damage inflicted during shelling and insect together with the old, less virulent and infestation. predominantly A1 mating type clonal lineage US-1 with a genetic similarity value of 95%, 8. IPM technology adoption: Findings thereby confirming the absence of genetic indicate that for Striga control technology diversity within the Ugandan pathogen adoption, there was a significant association population. Since no genetic diversity was between adoption of the practice and farmers’ realized in these studies, this appears to refute prior participation in IPM activities, training the hypothesis that an introduction of virulent in disease control, and accessibility to farming pathogen strains could have resulted in an information. Cowpea IPM technology was increase in genetic diversity responsible for found to be significantly influenced by the oospore production and high fungicide magnitude of pest problems and the type of resistance previously reported. They also farmer’s agricultural information source. On highlight the possibility of the development of the other hand, groundnut technology fungicide resistance within the Ugandan adoption was influenced by the size of population of Phytophthora infestans, households, amount of labor available on the emphasizing the necessity for judicious farm, the number of crops grown, and the fungicide application to combat resistance. variety of groundnut.

7. Post-harvest storage: Previous IPM CRSP 9. IPM technology dissemination: Using a studies established the need to validate farmer field training approach has allowed the different pest management options for farmers IPM CRSP to expose 300 new farmers in to control moulds and mycotoxins in maize Kumi, Pallisa, Mayuge and Iganga districts to during storage. Studies were therefore carried IPM and crop specific IPM technologies out to find the effect of solarisation, one of developed by the IPM CRSP. The IPM the recommended practices, on moisture CRSP, in collaboration with the Rockefeller content, mould incidence and germination Forum, have been using the farmer field percentage of maize from farmers and traders training approach to increase the number of in the Mayuge district. The highest average farmers exposed to IPM strategies developed temperature achieved during three-hour for both cowpea and groundnuts. Two solarisation was 74.9oC. Solarisation studies examined the impact of farmer field significantly (p 0.05) reduced moisture schools on farmer knowledge of IPM and

13 IPM technologies for cowpea and groundnuts. Ivey presented papers, chaired 5 sessions and A pre and post test methodology was used to evaluated posters. assess knowledge acquisition and retention. 11. Geographical Information Systems In both studies, more and consistent Workshop: This activity involved conducting attendance was associated with more a Geographic Information Systems workshop knowledge. The next phase of this work will to enhance site researchers’ capabilities by examine the association of providing collaborating agricultural scientists knowledge/awareness of IPM with adoption in Uganda with training in using the tools of of technologies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Sixteen agricultural scientists participated in 10. Networking: Integrated Pest the workshop, making it the largest GIS- Management Conference for Sub-Saharan training workshop ever held in Uganda. Africa: The IPM CRSP Uganda Site Team, in Participants came from Makerere University, conjunction with Makerere University Faculty the National Agricultural Research of Agriculture and NARO, hosted a five-day Organization (NARO), the International Food Conference on IPM in Kampala Uganda, Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and the September 8-12, 2002. The title of the International Center for Research in conference was “IPM: A Strategic Tool for Agroforestry (ICRAF). The workshop was Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan held in a computer lab at the African Virtual Africa.” Over 190 people attended the University Center at Makerere University. conference, from nearly 20 different Sub- Saharan countries, six European and North 12. Coffee Wilt (Fusarium xylarioides): American countries, and four CG Centers, Lack of knowledge on etiology and including CIP, IITA, CIAT, and ICIPE. In epidemiology of Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD) addition to the IPM CRSP, the Rockefeller has undermined development of effective Forum, ICIPE, UN/FAO, Dutch Government, control measures to combat this important USAID IDEA Project, NARO and Makerere robusta coffee disease. Genetic Diversity - University helped support the conference. Sixteen strains of F. xylarioides from nine One hundred and forty papers were presented districts within Uganda were isolated from and 50 posters were displayed. Thirty-two robusta coffee trees showing mild to severe papers were presented by IPM CRSP Uganda symptoms of vascular wilt. These strains Site co-PI’s and graduate students. Dr. were characterized based on vegetative and Kadiatou Toure Gamby represented the IPM spore morphology and vegetative growth, and CRSP Western Africa Site in Mali at the by comparing DNA sequences from a portion conference. Dr. S.K. DeDatta, Principal of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha Investigator of the IPM CRSP presented a gene. DNA sequences from the Uganda lead paper titled: “Harmonizing Food Security isolates were further compared to those of and Natural Resource Management through seven F. xylarioides strains isolated from Global Research and Education”. Participants both robusta and arabica coffee trees grown in from the USA included: D. Taylor, Virginia South Africa, Zimbabwe, New Guinea and Tech, designed and set-up the Announcement Ethiopia. Sequence similarity for the Uganda and Registration Website for the Conference; isolates from the districts of Mayuge, Jinja, and B. Hedlund, USAID/CTO was also in Kamuli, Hoima, Mubende, Masindi, Mukono attendance. Uganda Site USA based co-PI’s and Bushenyi was 100%. Uganda isolates M. Erbaugh, R. Pratt, R. Hammond, and M. from the district of Iganga were only 46% similar to the isolates from the other districts

14 but were 100% similar to each other. West Africa Site in Mali Breeding programs will need to consider the genetic diversity present in the Ugandan and Keith M. Moore, Site Chair, Virginia the South African isolates when developing Tech; Kadiatou Touré Gamby, Site resistant varieties. Epidemiology studies found that disease incidence increased at Research Coordinator, Institut CORI following rainy seasons and increased d’Economie Rurale; Bouréma Dembélé, temperatures. Pathogenesis studies found that Site Administrative Coordinator, Institut germination rate of coffee seeds was d’Economie Rurale tremendously curtailed by coffee wilt disease. It also has been found that the Fusarium The Collaborative Program xylarioides can be transmitted through infected leaves and running rain water. The IPM CRSP research program of the West Africa Site in Mali is carried out through a multi-disciplinary team of collaborating scientists based at five U.S. and four Malian institutions. The four Malian institutions playing a leading role are the agricultural research institution Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER), the extension organization Opération Haute Vallée du Niger (OHVN), the toxicology laboratory of the Central Veterinary Laboratory (LCV), and the Institut Supérieur de Formation et de Recherche Appliqué (ISFRA) of the Université de Mali. The West Africa Site in Mali is based at the IER. IER provides the administrative and research coordination, as well as leading scientists for the research activities and contributing expertise in entomology, plant pathology, economics, and weed science. IPM CRSP collaboration constitutes a key element in IER’s long-term plan as defined within the framework of World Bank financing.

The IPM CRSP Project in Mali is supervised by two coordinators. Dr. Kadiatou Touré Gamby, Head of Fruit and Vegetables based in Sotuba, ensures the scientific coordination of the project, and Dr. Bouréma Dembélé, Scientific Director for IER and Head of the Weed Science Program, ensures the administrative coordination of the project. The coordination of IPM CRSP activities at the research station of Cinzana (CRRA/Niono) is carried out by Mr.

15 Mohamed N’diaye, Entomologist for Millet In IPM CRSP Year 9, the fourth year of Phase and Sorghum, and Mr. Sériba Katilé, Plant II, the Mali Site has consisted of participatory Pathologist for Millet and Legumes. The IPM on-farm research on IPM technologies for the CRSP collaboration with OHVN is ensured by management of disease and insect pests of the Mr. Issa Sidibé, Section Head for Research two most important peri-urban horticultural and Development Linkages. OHVN works export crops (green beans and hibiscus) and with the private sector in production and the most important domestic crop (tomato). marketing of export horticultural crops, In the first years of Phase II research on including green beans exported to France and horticultural export crop pest management, hibiscus exported to Senegal, Germany, and IPM components were developed the United States. Pesticide residue independently to provide the basis for evaluation activity for exportable products subsequent combination into packages that (green beans, tomatoes), financed by the address different pest problems USAID Mission in Bamako, is conducted in simultaneously. This research is collaboration with the Toxicology Laboratory complemented by on-station research on of LCV under the direction of Dr. Halimatou biological control of the key insect pests of Koné Traoré. LCV is taking the lead in hibiscus, and the conclusion of innovative developing a Quality Assurance System for approaches to management of Striga parasitic horticultural produce. ISFRA provides weed on millet and sorghum, the principal training for master’s students working on IPM cereal crops of Mali. The second stage of CRSP project activities. Phase II research focuses on the testing of pest management techniques as integrated In the United States, five institutions packages, and the third stage involves contribute to the collaborative research disseminating farmer-tested IPM packages for program: Purdue University, contributing each horticulture crop in the program. Viral expertise in vegetable IPM (Dr. Rick Foster); problems in tomatoes arising in many North Carolina Agricultural and Technical producer villages has returned researcher University, contributing expertise in emphasis to stage one priorities for tomatoes economics of small-scale producers, including testing virus resistance varieties and women’s horticulture and export markets (Dr. identifying improved plant protection Anthony Yeboah); Montana State University, practices. contributing expertise in post-harvest assessment, natural pest control products, and In addition, these research efforts serve to technology transfer (Dr. Florence Dunkel); support the development of a system to University of California-Davis, contributing reduce pesticide residues on agricultural expertise on viral diseases in tomatoes (Dr. products through the new Environmental Robert Gilbertson); and Virginia Tech, Quality Laboratory (EQL) of the Central contributing expertise in weed science, Veterinary Laboratory (LCV). Rational use pesticide residue analysis, and quality of pest control measures may include assurance (Dr. James Westwood, Dr. Don synthetic pesticides. Consequently, pesticide Mullins, Dr. Patricia Hipkins and Jean Cobb). residue analysis allows for the provision of Virginia Tech also provides leadership in the information on both the current performance person of the Site Chair (Dr. Keith M. and potential improvements of the system. Moore). Combined with on-farm research, pesticide residue analysis aids in the development of IPM technologies for quality produce verified

16 to meet international food safety standards reexamined annually during meetings of the and residue levels, and insure the safety of Regional Users Committee (CRU) and the farmers using pesticides. Regional Technical Committee (CTR). At the end of each season, research results are Technology Transfer reviewed and plans for the subsequent year are discussed with the farmers. Since its creation, the IPM CRSP has worked with the OHVN, which has as a principal IPM Constraints Researched objective ensuring food security and the diversification of the farmer incomes. The At the beginning of the IPM CRSP Phase II, a OHVN’s zone of intervention is the upper hundred green bean farmers were interviewed Niger River basin, a region where and agreed that insects and diseases constitute market-garden production is conducted within the primary constraints for green bean a short drive to the international airport. production from seeding to harvest. Harvest Through its Agro Business unit, the OHVN losses were very high, on the order of 4000 ensures the connection between producers and kilograms per hectare, amounting to a loss of wholesalers, including exporters such as Flex 160,000 Francs CFA. In addition to the loss Mali and Mali Première, both exporters of in weight, there was also the decline in bean green beans. In the last few years, green quality caused by insects (such as borers) beans have become one of the principal because the presence of a single damaged pod export crops towards Europe and this has can result in the rejection of an entire carton allowed many small farmers to engage in destined for export. The principal pest export agriculture. In OHVN zones, green problems for green beans during the past few bean production was 124 tons in 2000, with years have been thrips, whitefly (Bemisia 95% destined for export and 5% sold on the tabaci), pod borers, and soil borne diseases. local market. At the mid-point of Phase II, Farmer Field The IPM CRSP has collaborated with FAO in School collaborators and non-collaborators in the development of didactic materials each of the original five targeted villages were designed for extension agents and farmers asked to participate in a Participatory through technical and financial support. For Assessment (PA) of green bean production improved diffusion of the technologies practices in their villages. Many changes developed, the IPM CRSP also collaborates have occurred since the early years of with PRONAF Mali (Project Niébé Africa), producing green beans. Recently, IPM CRSP which is financed by the International Fund on-farm trials and the FFS have introduced for Agricultural Development (FIDA), in the use of neem leaf extracts, colored sticky using the Farmer Field School concept. traps, cabbage residues, and well-decomposed During this past year, farmer field schools manure. Despite positive results obtained have been conducted with farmers in the with the introduction of these improved villages of Dialakoroba, Dienfing, Koren, technologies, certain problems persist. Kondialan, Sanambélé, Kola, Dama, Niazana, Among the most frequently cited constraints Banakoro, Tamala, Maraka, and Dafara. identified during the Participatory Assessment were: (1) the lowering of the water table of The program carried out through the IPM the wells, which decreases the potential for CRSP focuses on the major thrusts of IER’s increasing production; (2) attacks of birds, ten-year strategic plan. This work plan is which damage pods causing significant losses

17 of production; (3) the problem of acquisition The latter damage the leaves, leading to late of certain inputs, such as plastic mulching vegetative development and significant petal covers and petroleum jelly; and (4) delay in losses. the payment of the producers. The parasitic weed Striga remains one of the The impact of pest management tactics on the major constraints to cereal production in sub- quality of horticultural crops grown for Saharan Africa. Research into new domestic consumption and export has been approaches for limiting Striga damage to difficult to assess. In order to rectify this sorghum and millet crops in Mali has situation, the Environmental Quality continued into a third year. This work, which Laboratory (EQL) of the Laboratoire Central was initiated in 1999, is testing the hypothesis Vétérinaire has been targeted to monitor that small quantities of herbicides absorbed pesticide residues and thereby provide quality into crop seeds can serve as a deterrent to assurance for consumers in Mali and in early parasitic attachments of Striga. A Europe. This work has involved the critical component of this is the identification development of standardized methods and of an herbicide that is safe for the crop, yet processes for management decision-making, inhibitory to growth of the parasite. equipment maintenance, and supplies procurement. Skills in sampling and analysis Institution Building for pesticide residues are also being developed. The human resource development strategy prepared for the West Africa Site is long-term Constraints for two other important peri-urban in perspective, assuring a breadth of skills and horticultural crops (tomato and hibiscus) have capacities available for IPM research into the been diagnosed. For tomatoes, the major future. This multi-faceted program depends constraints identified have been diseases on the University of Mali for the training of attacking the plants and the fruits: viruses, two master’s degree students in weed science fusarium; soil borne diseases; fungal and and economics/sociology, and a Ph.D. student bacterial diseases due to Pseudomonas; and in entomology. Alfousseini Ba completed his insects, such as whiteflies (Aleurodes), virus masters degree in socio-economics at ISFRA transmitting insects, whiteflies (particularly in under the direction of Sociologist Dr. Denis nurseries), and Heliothis armigera, whose Dougnan, in collaboration with Mrs. Penda larvae attack the leaves, buds and flowers. Sissoko Sow, Economist, CRRA/Sotuba, and Crickets and grasshoppers are also very Dr. Keith M. Moore, Sociologist, dangerous in the nurseries, leading to delays OIRD/Virginia Tech. Mountaga Kenyatao in replanting. The most important constraint, has completed his masters degree at ISFRA however, has been the Tomato Yellow Leaf under the direction of Dr. Bouréma Dembélé, Curl Disease (TYLCD) and bacterial wilt. Weed Scientists at IER, and Dr. Hess, The combination of these two diseases has pathologist, ICRISAT. Moussa Noussourou brought whole villages to cease production of has just begun working on his Ph.D. program tomatoes. under the direction of Dr. Rick Foster, Entomology/Purdue. Bright Abonuhi, a Improvements in the production system for Ghanaian student, is completing a masters hibiscus have been confronted with degree in economics at North Carolina A&T. agronomic problems (fertility and varieties), insects such as Nisotra, and nematode galls.

18 The Farmer Field School Program focused Residue Laboratory at Virginia Tech and again on green bean production for export and Moussa Noussourou spent six weeks in the involved the training of 103 men and 179 English Language Institute at Virginia Tech. women farmers in 18 classes in 12 villages. The training was led by previously trained The Malian Government supports IER’s IPM IER and OHVN FFS trainers and seven Program by paying salaries of the researchers farmer-trainers (from last year’s crop of and technicians, and supplying equipment and trainees, including one woman). supplies (vehicles, offices, laboratories and experimental fields, etc.). Additional support Short-term training in the U.S. involved for institution building has come from the Aissata Théra (virology) for three weeks at IPM CRSP in the form of two computers for UC-Davis, Mamadou Ndiaye (entomologist) the socio-economic and weed programs at the for two weeks at Purdue, and Moussa Ndiaye CRRA/Sotuba research station of IER. In (weed scientist) for three weeks at Virginia addition to this material support, the IPM Tech. For the third year in a row, a month- CRSP has made an important contribution to long training for two scientists of the EQL research in Mali by establishing and was conducted at the Pesticide Residue maintaining a strong multi-institutional and Laboratory at Virginia Tech. pluri-disciplinary team in collaboration with farmer associations. Institutional strengthening is reinforced by frequent opportunities for one-on-one Networking collaboration in the planning and conduct of research activities. Eleven trips were made to The core mechanism for in-country diffusion Mali by U.S. scientists to collaborate with of research results depends on the relationship IER and LCV scientists and OHVN between IER and OHVN in the peri-urban collaborators on issues including analysis of horticultural regions. This relationship is tomato producer survey data (Dr. Moore), built on the work of IER/OHVN liaison assessment of weeds in peri-urban officer, Issa Sidibe. The network extends horticulture (Dr. Westwood), drafting from farmers in the peri-urban horticultural entomology papers (Drs. Foster and Dunkel), regions through field agents to scientists (Pat gender analysis (Dr. Harris), marketing chain Hipkins, John Caldwell, Mme Gamby, and analysis (Dr. Moore), toxicology laboratory Moussa N’diaye). Dr. Dunkel is developing development (Drs. Mullins and Cobb), and collaborative relations with the US Peace quality control assurance and pesticide usage Corps-Mali (Ag Sector) and World Vision- and application (Drs. Mullins and Hipkins). Mali (Bla Region) as a means for transferring Phase I IPM CRSP technologies to farmers. On the Malian side, seven visits were made to the U.S by Malian scientists. Dr. Gamby and IPM CRSP research results have been Issa Sidibe visited the U.S. for the annual presented at the Regional Technical planning meeting and discussions concerning Committee (CTR) meeting at Sotuba (May the development of a pesticide safety program 2002), at the Regional Users Committee for horticultural farmers. Aissata Théra, (CRU) meeting at Sotuba (March 2002) and Mamadou Ndiaye, and Moussa Ndiaye to the IER Program Committee (June 2002). worked on virology, entomology and weed Site Coordinator Mme Gamby was invited to science, respectively. Drs. Traoré and Dem participate in the International Integrated Pest participated in training at the Pesticide Management Symposium in Uganda

19 (September 2002). Research results were also Research Accomplishments demonstrated during the IER Field Day at Cinzana Agricultural Research Center in Green Beans. The results of the studies October 2001. comparing the integrated IPM package of technologies with that of current farmer Pesticide safety education efforts included a practice show that the IPM program provides two-day pesticide safety Training-of-Trainers insect control, plant growth and yields that are workshop for FFS trainers, as well as the comparable to or better than that achieved by delivery and evaluation of instructional the farmers’ practices. The IPM program materials, lesson plans and hands-on involved well decomposed compost (2 demonstration materials. Topics presented at kg/2m2) and cabbage inoculated with a the training session included an overview of biocontrol fungus incorporated into the soil, pesticide safety, small group workshops, and plastic mulch applied prior to planting for a demonstration of pesticide handling and solarization, water applied to plots only once exposure. In addition, the participants per day, red vaseline covered traps set out at assessed lesson content and presentation crop emergence, blue traps set out at the styles with regard to what modifications, if vegetative stage, yellow traps set out at any, should be made before using them to flowering, and up to three applications of instruct Malian farmers. Workshop neem leaf extract if necessary during participants included representatives from the vegetative growth, at the flower bud stage, Institut d’Economie Rurale’s CRRA/Sotuba, and during flowering and pod formation. It the Office de la Haute Vallée du Niger was hoped that the reduced reliance on (OHVN), and Direction Générale de la chemical pesticides or mineral fertilizers Réglementation et du Contrôle (DGRC). would not adversely affect the yields or There is considerable demand for extending quality of green beans produced. These results this training for the DGRC. show that farmers may actually produce higher quality green beans with larger yields Regional networking is built around several without the use of chemical pesticides. This foci. Dr. Moore met with Amadou Diarra of system will allow farmers to continue to the Institut du Sahel (INSAH)) to discuss profitably produce green beans and still meet farmer and vendor training in safe pesticide the demands for pesticide residue-free use and IPM technology for horticultural produce. export production. Diarra is the CILSS liaison for harmonization of pesticide use. Dr. • IPM treatments in green bean production Traoré is maintaining contacts with Dr. had insect densities and damage levels Abdoulaye Niassy, DPV/Sénégal and the that were consistently equal to or lower USAID/Washington-funded Biopesticide than those in the farmers’ practice plots. Development Project. Through contacts with • IPM treatments in green bean production the USAID mission-funded Centre des Agro- had growth rates and yields that were Entreprises (CAE), the EQL is also extending more than 10% higher than in the farmers’ its network. Dr. Traoré has continued practice plots, with a reduction of four to collaboration with Dr. Ardjouma Dembélé of five pesticide applications per season. LABECO in Ivory Coast, particularly in terms of developing improved supply sources for Hibiscus. Data comparing hibiscus varieties laboratory chemicals. show that the Vinto variety is able to tolerate considerable defoliation with no effect on

20 yield. This tolerant variety has promise for carry out squash blot hybridization. These incorporation into an IPM program. Decis and membranes were probed with the following neem were both effective at reducing Nisotra probes/stringency conditions: TYLCV (a numbers and damage. clone of TYLCV-DO, a “typical” TYLCV from the Dominican Republic)/high • The variety Vinto was shown to be stringency, TYLCV-Mali (clones representing tolerant of Nisotra feeding damage and TYLCV-Mali-see above)/high stringency and shows promise for inclusion in an IPM a general probe that detects whitefly- program. transmitted geminiviruses/low stringency. • Low to moderate levels of Nisotra feeding One of the samples was cassava plants damage had no impact on hibiscus yield, showing symptoms of infection by African indicating that substantial populations cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), which we may be tolerated without any economic would expect to be positive with the general loss. probe but negative with the TYLCV probes. Basically, the only samples in which TYLCV Tomatoes. The impact of the whiteflies and DNA was detected were in tomato leaves with the viruses they transmit has been sufficient to yellow leaf curl symptoms from Banankoro change Mali from a tomato exporting country and from a farmer’s field near Dafara. to a tomato importing country. The research Samples of cassava with ACMV symptoms, results achieved thus far have not solved the peppers with leaf curl and crumple, tomatoes problem. Foliar sprays did not reduce the with mild virus-like symptoms, okra with leaf number of aphids, percentage of plants with crumple and yellowing and weeds with virus- virus symptoms, or percentage of dead plants. like symptoms were negative for TYLCV. All treatments reduce the percentage of rotten This indicates that the primary host for fruit and fruit damaged by borers. Plants TYLCV in Mali is probably tomatoes, which protected with netting had higher yields than is consistent with results from other places. any other treatments, but there were no other This also suggests that a tomato-free period significant differences. Seed treatments did could be a useful tool for TYLCV not reduce the percentage of plants with management in Mali. The results with the aphids, virus symptoms or dead plants. In one general probe revealed geminivirus infection location, the treatments reduced the in the tomatoes with yellow leaf curl percentage of rotten fruit and damage by symptoms and in the cassava with ACMV borers. Yields were not affected at one symptoms (as expected). Geminivirus DNA location, but at the other location the Fipronil was not detected in samples of other plants. seed treatment, the high rate of salicylic acid and the net protection resulted in yields that Weed Control in Horticultural Crops. were significantly higher than the untreated Infestations of C. rotundus have been a major control. Future research will test systemic constraint on horticultural production. In our insecticides that are more likely to control experiments, these populations were greatly whiteflies, based on results from other parts reduced by all treatments involving potash. of the world and the potential for use of Mixtures containing neem and eucalyptus resistant tomato varieties. were observed to act more rapidly on the C. rotundus than the simple mixture with water. Samples of tomatoes and other crops and We have also found that the residual toxicity weeds were collected and squashed onto of the potash in the soil persists for about six nylon membranes in triplicate in order to

21 months for all formulations, after which it is producers, collaborators and non- possible to replant crops. collaborators – men and women – want to use more pesticides in order to protect their crops. Another mechanism for reducing levels of C. Women and collaborating men are less likely rotundus is to cover the soil surface with a to desire using more pesticides. mulch to exclude light. Cyperus rotundus is not tolerant of shade, so thick ground covers Village workshops aimed at eliciting the can be effective in reducing the populations. constraints on IPM adoption while At the end of the rainy season before green simultaneously serving to sensitize their beans are planted, large quantities of plant participants to gender issues demonstrated material are available for mulches in the that poverty could make it difficult for IPM garden. practices to be carried out correctly because the lack of funds to purchase seeds made the · Straw mulch covering plots to a depth of green-bean farmers dependent on middlemen 15 cm provides excellent weed control who usually insisted on their spraying (including Cyperus rotundus) in green regularly as part of the package deal. In bean plots. previous years, women’s constraints on using · Research has identified potash as an IPM had turned out to be higher than men’s, effective non-selective treatment for in part due to the fact that before the current controlling Cyperus rotundus and other reporting year women were less likely to have weeds in green beans prior to the growing participated in a farmers’ field school. season. However, this imbalance has been corrected by the establishment of women’s FFS during Gender Analysis of IPM Knowledge, Year 9, and some 179 women have now been Attitudes and Practices. During the 2001 trained and have adopted the IPM package. growing season, a survey of Malian tomato producers in the eastern zone of OHVN · Impacts from the gender workshops were (Office de la Haute Vallée du Niger) was that more men allowed their wives to have conducted to understand the gendered the use of a plot for farming green beans conditions shaping the division of labor, for themselves and that they took on some decision making, information sources and use tasks previously allotted to women in of IPM technologies. The sample draws on order to relieve them of some of their three groups of producers, male collaborators, work burden. and both male and female non-collaborators in the IPM CRSP farmer field trials’ two Stakeholder Analysis. The green bean villages. The division of labor and decision- marketing chain was examined from the making in men’s and women’s gardens perspective of the exporters. Exporters are demonstrates a certain symbiosis, as decision- trying to establish credible relations with their making seems to be a function of labor peasant producers, providing inputs in contribution. While men’s labor is quite advance and hoping for timely production stable across all production activities, schedules. Their chief concern is what women’s labor varies both on their own plots happens to their produce once it reaches and on those of their husbands’. Nearly all Rungis market in France. There appears to be tomato producers use insecticides for pest minimal confidence in the brokers, which management, two-thirds of them spraying two they must work with to sell their products. to three times a season. Three-quarters of

22 · Much of the up front investment (and risk) horticultural producers during the farmer in green bean production is being borne field schools (FFS). by the exporting companies who supply production inputs to farmers who may or Green beans produced by small-scale farmers may not produce sufficient high quality using integrated pest management methods in green beans to assure sales in the market south central Mali would not be rejected in in France. the European market due to pesticide residues from Deltamethrin. However, there is a Quality Assurance Program. The EQL concern that because this is a major cotton acquired additional laboratory skills needed to production area, there are other more maintain and operate a high performance persistent pesticides that may be incorporated liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with computer into the green beans grown in this area. interface for pesticide residue analysis. Increased levels of GLP documentation and Striga Management. Results from the 2001 organization at the facility, including training field season provide additional evidence for of the staff, enhance the capabilities of the the potential of small quantities of herbicides EQL. absorbed into crop seeds to serve as a deterrent to early parasitic attachments of The pesticide safety education lessons Striga. 2,4-DB continues to show promise for delivered to IER trainers included hands-on the reduction of Striga in sorghum and interactive demonstrations for eight topics, prosulfuron and dicamba reduce parasitism of including pesticide exposure, toxicity, use of millet. Despite these successes, problems protective clothing, use of application remain with respect to toxicity of the equipment, and safe and effective handling herbicides to crops, and it is likely that and application techniques. Pesticides in alternative herbicide formulations or unlabeled containers are available in the local additional treatments will be required to markets, but appropriate personal protective balance efficacy toward Striga with safety for equipment (PPE) did not seem to be available. the crops. In addition to this work, significant progress has been made in a laboratory-based Preliminary tests indicate that the pH and study to identify the general mechanism of turbidity of village well water may resistance in sorghum varieties. In contrast to significantly affect the efficacy of pesticides susceptible sorghum variety CSM 388, which applied to horticultural crops. induces high levels of Striga germination, Striga-resistant varieties CSN 39 and CMDT · Bringing an additional instrument on-line 38 appear to be low producers of the at the EQL expands their analytical stimulant. Sorghum varieties with enhanced capabilities and troubleshooting problems resistance to Striga are being widely adopted on-site and provides the confidence and by farmers, and breeding efforts will be aided skills needed to solve maintenance by this understanding of Striga resistance. problems without ready access to technical support services. · Herbicides applied to seeds of sorghum · Pesticide applicator safety and quality and millet are potentially effective tools to assurance training was delivered to IER reduce parasitism by Striga. agents, further encouraging the transfer of · Striga resistance in the sorghum variety pesticide safety information to SRN 39 is attributable at least in part to low production of germination stimulant.

23 This information, along with the polybag LATIN AMERICAN REGION system used to study it, will be useful to Malian plant breeders in developing Striga-resistant sorghum varieties. Central America Site in Guatemala and Honduras

Stephen C. Weller, New Site Chair, Purdue University; Glenn H. Sullivan, Former Site Chair, Purdue University; Guillermo E. Sánchez, Site Coordinator, ICADA, Guatemala

Description of the Collaborative Program

The IPM CRSP Central American Site had an exceptionally productive program agenda in Year 9. The site operates through an active site committee structure, with Guatemala as the prime site for Central America. Dr. Guillermo Sánchez, Central American Institute for Agricultural Development (ICADA), served as the regional site coordinator for Central America. The Regional Site Committee is comprised of Dr. Sánchez, Jorge Sandoval (UVG), Ing. Luis Calderón, Danilo Dardón, (ICTA), Juan Enrique Leal (Soluciones Analíticas), Luis Alvarez (ARF/AGEXPRONT), Jorge Mario Santos (MAGA), Luis Caniz (APHIS-IS), Linda Asturias (ESTUDIO 1360), and Maria Mercedes Doyle (ZAMORANO). The U.S. researchers that collaborate with the regional site committee and provide research support, technical support, and program coordination include: Drs. Glenn H. Sullivan, U.S. Site Chair; Stephen C. Weller; C. Richard Edwards; and Ray Martyn (Purdue University); and Sarah Hamilton (Adjunct Professor-Virginia Tech). The overall Central American site activities in Year 9 were funded through U.S. IPM CRSP under subcontract with Virginia Tech, and grant funds generated from the Government of Guatemala (GOG) and ARF/AGEXPRONT.

24 Preliminary research agendas and budgets for xylostella), and papaya (papaya ringspot the Central America Site are established potyvirus). ESTUDIO 1360, in collaboration during the annual Technical Committee with Dr. Sarah Hamilton, contributed Meetings. These broad research agendas are substantively to research activities that then presented to the Site Committee for evaluated the socioeconomic impacts of review, discussion, and prioritization of NTAE production at the community and specific research activities for the year household levels. following the participatory format of the IPM CRSP. The Site Committee meets monthly to IPM Constraints Addressed discuss research progress and make consensus decisions on any revisions. Each collaborator Institutional policies: Science-based and/or collaborating institution has the production and preinspection policies that opportunity throughout the year to request lead to reduced pesticide usage and decreased revisions in previously approved research product rejections at U.S. ports-of-entry agendas and budgets. Such revisions require continue to be the major focus for resolving Site Committee consensus. some of the more important institutional constraints in Central America. In Substantive discussions were carried forward Guatemala, MAGA endorsed these efforts in with Nicaragua, and the Ministry of Year 9 through programs and national Agriculture in Honduras established an MOU policies that encourage substantive adoption during Year 9. ZAMORANO and Honduran at the national level. Private sector Foundation for Agricultural Research (FHIA, institutions have become increasingly Honduras) were the principal regional supportive through the leadership of Luis collaborating institutions outside Guatemala Alvarez of AGEXPRONT. GOG initiatives in Year 9. to revise policies commensurate with the demands of a more competitive marketplace In Guatemala, APHIS and AGEXPRONT in the NTAE sector are now receiving serious continued to provide strong collaborations in consideration. the development of IPM/Integrated Crop Management (ICM) strategies for reducing The need for continuity and enforcement of pesticide use, increasing product quality, and public and private sector policies, such as improving the performances for achieving credit availability at the producer level, safer food supplies in the NTAE sector. continues to influence NTAE development in APHIS-IS and MAGA (Ministry of Central America, including the Agriculture, Guatemala) continued to provide implementation and institutionalization of collaborative leadership in the development performance-proven IPM/ICM production and institutionalization of preinspection practices and certified pre-inspection programs in Guatemala. GOG grants to the programs. In Guatemala, the GOG continued IPM CRSP researchers at Universidad del a more proactive role. AGEXPRONT and Valle, ICADA and AGEXPRONT provided ICTA, in collaboration with the IPM CRSP, funds for community level research transfer have continued to play a central role in activities and training, including field developing serious efforts to develop more demonstrations. ICTA and UVG have proactive production and post-harvest policies continued to collaborate in testing and that serve to enhance performance in the revising IPM CRSP production strategies for NTAE sector. improved pest management in snow peas (leaf miner), tomatoes (whitefly), broccoli (Plutella

25 Technology Transfers and R. Edwards (Purdue).

The IPM CRSP continued transferring The IPM CRSP capacity in socio-economic biorational IPM/ICM technology to NTAE research activities was strengthened in Year 9 producers and field technicians in Year 9, through the leadership of Dr. Sarah Hamilton which helps many small independent NTAE and her collaborators at ESTUDIO 1360. producers to reduce their reliance on chemical Quantitative assessments of socio-economic control practices and use of unregistered benefits in NTAE producer households have pesticides for insect and disease control. This continued to provide the excellent training is gradually allowing more IPM documentation needed for strengthening the CRSP approved pest management policy and program commitments from the information to be transferred through grower GOG, AGEXPRONT, and other private workshops, technician seminars, and field sector collaborators. Over two-thirds of the demonstrations to the actual practitioners. NTAE households surveyed reported that they These technology transfer and field had improved their quality of life since 1980, demonstration activities will be enhanced as including housing, health care, education, and the GOG accelerates program initiatives in nutrition. NTAE earnings enabled 39 of 45 preinspection and grower certification. ICTA, individuals surveyed to buy land, which AGEXPRONT, and PIPAA (Integrated resulted in a modest deconcentration in land Program for Protection of Environment and distribution over the last 20 years. These Agriculture, GOG) played important roles in findings clearly helped the GOG make these training and technology transfers. positive determinations in providing funds to support the development of the first grower- Research Capacity based supply consolidation and preinspection center in the NTAE sector. The IPM CRSP We now have a “critical mass” of trained field will play an instrumental role in training and technicians who are capable of addressing technology transfer as these preinspection pest management problems using applied centers are developed. science-based protocols and approved IPM/ICM practices developed and transferred Research collaborations were strengthened by the IPM CRSP. AGEXPRONT and ICTA, with the U. of Georgia, AGEXPRONT, and in collaboration with IPM CRSP researchers, APHIS in helping resolve the ringspot have played an important role in achieving potyvirus problem in papaya. This, coupled these results. The GOG and ARF committed with the IPM CRSP/APHIS supporting over $225,000 in matching funds for IPM documentation to achieve clearance for CRSP research in Year 9. In Honduras, the papaya into U.S. ports-of-entry, provides the Ministry of Agriculture and FAS funded a basis for significant NTAE trade expansion in $100,000 research initiative in Year 9 titled the years ahead. Central America has the “Identification, distribution and epidemiology capacity to be very competitive in Eastern of plant virus pathogens that threaten United States markets for quality papaya. pepper/tomato and cucurbit production in Honduras and Guatemala.” This research Institution Building project is directed by Dr. Ray Martyn (Purdue) and Dr. M. Doyle (Zamorano), in The Government of Guatemala, through collaboration with Drs. D. Krigsvold (FHIA), MAGA and ICTA, continued to support the G. Sánchez (Guatemala), S. Weller (Purdue) IPM CRSP’s overall objectives for

26 strengthening scientific capacity and market- Student Training focused planning in the NTAE sector. These institutional linkages continue to be among Jim Julian, a U.S. citizen, is working on his the most important factors in moving the IPM Ph.D. under the direction of Dr. Glenn H. CRSP research and development agenda Sullivan at Purdue University. His research forward in Central America. The continued and training focuses on the impact of non- GOG commitment provides clear evidence of economic constraints to trade in the NTAE the IPM CRSP’s role in institution building in sector of Central America, including food Central America. Institutional collaborations safety and regulatory compliance issues. He with FAS, APHIS, and FAO have been will complete his degree in December 2002. critically important in helping develop additional program funding and capacity for Carlos Mayen, a native Guatemalan, the IPM CRSP. The USAID Mission’s completed a summer internship at Purdue commitment to microenterprise financing in University in the 1999 summer term, and now Guatemala in Year 9 will serve as a is working on his Master’s Degree under Dr. cornerstone for the institutionalization of Stephen C. Weller in the Horticulture greater access to credit among small NTAE Department at Purdue University. His producers. Credit availability at the producer research and training is in biorational pest level has been a major constraint to NTAE management strategies for Central America expansion and the implementation of NTAE crops. He will finish his degree in biorational production programs in years past. May 2003.

In Honduras, through the Ministry of Gustavo Acosta, a native of Mexico with Agriculture and in collaboration with broad experience in Central America, is Zamorano and FHIA, institutional completing a Master’s Degree in Agricultural relationships and research capacity were Economics at Purdue University on a match- strengthened with the finalization of an MOU funded assistantship under the direction of between the IPM CRSP and the GOH, and the Drs. Kenneth Foster and Glenn H. Sullivan. subsequent finalization of a $100,000 USD His research centered on strategic market research grant (FAS/GOH) to strengthen development issues for Central America in research collaborations in resolving the the NTAE sector. He completed his degree disease problems associated with virus August 2002. pathogens in NTAE crops. IPM CRSP research agendas were presented to the Networking Ministry of Agriculture for funding in Year Eight and funded in Year 9. These research Collaborations with APHIS-IS in the activities have begun. development and testing of preinspection programs have helped to further expand the The IPM CRSP in Central America continues IPM CRSP networking activities in Year 9. to place high priority on strengthening the This collaboration was strengthened through institutional capacity of collaborators and activities associated with USDA’s formal collaborating institutions. IPM CRSP approval of Guatemalan papaya into U.S. scientists in the United States have given high markets, and will allow expanded program priority to strengthening institutional capacity development of the Petén Region for papaya in research, technology transfer, and program production. implementation.

27 Private sector grower-shippers and shippers of development, and implementation. In NTAE crops that are participating in the IPM addition, PIPAA, a joint MAGA/private CRSP-led initiative became important sector entity, was commissioned by the GOG “technology transfer agents,” potentially to handle preinspection program reaching nearly 13,000 small farm producers, implementation, compliance, and enforcement field technicians, and community leaders in Guatemala’s NTAE sector. This important throughout Guatemala and Central America. networking activity required a substantive This networking activity will continue to be commitment from the IPM CRSP in training important as the GOG implements regional and knowledge transfers. supply consolidation/preinspection centers, and institutionalizes preinspection protocols The IPM CRSP strengthened networking and policies. activities in Honduras in Year 9. The former Minister of Agriculture, Guillermo Alvarado Networking activities at the district and Downing, had requested an IPM CRSP community levels were expanded in Year 9 as developed research proposal to address the additional households in the Chimaltenango issue of plant virus pathogens that cause District were surveyed in the socioeconomic serious damage to the melon crop in assessments. Overall, the IPM CRSP has Honduras. A GOH MOU was signed with the networked with over 40 communities IPM CRSP. Melons, particularly cantaloupe throughout Guatemala. These collaborations during the period January through April, serve as the basis for continuing research and comprise Honduras’ most important NTAE outreach activities. In addition, gender and crop. However, plant virus diseases currently socioeconomic impact studies were conducted threaten nearly 11,000 acres of melon for at the community level in Guatemala. This export to the United States valued at over $24 networking activity has greatly enhanced the million. The IPM CRSP, under the leadership socioeconomic knowledge base of the IPM of Drs. Ray Martyn at Purdue University and CRSP, and has generated important gender, Maria Mercedes Doyle at Zamorano, household, and NTAE impact conclusions for responded to Minister Alvarado Downing’s publication. request for a research proposal to address these plant disease problems. The proposal Training seminars for NGO’s, independent was approved and the Honduras IPM CRSP private sector crop management technicians, collaborators received $100,000 from the and PIPAA personnel focused on the transfer GOH in Year 9. of IPM CRSP pest management strategies and preinspection performance protocols. All In Year 9, the IPM CRSP hosted the 5th training seminars were supplemented with Seminar on Integrated Pest Management in published research materials and user manuals Non-Traditional Export Crops in association developed by ICTA in collaboration with with the 42nd annual meeting of the American AGEXPRONT and IPM CRSP researchers. Phytopathological Society – Caribbean Division in Antigua on June 17-19, 2002. Institutional networking activities continued Many NGO’s, technicians, researchers, in Year 9 as preinspection policies in snow government officials, and collaborators pea were institutionalized for implementation actively engaged in the NTAE sector attended by the GOG. ICTA, MAGA, APHIS, and this meeting and over 30 presentations were AGEXPRONT continued to play important made from IPM CRSP collaborators. This collaborative roles in preinspection research, important networking activity attracted over

28 400 registered participants from Caribbean detected at U.S. ports-of-entry. An countries, and served as an important vehicle assessment of U.S. trade data suggests for reporting IPM CRSP research and that there is a high correlation between the transferring IPM/ICM technology throughout lack of compliance with the the region. aforementioned non-economic constraints and a decline in Guatemala’s competitive The IPM CRSP continued to strengthen position in the U.S. vegetable market. networking activities with the University of Further, increased difficulties experienced Georgia, The National Science and by importers and exporters as a result of Technology Council in Guatemala, and The automatic detentions has reduced the National Papaya Growers Association in number of U.S. importers of Guatemalan addressing the ring spot potyvirus in papaya. snow peas, and has increased the pressure These networking activities will likely be to find alternative snow pea sources. expanded and strengthened in Year 10 These findings will be used to develop through a stronger collaboration with recommendations to enhance the researchers at the University of Georgia and competitiveness of Central American additional funding. NTAE programs in U.S. markets. The IPM CRSP is playing a pivotal role in Research Accomplishments helping reestablish regional competitiveness and trade expansion in · Institutionalization of the GOG certified the NTAE sector. The overall IPM CRSP preinspection program for trade expansion objective continues to center on in the NTAE sector, including economically sustainable NTAE crop performance protocols, supply source trade expansion in Central America, with tracking, technology transfers, less dependency on chemical pest control enforcement policies, and grower training, methods. continued to serve as the “cornerstone” of all IPM CRSP related research and · In collaboration with APHIS-IS and training activities in Year 9. IPM CRSP MAGA, preliminary assessments were developed production strategies and conducted by IPM CRSP researchers to performance protocols serve as the evaluate the potential for papaya in the foundation upon which all preinspection U.S. marketplace. While additional related GOG programs and policies are quantification will be necessary, these established. Collectively, these preliminary assessments found that collaborative research activities have significant market opportunity does exist, helped reduce grower reliance on but only for a standardized grade at chemical pest control methods, improved uniform quality on a consistent basis. economic returns to growers, and These findings further concluded that the enhanced the socioeconomic welfare of greatest market opportunity existed for the NTAE households. Hawaiian (solo) type papaya in the Eastern U.S. markets. This preliminary · The importance of this research research helped establish the basis for accomplishment centers upon the fact that USDA clearance for Guatemalan papaya Guatemala’s competitive position in the into the United States, and serves as the NTAE sector has suffered since 1995 due basis for serious GOG/APHIS-IS program to sanitary and phytosanitary violations initiatives for developing papaya

29 production in the Petén Region of study for future research, and potentially Guatemala. significant levels of new funding. Dr. C.R. Edwards, Purdue University, serves · Moreover, the IPM CRSP research as the program leader in this IPM CRSP collaborations with U. del Valle and the activity and the first health fair was held U. of Georgia addressing the papaya on June 15, 2002. ringspot problems in Central America has led to potentially virus free papaya · As previously stated, Year 9 IPM CRSP production in 2002. This research was research achieved substantive validation partially funded by the National Science of the socioeconomic benefits that accrue and Technology Council as a part of a from NTAE production and IPM CRSP papaya genetic transformation study to technology adoption. Findings concluded incorporate coat protein-mediated that adopter households generally resistance into native and Hawaiian-type witnessed an improved and/or more stable papayas. This research has been an family economic situation, and an important consideration in the improved quality of life, with NTAE GOG/APHIS-IS decision to target the production and lower pesticide use. Petén Region, an economically depressed Better health care and education, as well region of Guatemala, for papaya as higher rates of more stable production. Such development employment, were most commonly compliments the USDA/APHIS/GOG perceived as benefits from NTAE objectives to establish a medfly-free zone production. Fully, 64% of all producers between North and South America. surveyed responded that their Medfly is a potential threat to North socioeconomic situation overall was American producers, and is now improved from NTAE production. controlled through intensive chemical control methods. · A majority of NTAE producers reported that NTAE production had contributed to · In one of the first studies of its kind, IPM improved household economies, nutrition, CRSP researchers in collaboration with education and overall quality of life. FAO, INCAP and the GOG, began There were no gender differences in the evaluating the health affects of IPM perceived impacts of NTAE production on adopter households in the NTAE sector of household economic trajectories. Both Guatemala. This research activity builds men and women reported shared decision on prior IPM CRSP research that has processes concerning use of land and helped reduce pesticide applications incomes related to NTAE production. dramatically, and upon current NTAEs provided considerable socioeconomic research that finds NTAE employment. Most NTAE producers households with better health and continue to produce crops for household education benefits. This study will further consumption, a strategy that, combined quantify the health status of those with greater purchasing power and households that have adopted IPM/ICM women’s access to NTAE incomes, technology in NTAE production, and allows for positive nutritional outcomes. compare the findings with non-adopter households. This progressive IPM CRSP · These “benefits assessments” will be activity serves as a significant baseline expanded to a larger sample population in

30 Year 10, however, the benefits to our to assess the impact on overall insect overall program in Central America are control and pesticide use. already evident. The GOG has proceeded to move more aggressively on matters that c) Previous research supported by assure long-term institutionalization of IPM CRSP for pest control in broccoli IPM/ICM programs in the NTAE sector. was integrated to develop an IPM The GOG and APHIS-IS have increased approach to pest management. These efforts to develop NTAE production in the studies have been initiated in Petén Region, with particular emphasis on collaboration with growers to show papaya production for U.S. markets. The how technologies including private sector, under the leadership of biofumigation, use of seedlings for ARF/AGEXPRONT, has galvanized transplants, use of Bt for lepidopterous efforts to support the institutionalization larval control, timing of pesticide of preinspection in the NTAE sector of sprays based on population scouting, Guatemala, and work to coordinate NTAE and timed fertilizer application can trade expansion with GOG policies and reduce pesticide applications and initiatives under an “aid through trade” improve pest control and crop yields. coalition. d) Surveys are underway to · Substantial research has been conducted determine the geographical in IPM strategies in our target crops of distribution of Plasmodiophora snow pea, broccoli, and tomato, with the brassicae, the causal agent of the primary objective to develop science- disease clubroot in Guatemala. tested IPM programs for improved pest Preliminary results indicate that the management, reduced pesticide use, more disease is expanding in Guatemala efficiency in pest management and with into departments where crucifers have the final goal of improved markets for recently begun to be grown. These NTAE crops. Highlights include: surveys will allow a targeting of research efforts to determine why the a) Studies investigating the influence disease is spreading and how cultural of soil management and threshold practices are involved in the spread. based weed management in vegetables. These studies are e) Research investigating organic designed to improve long-term weed materials as substitutes for methyl management in NTAE crops by bromide fumigation in broccoli was integrating cropping practices that continued in Year 9. As previously reduce weed seed levels in the soil determined, organic materials coupled seedbank, and subsequently lower pest with solarization have excellent pressure. potential for use as alternatives to chemical fumigation. Use of residues b) Synthetic Plutella xylostella sexual of wild broccoli species, and broccoli pheromone traps placed on the residues used with solarization perimeter of broccoli fields provided a resulted in reduced weed pressure, higher level of control of the insect improved soil nutrient levels, and than those placed in the center of the improved soil structure. These fields. Further research is in progress treatments will be tested further,

31 especially by small landholder farms were recorded at each sampled field. where the technique has the greatest Samples have been tested by means of potential for adoption. Similar a core PCR for Begomovirus in all experiments were conducted in target crops and have shown a high tomatoes by combining solarization incidence of viral infection. Further with either chicken manure, tomato research will utilize improved assay stubble, cucumber stubble or as single techniques to determine virus treatments compared to intensive infection and to develop improved chemical use. All treatments showed IPM strategies to reduce this problem. positive results and improved soil fertility. The chicken manure plus solarization treatment resulted in the highest yields. f) Research was initiated to determine the potential for development of bioclimatic models for control of the diamond back moth in broccoli and leaf miner in snow pea. For the diamond back moth, research showed that population dynamics were correlated with air temperature, humidity, and rainfall. For leaf miners, population dynamics were related to air relative humidity, air temperature, and relative humidity in the leaf canopy. Continuing research in both crops will allow development of models to predict population levels for more precise and effective timing of control techniques that lead to a reduction in pesticide use. g) Research has been initiated in Honduras to identify plant virus pathogens that threaten pepper/tomato and cucurbit production. In addition, this research will determine the distribution and epidemiology of these virus pathogens. The research has just begun due to delays in release of funds from the Honduran Government, but has already involved surveys to collect leaf tissue over two seasons in six departments of Honduras. Incidence and severity of the viral infections

32 South America Site in Ecuador allowed us to buy into ongoing research programs and initiate new projects with joint Jeff Alwang, Site Chair, Virginia Tech; funding. Carmen Suárez, Site Coordinator, INIAP; The Year 9 workplan focused on crops, pests, Victor Barrera, Vice Site Coordinator, and constraints identified in the participatory INIAP appraisal process. Planning and collaborative research took place through: a) discussions Description of the Collaborative Program among host country and US/international scientists at planning meetings in Ecuador and This is the fifth year of activity at the South Blacksburg, VA, and b) preparation of joint American site in Ecuador. A total of 12 host-country/US/international scientist two- major activities were conducted during the page proposals. year. This site operates under a Memorandum of Understanding with INIAP, Field research is being conducted in farmers’ the research arm of the Ministry of fields in Chimborazo, Carchi, Palora, Agriculture in Ecuador. A Site Coordinator Tungurahua, El Carmen, and Maquipucuna, and Assistant Site Coordinator manage with INIAP/CIP scientists visiting activities under the CRSP because the crops experiments on a regular basis. Research is included are primarily located in two also conducted on station at Sta. Catalina, the locations. Carmen Suárez serves as overall INIAP laboratory in San Gabriel and Site Coordinator and focuses on the work in Pichilingue. the lower elevations. She is a researcher at the INIAP Tropical Experimental Station at IPM Constraints Addressed Pichilingue and coordinates plantain and agroforestry activities. Victor Barrera serves The key constraints addressed in Ecuador in as Assistant Site Coordinator and focuses on Year 9 were the need to identify and develop the higher elevations. He coordinates IPM solutions to specific pest problems in activities with potato and Andean fruits. Each potato, Andean fruits, and plantain. activity has a leader that is responsible for Additionally, there was demand for interactions with their respective coordinators information on mechanisms for diffusion of and cooperators. IPM technologies in potato. Specific major pests being addressed in the IPM program are The work under the CRSP was conducted as a Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans), Andean collaborative effort among scientists at Weevil (Premnotrypes vorax), and Central INIAP, the International Potato Center (CIP), American Tuber Moth (Tecia solanivora) in the Ecuadorian National Potato Program potato; Babaco and Narajilla Vascular Wilt (FORTIPAPA), PROEXANT, the (caused by Fusarium oxysporum) and other International Food Policy Research Institute pathogens in Andean fruits; and Black (IFPRI), Fundacion Maquipucuna, Eco-Salud, Sigatoka (caused by Micosphaerela fijensis), the Soil Management CRSP, the University of the bacteria Erwina sp., and several insect Georgia, the Ohio State University, Florida pests in plantain. The work in Maquipucuna A&M University, and Virginia Tech. The focused on identifying and evaluating IPM CRSP is developing collaborative ties with solutions to pest problems in a mixed coffee the local Universities and we fund student and plantain system. employees and graduate students. Jointly developed collaborative research plans have

33 The site is thus addressing some of the known Alternative means of controlling Andean production constraints of some key Weevil in potato through more limited use of horticultural staples in the area. Phytophthora Triflumuron have been identified and tested. infestans is a worldwide limiting factor in This field-based study builds upon research potato production. Andean fruits are a source findings from previous years, and shows of healthful food for the entire nation, and significant economic gains to the farmers as have potential for export. However, mites, well as lower health risks. Extension agents nematodes, fruit and stem borers, and diseases have been trained in more limited spraying of such as Fusarium vascular wilt have made it Triflumuron. difficult to produce these fruits economically. Vascular wilt in naranjilla has caused the Means of controlling Rhizoctonia solani have collapse of the native variety in many places been identified; this disease has been a major in Ecuador. deterrent to the export of the Yema de Huevo potato variety. Research on naranjilla may stabilize production areas in environmentally sensitive Knowledge of the biological and non- areas along the Andean slopes. Increased biological nature of suppressive soils in production of the fruit will enhance economic control of Babaco Vascular Wilt has been stability in the Northern Border region of developed. Such knowledge will help Ecuador. considerably in the management of F. oxysporum by reducing disease incidence and Plantain is a staple food for people living in delaying development of BVW in babaco the littoral (lowland Tropics). In fact, orchards, chamburo and toronche. plantain is a substitute for potatoes at lower elevations. The plantain research is especially Pheromone attractants for Neoleucinodes important, as there has been very little study elegantilis, an important Naranjilla pest, have worldwide of IPM practices for plantain. It been tested with some success. was originally assumed that many banana practices could be directly transferred to The relationship between soil fertility, plant plantain, however, our research is showing health and the population of fruit mites on that is not the case. One objective of the Babaco is now known. research in the plantain pest-survey is the identification and quantification of nematodes The etiology, plant resistance and seed-borne associated with this crop. This is the first transmission of Naranjilla Vascular Wilt have such investigation of its kind of which we are been established. Control measures are now aware. being identified; the most appropriate control method appears to be plant resistance to F. Selected Research Accomplishments oxysporum.

This year, the Ecuadorian site has had several Field-level control of B. castanesu in significant accomplishments: blackberry has been established. Mass- production techniques for entomopathogens A promising entomopathogenic means of have also been identified. controlling Andean Weevil in potato has been identified and tested in on-field conditions. The main virus diseases associated with tree tomato production in Ecuador were identified.

34 Anthracnose is an important constraint to tree Farmer field schools have been established in tomato cultivation in warm and humid areas 16 communities in Ecuador’s principal of Ecuador; techniques for control strategies potato-growing regions. IPM techniques are in farmer fields have been developed. being disseminated by the 302 field school participants. Several workshops have been Experiments began to identify pests and conducted and the methodology is being means of their control in a plantain/coffee extended to other potato-growing areas of agroforestry system near Maquipucuna. The Ecuador. study is providing information on appropriate IPM strategy for main crops in a very fragile Work in potato, Andean fruits and plantain area. has progressed to the point where results are now being published in international and A strategy for control of Black Sigatoka in regional scientific journals. plantain has been identified. Fungicide application techniques have been investigated Mutuality of Benefits of the Research and a complete IPM package is available. The results of the plantain research will have More information is needed before benefits in Ecuador and the region. The U.S. recommendations can be made for the control and Europe are becoming major importers of of Black Weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) in plantain and as production increases, relative plantain. However, the medium and container prices will encourage and expand global for distribution of the entomopathogenic fungi acceptance. Beauveria bassania has been prepared for field testing. This biological control has Potato research to find clones that have long- promise in the control of the weevil. term resistance to late blight and are highly acceptable to consumers will benefit Ecuador, The value of pheromone (cosmolure+1) was the region and the world. This is a top established as a valid method of monitoring priority for North America as well as South the Banana Root Borer (banana weevil or America. black weevil) in plantain, and also as a method that can be used in removing them The work on Andean Fruit is pioneering IPM from the planting. Traps made of fresh methods for pest control on these important plantain pseudostem continue to show its crops. Naranjilla, Babaco and Blackberry all efficiency and should be incorporated into have export potential, but exportability is any IPM strategy for this insect. being limited by diseases. Information from this project will help avoid the introduction of Distribution and quantities of the four main pathogens into other areas of naranjilla parasitic nematodes affecting plantain have production in Ecuador and other areas of been established. A great diversity of Central and South America. parasitic and predator nematodes was identified in plantain cropping systems. This The socioeconomic studies will provide diversity seems to be playing a role in information related to pest management and controlling pest populations. There is, its impacts on household economic and health therefore, a need to explore how to increase well being. This information will be of use in these populations in order to improve their evaluating the feasibility and impacts of IPM biocontrol potential. throughout the Andean region.

35 Institution Building In March 2002 Colette Harris gave a gender and community-participative training Collaborative research and financial support methodology workshop to INIAP Pichilingue have directly benefited institutions in scientists and local school teachers in El Ecuador. A special issue of the technical Carmen and carried out a series of workshops research journal “INIAP” was dedicated to at INIAP-Pichilngue on the above subjects as IPM CRSP accomplishments (No. 16, May well as data collection and analysis. 2002). In addition, 500 CDs were published with the experiences in Ecuador of farmer María Crizón received training from Colette field schools and IPM. Harris in the participative approach and the latter also aided in the preparation of the three Several Ecuadorian undergraduate and volunteers from San Pedro as well as in a graduate students are being funded through number of the training sessions with the youth activities of the CRSP for their Independent and women’s groups. Study theses and their MS theses from Ecuadorian Universities. This system is In early May, IPM CRSP scientists from the helping the CRSP and the universities to coastal region of Ecuador – Carmen Suarez conduct research and to train individuals in and José Cedeño – traveled to Carchi to study applied agricultural research. the methodology with a view to possible replication on the coast. Ms. S. Garces began graduate studies in entomology at the Ohio State University in Luis Escudero of INIAP was trained in Lima- January 2002. Perú during November of 2001, on evaluation of IPM impacts. Ms. C. Baez began graduate studies in Agricultural and Applied Economics at During June of 2002, Víctor Barrera of INIAP Virginia Tech in August 2002. had the opportunity to interchange experiences in Brasilia, Brasil with P. Gallegos participated in a three-day technicians from other countries on seminar-workshop, with technicians and methodologies of participatory training. farmers from Perú, Colombia and experts from CIP-Lima. Luis Escudero, Jovanny Suquillo, Víctor Barrera, María Crizón, Richard Sandoval and Danilo Vera C. is doing his MSc studies in José Romo are participating as Facilitators of Vicosa University, Brazil, financed by the Course of Training to Trainers in IPM, PROMSA resources. aimed at students of the final grade of the Agronomy Schools of the Technical Jose Cedeño and Randy Rivera participated in University of the North and the Catholic a course about “clean technologies for University of Ibarra. plantain” in the Dominican Republic. Between May and September of 2002, Luis In March 2002, with the aid of María Crizón Escudero, Víctor Barrera, José Romo, Rosa of INIAP, Colette Harris gave a training Chulde, Richard Sandoval, Jovanny Suquillo workshop in Carchi for the scientists of and María Crizón trained 50 children, 30 INIAP on gender power relations. housewives, 40 farmers, 30 agrichemical dealers and 30 high school students in the

36 principles of IPM and the safe use of Training was also given to students and pesticides on potato. teachers of several education centers who visited INIAP facilities, including Central Angel Rea participated in the course on University of Ecuador, Polytechnic School of Training of Trainers, integrated management Chimborazo, Polytechnic School of the Army, of crops and the methodology of Field Technical University of the North and the Schools for Farmers, and also in a course on University of Quevedo. the methodology of the Local Agricultural Research Committees (LARCs), organized by Several potato activities involved interaction the IPM CRSP and FAO in the provinces of with similar projects administered by the Carchi and Chimborazo. Catholic University of Quito, and with the Ecuadorian Service of Plant Protection Networking (SESA) and with support from the International Potato Center (CIP), based in The IPM CRSP is part of several projects Lima. managed by the National Potato Program of INIAP. Work on potatoes is coordinated CRSP results were presented at the XX through the INIAP-PNRT Annual Plan and Congress of the Latin American Potato interacts directly with CIP, the Soil’s CRSP, Association, held in Quito from 4-7 June Eco-soil, and Fortipapa. 2002 in Quito, Ecuador.

The fruit work is being coordinated through A short course on entomopathogens was INIAP’s department of fruit culture. Other given to MSc students of Biological Control professionals from universities and in of the Polytechnic School of the Army, research organizations who are working on (PSA). fruits regularly interact with CRSP researchers. Ongoing research on fruit is In July 2002, Pedro Oyarzún, Stephen being conducted in conjunction with work on Sherwood, Manuel Pumisacho, Diego León, INIAP experiment stations. Irina Andrade, Arturo Taipe, Julián Pucha and Raúl Jaramillo participated as trainers in the Studies of biological control were conducted Workshop: “The secrets of the soil life and its in collaboration with the Catholic University management for a more sustainable of Ecuador and the Investigation Support agriculture,” which was held at Santa Catalina Office from France. The collaborating Experimental Station. Participants included institutions shared information, Baculovirus farmers from Carchi, Chimborazo and strains, and fieldwork. Bolívar.

Meetings were held on theory and practical Pedro Oyarzún, Diego de León and Irina training for INIAP technicians and Andrade participated in the International collaborating farmers. Talks were delivered to Course of Soils Microbiology, from 19 farmers participating in the Field Schools in through 23rd of August of 2002. Carchi, and to the farmers belonging to the Local Agricultural Research Committees in Fruit research is being coordinated by the Chimborazo. IPM CRSP. Results of fruit research were presented to groups of students from the Central University of Ecuador; the

37 specialization Chemistry-biology of High “Choco-Andino Corridor” project, which is a Schools such as Hipatia Cárdenas and large multi-institutional integrated project. Inmaculada Concepción of Quito; the Workshops have been held in the Biology Polytechnic School of the Army; the Department of the National Polytechnic Polytechnic School of Chimborazo; the School. University of Bolívar; and the Technical University of Ambato. In April 2002, the third field day was held in Carchi to demonstrate the Farmer Field Results relative to control of the larvae of the School advances. Three hundred visitors, both beetle Phyllophaga sp. with biological national and international, participated and products Metarhizium anisoplae and 30% of them were women. In December Beauveria sp. in blackberry Robus glaucus 2001, and June and July of 2002, field days Benth were presented at XI National Seminar were held in Bolívar. Five hundred people of Plant Protection in Babahoyo, Ecuador. attended and 40% of them were women.

Results on soil suppression of naranjilla The first Course of Training to Trainers in vascular wilt were also presented at a IPM implementation and FSs methodology conference of the National symposium of was held in the province of Imbabura Plant Protection held in Babahoyo-Ecuador. beginning in April, 2002. This course included 51 students (45% women) of the Plantain research results have been shared final grade of the Agronomy Schools of the with the INIBAP forum and INIBAP Technical University of the North and the personnel. The student in charge of this Catholic University of Ibarra. research was invited to participate in a course in the Dominican Republic to demonstrate and discuss the progress of the research.

In the plantain area, links between researchers and AATP´s (Private Extension Agents) have been established. These links will facilitate further work in the area.

Plantain activities have been coordinated with INIBAP (the international banana research center). The plantain work has also involved local agricultural high schools and universities. Plantain work includes interactions with IGN (the military geographic institute), CLIRSEN (the Ecuadorian remote sensing institute), the Ecuadorian foundation for ecological studies, and others.

Activities in Maquipucuna are being conducted jointly with the University of Georgia, Fundacion Maquipucuna, and the

38 ASIA REGION involved discussion of the plans jointly with scientists working in the Philippine site during the annual planning workshop at South Asia Site in Bangladesh Virginia Tech in May 2002.

Edwin G Rajotte, Site Chair, Penn State; Field research is conducted in farmers’ fields ANM Rezaul Karim, Site Coordinator, in Kashimpur and Sripur of Gazipur district, Horticulture Research Center (BARI) and in Jessore, Comilla and Rangpur districts, with BARI/BRRI scientists visiting Description of the Collaborative Program experiments at regular basis. Some research is also conducted on-station, especially varietal IPM activities at the Bangladesh site were screening for insect, disease, and nematode concentrated in four program areas during resistance in eggplant, tomato, okra and Year 9, which was Year 4 for Bangladesh. pumpkin. Training takes place primarily at The first of these areas was vegetable crop U.S. universities and UPLB. CARE- pest monitoring; the second was Bangladesh participated in the planning but multidisciplinary pest management not the research and has expressed interest in experiments; the third was laboratory, increased involvement in disseminating the greenhouse and microplot experiments for results. biological control; and the fourth was socioeconomic analyses. The work was Pest management research encompassed three conducted as a collaborative effort among major thrusts. The first thrust was a scientists at the Bangladesh Agricultural continuation of crop pest monitoring for the Research Institute (BARI), the Bangladesh fourth and final year. The second thrust Rice Research Institute (BRRI), the Asian included various manipulations of the host Vegetable Research and Development Center plant to provide insect and disease resistance (AVRDC), the International Rice Research (varietal screening, rootstock grafting, hybrid Institute (IRRI), the University of the production). The third thrust involved Philippines-Los Banos, Penn State University, investigations of the effectiveness of various Ohio State University, Purdue University, and IPM tactics against key pests in various Virginia Tech. ANM Rezaul Karim served as vegetable crops (nylon net barriers, virus Site Coordinator and Edwin G. Rajotte as Site infection timing, fruit fly bait trapping, soil Chair. amendments against soil-borne disease and biological control). The Year 9 workplan focused on crops, pests, and constraints identified in the participatory Socioeconomic studies included a appraisal process and in the previous year’s continuation of the analysis to measure crop pest monitoring. Pest management economic impacts of Bangladesh IPM CRSP experiments and socioeconomic analyses research activities, adoption of IPM practices were refined using the knowledge gained in in different regions of Bangladesh and the past three years. Planning and integration and diffusion of IPM technology. collaborative research work took place through: a) discussions among host country IPM Constraints Addressed and US/International scientists at planning meetings in Bangladesh and b) preparation of The key constraints addressed in Bangladesh joint host-country/US/international scientist in Year 9 were the need for IPM solutions to two-page proposals. Planning for year 10 also

39 specific pest problems in vegetables and the tomato. Cabbage and cauliflower had high need for information on socioeconomic incidence of leaf spot. Black mold, yellow factors influencing adoption of IPM. Specific leaf mosaic virus and root-knot nematode major pests being addressed in the IPM were severe problems in okra. Virus and root- program included eggplant fruit and shoot knot nematode in country bean and leaf spot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis); bacterial wilt in yard-long bean were abundant. Farmers (Pseudomonus solanacearum) in eggplant and applied high doses of insecticides irrespective tomato; fruit fly in cucurbit crops; diamond- of the pest infestations. Weeds causing back moth and other leaf-eating insects in significant damage to various vegetable crops cabbage; soil-borne pathogens (Fusarium and were Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, others) and root-knot nematode in eggplant, Commelina diffusa, Lindernia rotundifolia, tomato, okra and gourds; virus disease in okra Garangea maderspatana, Mollugo and sweet gourd; and various weeds in tomato pentaphylla and Alternamthera sessilis. and okra. Fortnightly hand weeding was the common farmer practice, which greatly increased the Selected Examples of Research Progress cultivation cost. A rational weeding schedule and Results can reduce the weeding cost.

A detailed description of research progress Evaluation of selected eggplant varieties and results is provided in the individual produced highly promising results against institution activity reports. The following is a different pests this year. Both with natural and brief summary of research progress and artificial infestation conditions, 11 varieties results: showed consistent resistant reactions against fruit and shoot borer (FSB) at vegetative and Monitoring of pests in vegetables (eggplant, fruiting stages. FSB larvae feeding on tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, okra, country resistant varieties suffered mortality and bean, yard-long bean, and various cucurbits) surviving ones had much lower body weight. identified the most serious insects, diseases, They also showed resistant reactions to and weeds in Chittagong, Bogra and Rangpur jassids (green leafhopper), whitefly and districts. Fruit and shoot borer was a common aphids. Against bacterial wilt (BW), four and serious pest in eggplant. Diamond-back eggplant varieties showed resistance, one moth and Spodoptera caterpillar were showing moderate resistance to root-knot abundant and highly damaging in cabbage nematode (RKN). Seven eggplant varieties and cauliflower. Lady’s finger had high showed moderate resistance to RKN, and one infestation of green leafhopper. All cucurbit of these was also resistant to FSB. Among the crops (sweet gourd, cucumber, bitter gourd, selected varieties, several are now found to ribbed gourd and teasel gourd) had high have multiple resistance (insects, BW and damage from fruit fly. Ash gourd was RKN). severely attacked by red pumpkin beetle and aphids. Fruit borer and white fly were Grafting of eggplants or tomatoes was highly common in tomato. Pod borer and aphid were successful in respect to its compatibility, abundant in country- and yard-long beans. grafting success, BW disease control, yields Among the diseases, bacterial wilt and root- and economic returns. In farmer fields of pilot knot nematode were widespread in eggplant production of grafted eggplants in Jessore (2 and tomato. Foot and root rot, and little-leaf locations) and Sripur (Gazipur), only 7-10% virus were common in eggplant. Yellow leaf of the grafted eggplants died from other mosaic virus and fruit rot were common in

40 diseases rather than BW, as compared to 27- by applying biocides was highly effective in 31% in fields of farmer practice. Harvest cases where infestation levels were high (32- period of the grafted plants was about one 65% damage), but not at low infestation month longer, producing 230% more fruits levels (4-5% damage). In on-farm trials at per plant and 256% higher yields than the Comilla where infestation of leaf-eating non-grafted ones. As a result, farmers’ net caterpillars was high, farmer plots receiving income increased by 286-398% from growing 9-11 insecticide applications suffered three grafted eggplants. Similarly, grafting of times heavier damage (31-36%) than the IPM tomato on eggplant rootstock was highly plots (9-11%) managed through the removal compatible with 95% grafting success. of caterpillars four times by hand picking and Mortality of tomato grafts from BW disease one to two applications of biocides. As a averaged only 1.2% as against 30% of the result, cabbage yields in IPM plots were 16- non-grafted ones. On the average, grafted 23% higher than those of the farmer practice, tomato plants bore 175% more fruits and gave fetching 25-34% more profits. 145% more yield, bringing about 140% increased income. Cabbage pest control by erecting net barriers along the sides and on the top proved Hybrid vigor of 25 eggplant hybrids involving economically unprofitable. Pest infestation 12 parents was evaluated for four agronomic was very low – only 1.5% in plots without net characters in a replicated field test. Highest barrier and none in the uncovered plots. As a fruit yield was obtained from four hybrids: result, the yield differences were not cost Kazla x BL-081 (1143g), followed by BL-114 effective. x BL-083 (895g), BL-083 x SLS-2 (892g), BLS-5 x Uttara (891g), and BL-099 x BLS-4 In Bangladesh, okra is cultivated in the (851g). These hybrids also showed the highest summer season, and cabbage and tomato in percent of heterosis over the mid parents and the winter season. On-station trials to grow better parents among all the hybrids. They these crops in the off-season (okra in the have been selected for further tests because of winter and cabbage and tomato in the their higher yields, and better fruit size and summer) by protecting them from biotic color. (insects and diseases) and abiotic (temperature and rains) stresses showed the Fifty cultivars of pumpkin (sweet gourd) were possibility of growing them in small plots or evaluated under field conditions with artificial home gardens, but the cultivation was not cost inoculation of watermelon mosaic 2 poty effective. The crops were grown under virus (WM2V) and plants of 39 germplasms “polytunnels” – one set having a polythene were preliminarily selected as having top and a net barrier along the side, the other moderate to high resistance. Among the with only a polythene top. Plots without any selected ones, 13 were highly resistant (0% protection served as the control. Okra grown infection), 18 resistant (5-25% infection), and under both kinds of tunnels during eight moderately resistant (25-50% infection). November-March (winter season) had better Also, nine major agronomic characters were plant establishment and growth, and produced characterized. The entries will be further 1.2-2 times higher yield. In the off-season tested for final selection. cabbage production trial during May-August (summer and rainy), plants suffered high The IPM practice in cabbage of removing damage from leaf-eating caterpillars and leaf-eating caterpillars by hand picking and rotting diseases caused by Fusarium fungus

41 and Erwinia bacterium; 38-85% of the plants receiving three to four weedings practiced by protected under polytunnel were damaged, the farmers, bringing about 10% more while none survived when grown in the open economic returns. Farmers were able to save without protection. In spite of the damage, the weeding costs by 20-45% by adopting this surviving ones produced good cabbage heads, practice. Similar results were also obtained in each weighing about half a kilogram. previous years in on-farm trials of weed Production of off-season tomato (August- management in eggplant and okra crops. November) is presently going on. Organic soil amendments often tend to induce Cucurbit fruit fly management in a bitter weed proliferation in vegetable crop fields. gourd crop by using mashed sweet gourd On-farm trials on integrated management of (MSG) bait trap, cuelure pheromone trap, and weeds and soil-borne diseases through soil MSG+cuelure trap showed that cuelure bait amendment treatments by using poultry refuse trap and MSG+cuelure bait trap attracted the and mustard oil-cake in okra fields, however, highest number of fruit flies. However, all the showed no significant proliferation of weeds fields having bait traps had significantly for imposing soil amendments. On the other lower fruit fly infestation producing higher hand, soil amendment treatments reduced yields. Among the bait traps, MSG+cuelure plant mortalities and gave good establishment trap gave the best result. of the crop. Like other weed management trials, okra plots receiving two hand weedings Year-round mass trapping with MSG and at 20 and 40 days after seeding effectively cuelure traps showed that cucurbit fruit flies controlled the weeds and produced higher or were prevalent throughout the year in the similar yields as that of the farmer practice field, irrespective of the presence of the receiving four hand weedings. On average, cucurbit crops. The incidence pattern was two hand weedings saved about 13% weeding seasonal, lower during the winter season and cost and achieved higher economic returns. higher during the summer and rainy seasons. In the absence of cucurbit crops, MSG traps On-farm trials of soil amendment treatments, failed to capture any fruit fly, whereas cuelure such as incorporation of poultry refuse, traps captured the fruit flies irrespective of the mustard oil-cake, neem oil-cake and saw-dust presence of cucurbit crops. This indicates that in tomato seedbed nurseries, produced healthy cuelure pheromone can attract the flies from seedlings, reduced seedling mortalities by 18- long distances. Comparison of continuous 43%, controlled root-knot nematode trapping for three years from 2000 to 2002 infestation and fetched about 20% higher shows a decreasing trend in fruit fly monetary benefit to the farmers. Similarly, populations. adoption of the soil amendment treatments in the main tomato planting fields reduced the Weeding operations at critical stages of the infections of bacterial wilt by 30-67%, virus crop growth are important for achieving by 40-60%, and root-knot nematode by 23- effective weed control, better crop growth and 49%. Because of better crop establishment satisfactory yields. On-farm trials with tomato and reduced plant mortalities from disease showed that two hand weedings at 21 and 35 attack, soil amended plots produced, on the days after transplanting (vegetative and average, 17% higher yields, bringing about flowering stages, respectively) were sufficient 20% higher income. Similar results were also to control the weeds effectively for achieving obtained in the cucumber crop. yields better than or comparable to fields

42 Trathala flavoorbitalis, a larval and pupal practice followed by the farmers. parasitoid was found to be highly effective for Demonstration of fruit fly control by using the controlling eggplant FSB. The parasitoid was MSG bait trap and pheromone cuelure trap in more aggressive to first instar FSB larvae than bitter gourd and sweet gourd fields showed to second or third instar larvae. In the that fields with bait traps had 64-91% lower presence of the parasitoid, FSB infestation by fruit fly infestations, producing 16-49% first instar larvae was only 9%, as compared higher yields in bitter gourd and 124-245% to 33-40% infestation by second and third increased yields in sweet gourd. As a result, instar larvae. In micro-plot tests with artificial farmers received high economic returns. release of FSB, plant infestation by FSB decreased by 70% in the presence of the Mutuality of Benefits of the Research parasitoid. The parasitoid is dependent on the density of its host; the higher the FSB density The pest problems assessed in these studies was, the higher the parasitoid population. are common and widespread in Asia and also Field tests further showed that the parasitoid in other parts of the world. IPM approaches to population increased about 10 times within a manage these problems have broad year when insecticide applications were applicability, especially in Asia. The avoided in the eggplant fields. As a result, cultivation and consumption of vegetables are parasitism rates of FSB increased three fold. growing in Bangladesh and the region. The In laboratory studies, the parasitoid completed primary feedback in terms of benefits to the its development from egg laying to adult United States will be through (a) the effects of emergence in about 16 days, and 98% of the economic growth in the region on trade and parasitoids were female, indicating that it is a demand for U.S. products in international “deuterototokous” type of parasitoid that markets and (b) improved relations in a produces uniparental adults. Because this type politically sensitive area of the world. of parasitoid produces a very high number of females, augmentation and conservation Institution Building through avoiding pesticide applications in eggplant fields will increase its population Equipment, vehicles, and other support very rapidly to successfully control FSB. Funds were provided for vehicle repair and Technology diffusion studies conducted in maintenance, and rental to facilitate transport farmer fields in two districts for disease to and from research sites. Expenses for management in cabbage and eggplant by greenhouse and laboratory renovations, and using poultry refuse and mustard oil-cake as the purchase of computers, copier and various soil amendment practices, and fruit fly control supplies were provided. in bitter gourd and sweet gourd in three districts by using mashed sweet gourd (MSG) Research training bait trap and pheromone cuelure bait trap showed highly promising results. The soil One Bangladeshi student, Nazrul Islam, is amendment treatments in cabbage and continuing his Ph. D. degree program in weed eggplant crops of different farmers reduced science at UPLB in the Philippines. One plant mortalities by 29-87%, increased yields Bangladeshi student, F. Zaman, is continuing by 28-106%, and fetched 1.7 to 6 times the his M. S. degree program at Penn State in economic benefit on a full cost basis as Entomology. One Bangladeshi student, Ms. compared to 1.1 to 3.4 times of the traditional Nahar, is undergoing extensive training at

43 Ohio State in support of her Ph. D. degree at region and can spread research results through the BSMR Agricultural University in visits to other countries and participation in Bangladesh. One Bangladeshi scientist, workshops, meetings, and other networking Anwar Karim, completed a study tour and activities. U.S. universities also help with training on weed science at UPLB in the networking in the region. Some of the Philippines. One Bangladeshi scientist, Dr. A. scientists on the project also work with the Rashid, completed a two-week training-cum- Philippines site, including the weed scientist workshop at Penn State on Techniques on from UPLB working at the Bangladesh site. Molecular Biology. One Bangladeshi The site coordinator has networked with scientist, Dr. Ismail Hossain, completed a many other host country and foreign two-week training on socio-economic data supported projects in the country, both processing at Virginia Tech and Purdue hosting them at the IPM CRSP site, and University. He also participated in the IPM attending meetings in which multiple CRSP annual workshop and planning meeting organizations are represented. in May at Virginia Tech. Research Accomplishments Scientist travel Research progress and key results for the past S. K. De Datta traveled to Bangladesh in year are summarized above. Among those November 2001, to review research progress listed, the success with the eggplant and and appoint research assistants. G. Norton, E. tomato grafting program against bacterial Rajotte, G. Luther, S. Miller, C. Sachs, G. wilt, soil amendment practices to control soil- Shively, and A. Baltazar traveled to borne diseases in vegetables, and the use of Bangladesh in January 2002, to review bait traps to reduce fruit fly in gourds are research results and help plan additional particularly significant, as were the results of research. R. Karim traveled to Virginia Tech IPM practice for cabbage pest control, to participate in the IPM CRSP annual biological control of eggplant fruit and shoot workshop and planning meeting and to borer, and cost effective weed management discuss administrative issues. practice in vegetable crops. In addition, during the visit of the overseas scientists to Human resource development Jessore, the results of the IPM CRSP research were highlighted during a half-day meeting A human resource development plan for the with about 100 farmers and members of the next two years was revised and includes both local “agricultural clubs,” including local short-term and degree training. extensionists of government and non- government extension organizations and Networking Activities school teachers. Also, a one-day farmer training on various vegetable IPM practices, Networking is accomplished through including practical training on eggplant graft institutional collaboration among BARI, preparation, was conducted at Jessore. BRRI, UPLB, BSMR Agricultural University Twenty-five farmers, including three women in Bangladesh (BSMRAU), CARE- and three nurserymen, participated in the Bangladesh, and IRRI-Bangladesh. IRRI and training program. AVRDC play key roles in networking with other countries in the region. Scientists involved in the project work throughout the

44 Southeast Asia Site in the pesticide misuse, increased farm product marketability, and farm profitability; 2) Philippines Develop transgenic crops for improved vegetable production; 3) Assess economic Sally Miller, Site Chair, Ohio State aspects of improved IPM technologies in rice- University; Aurora M. Baltazar, Site vegetable production among small farm units; Coordinator, PhilRice and 4) Develop training materials and implement season-long vegetable Program Description collaborative IPM programs. Expansion of IPM CRSP activities into additional provinces IPM activities in the Philippines site were with rice-vegetable cropping systems is an concentrated in four program areas during integral component of Objective 1. Initial Year 9: expansion activities and development of training materials and programs (Objective 4), · multi-disciplinary, on-farm, pest manage- have already started. ment experiments · multi-disciplinary laboratory, greenhouse The Year 9 workplan was focused on crops, and microplot experiments pests and constraints identified in the · socioeconomic analysis and training participatory appraisal process, a structured · IPM technology transfer and feedback baseline survey and crop monitoring in years two through four. Planning and collaborative The work was done as a collaborative effort research efforts for the year took place among scientists at the Philippine Rice through: Research Institute (PhilRice), the University of the Philippines-Los Baños (UPLB), the · discussions among U.S., Philippine and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), other cooperating scientists at planning the Asian Vegetable Research and meetings in the Philippines Development Center (AVRDC), Ohio State · joint host-country/U.S. scientist two-page University, Penn State University and proposals Virginia Tech. · a workshop among cooperating scientists to integrate the two-page proposals into The IPM CRSP Philippines site was the overall plan and budget successful in Year 7 in obtaining approval for · revisions to the plan, followed by review P.L. 480 funds. The five-year, $1.3 million by the scientists, ME and USAID grant entitled “Enhancing the Implementation of IPM to Improve Farmer Competitiveness, Field research is conducted in six villages in Minimize Environmental Risks and Insure San Jose, Nueva Ecija, in Bongabon, Nueva Food Security and Safety,” was scheduled to Ecija, and at the PhilRice experimental farm begin in January 2001. However, due to fiscal in Nueva Ecija. The host country site problems in the Philippines government, the coordinator oversees the field research allocation of funds has been delayed until activities. U.S., UPLB, VISCA, IRRI and January 2003. The total funding level may AVRDC scientists visit the sites periodically also be decreased, in which case the following to address specific projects. Laboratory and original objectives will be modified field research is also conducted at AVRDC in accordingly: 1) Explore and implement IPM Taiwan, and training activities take place at technologies and generate new technologies Virginia Tech, Ohio State, Penn State, UPLB for high-value vegetable crops for reduced

45 and AVRDC. Selected Accomplishments

As a part of the IPM CRSP expansion into Descriptions of research progress and results additional rice-vegetable cropping areas in the are provided in the individual Philippines, a participatory appraisal process institution/activity reports. The following are was completed in the provinces of Ilocos examples of progress and key results obtained Norte, Nueva Viscaya and Pangasinan. The in the Philippines site. appraisals were carried out by IPM CRSP Philippines scientists and collaborating · Isolates in several species of the researchers attached to PhilRice and local antagonistic fungus Trichoderma have universities. been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of soilborne diseases. Efforts in IPM Constraints Studied Year 9 were focused on methods of delivery of Trichoderma isolates Key constraints to IPM in the Philippines that identified by previous IPM CRSP studies were addresses during Year 9 were: as effective biocontrol agents. Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma sp. · absence of economical IPM solutions for (T5-onion isolate) prevented or reduced specific pest problems damping-off and pink root infection · lack of basic understanding of the biology caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium of specific pests spp. and Phoma terrestris. Trichoderma · lack of knowledge of sources of sp. (T5-onion isolate) applied in powder germplasm for resistance to insects, form as a seed coating followed by a pathogens and nematodes drench application reduced damping-off · absence of knowledge about policies, incidence of onion and suppressed disease sociocultural beliefs and perceptions, development caused by S. cepivorum. regulations and other factors influencing pest management practices · Traps baited with sex pheromones of onion cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and Specific major pests being addressed in the armyworm (S. exigua) were evaluated as a IPM program were the root knot nematode monitoring tool to time application of (Meloidogyne graminicola), bulb rot insecticide applications in onions by using (Fusarium spp.), pink root (Phoma terrestris), peaks in trap catches as population anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.), cutworms indicators. Two population peaks were and armyworm (Spodoptera spp.) and various observed for each species; the second weeds, particularly Cyperus rotundus and peak overlapped between the two species. Trianthema portulacastrum in onions. In After the peak in trap catches, three eggplant, fruit and shoot borers (Leucinodes applications of insecticides were as orbinalis), leafhoppers (Amrasca biguttula) effective as weekly applications. Use of and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) sex pheromone traps to determine time of were studied. Research on pathogens causing application of insecticide can reduce the anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) and number of applications from 16-20 bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris (farmer’s practice) to one to three in a pv. vesicatoria) of pepper was also cropping season. conducted.

46 · Mechanical or chemical stale seedbed · The use of combined resistance or techniques applied once or twice in a one- tolerance to insect pests in eggplant year rotation cycle combined with rice varieties is a feasible alternative to hull burning reduced tuber and shoot insecticide application for the populations of purple nutsedge and management of both Amrasca biguttula decreased handweeding times. These (leafhopper) and Leucinodes orbonalis results are similar with data obtained from (fruit and shoot borer). During Year 9, studies combining stale-seedbed the level of resistance of 16 breeding lines treatments with rice straw mulching, a and commercial varieties to these pests traditional farmers’ practice. was determined. Several lines were identified as potential parental lines for · Postplant applications can increase crosses. efficacy and selectivity of the herbicide glyphosate for control of purple nutsedge · Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum in emerged onion plants, and reduce gloeosporioides, is a relatively new handweeding and herbicide application disease problem in onions in the costs. Philippines. It was first identified in Central Luzon after a “La Niña” weather · Application of insecticide had no effect on pattern in 2000. Of 14 introduced and population densities of the onion leaf local onion varieties evaluated for miner Liriomyza trifolii adults and larvae, resistance to this disease, only the native or on the percentage of damaged onion cultivar “Tanduyong” (shallot) was highly leaves. These insecticides were also resistant. The rest were all very detrimental to naturally occurring larval susceptible. However, in a separate trial, parasitoids and predators of L. trifolii. “Tanduyong” proved to be among the Since early season (25 to 30 days after most susceptible to pink root (caused by transplanting), defoliation did not reduce Phoma terrestris), another serious bulb size and weight, so onion apparently pathogen of onions. Information on can compensate from early season relative resistance of onion cultivars to damage. Thus, the farmer’s practice of prevalent diseases will be useful to spraying insecticides in the seedbed and in farmers when other disease management the field up to 25 to 30 days after tactics must be considered. transplanting may not be necessary. · A relatively unexplored option in IPM is · Bacterial wilt is a devastating disease of biological control of weeds. In initial pot eggplant in tropical and subtropical experiments carried out in Year 9, 15-20 regions throughout the world. Most larvae of the insect Spoladea recurvalis commercial varieties are moderately or effectively reduced the leaf area of the highly susceptible to bacterial wilt. weed Trianthema portulcastrum by 31- Grafting of commercial eggplant varieties 40% within 24 hours. Within 14 days onto bacterial wilt-resistant rootstocks after release of larvae, 80 to 90% of plants reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt were consumed. when disease pressure was moderate to high. Yield was not affected by the · Results of a participatory appraisal grafting process. conducted in three provinces in north Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, and

47 Nueva Vizcaya) demonstrated that most and economically beneficial to farmers in farmers are dependent on pesticide Central Luzon. These strategies are likely to spraying to control insect pests, weeds and benefit farmers in other Asian countries as diseases. The prevailing market price of well in the near term, and have the potential vegetables and the incidence of pesticide to be adopted in other regions. use are directly proportional. Men and women have similar points of view on the Institution Building use of pesticides, both believing that the use of pesticides is necessary in growing Funds were provided for long-term rental of a vegetables. While some farmers have vehicle for travel to and from research sites. received training in rice IPM, vegetable U.S. scientists also provided research supplies IPM training has been minimal. during visits to the Philippines site. Research articles were sent from U.S. cooperators, and · Technology transfer activities carried out bibliographies were prepared at Penn State in Year 9 reached farmers, trainers, and provided to IPM CRSP scientists. agriculture extension workers and Approximately 50% of the total Philippines scientists. Activities included 1) carrying site budget was allocated to PhilRice and out vegetable IPM training courses; 2) cooperating institutions in the Philippines. preparing an IPM training manual, Technology transfer and IPM CRSP technical bulletins and a field guide; 3) expansion studies were primarily funded by carrying out techno-demo plots in village PhilRice as part of its current mission to level integration studies; 4) development include vegetable IPM as a component of rice of a 4- and 8-week training curricula production systems. designed for training of trainers on IPM in rice-vegetable systems; and 5) holding Human Resource Development field days, workshops, and informational meetings. Several students are currently being supported by the project in graduate programs in a Mutuality of Benefits of the Research collaborating host country university (UPLB) or U.S. institutions. Edwin Martin is pursuing Most of the pest problems addressed in the an M.S. degree in weed science at UPLB. Philippines site activities are widespread Jean Recta is pursuing a Ph.D. in statistics, throughout Asia and also occur in other parts and Irene Tanzo is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in of the world. Strategies developed to manage rural sociology at Penn State. Two IPM CRSP these pests economically and sustainably can scientists completed their studies and obtained thus be applied to other countries. IPM their respective degrees: C.B. Mamaril (M.S., methods developed for managing pests of Economics, Virginia Tech) and Evelyn onion and eggplant are particular examples. Gergon (partial scholarship, Ph D., University We are continuing to cooperate with IPM of the Philippines Los Banos). CRSP Bangladesh and AVRDC through the GDZ-funded Periurban Project in the Networking Activities development of eggplant grafting technologies to manage bacterial wilt disease. Networking is accomplished through Economic and social impact analyses have institutional collaboration between PhilRice, shown that strategies such as the use of stale UPLB, VISCA and other agricultural colleges seedbed technology are socially acceptable in the Philippines. PhilRice is part of the

48 Department of Agriculture (DA) and its included in project reports. Specific programs national IPM program coordinates with IPM and materials include: CRSP. Regional networking was also accomplished by attendance and presentation Field Day on March 4, 2002 in Lomboy, of papers by IPM CRSP scientists at regional Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Attended by meetings in Asia. Participation during Year 9 Municipal Agricultural Officers, Agricultural includes: Technicians, and farmers from the municipalities of Talavera, Sto. Domingo, and S.K. De Datta, S. A. Miller, G.W. Norton, Guimba. E.G. Rajotte, B. Hedlund, L.L. Black traveled to the Philippines in September 2001 and Field Day on March 11, 2002 in Palestina, January 2002 and C. Harris in September San Jose City. Attended by Local Govt. 2002 to work with Philippine co-PIs on Officials, Agricultural technicians, village review of research results, research plans, and officials and farmers from Palestina. visit research sites. Field Day on March 13, 2002 in Kaingin, L.S. Sebastian and A.M. Baltazar traveled to Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. Attended by Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Agricultural technicians, officers and to participate in the IPM CRSP Technical members of NOGROCOMA (Onion Growers Committee and Planning Meeting in May Cooperative) and other onion farmers in the 2002 and present posters on IPM CRSP site of the study. research results at the IPM CRSP Symposium. Meeting with NOGROCOMA (onion growers cooperative) officers and members on August A poster authored by Alberto, R.T., M.S.V. 22, 2002 at Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. Results Duca, S.E. Santiago, N.L. Opina, L.E. Padua of field studies on the management of insect and S.A. Miller entitled “Management of soil- pests of onion during the 2002 season were borne diseases in rice-vegetable systems,” presented and discussed. was presented at the 33rd Pest Management Council of the Philippines Conference, May Seminar on “Sex pheromones in insect pest 8-10, 2002 in Davao City, Philippines. management: the case of cutworm and armyworm in onion” presented at PhilRice, Technology Transfer Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, September 27, 2002 as part of the PhilRice Anniversary celebration. Technology transfer activities were extensive during Year 9. These activities were carried R.B. Malasa and S.M. Roguel presented a out in cooperation with the Training Division poster entitled “Social impact assessment of of PhilRice, which organized the meetings rice hull burning and stale-seedbed and prepared the training materials for techniques,” at the IPM CRSP Technical season-long training programs for Provincial Committee Meeting and Symposium. and Municipal Agricultural Officers, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. May 2002. representatives from Local Government Units and farmer leaders. IPM CRSP scientists R.B. Malasa and S.M. Roguel. Social impact were active participants in these training assessment of IPM CRSP technologies. programs; titles of specific presentations are Annual conference of the Crop Science

49 Society of the Philippines. Tagbilaran, Bohol. April 22-27, 2002. Caasi-Lit, M.T., N.L. Opina, R.G. Maghirang, E.G.Rajotte, M.A.A. Capricho, R.V. Lapiz Baltazar, A.M. 2002. IPM in Rice and Rice and R.P. Urriza. 2002. Identification of Cropping Systems: Experiences and Lessons eggplant varieties resistant to leafhopper, Learned in Philippine Agriculture. Invited shoot/fruit borer and bacterial wilt. Poster paper presented at the Eighth D.L. Umali paper presented at the Pest Management Memorial Lecture Series. Sponsored by the Council of the Philippines 33rd Annual National Academy of Science and Conference. Davao City. May 7-10, 2002. Technology and the D.L. Umali Foundation Inc. Held at the SEARCA Auditorium, U.P. Caasi-Lit, M.T., M.A.A. Capricho, R.V. Los Banos campus, College, Laguna, Lapiz and R.P. Urriza. 2002. Resistance of Philippines. July 2002. native varieties and wild relatives of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) against the Presentations in Local and International leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula Ishida and Meetings eggplant fruit/shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee. Poster paper presented at Arida, G. S., B.S. Punzal, C.C. Ravina Jr., the Annual Scientific Meeting of the National E.G. Rajotte, and N.S. Talekar. 2002. Academy of Science and Technology. Manila Insecticide application against Spodoptera Hotel, Manila, Philippines. 11-12 July 2002. litura (F.) and S. exigua Hubner based on trends in sex pheromone trap catches. Poster presented at the 15th National Rice R&D Meeting. April 10-12, PhilRice, Science City of Munoz. Philippines; 33rd Annual Meeting of the Pest Management Council of the Philippines. March 8-10, Davao City, Philippines; and the IPM- CRSP Technical Committee Meeting. Virginia Tech and State University, May 13-17, 2002.

Ravina, C.C., G.S. Arida, B.S. Punzal, E.G. Rajotte, and N.S. Talekar. 2002. Response of the onion plant to simulated damage caused by onion defoliators. Poster presented at the IPM CRSP Technical Committee Meeting. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA May 13-17, 2002.

Alberto, R.T., M.S.V. Duca, S.E. Santiago, N.L. Opina, L.E. Padua and S.A. Miller. 2002. Management of soil-borne diseases in rice-vegetable systems. Poster presented at the 33rd Pest Management Council of the Philippines Conference, May 8-10, 2002 Davao City, Philippines.

50 CARIBBEAN REGION supporting and follow-up local projects have been funded by technical assistance grants under IPM CRSP as well as other donor Caribbean Site in Jamaica agencies, resulting in a consolidated effort towards the development of sustainable Sue Tolin, Site Chair, Virginia Tech; agricultural systems. The reach of the impact Dionne Clarke-Harris, Site Coordinator, of IPM CRSP activities in the Caribbean site CARDI not only extends to all major local (within primary site) research and development Description of the Collaborative Program (R&D) agricultural entities, but to all premier agricultural R&D institutions throughout the The activities of the Caribbean site for 2001- region. The regionalization thrust of IPM 2002 (Year 9) were geared towards bringing CRSP is further facilitated by the Caribbean closure to ongoing developmental activities Integrated Pest Management Network and emphasizing wider dissemination and the (CIPMNET) as achievements of IPM CRSP regionalization of the approach and are disseminated to the 16 member countries technologies validated over the last nine via this mechanism. years. Efforts have also been focused on harnessing the information and results to IPM Constraints Addressed affect a greater impact on Caribbean agriculture. Hence, there were greater For vegetable amaranth callaloo, whose collaboration linkages between the host cropping system typifies the global problem country and other CARDI Units and of heavy reliance on pesticides in leafy Ministries of Agriculture, as well as the vegetable production, the emphasis has been Caribbean IPM Network. on the rationalization of pesticide use to increase consumer safety and reduce The main collaborating Caribbean and US environmental and user hazards. Results from Institutions over this period include the developmental research activities have Caribbean Agricultural Research and demonstrated the potential of an action Development Institute (CARDI), Ministries of threshold-based spray application regime to Agriculture (St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and significantly reduce insecticide inputs. Tobago, Barbados and St. Vincent), Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) Resistant management protocols and the in Jamaica, Pennsylvania State University identification of more effective biorational (PSU), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and pesticides have also been validated in the State University (VPI&SU), Ohio State callaloo system. Since IPM ideally seeks to University (OSU) and United States minimize pesticide use in production systems Department of Agriculture Vegetable firstly with the effective use of non-chemical Laboratory (USDA-VL). methods, exclusion as a management option is also being evaluated. These approaches are Over the years, the networking and linkages applicable to other pesticide dependent engendered by the IPMCRSP and the level of systems throughout the Caribbean and are collaboration and synergies fostered by the being extended to cabbage production IPM CRSP in advancing research and systems in the region. development of IPM and IPM support systems have greatly expanded. Since the inception of IPM CRSP in Jamaica, many

51 Sweetpotato weevils, sweetpotato leaf beetles, and the WDS (Wireworm-Diabrotica- Selected Research Accomplishments Systena) soil insect complex significantly reduce sweetpotato production in Jamaica and This year, extreme weather conditions in the the rest of the Caribbean. The incorporation primary host country have greatly hampered of pest management tactics, such as resistant the implementation/continuation of a number breeding lines and the use of biorational of field activities, especially those in hot insecticides into the present IPM technology, pepper research. The affected activities have will greatly assist IPM procedures for been deferred to Year 10. The disruptions sweetpotato farmers in the Caribbean to were primarily due to unfavorable conditions produce high quality products that are for plot establishment, devastation of the competitive in international markets. Hence, fields of participating farmers and the in addition to the tactics already developed, diversion of collaborators, especially in the the development and evaluation of new MINAG and RADA to address more pressing techniques is essential and to this end, and immediate matters in the agricultural bioassays using germplasm of different sector, which resulted from heavy rains and sweetpotato entries and new trapping associated flooding. techniques were investigated in Year 9. Dissemination of IPM technology to farmers Vegetable IPM in major sweetpotato growing areas in the · Two strategies developed for management Caribbean is on-going to facilitate the goal of of major pests of the vegetable amaranth reducing pest damage and improving callaloo – (a) exclusion and (b) use of sweetpotato production such that it is biorationals applied on the basis of pest competitive in the global market. density (1 larva per six leaf sampling unit) – have continued to give improved plant With respect to the broad mite of hot pepper, protection against Lepidoptera species and the IPM constraints that were addressed in demonstrate the potential to reduce Year 9 were: to confirm that increased broad pesticide use in this cropping system by mite incidence on hot peppers was due to 75-92%. excessive pesticide use, to test biorational · A plan of work (POW) that would realize pesticides on hot peppers and to control broad short-term impact was developed in light mite with minimal effects on its predators. of the imminent end of this phase of IPM- The validation of integrated tactics identified CRSP. The POW includes two to manage the virus complex as well as broad components conducting 1) Participatory mite and gall midge complex was deferred to Rural Appraisals of cabbage farmers in February 2003 in Year 10. Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and 2) Evaluation of the potential for use Monitoring and surveillance of the gall midge of biorational pesticide. is now viewed as the critical component to addressing the USA’s quarantine issues with Sweetpotato IPM this hot pepper pest. As such, much emphasis · Sixty-eight and 46 sweetpotato entries is being placed on the development of an were evaluated for resistance to soil insect integrated system that covers the field as well pests in South Carolina and Florida, as the ports. Survey mechanisms and web- respectively. Of these, 46 and 41 entries, based databases have been established for respectively, had WDS ratings effective detection and intervention. significantly lower than the susceptible

52 check cultivars “Beauregard” and SC were found to be very efficient for 1149-19, indicating high levels of insect monitoring the former. resistance throughout this germplasm · An adult bioassay developed for base. Significant resistance to white grubs evaluating sweetpotato germplasm for and flea beetles was also observed. resistance to cucumber beetles indicated · Sixteen sweetpotato entries were that adults fed on several insect-resistant evaluated at Bodles, Jamaica and most sweetpotato genotypes and had (including local entries) were found to be significantly shorter lifespans than those more tolerant to damage by sweetpotato that fed on the susceptible controls. weevils than the susceptible checks · Among 10 types of pheromone traps “Beauregard” and SC 1149-19. One evaluated for monitoring sweetpotato entry, PI 531116, from the breeding weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus), a program of the International Institute for modification of Talekar’s trap was most Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria, was effective; traps constructed from five- found to be the most resistant to damage gallon pails or milk jugs also captured by sweetpotato weevils. Several significant numbers of weevils. sweetpotato entries showed resistance to · The regionalization component of the sweetpotato leaf beetle larvae. sweetpotato IPM under the project was · At Bodles, Jamaica, 16 sweetpotato continued with on-farm transfer of IPM entries were evaluated and most technology for the management of the (including local entries) were found to be sweetpotato weevil. more tolerant to damage by sweetpotato weevils than the susceptible checks IPM of Broad Mite of Hot Pepper ‘Beauregard’ and SC 1149-19. The · The population of broad mites per plant highest mean mass of tubers was obtained was about 10-fold higher in samples from from TIS 30-30, PI 531116 (from the fields with high insecticide usage, breeding program of the International compared with those from fields with Institute for Tropical Agriculture in little or no pesticide usage (75.5 vs. 7.3 Nigeria) and Picadito, while 96-86 and mites per plant). 94-127 produced significantly higher · Significantly higher broad mite mean numbers of roots. populations occurred during the wet · Several sweetpotato entries, such as 94- season (67%) than during the dry season 127, PI 531116, White Regal, Sidges, (29%). Tinian and TIS 30-30, showed resistance · Abamectin, diafenthurion and hexathiazox to sweetpotato leaf beetle larvae in provided the best combination of Jamaica. maximum suppressive effects on broad · PI531116, Picadito, Sidges and Fire-on- mite populations and least on its Land were among those entries with the predators, making these chemicals greatest insect pest resistance. Tinian (a suitable to use in an IPM program for new entry), though not a prolific producer, broad mite on hot pepper. also showed high resistance to the insect pests and should be included in further IPM for Gall Midge of Hot Pepper trials. · Dr Shelby Fleischer, Vegetable · Promising new insect trapping techniques Entomologist of the Pennsylvania State were developed for spotted and banded University, USA, visited the CARDI cucumber beetles (Diabrotica spp.) and Jamaica Unit 18 – 25 March 2002, and

53 assisted in the implementation of web Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources based Geographic Information System Centeno, Trinidad and Tobago. software designed specifically for the Participants were trained in a stepwise management and analysis of data on gall approach towards the development of IPM midge affecting hot pepper in Jamaica. strategies for pesticide-reliant vegetable · A delegation of USDA officials visited systems, which was developed from Jamaica in December 2001 to review the experiences with vegetable amaranth in status of the gall midge on hot peppers in Jamaica. Jamaica and examine systems · This approach of web-mapping for pest implemented in the field at the ports to monitoring in IPM was introduced to manage and monitor the pest. Information other Caribbean scientists at the Trinidad was presented on the work done by the workshop. The workshop dealt with IPM multiagency Hot Pepper Task Force in for leafy greens, and the potential of using research, monitoring and training. this approach with lepidopterans · Following the visit of the USDA monitored with pheromone traps was delegates, the USDA’s position of discussed. mandatory fumigation of all hot peppers · In February 2002, Extension Officers from Jamaica was revisited and criteria from the Ministry of Agriculture from the for conditional fumigation were outlined. parish of St. Elizabeth participated in a The Task Force is now putting in place one-day workshop and field day in the the machinery to meet these requirements. identification of the major pests of · A monitoring and surveillance system sweetpotato in Jamaica and their damage both at the field and port levels was to sweetpotato. Strategies used in an IPM deemed paramount and the program were also outlined. The registration of farmers qualified for participants also took part in an exercise non-fumigation was also an important to make pheromone traps and to place requirement. them in a farmer’s sweetpotato field. · Draft modules have been prepared to · The Department of Agriculture (DOA), compile a handbook, which will assist St. Kitts, held its open day in April 2002, farmers in meeting the requirements while the DOA, Nevis, staged theirs in for conditional fumigation of their May 2002. On both occasions, CARDI’s produce. presentation was “Sweetpotato · A traceability system, which links the Production, from Field to Factory.” It farmer to the produce submitted for involved displays of some sweetpotato export, was developed and varieties, information on IPM and implemented on a manual basis. displays of processed sweetpotato Software to make the database web- products, such as chips, fries, etc., which based has been developed and should were sampled by the public. be operational by December 2002. · Workshops focusing on various phases of crop management in hot pepper Technology Transfer production were held in Walkers Wood, St. Ann, Jamaica. Four workshops were · A regionalization workshop to train held on (1) Seedling production, (2) Land researchers from Barbados and Trinidad preparation, (3) Soil and water and Tobago was held in Trinidad in June management, and (4) IPM. The 14 2002, in association with the Ministry of farmers in the farmers’ group of the

54 Walkers Wood community benefited from Basel Convention Regional Centre for the demonstrations and hands on training in Caribbean region (CARIRI). aspects of these stages of production, · S. Tolin, D. Clarke-Harris, K.M. Dalip, S. which promote sustainability, especially Fleischer, C. Edwards and D.M. Jackson, environmental conservation. together with J. Momson and C. Harris, · A draft handbook on sustainable participated in the IPM CRSP Annual agricultural practices in hot pepper Planning Workshop, Blacksburg Virginia, production has been produced. in 15-18 May 2002. · Training was given to in-country · Dr. D.M. Jackson, attended the collaborators in identification of broad International Symposium, “Sweetpotato, mites and their predators, and in sample Food and Health for the Future,” preparation for pesticide residue analyses. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru, 26-29 Nov 2001. Networking Activities · Dr. D.M. Jackson attended the National Sweetpotato Collaborators Meeting, Feb. · A seminar, “The assessment of effects of 2-3, 2002, Kissimmee, Florida. pesticides on soil organisms, particularly · Drs. D.M. Jackson and J.R. Bohac served earthworms” was presented by Clive as members of the Sweetpotato Crop Edwards, Entomologist and Germplasm Committee. Environmental Ecologist, Ohio State · Dr. D.M. Jackson traveled to Jamaica 17- University, 5 March 2002, CARDI 23 February 2002 to assist in harvest of Conference Room, Kingston, Jamaica. sweetpotato trial and to plan for future · Shelby Fleischer and Paul Blom of the cooperative work. Pennsylvania State University visited · Dr. D.M. Jackson met with Aziz Lagnaoui Jamaica in March 2002 to demonstrate the (CIP, Lima, Peru) in Lima to discuss website application developed and cooperative work with Beauvaria adapted for use in the management and bassiana. analysis of data on gall midge affecting · Dr. D.M. Jackson shipped proprietary hot pepper in Jamaica. (Trécé) lures and traps to cooperators in · D. Clarke-Harris, Entomologist and IPM Jamaica. CRSP Site Coordinator (Caribbean Site) · Drs. J.R. Bohac and D.M. Jackson was one of a panel of experts at a regional shipped USDA-developed, dry fleshed workshop entitled “Reduction, sweetpotato clones to Dr. K.M. Dalip to Elimination and Management of evaluate their potential in Jamaica. Pesticides in the Context of the Stockholm · Dr. D.M. Jackson presented the seminar Convention on Persistent Organic “Overview of Pest-Resistance/Sweet- Pollutants and the Basel Convention on potato Breeding Program” in Jamaica in the Control of Transboundary Movement February 2002. of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,” held in Port of Spain, Trinidad, 22-25 Regionalization of IPM Technology April 2002, during which she delivered a paper, “IPM Related Activities in the Vegetable IPM Caribbean Region.” This workshop was D. Clarke-Harris Entomologist, IPM CRSP jointly organized by the United Nations Site Coordinator (CARDI Jamaica); Shelby Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Fleischer, Vegetable Entomologist (Penn State University); and Greg Luther,

55 Entomologist (VPI) were resource persons in of critical areas to be addressed and the a two-day Regionalization Workshop, formulation of proposals to address these “Development of IPM in Leafy Vegetables needs in the expected renewal phase of the that Currently Experience High-pesticide IPM CRSP. The nexus between the activities Input,” which was held 12-13 June 2002, at of the project “Ecological Crop Management Ministry of Agriculture, Centeno, Trinidad. Using Farmer Participatory Approaches” and The workshop was geared towards the participatory approach of the IPM CRSP researchers and involved participants from will facilitate a close linkage and synergy Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago and between the two projects. resource persons included scientists from Pennsylvania State University, Virginia Scientists who participated in the Polytechnic Institute and State University, regionalization workshop, “Development of CABI and CARDI. IPM in Leafy Vegetables that Currently Experience High-pesticide Input,” held in Sweetpotato IPM Trinidad, 12-13 June 2002, got first hand The regionalization component of the information on the IPM CRSP research sweetpotato IPM under the project was activities carried out in Jamaica, as well as the continued after being initiated in Year 6. results and applicability to their respective Varietal trials were carried out in St. Kitts and countries. the results, as those of previous trials, suggest that that local lines of sweetpotato grown by Sweetpotato Kittitian farmers performed better than many Sweetpotato is an important traditional crop of the recently introduced lines. They for many countries in the Caribbean, both as survived better and were more tolerant to an export product and as a staple of the diet of stem and root damage by sweetpotato weevils the local citizenry. Several similarities and under the dry exposed field conditions in differences exist among the islands of the which the plants were grown. Region. For example, the pest complex is similar in many of the islands, with the Impacts sweetpotato weevil being the most important pest, while differences occur in ecological Leafy Vegetables zones as the crop is grown at different The work on the vegetable amaranth altitudes. Improved agronomic/cultural (callaloo) in Jamaica was a classical approach practices, such as moulding and irrigation and to developing IPM systems for reducing fertilizer application, could well improve pesticide input in highly pesticide reliant yield and weevil tolerance of the various vegetable systems. The research approach lines, leading to the production of more used has applicability to crops with similar marketable roots. constraints within the Caribbean. Under the sweetpotato IPM component, the The decision to tackle the problem of over- identification of several sweetpotato varieties reliance on pesticides in cabbage and crucifer that show tolerance to the major pests, and the production is from all indications a well potential inclusion of botanical insecticides, needed and timely one. The two activities biorationals, floral-lure and pheromone traps planned to initiate these studies in the region and new insect monitoring techniques, which will give valuable information in the short may be included in an IPM technology, are term and will also assist in the identification positive moves towards the ultimate goal of

56 reducing pest levels on the crop and hence, EASTERN EUROPEAN improving the yield and quality of sweetpotato production in the Region so that REGION they can become competitive in international markets. Eastern Europe Site in Albania

Hot Pepper Douglas G. Pfeiffer, Site Chair, Virginia With the USDA revision of the mandatory Tech; Josef Tedeschini, Site Coordinator, fumigation requirement for hot peppers exported to the USA from Jamaica, the Plant Protection Institute, Durrës Jamaican farmer exporter has the opportunity to maintain a competitive presence in the US Description of the Collaborative Program marketplace. The traceability system, as well as the Web-GIS field monitoring database IPM research activities on olive production in will play a significant role in effective the Eastern European (Albania) site continued monitoring and surveillance. during 2001-2002 and concentrated on three major activities: Maps generated by Web-GIS will provide a 1. educational/planning activities and graphic snap shot of gall midge distribution crop/pest monitoring, and incidence in the sampled growing areas 2. multidisciplinary pest management for a given period. Where these are promptly experiments, updated, they will indicate areas of gall 3. socio - economic analyses (concluded) midge-free or low infestation. This is of particular importance to exporters of fresh The work during Year 9 (which was Year 3 fruit to the US, as it will reduce the need for for Albania) was conducted based on close fumigation under a proposed program for cooperation between scientists of the conditional fumigation. Albanian agricultural research institutes and different US universities. The major The data on broad mite from field surveys and Albanian institutions involved are the Plant field experiments will provide inputs that Protection Institute (PPI) at Durrës, Fruit Tree enable progress towards multiple-pest IPM in Research Institute (FTRI) at Vlora and hot peppers. Agricultural University of Tirana (AUT). Partner US institutions are Virginia Tech, Support for initiatives in market analysis Penn State and University of California. continued and an assessment of the profitability of the industry in Jamaica was The Year 9 work plan was focused on olive conducted as part of regional survey of and its pest management problems and countries. Of 20 issues, the highest ranking constraints identified in the PA. Planning and were: lack of irrigation, weed management, collaborative research took place through high cost of production, farmers’ inability to discussions among host country and US synchronize production with periods of high scientists at planning meetings in Albania. market demand, and marketing constraints for The research takes into consideration the processors and exporters. developing results of the previous year.

Field research was conducted at an experimental station of FTRI and in two

57 villages. The monitoring activities were done weeds in olive orchards. Different in several places in the Vlora region. pheromones were tested for the monitoring of key pests. The olive moth continues to be a Laboratory analyses were conducted in FTRI, serious pest. An integrated pest management PPI and AUT. The site chair and coordinator system that uses pheromone baited traps to have maintained frequent communication and monitor olive moth populations and to time all co-PIs are encouraged to maintain the application of control measures could be communication with their respective implemented. collaborators on individual research activities. The olive fruit fly remains the most important The host country site coordinator frequently olive pest in this region. Olive fruit fly adults oversees the field research activities together are very active from August until October with the other specialists involved in with the maximum of catches occurring in particular research topics. autumn.

IPM Constraints Studied Among the most important olive fruit fly parasites were the chalcid ectoparasites The key constraints addressed in Albania in Eupelmus urozonus and Eurytoma martellii. Year 9 were the need to improve the IPM Our understanding of the role of natural solutions to specific pest problems in olive enemies of black scale in maintaining this crops and the need for information on socio- pest below economic threshold level has economic factors influencing the adoption of improved. Parasitism rates by Scutellista IPM. Specific major pests being addressed cyanea (a parasite of black scale) were very during this year in the IPM program are olive high in several places and the activity of fruit fly (Bactroceroleae), olive moth (Prays entomopathogenic fungi was observed. oleae), Mediterranean black scale (Saissetia During the spring season, infestations of oleae) leaf spot disease (Spilocaea Euphyllura olivina (Psyllidae) were also oleaginea), olive knot (Pseudomonas common. savastanoi), nematodes, some minor pests and several weeds. Data were collected to estimate actual fruit damage by olive moth and olive fruit fly. A Selected Accomplishments high level of olive moth infestation was observed particularly on cv KMB and Descriptions of research progress and results Kalinjot. Olive fruit fly infestation starts at are provided in the individual activity reports, the end of July and reaches high levels due to but the following are the key results obtained the high humidity during the autumn season. at the Albanian site: Severe olive infestation is generally associated with significant losses, especially Monitoring of Crop Pests and Their in early ripening olive cultivars. Infestation Natural Enemies in Olive Production has been shown to vary with variety. Systems The main research IPM activities during In the Vlora region, Aceria oleae was the 2001-2002 were done at the Experimental most important species among the eriophyid Station of FTRI (Shamogjin) in the Vlora mites living on olive trees. Ditrymachus Region. Field surveys were conducted for the athiasella and Tegolophus hasani were also incidence of pests, diseases, nematodes and present. The most susceptible olive variety

58 was cv Kalinjot, with the highest infestation establish acceptable levels of chemical on leaves, flowers and fruits. Eriophyid mite pesticide use. These will be used as a basis for infestations pose another problem that will be the development of an IPM system. included in our efforts to develop IPM approaches. Effect of Harvest Timing on Olive Fly Infestation and Olive Oil Yields and Observations made in olive orchards again Quality confirmed that leaf spot and olive knot are the The olive oil analysis of cv Kalinjoti done at two most important diseases of olive trees in OLITECN S.R.L. laboratory (an accredited Vlora district. The incidence of olive knot lab by IOOC in Greece) indicated that when was 2.1 galls / m2 of canopy and field using our experimentally derived early monitoring showed that the highest levels of harvesting dates, it is possible to produce leaf spot disease appeared during March- extra virgin olive oil when harvesting early April. enough to avoid third generation olive fruit fly infestation. Olive oil in the virgin Nematodes were monitored in soil as well as category, produced on October 15 and root samples this year. In the soil samples, November 1 had lower values of free acidity Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, as compared with the olive oil produced on Pratylenchus thornei, Gracilacus spp., November 15. Paratylenchus projectus, Paratylenchus dianthus, Geocenamus spp., and larval Organic Methods of Vegetation populations of Rotylenchulus macrodoratus Management and Olive Insect Control were identified, whereas in the root samples, The efficacy of several application methods Pratylenchus thornei and Rotylenchulus against weed and olive pests were evaluated macrodoratus females were collected. during 2002. The third year experiments demonstrated that the use of several more To develop an effective weed control strategy, environmentally sound management methods measurements of weed density and can be integrated into IPM programs for olive identification of dominant species have been organic agriculture. conducted in the olive tree area in Shamogjin. In this year's samples, 32 different botanical In experimental groves of FTRI, the use of families of weeds were present. The dominant mulching straw indicated good suppression of species among the shrubs were Dittrichia weed competition and conservation of soil viscose (L) W. Greuter and Rubus ulmifolius moisture over extended durations. In the Shott; among the grasses, Koeleria gracilis mulching treatment, good productivity of (L.) Pers, Apera spica-venti (L.), Poa annua olive trees compared with other treatments (L.), Bromus textorum (L.), Lolium sp. (L.), was observed. Mulching treatment should Festuca sp. (L.) etc.; and among broad leaves replace herbicide-based weed management in most widespread were Logfia sp. (Gass), the future. The herbicides diuron and Trifolium resupinatum (L.), Trifolium repens glyphosate have also been effective in (L.), Medicago arabica (All), Ononis spinosa controlling weeds in a conventional (L.), and Coronilla scorpiodes (L.) Koch). production system.

In general, all the data collected from this To control the key pests of olive crops, year's activities will serve to develop models alternatives that will provide minor risk to the that can be used to forecast pest outbreaks and farmers and the environment are being

59 developed. In the research project, we provide the best protection. Leaf spot disease evaluated the efficacy of the microbial management was significantly improved. insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) applied with conventional high volume air blast In general, this project will allow greater sprayer to control olive moth. In the organic implementation of a non-chemical tactic and production system where Bt was used, the organically acceptable products into olive number of natural enemies was higher IPM. compared with those in the conventional system where the broad-spectrum insecticide Pheromone-Based IPM in Olive and BI 58 (dimethoate) was applied. Effects on Non-Target Species The “Attract and Kill” method, an improved New systems for weed management, the form of mass trapping to control olive fruit fly reduction of insect populations with pesticides was evaluated in several olive groves during allowed in organic agriculture, the 2002. Results through early October development of new products, and organic indicated that in isolated olive groves and in olives and oil for the export market are the areas where olive fruit fly infected late impacts foreseen in this research. ripening cultivars (cv Kalinjot), this method has the potential to keep the olive fruit fly Effect of Pruning on Olive Production, population and fruit infestation low. Infestation by Black Scale and the Incidence of Olive Knot and Timing of In non-isolated olive groves where the olive Copper Sprays to Control Leaf Spot and fruit fly developed a high population density Olive Knot on early ripening cultivars (cv Frantoi), one During 2002, three levels of pruning severity trap per tree provided inadequate protection. (non-pruned, lightly pruned and heavily For that reason, curative treatment with pruned) continued to be tested. Olive trees in insecticide is needed to keep the fly the heavily pruned treatment gave good linear population and the fruit infestation at a low vegetative growth. The canopy volume had a level. Further research is needed to determine good shape and shoot growth compared with under what conditions supplemental control other pruning treatments and non-pruned actions are needed. trees. Also, the fruit production was much higher than the non-pruned and lightly pruned treatment. In addition, water sensitive papers Mutuality of Benefits of the Research attached to branches demonstrated that spray penetration is much greater in trees with more Benefits to Albania relate to development of open canopies and thus the quality of IPM practices that are not disruptive to application of plant protection products can ecological systems or human welfare and will be improved. allow Albanian olive products to be competitive in an international market. Another experiment was carried out applying Benefits to the U.S. relates to development of treatments with copper fungicides every an IPM system in perennial cropping systems month (October-May) to determine the best under a regime of low pesticide availability. time of spraying to control leaf spot and olive American commodities are facing the loss of knot. Results show that the treatments during key pesticide groups and specialists will spring (March, April) and autumn (October) benefit from working in the Albanian system,

60 especially in light of the recent introduction of 2002 at Fier, a presentation was made by one olive fruit fly into the U.S. of our specialists (“Effect of Harvesting Time on Olive Fly Infestation and Olive Oil Yields Institution Building and Quality”).

Funds provided by the IPM CRSP Albania A paper and a videotape describing results of supported the research program of the three IPM CRSP studies on vegetation management institutions by supporting technical staff and and olive pest management in organic groves travel to research sites and by providing were presented at IFOAM’s 1st Worldwide supplies and books for experimental purposes. Conference on Ecological Olive Grove: Production and Culture, held on May 22-25, Scientists Travel at Sierra de Segura, JAEN-Spain.

M. McGiffen traveled during the last week of Participation in an organic inspector training October 2001 to help set up the vegetation course that took place on May 25-31, 2002, in management experiment. Durres. In this training, the contribution of our project toward the development of C. Pitts and P. Tobin traveled to Albania from organic agriculture on olive and the new February 25 – March 2, 2002 for a follow-up technique of vegetation management and on the statistical course. other alternatives to control olive moth and olive fruit fly in organic olive groves were D. Pfeiffer and R. Hedlund traveled to presented. There were about 20 specialists Albania from May 6 – 12, 2002 to help from different Albanian institutions and from Albanian scientists in setting up different the main olive growing regions. experimental trials and starting the discussion on a possible new project of IPM CRSP- IPM CRSP Annual Meeting from May 15-20, Albania. 2002, Blacksburg, Virginia Tech. The results of organic methods of vegetation management Human Resource Development and mass trapping experiment were presented with two posters. One graduate student, Lefter Daku, was supported through this year by the Albanian In cooperation with the Albanian Extension IPM CRSP site in the Department of Service, six meetings were organized (in Agriculture and Applied Economics at Saranda, Berat, Fier, Tirana, Elbasan and Virginia Tech. It is planned to bring a second Vlora districts) with specialists, farmers and student to the Department of Entomology olive growers. The technology of appropriate next year. pruning of olive trees was presented and the possibility of improved control timing for leaf Networking Activities spot and olive knot by copper fungicides was explained. These meetings were attended by The IPM CRSP research results were about 200 people. The results of the above presented in several Workshops organized in experiments were published in “Pemtaria” a the main olive growing regions of Albania. periodical of FTRI Vlora (3 publications per year). In the Workshop on the Technology of Olive Oil Production organized by AOA (Alimentary Oil Association) on April 5-8,

61 A workshop with inspectors and farm- advisers was held at the Ministry of Agriculture on August 2, 2002. Twenty participants from the main region of olive cultivation attended and improved their knowledge in mass trapping methods. Leaflets on the mass trapping technique were distributed. The possibility of using the “Attract and Kill” method to control olive fruit fly was demonstrated in the main olive cultivated areas in Albania (5000 olive trees).

Technology Transfer

Organization of statistical short course with Penn state University February 25 – March 2, 2002. Twelve specialists from PPI, FTRI and AUT participated.

62 BOARD OF DIRECTORS · Program Director Brhane Gebrekidan highlighted major IPM CRSP impacts at The annual IPM CRSP Board of Directors each site. meeting was held at Virginia Tech on April 3- · The Board reviewed the EEP report based 4, 2002. Attendees were: on visits to all eight sites. Improvements were noted in sites, which had originally Appointed members: been weak, and it was suggested that Bobby Moser (Chair; Ohio State University), those stronger sites become regional Hiram Larew (USDA), Tom Mew models to emulate. (International Rice Research Institute), · The EEP report recommended, “that the Deanna Behring (Penn State University), IPM CRSP be funded for Phase III.” Samson Tsou (AVRDC), Richard Robbins · The Policy and Operating Procedures (North Carolina A&T University), Sharon (POP) Manual has been updated based on Quisenberry, (Montana State University), several TC and Board recommendations. David Sammons (Purdue University), Zahurul Additional changes are expected. Karim (Bangladesh Agricultural Research · The Administrative Management Review Council), Frank Zalom (University of (AMR) Report Recommendations (1-14) California). were reviewed and the Board suggested that appropriate changes be made to Ex-Officio members: update the POP Manual. S.K. De Datta (Virginia Tech), Brhane · The Board discussed the process and Gebrekidan (Program Director, IPM CRSP, strategies for Phase III renewal. The Virginia Tech), Greg Luther (Assistant SPARE Chair presented the process and Program Director, IPM CRSP, Virginia focus of SPARE review of the renewal Tech), Robert Hedlund (Project Manager, proposal. However, the SPARE Chair IPM CRSP, USAID). noted that a review of all USAID IPM activities appears imminent and may Technical Committee Representative: affect the renewal process. George Norton (Chair of Technical · The Board recommended that the IPM Committee, IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech). CRSP move forward with the renewal proposal process. The Board Chair S.K. De Datta (Principal Investigator, IPM summarized ten points that should be CRSP) gave the Welcome Address and considered in the renewal proposal: (1) Report to the Board, entitled, “Lessons from We cannot have a proposal that is the Past and Reflections on the Future” in business as usual; (2) Build on our which he stressed “the ME team has one strengths with new directions and new major goal: the total success of the IPM focus areas, such as food safety, global CRSP as a whole with sufficient trade issues, poverty reduction, biotech, programmatic entrepreneurship at each site.” invasive species, nutrition and health; (3) Do we maintain the same sites? Do we Major decisions made by the Board included: have too many? We have more than many · The Minutes of the Board of Directors CRSPs; (4) When has a site met its Meeting of 9-10 April 2001 were graduation requirements? What are approved as they stood. ‘mature site’ criteria? Build in requirements so we know if IPM CRSP pulled out from a site today, whether it

63 will still continue. The IPM CRSP needs TECHNICAL COMMITTEE to have a clear policy regarding mature sites and the continuation of their The IPM CRSP Technical Committee (TC) activities after the CRSP has left; (5) held its main annual meeting at Virginia Tech Capacity building; (6) Discussion about in Blacksburg, Virginia, on May 15 - 18, the management team approach: it fits 2002. Technical Committee members for with IPM CRSP because it is an integrated Year 9 of the IPM CRSP were: approach. Define who is responsible for what, so Site Chairs know; (7) We need George Norton, TC Chair an external review team to evaluate the Ed Rajotte, Site Chair, Asian Site in renewal proposal before we submit it; (8) Bangladesh Phase III should include an open Sally Miller, Site Chair, Asian Site in the competition; (9) Ways of using the web Philippines for information dissemination; and (10) Mark Erbaugh, Site Chair, East Africa Site in Networking and regionalization. Uganda · The Board Chair thanked OIRD for their Rezaul Karim, Host Country Site Coordinator hospitality and noted that when the RFP Representative goes out it must say it is an open process. Keith M. Moore, Site Chair, West Africa Site in Mali Minutes of the Board Meeting are available Sue Tolin, Site Chair, Caribbean Site in on request from the IPM CRSP ME. Jamaica Glenn Sullivan, Site Chair, Central American Site in Guatemala Jeff Alwang, Site Chair, South American Site in Ecuador Doug Pfeiffer, Site Chair, Eastern European Site in Albania Michael Irwin, External TC Member Carolyn Sachs, Gender Specialist Aziz Lagnaoui, International Agricultural Research Center Representative S.K. De Datta, Principal Investigator, IPM CRSP Brhane Gebrekidan, IPM CRSP Program Director Greg Luther, IPM CRSP Assistant Program Director Bob Hedlund, IPM CRSP Project Manager, USAID

In addition to the Technical Committee Meeting, a Gender Workshop was held to strengthen inclusion of gender issues in IPM CRSP research activities. A poster session was also held to present site research progress. In addition to TC members, host

64 country Site Coordinators and many other co- insect transmitted virus plan for the CRSP PIs attended the Symposium, poster session, funded with global funds. and Year 10 Planning Meetings at Virginia · IPM CRSP Participation in the National Tech. IPM Symposium next April was discussed. In this May 2002 meeting, the IPM CRSP Executive Committee (a subcommittee of the The minutes for these meetings are available TC) met and made the following decisions: on request from the IPM CRSP ME. · Allocations to each site will start with the same numbers as last year. · The EC recommended that if the IPM CRSP gets new money, the top priority is to allocate $50,000 to Albania, if needed TRIP REPORTS, YEAR 9 for bridge funds, and the next highest priority is to fund regionalization in the Trip reports from Year 9 of the IPM CRSP Caribbean site – at least $20,000. Any totaled as follows: additional money should be used for Albania: 1; Bangladesh: 1; Ecuador: 2; regionalization in all sites and allocated Guatemala: 2; Honduras: 2; India: 1; Jamaica: on a competitive basis. 2; Mali: 7; Philippines: 2; Uganda: 6. These reports are all posted on the IPM CRSP web The TC approved the following budget site: distribution across sites for Year 10 of the http://www.ag.vt.edu/ipmcrsp/ IPM CRSP:

Site / Activity Year 10 budget Guatemala $ 179,000 Philippines $ 189,000 Jamaica $ 156,000 Mali $ 184,000 Uganda $ 234,000 Bangladesh $ 244,000 Ecuador $ 239,000 Albania 0 Global Themes $ 40,000 Biotech $ 255,000

Other major decisions made by the TC include the following: · The TC approved the minutes of the last meeting and conference call review of the biotechnology proposals, including key revisions that should be made in each proposal. · A committee was established (Lagnaoui, Tolin, Irwin, and Gilbertson) to design an

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Table 1: Publications, Presentations and Other Products of the IPM CRSP Cumulative Compilation through May 13, 2002 Category General Albania Bangladesh Ecuador Guatemala Jamaica Mali Philippines Uganda Total /Other Papers Published in Refereed 0 0 2 4 10 20 6 19 18 79 or Reviewed Publications Books/Book Chapters 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Theses and Dissertations 0 0 3 9 8 4 3 4 10 41 IPM CRSP Annual Reports 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 and Highlights Extension Publications (large) 0 0 1 1 4 11 3 4 4 28 Proceedings 14 0 0 0 67 14 10 42 17 164 (not refereed or reviewed) IPM CRSP Working Papers 2 2 2 1 4 0 3 7 3 24 World Wide Web Sites 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 and Documents Germplasm Releases 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 Workshops, Courses, Field 0 3 1 30 28 20 10 10 23 125 Schools and Field Days Papers/Seminars Presented 0 6 0 23 71 54 31 44 93 322 Electronic Presentations 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 Posters 1 0 1 0 3 27 3 32 11 78 Fact Sheets (small ext. pubs.) 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 20 6 32 Newsletters 20 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 28 Videotapes 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 1 0 9 Magazine and Newspaper Articles 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 6 Reports 42 21 58 66 177 185 119 154 110 932 Abstracts 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 2 6 22 Bibliographic Databases 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 7 and Miscellaneous TOTAL 93 34 68 135 377 365 200 249 307 1928

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