New Atlas of Ferns & Allied Plants of Britain & Ireland

BPS Special Publication No. 8

Edited by A.C. Wardlaw & A. Leonard This handbook entitled New Atlas of the Ferns & Allied Plants of the Britain & Ireland was produced by The British Pteridological Society in a limited edition of 300 copies.

The distribution maps and accompanying texts in this handbook were originally published in New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora by C.D. Preston, D.A. Pearman & T.D. Dines (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002).

Permission to reproduce in this handbook the maps and accompanying texts from the New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora, by Preston et al. (2002) was obtained from the Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO, as License No. 1234567

Copyright © 2005 The British Pteridological Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means) without the permission of The British Pteridological Society.

ISBN 0-9509806-7-6

Editor of BPS Special Publications: B.A. Thomas

Published by THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK

The British Pteridological Society is a Registered Charity, No. 1092399

Printed by Purple Edge Graphics Ltd, 130a Drymen Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 3RB, UK 1 Introduction

The ancestor of this book was Atlas of Ferns of the British Isles (1978), edited by A.C. Jermy, H.R. Arnold, L. Farrell & F.H. Perring, and published jointly by the Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI) and the British Pteridological Society (BPS). In the intervening years since 1978, members of both Societies have been active in recording the distribution of the pteridophytes of the British Isles and Ireland. However, only the BSBI had a formal role in producing the New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora, edited by C.D. Preston, D.A. Pearman & T.D. Dines, and published by Oxford University Press in 2002. This monumental book of 910 pages, in a format 20% larger than A4, and weighing nearly 10 lbs, presents distribution maps of 2412 taxa, of which the ferns and fern allies comprise only 93, or less than 4%. The purpose of the present handbook was therefore to make available in a compact form only the 93 distribution maps of ferns and fern allies, so that those field naturalists with a primary interest in pteridophytes would have a conveniently portable source for reference. Again for reasons of convenient access, we decided to list the taxa in alphabetical order of genus and species, rather than systematically within families. Thus the entries start with Adiantum capillus-veneris and end with Woodsia ilvensis, as in a dictionary. There is therefore no need to look in the index to find a Polystichum, which is no longer near to Dryopteris, despite both being in the Dryopteridaceae. Adherence to this principle means that the fern allies take their alphabetical place in the series, instead of being segregated in groups separate from the ferns. Likewise the neophytes, such as Dicksonia antarctica and Onoclea sensibilis, are in their alphabetical position among the native species. Nevertheless to allow rapid overview of contents, we provide on the back cover a list of all the 93 maps in the present compilation. At the end of the handbook are the References cited in the texts that accompany each map, while the inside back cover has an Index of Common Names. The New Atlas has a few maps of native taxa that were not in the 1978 Atlas of Ferns. Thus the gametophyte stages of Trichomanes speciosum is now included, as is the subspecies pachyrachis of Asplenium trichomanes. There are now maps of several neophytes: Blechnum chilense, Cyrtomium falcatum, Dicksonia antarctica, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Onoclea sensibilis, Phymatosorus diversifolius, Polystichum munitum and Pteris cretica Because some of these neophyte maps were only available on CD-ROM, the format is different from those in the New Atlas, It is notable that not all the taxa in the 1978 Atlas of Ferns were carried forward into the 2002 New Atlas. Thus in the latter, the only pteridophyte hybrids are: Dryopteris x complexa, Dryopteris x deweveri, Equisetum x trachyodon (E. hyemale x E. variegatum), Equisetum x litorale (E. arvense x E. fluviatile), Polypodium x mantoniae and Polystichum x bicknellii. By contrast, the 1978 Atlas had maps of all 6 of the above hybrids plus (remarkably!) maps of the following 25 others: Asplenium x alternifolium, Asplenium x clermontiae, Asplenium x confluens, Asplenium x contrei, Asplenium x jacksonii, Asplenium x microdon, Asplenium x murbeckii, Asplenium x sarniense, Asplenium x ticinense, Diphasiastrum x issleri, Dryopteris x ambrosiae, Dryopteris x brathaica, Dryopteris x. mantoniae, Dryopteris x pseudoabbreviata, Dryopteris x tavelii, Dryopteris x uliginosa, , Equisetum fluviatile x palustre, Equisetum x font-queri, Equisetum x litorale, Equisetum x moorei, Equisetum x 2 rothmaleri, Polypodium x font-queri, Polypodium x shivasiae, Polystichum x illyricum and Polystichum x lonchitiforme. It is therefore a challenge, particularly for members of the BPS, to update the distribution information on the pteridophyte hybrids in the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland. For that purpose the distribution maps from the 1978 Atlas of Ferns of the British Isles would be the starting point. This also emphasises that mapping of plant distribution, by its nature, is an on-going process and the information published in this handbook is only a snapshot of what had been reported in time for inclusion in the 2002 New Atlas. For later information, readers should also consult the National Biodiversity Network (NBN) website at http://www.searchnbn.net/ In the quarter-century since the 1978 Atlas there have been some significant changes in nomenclature . For example, Dryopteris affinis was not a listed species in 1978, let alone having the morphotypes which have been recognized in recent decades. Readers will also find Asplenium cuneifolium, the species associated with serpentine rocks in Continental Europe, as no longer on the list of current pteridophytes for Great Britain and Ireland For the most part we have used the same names as in the 2002 New Atlas, which in turn are based on those of Stace (1997) in the New Flora of the British Isles, edn 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). However, we have changed Ceterach officinarum to Asplenium ceterach, and Phyllitis scolopendrium to Asplenium scolopendrium. We have kept Athyrium flexile as a species, despite the recent work (McHaffie, 1999) that places it as a variety of Athyrium distentifolium. We have also followed the style of the 2002 New Atlas in not citing authorities for the specific names, believing that in so doing we are not allowing ambiguities. We also believe that little of relevance to species distribution is lost by our not including the pteridophyte family in the information with each taxon. The 93 maps that make up the main part of this handbook reflect an enormous amount of dedicated and expert work by individuals too numerous to list here. The reader is therefore referred to the 2002 New Atlas itself for information on how the distribution maps were compiled, who did the work in the field and at the computer, and the rationale for the underlying organization of the whole enterprise. Such perusal of the main source will also allow the pteridophytes to be placed within the context of the other 96% of vascular plant taxa. The texts that accompany each of the pteridophyte maps follow a standard pattern of four paragraphs. 1. Habitat and altitudinal range; 2. Trends in the distribution of the species; 3. The wider distribution of the species; and 4. Key references. In a few instances we have inserted minor corrections or comments. The production of this handbook would not have been possible without friendly permission being given by the copyright holder to reproduce the maps and accompanying text from the New Atlas and its accompanying CD-ROM. We are therefore extremely grateful to Her Majesty’s Stationery Office for granting a license to the BPS to reproduce the maps and texts for this handbook. We also offer sincere thanks to Oxford University Press for providing the original electronic files for reproduction of the distribution maps. Finally, we see this handbook as furthering the Objects of the BPS, as stated in the Society’s Constitution, viz: to promote and encourage the cultivation of ferns and other pteridophytes and to further the study of their taxonomy, distribution, conservation and ecology through publications, meetings and grants. BAT, ACW & AL (Editors) Adiantum capillus-veneris 3

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 25 17 1970-86 C 54 pre 1970 C 12 8 Alien 1987-99 C 59 7 1970-86 C 19 1 pre 1970 C 22 1

Maidenhair Fern

A semi-evergreen fern found in areas with an native populations were jeopardised by oceanic climate on wet, calcareous cliffs where collectors; many pre-1970 sites were lost its rhizomes are protected in crevices; in the before 1930. There have been few recent Aran Islands (W. Donegal) and the Burren (Co. losses, however, and many more alien records. Clare) it grows in grikes in limestone Mediterranean-Atlantic element; also in C. and pavement. Many inland records in sheltered E. Asia and N. America. warm sites, such as damp mortared walls, References: Atlas (6d), Hultén & Fries (1986), railway sidings and canal locks, arise from Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), spores derived from cultivated plants. Lowland. Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). Native (change +0.54). In the 19th century, A. C. JERMY 4 Anogramma leptophylla

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Jersey Fern

A small fern found on moist but well-drained Native. Populations of A. leptophylla vary in shady lane banks, especially where granite is size yearly. They are highly vulnerable to the used to support the bank. It prefers bare soil scraping of lane banks by passing traffic and to where some surface erosion reduces over-enthusiastic hedgebank management. competition. It is the only British fern with an Mediterranean-Atlantic element; widespread in annual sporophyte; its spores mature early N. America. (usually April) and plants die soon afterwards. References: Atlas (6c), Bolòs & Vigo (1984), Its prothallus, however, is perennial and may Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), over-winter in warm crevices to produce new Page (1997). sporophytes the following year. Lowland. A. C. JERMY Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 5

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1731 573 1970-86 C 198 16 pre 1970 C 231 119 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Black Spleenwort

This evergreen perennial fern occurs on a wide one previously confused with the C. European range of well-drained, usually basic substrates, A. cuneifolium, are present in the British Isles. in lightly shaded habitats where there is little They cannot be distinguished on purely edaphic competition. It is found on cliffs and screes, in grounds (pace Page, 1997) and are the subject quarries, on lane banks and walls. Generally of ongoing research. lowland, but reaching 575 m at Moor House European Temperate element; also in C. Asia (Westmorland) and possibly higher in the and N. America. Cairngorms. References: Atlas (7c), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change +0.35). The distribution of this Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978). species appears to be stable. Several variants, F. J. RUMSEY 6 Asplenium marinum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 423 121 1970-86 C 51 7 pre 1970 C 68 44 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 00

Sea Spleenwort

An evergreen perennial fern, predominantly lacking a post-1970 record were lost before found in cool, moist crevices and fissures in 1930, and the distribution of this species is maritime cliffs, and often within range of sea- currently stable. spray. It occasionally grows on walls in coastal Suboceanic Southern-temperate element. areas, but, because of its requirement for a References: Atlas (8a), Hultén & Fries (1986), frost-free environment, it is only exceptionally Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), found on rocks inland. Lowland. Page (1997). Native (change +0.02). Most of the British sites F. J. RUMSEY Asplenium obovatum 7

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 102 7 1970-86 C 83 pre 1970 C 36 9 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Lanceolate Spleenwort

This perennial, evergreen, calcifuge fern is post-1970 record, and its distribution is mainly a plant of sheltered, shady crevices and probably stable. ledges on maritime cliffs and on rock outcrops. Mediterranean-Atlantic element. It also occurs on well-drained, acidic, loamy References: Atlas (7d), Bolòs & Vigo (1984), lane banks and dry-stone walls. Most of its sites Curtis & McGough (1988), Jalas & Suominen are near the sea, and the plant is not vigorous in (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), its colder inland sites. Lowland. Stewart et al. (1994). Native (change -0.18). A. obovatum was lost F. J. RUMSEY before 1930 from most of the sites which lack a 8 Asplenium onopteris

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 06 1970-86 C 01 pre 1970 C 027 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Irish Spleenwort

An evergreen perennial fern of dry, warm, and extreme forms of A. adiantum-nigrum, are lightly shaded, usually basic, earthy banks and likely to have produced recording errors. rock faces in open deciduous woodland. Mediterranean-Atlantic element; it reaches its Lowland. northern limit in Ireland where it is Native. The distribution of this species needs morphologically invariable, in contrast to the detailed study. It was treated as part of the A. variation shown in the Mediterranean region. adiantum-nigrum complex in the 1962 Atlas. A. References: Atlas Supp. (2a), Hultén & Fries adiantum-nigrum (a polyploid derived in part (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. from A. onopteris) and A. onopteris freely (1978), Page (1997). hybridise (A. x ticinense); hybrid populations, F. J. RUMSEY Asplenium ruta-muraria 9

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1922 821 1970-86 C 109 9 pre 1970 C 164 68 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Wall-rue

This perennial, evergreen fern occurs naturally undoubtedly occurred (Page, 1997), but in on limestone and other basic rocks, where it recent years cleaner air may have reversed the grows on steep, bare faces and in crevices; it is decline. Other than this, most losses have also found in hollowed clints in limestone occurred since 1950. pavement. However, in most lowland areas it is Circumpolar Temperate element, with a now abundant on mortared walls and other disjunct distribution. man-made structures. 0-625 m (Ingleborough, References: Atlas (8d), Grime et al. (1988), Mid-W. Yorks.). Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen Native (change +0.15). Some decline in (1972), Jermy et al. (1978). industrial areas through acidification has F. J. RUMSEY 10 Asplenium septentrionale

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 28 2 1970-86 C 60 pre 1970 C 21 0 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 11

Forked Spleenwort An often long-lived, evergreen fern of well- spoil, but spread on natural rock is rare. New drained, exposed, sunny, usually acidic rock sites have been found in N.W. Scotland and C. faces, metalliferous mine spoil and the sides of Wales since 1987. unmortared stone walls. In Ireland, it grows on European Temperate element; also in C. Asia ultrabasic rocks. 0-535 m (Moel yr Ogof, and western N. America. Caerns.), formerly to 715 m at Llyn y Cwn References: Atlas (9a), Curtis & McGough (Caerns.). (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Native (change -0.08). Losses since 1930 have Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel occurred through tidying and restoring old et al. (1965), Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). mining sites and walls, tree planting and scrub F. J. RUMSEY growth. It can rapidly colonise walls and mine Asplenium trichomanes 11

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1933 845 1970-86 C 158 9 pre 1970 C 215 57 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Maidenhair Spleenwort A perennial, evergreen fern which grows in a Isles, all of which are mapped here separately. range of rocky habitats, including cliffs, rock However, this taxonomic treatment over- faces, screes, mine waste and, perhaps now simplifies a far more complex pattern of most commonly, on walls. 0-870 m reticulate evolution. (Macgillycuddy's Reeks, S. Kerry). Circumpolar Southern-temperate element, with Native (change +0.07). There is evidence for a disjunct distribution. some decline in East Anglia since 1950. This is References: Atlas (8b), Hultén & Fries (1986), a polyploid complex within which three Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), ecologically and morphologically fairly distinct Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). taxa have been recognised within the British F. J. RUMSEY 12 Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 80 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis

A fern of perpendicular calcareous limestone, apparently suitable areas, it is undoubtedly still usually in shaded, sheltered, humid places, and under-recorded. However, it is difficult to often under overhangs. It is rarely found on separate from similar polyploid lineages which sandstone rock and mortared walls. Lowland. also occur in Britain. Native. This plant was known in Victorian Widespread but scattered in Europe, centred on times, but it has only recently been identified as limestone massifs in S. Europe with rare the continental subsp. pachyrachis (Rickard, occurrences further north. 1989). It is treated at specific rank, as A. csikii, References: Page (1997), Wigginton (1999). by Vogel et al. (1999). Though it appears to be F. J. RUMSEY genuinely rare and strangely absent from many Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 13

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 856 384 1970-86 C 98 11 pre 1970 C 225 28 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens

This segregate of A. trichomanes is found on was known to Lovis (1955) and Kent (1965) mortared walls and calcareous rocks. It is but did not become widely known until mapped replaced by subsp. trichomanes only in the by Jermy et al. (1978). As currently defined, most acidic situations. When growing with the this is the most variable and by far the most rarer subspecies, noticeably vigorous sterile abundant and widespread of the A. trichomanes hybrids may sometimes be found. Generally subspecies. It is under-recorded in many areas. lowland, but reaching at least 730 m on Cross Circumpolar Southern-temperate element. Fell (Cumberland), and probably 870 m on References: Grime et al. (1988), Page (1997). Macgillycuddy's Reeks (S. Kerry). F. J. RUMSEY Native. Like subsp. trichomanes, this taxon 14 Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 93 0 1970-86 C 25 0 pre 1970 C 47 0 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes A. trichomanes subsp. trichomanes is restricted recorded for, forms of the nearly ubiquitous to acidic, siliceous substrates. It is found rooted subsp. quadrivalens, and it is not possible to into crevices in rock outcrops, and on screes, assess changes in its distribution. mine waste and dry-stone walls, particularly in Circumpolar Temperate element. Subsp. oceanic upland areas. 0-540 m (Hartsop, trichomanes is more frequent than subsp. Westmorland). quadrivalens in Scandinavia, but much rarer in Native. This taxon was known to Lovis (1955) the Mediterranean region. and Kent (1965) but did not become widely Reference: Page (1997). known until mapped by Jermy et al. (1978). It F. J. RUMSEY has been much confused with, and is still over- Asplenium viride 15

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 300 27 1970-86 C 72 2 pre 1970 C 63 14 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 11

Green Spleenwort

A. viride is an evergreen fern of moist, summer (Page, 1997), its occasional sheltered crevices in basic rocks, and very occurrences in lowland C. and E. England have rarely also on mortared walls. It is occasionally all been short-lived. a colonist of old metal mine workings. From Circumpolar Boreal-montane element, with a sea level on the coasts of W. Britain and Ireland disjunct distribution. to 975 m on Ben Lawers (Mid Perth). References: Atlas (8c), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change -0.21). This species shows no Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), appreciable change in distribution since the Meusel et al. (1965), Rumsey (1997). 1962 Atlas. Because of its requirement for an F. J. RUMSEY environment which is cool and humid in 16 Athyrium distentifolium

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 61 0 1970-86 C 21 0 pre 1970 C 16 0 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Alpine Lady-fern A deciduous fern of the higher mountains, although it is susceptible to over-grazing. It is growing on rock ledges, gullies, block screes probably under-recorded. and in shallow hollows where snow lies late Circumpolar Arctic-montane element, with a into summer. It prefers more stable, acidic disjunct distribution. block screes with a N. or N.E. aspect and some References: Atlas (9d), Hultén & Fries (1986), degree of soil accumulation. Found from 455 m Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), in the Breadalbanes (Mid Perth) to 1220 m Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), Stewart et (Ben Macdui, S. Aberdeen). al. (1994). Native (change +0.38). There is little evidence A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES for a change in the distribution of this species, Athyrium filix-femina 17

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2342 773 1970-86 C 116 10 pre 1970 C 128 66 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Lady-fern

A deciduous fern that prefers moist but well- Native (change +0.25). There is little evidence drained acidic soils, but can tolerate more basic for any change in the distribution of this substrates if these are overlain by mildly acidic species. layers. It is particularly frequent in deciduous Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. woodland, especially on stream banks, and in References: Atlas (9c), Grime et al. (1988), moist, rocky habitats, but is also found in Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen hedgerows and drainage ditches. It is one of (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel et al. few species able to colonise metalliferous lead (1965), Page (1997). and tin mine deposits. 0-1005 m (Carnedd T. D. DINES Llewelyn, Caerns.). 18 Athyrium flexile

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 70 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 80 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Newman's Lady-fern

A small deciduous fern usually found on cool, find. Since it was first described in 1853 there shaded, N.E.- to N.W.-facing scree-slopes or has been doubt over its taxonomic status. amongst block scree of acidic rocks, especially Recent experimental work has shown that it is where snow lies late and where melt-water probably best regarded as a variety of A. trickles down gullies. From 700 m on Meall distentifolium. Buidhe (Main Argyll) to 900 m (Glen Einich, Endemic. Easterness), and reportedly to 1140 m. References: Atlas Supp. (2c), Jermy et al. Native. There is little evidence for any change (1978), McHaffie (1999), Page (1997), in the distribution of this species, although it is Wigginton (1999). not only taxonomically critical but difficult to A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES Azolla filiculoides 19

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 577 15 1970-86 C 58 4 pre 1970 C 34 2

Water Fern A floating fern of canals, ditches, ponds and some areas populations fluctuate greatly sheltered bays in lakes and rivers. It is most annually. It is widely cultivated and frequently frequent in calcareous water, or near the sea. It disposed of into the wild. reproduces vegetatively, often producing dense Native of western N. & S. America; widely mats, and sporocarps are not uncommon. naturalised in temperate and southern Europe Generally lowland, but reaching 450 m above and elsewhere. Rydal Water (Westmorland). References: Atlas (15c), FNAEC (1993b), Neophyte, though native in previous Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), interglacials (change +2.76). First recorded in Preston & Croft (1997). Britain in 1883, this species is much more C. D. PRESTON frequent now than it was in the 1962 Atlas. In 20 Blechnum cordatum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 15 1970-86 2 pre 1970 3

Chilean Hard-fern

A large, evergreen fern with a shortly creeping Scilly, in 1953. It is now more frequently rhizome which eventually forms a small trunk. recorded. It has been found in hedgerows, ditches, by Native of southern S. America. streams and on rocky roadsides. It also occurs Reference: Grenfell (1983). as a garden relic. Reproduction is by spores and T. D. DINES vegetative spread. Lowland. Neophyte. B. cordatum is occasionally grown in gardens and was first recorded in the wild from a malodorous ditch on St. Mary's, Isles of Blechnum spicant 21

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1935 746 1970-86 C 91 12 pre 1970 C 142 73 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Hard-fern

This evergreen calcifuge fern grows on damp database reveals that most losses have occurred peaty or loamy soils in deciduous and since 1950. Declines are due to woodland coniferous woodland. In suitably wet climates clearance and the conversion of lowland it extends onto open moorland, streamsides and heathland to improved pasture. hedgerows. 0-1065 m (Aonach Beag, European Temperate element; also in E. Asia Westerness), and reportedly to 1185 m and western N. America. elsewhere in Scotland. References: Atlas (7a), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change -0.39). Mapped as 'all records' Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), in the 1962 Atlas, this species has declined in Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). England and C. Ireland; analysis of the T. D. DINES 22 Botrychium lunaria

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 532 28 1970-86 C 206 12 pre 1970 C 372 98 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Moonwort A small fern, often occurring singly or in small to grassland improvement and scrub invasion. populations. It prefers well-drained sites, There appear to have been some losses in usually with a high base-content, although it upland areas, but the species can easily be can occur on more acidic substrates. Habitats overlooked and may therefore be under- include meadows, pastures, open woodland, recorded. sand dunes and grassy rock ledges. It can also Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. colonise slag heaps and quarry spoil. 0-1065 m References: Atlas (15d), Hultén & Fries (Ben Lawers, Mid Perth). (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Native (change -0.43). B. lunaria was lost from (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). many lowland sites before 1930, and this loss A. C. JERMY has continued, particularly in N. England, due Ceterach officinarum 23

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 815 659 1970-86 C 126 13 pre 1970 C 161 115 Alien 1987-99 C 40 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 30

Rustyback

A perennial, calcicole fern found on crags and shows that the genus Ceterach should be cliffs of basic rocks, especially limestone, and subsumed into Asplenium. also on limestone pavements and mortared Submediterranean-Subatlantic element; also in walls. Generally lowland, reaching c. 550 m in C. Asia. Wales. References: Atlas (9b), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change -0.30). Historically this species Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), has benefited from the built environment. There Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). are many more records since the 1962 Atlas, F. J. RUMSEY particularly in E. Britain. Molecular evidence 24 Cryptogramma crispa

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 289 6 1970-86 C 64 4 pre 1970 C 113 13 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 10

Parsley Fern

This small, deciduous, long-lived fern is a the 1962 Atlas. strong calcifuge and is found in well-drained European Boreal-montane element; also in E. sites on relatively stable, steep scree slopes, Asia. where it is a pioneer species. It also occurs on References: Atlas (6c), Curtis & McGough cliff ledges and mortar-free dry-stone walls. (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & From 80 m (Glen Etive, Main Argyll) to 1280 Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel m (Ben Nevis, Westerness). et al. (1965), Page (1997). Native (change -0.63). Losses in the S. T. D. DINES Pennines took place before 1930, and there is little evidence for a change in distribution since Cyrtomium falcatum 25

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 20 1970-86 8 pre 1970 7

House Holly-fern

This evergreen rhizomatous fern has become is very popular as a house and greenhouse naturalised amongst coastal rocks. It is also plant. It was first recorded in the wild on the found in urban areas on warm, moist walls and shore near Porth Minick, Isles of Scilly, in in churchyards, although such populations are 1956, where it still survives, and it is sometimes short-lived. Reproduction is mainly increasingly recorded elsewhere. from spores. Lowland. Native of E. Asia. Neophyte. The first date of cultivation of C. References: Grenfell (1983), Jermy & Camus falcatum in Britain is unknown, but it was (1991). grown in Tresco, Isles of Scilly, by 1894 and it T. D. DINES 26 Cystopteris dickieana

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 50 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Dickie's Bladder-fern A fern of rock crevices, shady ravines, cave allozyme studies do not support its recognition entrances and also under overhangs. It prefers as a species distinct from C. fragilis. moderately base-rich rocks. 0-380 m (above As the characters which define C. dickieana are Loch Tay, Mid Perth). unresolved, it is impossible to summarise its Native. This species was originally described world distribution. from the coast south of Aberdeen in 1848. It has References: Atlas (10b), Hultén & Fries recently been found in a few inland sites, and (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. may be overlooked elsewhere. However, its (1978), Marren (1983), Page (1997), Parks et taxonomic status 'remains uncertain and al. (2000), Tennant (1996), Wigginton (1999). controversial' (Dyer et al., 2000) and recent A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES Cystopteris fragilis 27

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 738 104 1970-86 C 159 13 pre 1970 C 221 74 Alien 1987-99 C 51 1970-86 C 60 pre 1970 C 21 0

Brittle Bladder-fern A fern of damp, shaded rock crevices, cliffs, sites, particularly those on old buildings, cave entrances, ravines and mortared walls, bridges, canal locks and railway platforms, always growing on a mineral-enriched have been lost since 1950 through demolition substrate, and most frequent over limestone. It or cleaning. is also found on field boundary banks where Circumpolar Wide-boreal element. water seeps from improved pasture, and in References: Atlas (10a), Grime et al. (1988), Fraxinus woodland. 0-1220 m (Breadalbanes, Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen Mid Perth). (1972), Jermy & Camus (1991), Jermy et al. Native (change -0.69). The distribution of C. (1978), Page (1997). fragilis in the uplands is stable. Some lowland A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES 28 Cystopteris montana

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 13 0 1970-86 C 40 pre 1970 C 50 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Mountain Bladder-fern A deciduous fern of sheltered, humid, N.- or E.- It is susceptible to grazing, and had been lost facing limestone and mica-schist cliffs where from some sites before 1930 because of there is periodic irrigation. It prefers dripping collecting. rock ledges, cliff bases, gullies and steep, Circumpolar Boreal-montane element. unstable scree slopes. From 490 m on Ben Lui References: Atlas (10b), Halliday (1997), (Main Argyll) to 1125 m on Aonach Beag Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen (Westerness). (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel et al. Native (change -0.25). Easily overlooked and (1965), Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994), sometimes growing in inaccessible sites, C. Wigginton (1999). montana is probably present in most 10-km A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES squares for which only pre-1987 records exist. Dicksonia antarctica 29

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 7 1970-86 1 pre 1970 1

Australian Tree-fern

A potentially large trunk-forming, deciduous however, recorded from the wild until 1960 fern found naturalised in woods, road banks and when several large plants were found in woods other shady places. It also occurs as a relic of on Valentia Island (S. Kerry). cultivation. Reproduction by spores is frequent. Native of S. & E. Australia, where it may form Lowland. extensive stands in wet, shady gullies. Neophyte. This dramatic species has been Reference: Grenfell (1983). cultivated in Britain since 1786 and is widely T. D. DINES and increasingly grown in gardens. It was not, 30 Diphasiastrum alpinum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 357 17 1970-86 C 78 8 pre 1970 C 104 24 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Alpine Clubmoss An evergreen herb of short acidic grassland on change in the distribution of this species in the mountains and moors, where it grows on moist uplands since the 1962 Atlas. Some of its but well-drained, thin peaty soils, especially lowland sites have been lost to agricultural those directly overlying rocks. More rarely it improvement, mainly before 1930. occurs on acidic sands. Vegetative propagation Circumpolar Arctic-montane element, with a is much more frequent than sexual disjunct distribution. reproduction, which usually takes place on References: Atlas (2a), Hultén & Fries (1986), bare, disturbed ground. 0-1220 m (Ben Macdui, Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Banffs.). Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). Native (change -0.51). There has been little A. D. HEADLEY Diphasiastrum complanatum 31

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 60 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 40 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Issler's Clubmoss

An evergreen, procumbent perennial herb of heaths may have caused the extinction of D. heaths and moors, where it typically grows on complanatum in lowland England but it may be well-drained, sandy, often skeletal soils in under-recorded in montane areas. dwarf Calluna heath. In Scotland its sites are Circumpolar Boreal-montane element, with a usually Calluna-Arctostaphylos heath. continental distribution in western Europe. Between 270 m (Canisp, W. Sutherland) and References: Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & 960 m (Lochnagar, S. Aberdeen). Suominen (1972), Jermy (1989), Jermy et al. Native. The map shows only confirmed (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), records, as many old records are based on Wigginton (1999). abnormal D. alpinum. Burning and grazing of A. D. HEADLEY 32 Dryopteris aemula

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 308 281 1970-86 C 32 13 pre 1970 C 96 89 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Hay-scented Buckler-fern A fern of moist but well-drained acidic to Hants.) for example. However, it is vulnerable neutral soils of low base content, growing on to changes in humidity and clear-felling, and banks, sea-cliffs and wooded slopes. In the the coppicing of old woodland is responsible Weald (Sussex) it occurs in deep, steep-sided for the loss of some populations in the south. wooded ravines which emulate its Atlantic Oceanic Temperate element; confined to the habitats. Generally lowland, but reaching 640 hyperoceanic zone in W. Europe and m in Macgillycuddy's Reeks (S. Kerry). Macaronesia. Native (change -0.04). D. aemula is much References: Atlas (12d), Jalas & Suominen better recorded than in the 1962 Atlas; it has (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997). recently been discovered in the New Forest (S. A. C. JERMY Dryopteris affinis 33

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2091 712 1970-86 C 96 8 pre 1970 C 97 66 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Scaly Male-fern

A deciduous or evergreen fern found in under-recorded in the 1962 Atlas but its deciduous woodland, along rides in coniferous distribution is probably stable. The three plantations, in ditches, on shady banks and road subspecies recognised by Stace (1997) are verges, usually on acidic substrates. In more difficult to identify and are poorly recorded; oceanic areas, it grows in the open on well- they are not mapped here. drained W.- or S.W.-facing hillsides, scree European Temperate element. slopes and mountain ledges. It is also found on References: Atlas (11b), Hultén & Fries brickwork in urban areas. 0-705 m (Little Dun (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Fell, Westmorland). (1978), Page (1997), Rich & Jermy (1998). Native (change +2.44). D. affinis was greatly A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES 34 Dryopteris affinis x D. filix-mas (D. x complexa)

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 60 6 1970-86 C 47 2 pre 1970 C 17 2 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Dryopteris x complexa

A deciduous fern found on damp, acidic soils in Native. Identification of this hybrid is difficult, sheltered woodland, river banks, ditches, especially in view of the variability of D. hedgerows and coniferous forest tracks, affinis, and D. x complexa is almost certainly particularly where the original habitat has been under-recorded. disturbed. Plants may occur as single Widespread in W. & C. Europe. individuals, or in small groups, often in the References: Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), absence of one or both parents. This hybrid is Rich & Jermy (1998), Stace (1975). fertile and backcrossing is prevalent. Generally T. D. DINES lowland. Dryopteris carthusiana 35

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1171 196 1970-86 C 209 26 pre 1970 C 243 91 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Narrow Buckler-fern

This deciduous fern is found in a range of damp drainage, forest removal and agricultural habitats, including wet heaths, fens, mires, improvement having taken their toll. However, raised bogs, carr and wet woodland. It prefers it is much better recorded now than in the 1962 rich alluvial soils with a high water table. More Atlas. rarely it extends onto open moorland, possibly Eurosiberian Boreo-temperate element; also in as a relic of former woodland. Generally N. America. lowland, but reaching 730 m in Atholl (E. References: Atlas (12b), Hultén & Fries Perth). (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Native (change +1.06). D. carthusiana has (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). declined in the last hundred years, wetland T. D. DINES 36 Dryopteris carthusiana x D. dilatata (D. x deweveri)

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 77 8 1970-86 C 46 0 pre 1970 C 52 3 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Dryopteris x deweveri

A deciduous fern found on damp, fairly acidic (Cards.). substrates in deciduous woodland, conifer Native. This hybrid is under-recorded and is plantations, ditches, Alnus and Salix carr, and probably much more frequent than the map disturbed lowland peat bogs. It is usually found suggests. with both parents, but often occurs in the Widespread in N., W. & C. Europe. absence of one, usually D. carthusiana, as the References: Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), hybrid is more tolerant of the drier conditions Stace (1975). typical of drained woodland. Generally T. D. DINES lowland, but reaching 370 m at Llyn Rhos-goch Dryopteris cristata 37

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 60 1970-86 C 40 pre 1970 C 21 0 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Crested Buckler-fern This deciduous fern grows in mildly acidic increase in Norfolk records is due to a genuine 'floating' fens that develop within or from more expansion of its range. base-rich fens. It is characteristic of Sphagnum Eurosiberian Temperate element, with a lawns, where it can tolerate the shade of continental distribution in W. Europe; also in N. invading Phragmites, and Salix and Betula America. scrub. It can persist in fen carr. Lowland. References: Atlas (12a), Hultén & Fries Native (change -0.68). D. cristata was lost (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. from most English sites outside East Anglia by (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), 1970, through drainage, scrub encroachment Wigginton (1999). and the loss of mown fen. Since then, losses A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES have continued in Scotland and Suffolk. An 38 Dryopteris dilatata

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2592 886 1970-86 C 60 4 pre 1970 C 48 42 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Broad Buckler-fern This deciduous fern grows on moderately to 1930, as a decline in woodland management very acidic, well- to poorly-drained substrates. has increased the shade and humidity of woods Habitats include deciduous and coniferous and as it has invaded conifer plantations woodland, hedgerows, ditches, open moorland, (Perring et al. 1964; Simpson, 1982). rocky slopes, boulder scree and rock fissures. It European Temperate element. can also be epiphytic in damp climates. 0-1050 References: Atlas (12c), Grime et al. (1988), m (N. of Loch Rannoch, Mid Perth), and Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen reportedly to 1125 m in Scotland. (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel et al. Native (change +1.32). The distribution of this (1965), Page (1997). species in the majority of its range is stable. In T. D. DINES East Anglia it has become more frequent since Dryopteris expansa 39

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 167 0 1970-86 C 61 0 pre 1970 C 19 0 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Northern Buckler-fern

A deciduous fern found growing in open wet to woodland clearance, but upland sites are woodland and around rock outcrops at low relatively stable. The species is, however, altitudes, and in damp, sheltered hollows of difficult to identify and is almost certainly upland boulder scree. Its substrates are usually under-recorded. mildly acidic, but it can grow in scree derived Circumpolar Boreal-montane element, with a from quite base-rich mica-schists. 0-945 m disjunct distribution. (Stob Binnein, W. Perth). References: Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Native. D. expansa was first mapped by Jermy Suominen (1972), Page (1997). et al. (1978). Some lowland sites have been lost T. D. DINES 40 Dryopteris filix-mas

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2484 877 1970-86 C 61 2 pre 1970 C 118 49 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Male-fern

D. filix-mas is a common deciduous fern of Native (change +0.03). There is no evidence for woodlands, hedgerows, ditches, roadside an appreciable change in the distribution of this verges, stream banks, rocky hillsides, cliff species. ledges and scree slopes. It prefers light, well- Circumpolar Temperate element. drained but moist soils that are mostly acidic to References: Grime et al. (1988), Hultén & neutral, though sometimes slightly basic. It is Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy also found in urban habitats, including railway et al. (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). embankments, bridges, walls and gardens. 0- T. D. DINES 960 m (Macgillycuddy's Reeks, S. Kerry). Dryopteris oreades 41

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 185 0 1970-86 C 66 2 pre 1970 C 57 3 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Mountain Male-fern This deciduous fern grows in colonies on well- better recorded than it was in the 1962 Atlas, drained rocky ledges, steep, loose scree slopes although it is easily overlooked and is probably and in gullies. Substrates include relatively still under-recorded. There appear to have been acidic sandstones, slates and mica-schist. It is some losses in Scotland, possibly through very sensitive to grazing, often becoming overgrazing. confined to inaccessible ledges and unstable Suboceanic Boreal-montane element. scree slopes in heavily grazed areas. From 105 References: Atlas (11c), Jalas & Suominen m (Llyn Padarn, Caerns.) to 850 m (An Sgurr, (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997). Mid Perth and Coire na Creiche, N. Ebudes). T. D. DINES Native (change +0.24). D. oreades is now much 42 Dryopteris remota

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 11 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Scaly Buckler-fern

A deciduous fern of damp deciduous and open plant has been well-studied in cultivation, it has conifer woodland on more acidic soils. never been re-found. A record from Kerry is Lowland. based on an atypical sterile frond and needs Native. This species, which is a fertile confirmation; it is not mapped. derivative of the hybrid between D. affinis and European Boreal-montane element, but absent D. expansa, is now extinct in Britain and from the Boreal zonobiome. Ireland. Its possible occurrence at Loch References: Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), Lomond (Dunbarton), where it was collected in Stace (1975). 1894, is suspect and whilst the S.E. Galway A. C. JERMY Dryopteris submontana 43

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 23 0 1970-86 C 60 pre 1970 C 40 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Rigid Buckler-fern A deciduous fern of limestone pavement, screes highly sensitive to grazing, and this may be the and rock crevices, where moist, humus-rich reason for its loss from old sites in Snowdonia soils develop. It prefers some degree of shelter, and Arran. It is also highly vulnerable to often growing in grikes, but is intolerant of quarrying, but otherwise there have been few shade. It can extend onto more exposed rock, losses since the 1962 Atlas. but only where low woody scrub affords some Mediterranean-montane element. protection. It is also recorded from limestone References: Atlas (11d), Gilbert (1970), Jalas walls, and from other base-rich rocks. 0-465 m & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (Highfolds Scar, Mid-W. Yorks.). (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). Native (change +0.10). D. submontana is T. D. DINES 44 Equisetum arvense

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2564 874 1970-86 C 58 1 pre 1970 C 56 46 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Field Horsetail The natural habitats of this deciduous herb 0-1005 m (Beinn Heasgarnich, Mid Perth). include river banks, fixed dune grassland, sea- Native (change +0.39). There has been no cliffs and montane flushes, but it has become change in the distribution of this species. closely associated with human activity. Being Circumpolar Wide-boreal element. long-lived, vigorous, resistant to herbicides and References: Atlas (4d), Cody & Wagner tolerant of drier conditions than other (1980), Grime et al. (1988), Hultén & Fries Equisetum species, it is now frequent on (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. roadsides, railways, paths, soil banks and waste (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). ground, and in quarries and gardens, where its C. DIXON & T. D. DINES spread is assisted by rhizome fragments. Equisetum arvense x E. fluviatile (E. x litorale) 45

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 233 156 1970-86 C 82 19 pre 1970 C 46 44 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Equisetum x litorale A vigorous, deciduous herb found in a wide 1997. Despite this, it is still not consistently range of habitats, often in the absence of one or recorded and the map shows much recorder both parents. It has been recorded from open bias. However, it appears to be genuinely more woodland and scrub, pond and lake margins, frequent in Ireland and W. Britain. streams and rivers, canals, ditches, roadsides, Widespread in C. & N. Europe and N. America. open peat on moorland, wet pastures and References: Atlas Supp. (1b), Jermy et al. gravel-pits. Many sites are disturbed or (1978), Page (1997), Preston & Croft (1997), seasonally flooded. Lowland. Stace (1975). Native. This is the most frequent Equisetum C. DIXON & T. D. DINES hybrid, and was mapped in 1968, 1978 and 46 Equisetum fluviatile

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2176 783 1970-86 C 139 6 pre 1970 C 187 58 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Water Horsetail This deciduous herb grows in a wide variety of than in the 1962 Atlas. Most of the losses in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, from ditches S.E. England have taken place since 1950, and small ponds to large lakes and sheltered reflecting the loss of small wetlands and the rivers. It tolerates a remarkable range of water unsympathetic management of remaining sites. and substrate pH, nutrient levels, substrate type Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. and water depth, and is often a pioneer species References: Atlas (3d), Grime et al. (1988), in freshwater successions. 0-915 m Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), Native (change +0.42). Like many aquatic Preston & Croft (1997). plants, this species is now much better recorded C. DIXON & T. D. DINES Equisetum hyemale 47

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 112 60 1970-86 C 34 17 pre 1970 C 92 35 Alien 1987-99 C 30 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Rough Horsetail

A slow-growing, evergreen herb forming hyemale occurred before 1930, probably due to colonies of shoots from branching rhizomes. It drainage and an increase in grazing and prefers heavy soils derived from sand or clay trampling of riverbanks by livestock. However, which are permanently moist and have a high many new sites have been discovered since the mineral and silica content. It is usually found in 1962 Atlas. shaded open woodland beside streams and Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. rivers, but also grows in base-rich moorland References: Atlas (3a), Hultén & Fries (1986), flushes and sand dunes. 0-610 m (Glen Lyon, Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Mid Perth). Page (1997). Native (change +0.30). Most losses of E. C. DIXON & T. D. DINES 48 Equisetum hyemale x E. variegatum (E. x trachyodon)

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 10 34 1970-86 C 510 pre 1970 C 015 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Mackay's Horsetail A rhizomatous evergreen herb found in a range apparently stable. Although its distribution is of mostly base-rich habitats, often in the much better known than when mapped by absence of both parents. In Ireland it usually Perring & Sell (1968), it probably remains occurs in woodland, and on sheltered wooded under-recorded. It is unclear whether losses are riverbanks and lake margins. In Britain it grows genuine or attributable to under-recording. in dune-slacks, on flushed sandy riverbanks, Widespread in C. & N. Europe and N. America. and in peaty turf in coastal machair. It is sterile References: Atlas Supp. (1a), Jermy et al. and spreads by rooting stem and rhizome (1978), Page (1997), Page & Barker (1985), fragments. Lowland. Stace (1975). Native. The distribution of E. x trachyodon is T. D. DINES Equisetum palustre 49

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2156 608 1970-86 C 188 10 pre 1970 C 198 86 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Marsh Horsetail

A deciduous herb associated with marshes, change in the distribution of this species, damp pastures, ditches, dune-slacks, streams, although some lowland sites have been lost to rivers and mountain flushes. It tolerates a wide drainage and agricultural improvement. range of soil types and substrates, provided that Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. they are permanently damp and adequately References: Atlas (4a), Grime et al. (1988), base-rich. 0-945 m (Meall nan Tarmachan, Mid Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen Perth). (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997). Native (change +0.18). Mapped as 'all records' C. DIXON & T. D. DINES in the 1962 Atlas, there is little evidence for a 50 Equisetum pratense

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 87 18 1970-86 C 41 5 pre 1970 C 42 12 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Shady Horsetail An evergreen herb, typically found on sloping are long-lived, cone production is usually very sites where the substrate is derived from poor, possibly because of climatic conditions, calcareous alluvial silts or sand, especially and Page (1997) suggests that the species is in lightly wooded stream banks in the lower parts slow decline. of upland valleys. It can also extend onto open Circumpolar Boreal-montane element. moorland, and is found on grassy slopes References: Atlas (4c), Curtis & McGough beneath base-rich upland cliffs. 0-915 m (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Stewart Native (change +0.11). The considerable et al. (1994). increase in records since the 1962 Atlas is due C. DIXON & T. D. DINES to better recording. Although most populations Equisetum ramosissimum 51

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Branched Horsetail An erect evergreen herb found growing in was not correctly identified until 1986, despite rough grassland near the sea, on sand or clay having been known at the site since 1963. soil. Lowland. A Eurasian Southern-temperate species. Neophyte. E. ramosissimum was once regarded References: Atlas (3b), Alston (1949), as possibly native but is now considered to FitzGerald & Jermy (1987), Hultén & Fries have been introduced. In N. Lincolnshire it was (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. found in 1947 on a river bank that was (1978), Meusel et al. (1965). straightened between 1880 and 1887 and it is T. D. DINES thought to be a ballast alien. In N. Somerset it 52 Equisetum sylvaticum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1155 248 1970-86 C 192 10 pre 1970 C 214 76 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Wood Horsetail A deciduous, colony-forming herb which Native (change -0.35). There is little evidence generally grows on deep, mildly acidic, often of a decline in upland areas since the 1962 peaty soils that are kept permanently damp by Atlas. The decline in the British lowlands was flushing. It occurs on the lower slopes of already apparent then, and has continued. mountain valleys, steep streamsides, wet ledges Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. and open flushes, beside lakes and on the edges References: Atlas (4b), Hultén & Fries (1986), of drainage ditches. It also occurs on wet road Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), verges and railway embankments. 0-850 m Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). C. DIXON & T. D. DINES Equisetum telmateia 53

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1027 329 1970-86 C 100 17 pre 1970 C 124 80 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Great Horsetail A robust, deciduous, colony-forming herb of parts of S.E. England in the last 200 years base-rich clay soils in sites with spring-lines, (Kent, 1975). There is, however, little evidence permanent seepages and open flushes, for any appreciable change since the 1962 especially in areas where porous rocks are Atlas. interbedded with clays. It prefers open habitats European Southern-temperate element; also in and is particularly frequent on eroding sea- and western N. America (subsp. braunii). river-cliffs, but also grows on roadsides and References: Atlas (5a), Hultén & Fries (1986), railway embankments. Lowland to 365 m in Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Fossdale (N.W. Yorks.). Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). Native (change +0.41). This species has C. DIXON & T. D. DINES apparently become more frequent in inland 54 Equisetum variegatum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 92 89 1970-86 C 26 7 pre 1970 C 52 33 Alien 1987-99 C 30 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Variegated Horsetail

An evergreen, prostrate herb found in a wide obscured as so many sites have been discovered variety of habitats, including dune-slacks, river since the 1962 Atlas. Upland sites are sensitive shingle, upland flushes and stony loch-shores. to over-stocking, whilst lowland populations It is a calcicole and a poor competitor; its sites have been lost due to drainage and sand dune are usually open and often winter-flooded. In development. Ireland a more vigorous, upright ecotype is Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane element. found mostly on canal banks. 0-1040 m (Ben References: Atlas (3c), Hultén & Fries (1986), Lawers, Mid Perth). Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Native (change -0.12). There is some evidence Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). of decline in this species, but the position is C. DIXON & T. D. DINES Gymnocarpium dryopteris 55

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 640 0 1970-86 C 134 2 pre 1970 C 189 8 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 20 pre 1970 C 21

Oak Fern A gregarious, deciduous fern growing in rocky lost from lowland woods even though the deciduous woodland and ravines, along stream woods themselves often survive. Most of the banks, and on cliff ledges and stable block losses occurred before 1950. It was last screes. It prefers moist but open, light-textured recorded in Ireland in 1986. mineral soils with a high humus content, and Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. tolerates a moderate range of pH. 0-915 m References: Atlas (14c), Curtis & McGough (Rannoch, Mid Perth). (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Native (change -0.21). This species, which is Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel susceptible to heavy grazing, has declined at et al. (1965), Page (1997). the edges of its British range, where it has been T. D. DINES 56 Gymnocarpium robertianum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 60 1 1970-86 C 18 0 pre 1970 C 35 0 Alien 1987-99 C 51 1970-86 C 90 pre 1970 C 11 1

Limestone Fern A deciduous fern of cracks, fissures and scree perennis and Crataegus monogyna, while in limestone rock, but also found in shallow quarrying and overgrazing have had grikes of limestone pavement, and, rarely, on detrimental effects on others. chalk. It prefers warm, sunny exposures but can Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element, with a tolerate light shading. It has become disjunct distribution. established as a garden escape on walls and References: Atlas (14d), Curtis & McGough culverts. Lowland to 585 m at Carreg yr Ogof (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & (Carms.). Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel Native (change -0.37). The distribution of this et al. (1965), Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). species is stable. Some sites have, however, T. D. DINES been lost through competition with Mercurialis Huperzia selago 57

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 643 152 1970-86 C 109 9 pre 1970 C 237 73 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Fir Clubmoss

A semi-decumbent evergreen perennial herb and drainage. In the uplands some sites have found on acidic, nutrient-poor, sandy or peaty been lost to heather burning and overgrazing, soils in grassland, heathland, blanket bog, but its overall distribution is stable. montane communities and, rarely, sand quarry Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane element. tips. Generally upland, but from sea level to References: Atlas (1a), Headley & Callaghan 1310 m (Ben Nevis, Westerness, and Ben (1990), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Macdui, S. Aberdeen). Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel Native (change -0.41). Most of the sites in et al. (1965), Page (1997). lowland England were lost before 1930, due to A. D. HEADLEY habitat destruction, agricultural improvement 58 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 132 52 1970-86 C 18 6 pre 1970 C 56 55 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 01

Tunbridge Filmy-Fern A rhizomatous perennial fern of very sheltered, England have been lost since 1950, largely often deeply shaded, humid habitats; these through woodland loss and shading by include acidic rock faces, humic banks and tree Rhododendron ponticum. trunks, particularly in deep stream valleys, and Oceanic Temperate element; also one site in N. crevices on upland boulder scree. 0-760 m America. (Galtee Mountains, Co. Tipperary). References: Atlas (5d), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change -0.54). The distribution of H. Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), tunbrigense is largely stable, although until Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), Rich et al. recently many small populations have been (1995), Richards & Evans (1972). overlooked. However, 20% of sites in S.E. F. J. RUMSEY Hymenophyllum wilsonii 59

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 357 97 1970-86 C 71 11 pre 1970 C 149 68 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Wilson's Filmy-Fern A rhizomatous perennial fern, forming dense particularly in upland areas of C. and E. colonies on a variety of substrates, including Scotland. Some of this may be due to under- sheltered acidic or, rarely, mildly basic rocks, recording. and trees in humid sites. It also occurs on damp Oceanic Boreo-temperate element; confined to upland cliffs, boulder scree and, rarely, old the hyperoceanic zone of W. Europe and walls. 0-1005 m (Macgillycuddy's Reeks, S. Macaronesia. Kerry). References: Atlas (6a), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change -0.87). The distribution of H. Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), wilsonii is largely stable, although there have Page (1997), Richards & Evans (1972). apparently been losses since the 1962 Atlas, F. J. RUMSEY 60 Isoetes echinospora

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 105 9 1970-86 C 30 7 pre 1970 C 43 16 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Spring Quillwort A submerged aquatic perennial usually found in Native (change +0.65). I. echinospora is now nutrient-poor lakes over a wide range of known from many more sites than in the 1962 substrates, from rocks and stones to silt and Atlas, and probably remains under-recorded. peat. It also grows in more mesotrophic water, Circumpolar Boreal-montane element, with a such as coastal lakes enriched by wind-borne disjunct distribution. base salts, lowland reservoirs, slow-flowing References: Atlas (2d), Hultén & Fries (1986), rivers and flooded gravel- and clay-pits. It often Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), grows with I. lacustris, and not infrequently Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), Preston & hybridises with it. 0-500 m (Loch Callater, S. Croft (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). Aberdeen). A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES Isoetes histrix 61

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 80 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Land Quillwort A small, summer-deciduous perennial, growing stable. A few sites have been lost due to a lack from a 'corm'. It prefers skeletal acidic soils that of grazing, to fire and to conversion to are moist or flooded in winter but experience cultivation, but it has colonised areas from summer drought. A poor competitor, it is most which turf has been stripped. frequent on pans of bare soil over S.-facing Mediterranean-Atlantic element. rock outcrops, but also grows on erosion pans References: Atlas (2d), Bolòs & Vigo (1984), and footpaths. It sometimes occurs in short turf, Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), and in dune-slacks in Guernsey. Lowland. Page (1997), Wigginton (1999). Native. The distribution of this species is T. D. DINES 62 Isoetes lacustris

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 399 79 1970-86 C 54 20 pre 1970 C 69 48 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Quillwort A submerged aquatic perennial found in in its actual distribution, although a few oligotrophic lakes with a rocky or skeletal lowland sites have been lost through substrate. It frequently forms extensive lawns agricultural eutrophication. of many square metres at depths up to 2.5 m Eurosiberian Boreal-montane element; also in and rarely deeper (6 m in Loch Lundie, N. America. Westerness). I. lacustris also occasionally References: Atlas (2c), Hultén & Fries (1986), colonises artificial reservoirs. 0-850 m (Carn Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), nam Sac, S. Aberdeen). Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), Preston & Native (change +0.95). I. Iacustris was under- Croft (1997). recorded in the 1962 Atlas, and may still be so A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES in some areas. There is little evidence of change Lycopodiella inundata 63

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 61 3 1970-86 C 16 8 pre 1970 C 156 7 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 00

Marsh Clubmoss A prostrate perennial herb of wet, bare, peaty or easily overlooked and new sites have been sandy margins of lakes, pools, flushes and found outside England since the 1962 Atlas. trackways. It can rapidly colonise substrates European Boreo-temperate element; also in E. kept open by winter inundation, cattle poaching Asia and N. America. or peat cutting. 0-390 m (Llyn Cwmffynnon, References: Atlas (1b), Byfield & Pearman Caerns.). (1996), Curtis & McGough (1988), Hultén & Native (change -0.65). Many sites for L. Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy inundata were lost before 1930, and losses et al. (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), have continued due to drainage, a lack of Stewart et al. (1994). grazing and other disturbance, and conversion A. D. HEADLEY to scrub, especially in England. However, it is 64 Lycopodium annotinum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 88 0 1970-86 C 35 0 pre 1970 C 48 0 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Interrupted Clubmoss A sprawling, evergreen herb typically found on due to changes in moorland management, mountains and moorlands amongst deep although its distribution now appears to be Calluna on hill slopes, and sometimes in Pinus stable. It may still be present in remote squares sylvestris woods. It usually grows on acidic for which there are only pre-1987 records. peaty soils, often overlying boulders, or in Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane element. hollows where snow accumulates. From 45 m References: Atlas (1c), Callaghan et al. (1986), on Mull (S. Ebudes) to 1000 m (Coire Cheap, Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen Westerness). (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), Native (change -0.38). There have certainly Stewart et al. (1994). been losses of this species over the past century A. D. HEADLEY Lycopodium clavatum 65

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 496 17 1970-86 C 198 6 pre 1970 C 254 58 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 10

Stag's-horn Clubmoss

A prostrate, evergreen perennial herb of heaths, elsewhere are somewhat transient, with losses moors and mountains. It is often frequent on owing to overgrazing, heather burning, base-rich micaceous soils, but also occurs on conversion to scrub and agricultural more acidic Calluna heath and Nardus improvement being offset by the establishment grassland. Propagation is mostly vegetative, but of new populations. spores can colonise new sites, particularly the Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. disturbed soil of roadside embankments and References: Atlas (1d), Hultén & Fries (1986), quarries. Lowland to 840 m in Atholl (E. Perth). Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Native (change -0.52). Many lowland sites of Page (1997). L. clavatum were lost before 1930. Populations A. D. HEADLEY 66 Matteuccia struthiopteris

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 53 2 1970-86 C 17 1 pre 1970 C 41

Ostrich Fern A large deciduous fern found growing in damp and may be increasing through a rise in its woodland, by streams and lakes, and in fen carr popularity in water garden plantings. under Betula. It tolerates a range of soil pH, but A Circumpolar Boreal-montane species; absent prefers waterlogged clay substrates. It spreads as a native from much of W. Europe. through the production of stolons. Lowland. References: Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Neophyte. M. struthiopteris was introduced to Suominen (1972). cultivation in Britain in 1760 and is frequently T. D. DINES grown for its distinctive shuttlecock shape. It has been known in the wild since at least 1834, Onoclea sensibilis 67

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 31 1970-86 7 pre 1970 7

Sensitive Fern

A deciduous rhizomatous fern which is found in Neophyte. This species was in cultivation by wet woodland, marshy meadows and on lake 1758 and is very popular as a garden plant. It and river margins. Reproduction is by was first recorded in the wild in c. 1840 (S. abundantly produced rhizomes and by spores. Lancs.), and may be increasing. Some colonies are a considerable distance from habitation. The common name comes from the Native of eastern N. America and E. Asia. sensitivity of its leaves to frost. Lowland. Reference: FNAEC (1993b). T. D. DINES 68 Ophioglossum azoricum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 40 5 1970-86 C 10 0 pre 1970 C 28 7 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Small Adder's-tongue

A small rhizomatous, deciduous fern of gently this has led to an unjustified impression that the sloping grassland, cliff-tops, damp dune-slacks species is declining. Although the number of and sandy maritime heaths on both acidic and sites is low, populations or single clones can alkaline soils. Most sites are frost-free spread over many square metres. situations near to and facing the sea, with Suboceanic Boreo-temperate element. exceptions in the New Forest (S. Hants.) where References: Atlas Supp. (4a), Jalas & it grows in highly-grazed damp grassland. Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page Lowland. (1997), Paul (1987), Stewart et al. (1994). Native. In the past small plants of O. vulgatum A. C. JERMY have been mis-identified as O. azoricum, and Ophioglossum lusitanicum 69

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 30 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Least Adder's-tongue A small, rhizomatous, summer-deciduous fern, been lost to encroachment by Ulex europaeus growing in open therophyte communities and owing to under-grazing. parched acidic grassland on sea-cliffs and rock Mediterranean-Atlantic element; also in C. promontories. It prefers thin peaty soils, but is Asia. also found over shallow blown sand over acidic References: Atlas (16b), Bolòs & Vigo (1984), rocks. All sites are unshaded and exposed, but Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), are warm and S.- or S.W.-facing. Lowland. McClintock (1975), Page (1997), Wigginton Native. O. lusitanicum was first discovered in (1999). Guernsey in 1853, but not found on the Isles of A. C. JERMY Scilly until 1950. In Guernsey, many sites have 70 Ophioglossum vulgatum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1024 111 1970-86 C 183 27 pre 1970 C 274 71 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Adder's-tongue A rhizomatous, deciduous fern found on mildly been lost from many lowland sites where the acidic to base-rich soils in open woodland, intensification of agriculture, grazing and meadows and damp pastures, and on sand drainage have contributed to its decline. dunes, under Pteridium on heaths, and on peat Circumpolar Temperate element, with a in regularly mown fen. 0-660 m (Burnhope disjunct distribution. Seat, Cumberland). References: Atlas (16a), Hultén & Fries Native (change +0.72). O. vulgatum is an (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. inconspicuous species which is very much (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). better recorded than in the 1962 Atlas. It has A. C. JERMY Oreopteris limbosperma 71

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1238 77 1970-86 C 133 13 pre 1970 C 214 48 Alien 1987-99 C 30 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Lemon-scented Fern A fern of acidic, peaty or humus-rich soils in species in the uplands is stable. Many of the open woodland, along drainage ditches and losses in the lowlands occurred before 1930, streamsides, and on damp heaths, upland caused especially by the destruction of grassland and damp rock ledges. It is especially heathland. associated with the edges of watercourses, European Temperate element. including man-made ditches, and is therefore References: Atlas (13d), Hultén & Fries more frequent on poorly-drained substrates. (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. 0-1010 m (Ben Ime, Main Argyll). (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). Native (change -0.18). The distribution of this T. D. DINES 72 Osmunda regalis

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 433 465 1970-86 C 100 21 pre 1970 C 156 90 Alien 1987-99 C 63 1 1970-86 C 25 0 pre 1970 C 11 1

Royal Fern A large fern found on neutral or acidic areas and few sites have been lost since the substrates in fen-carr woodland and ditches, 1962 Atlas. It is also planted and occurs as a and on riverbanks and rocky lake shores. In W. garden escape. Ireland it also grows in wet fields, mires and, Suboceanic Southern-temperate element; also more rarely, on limestone sea-cliffs. It is often in E. Asia and N. America. confined to inaccessible sites in grazed areas. References: Atlas (5b), Hultén & Fries (1986), Lowland to 365 m in S. Kerry. Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Native (change +0.56). O. regalis was heavily Marren (1999), Meusel et al. (1965), Page collected in Victorian times for cultivation and (1997). osmunda fibre. This, and habitat loss, caused its R. J. COOKE decline, though it is now recovering in some Phegopteris connectilis 73

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 765 42 1970-86 C 101 5 pre 1970 C 151 41 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Beech Fern A creeping, rhizomatous fern, most common in Perth). ancient woodlands dominated by Quercus Native (change -0.22). The distribution of P. petraea on neutral to acidic soils, where it connectilis is stable. frequently occurs on deeper soils on gully sides Circumpolar Boreo-temperate element. where base-rich water percolates. It can also be References: Atlas (14b), Hultén & Fries found amongst boulders and on wet rock faces (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. in the uplands where it is afforded protection (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). from grazing. 0-1120 m (Breadalbanes, Mid R. J. COOKE 74 Phyllitis scolopendrium

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1899 902 1970-86 C 110 3 pre 1970 C 120 29 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 20

Hart's-tongue An evergreen perennial fern of sheltered, although it is now better recorded. Although humid, moist habitats, including rocky treated here as Phyllitis scolopendrium, it is woodlands, stream and hedge banks, grikes in clear from molecular evidence that the genus limestone pavement, and on brickwork and Phyllitis should be subsumed into Asplenium. walls, where it often grows in a stunted form. It European Temperate element; also in E. Asia avoids the most acidic substrates. 0-700 m and N. America. (Great Dun Fell, Westmorland). References: Atlas (7b), Hultén & Fries (1986), Native (change +0.45). The range of this Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), species appears to be unchanged since the 1962 Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). Atlas, where it was mapped as 'all records', F. J. RUMSEY Phymatosorus diversifolius 75

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 3 1970-86 2 pre 1970 0

Kangaroo Fern

An evergreen rhizomatous fern which has in sheltered, frost-free areas. It was recorded in become established on shaded walls and in the wild in 1969 (Guernsey). damp woodland, sometimes occurring as a relic Native of Australia and New Zealand. of cultivation. Reproduction by spores has been T. D. DINES reported. Lowland. Neophyte. P. diversifolius was introduced into cultivation in 1817, and is occasionally grown 76 Pilularia globulifera

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 98 7 1970-86 C 19 6 pre 1970 C 198 11 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 40 pre 1970 C 00

Pillwort A small, rhizomatous fern growing on the Britain and Ireland. In the west, many new sites edges of non-calcareous lakes, reservoirs, have been found since 1980. It has been re- ponds or slow-flowing rivers, and sometimes introduced to some former native sites (e.g. on damp mine workings or as a submerged Rum). aquatic. It requires areas where competition is Suboceanic Temperate element. reduced by fluctuating water levels or References: Atlas (15b), Curtis & McGough disturbance. 0-450 m (Pant-y-llyn Hill, Brecs.). (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Native (change -0.03). P. globulifera was lost Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page from many sites before 1930 due to habitat (1997), Preston & Croft (1997), Scott et al. destruction. Eutrophication and reduced (1999), Stewart et al. (1994). disturbance have led to further losses in E. C. D. PRESTON Polypodium cambricum 77

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 131 114 1970-86 C 41 24 pre 1970 C 25 19 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 10

Southern Polypody A perennial, rhizomatous fern of well-drained (1968). Some populations have been lost to base-rich rocky substrates, often found on scrub encroachment and masonry cleaning. sheltered limestone cliffs, old quarry faces, Mediterranean-Atlantic element; it reaches its castle walls built of limestone, and on old northern limit at Lismore (Main Argyll). mortared walls. It is also found as an epiphyte, References: Atlas Supp. (3b), Hultén & Fries especially in Ireland, and on road banks. 0-460 (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. m (Farreg-y-fran, Merioneth, and Malham (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), Tarn, Mid-W. Yorks.). Stewart et al. (1994). Native. Many sites for P. cambricum have been R. J. COOKE found since it was mapped by Perring & Sell 78 Polypodium interjectum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 988 437 1970-86 C 159 13 pre 1970 C 53 37 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 10

Intermediate Polypody

An evergreen, perennial, rhizomatous fern that species since it was mapped by Perring & Sell prefers more basic substrates than P. vulgare (1968) and Jermy et al. (1978) is due to better but can be found in acidic conditions where recording and not to any real increase in its exposed to salt-laden air. It is found in a wide distribution. It is probably still under-recorded. range of habitats such as mortared stone walls, Suboceanic Temperate element. hedge banks, rock exposures, mature sand References: Atlas Supp. (3c), Jalas & dunes and as an epiphyte, especially near the Suominen (1972), Page (1997). sea. 0-820 m (Creag Meagaidh, Westerness). R. J. COOKE Native. The increased number of records of this Polypodium interjectum x P. vulgare (P. x mantoniae) 79

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 145 45 1970-86 C 61 9 pre 1970 C 29 5 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Polypodium x mantoniae This hybrid is found in the habitats of its Native. P. x mantoniae is a frequent hybrid and parents, on both acidic and basic substrates, is likely to be found throughout the range of the including rocks (limestone, granite, sandstone parents; it is probably still greatly under- and millstone grit), roadside banks and walls, recorded. and on trees in open coastal woodland. It is Apparently frequent in those parts of Europe sterile but can be very vigorous vegetatively, where both parents occur. often forming extensive colonies. Generally References: Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997), lowland, but reaching 320 m at Logan Burn Stace (1975). (Midlothian). R. J. COOKE 80 Polypodium vulgare

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1621 481 1970-86 C 114 17 pre 1970 C 61 25 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 01

Polypody An evergreen, perennial, rhizomatous fern of Native. There is little evidence for any change well-drained, predominantly acidic substrates, in the distribution of P. vulgare sens. str. It is including dry-stone walls, roadside banks and probably under-recorded in Ireland and in some rock outcrops. It also occurs as an epiphyte on areas of Scotland but is rarer than P. interjectum Quercus and other deciduous trees, mainly in in S.E. England. W. Britain and Ireland, and is also found in European Boreo-temperate element. conifer plantations. It is very tolerant of References: Atlas Supp. (3a), Jermy et al. exposure, growing, for example, on montane (1978), Page (1997). scree. 0-760 m (Beinn na Socaich, Westerness). R. J. COOKE Polypodium vulgare sens.lat. 81

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2262 844 1970-86 C 108 6 pre 1970 C 140 6 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Polypodies These perennial rhizomatous ferns are found on and mapped by Perring & Sell (1968) and a wide variety of natural and artificial rocky Jermy et al. (1978), they require microscopic substrates. They also grow as epiphytes, examination for certain identification and are especially in W. Britain and Ireland. 0-850 m still under-recorded. (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth, and Mt Brandon, S. The aggregate has a Circumpolar Boreo- Kerry), possibly higher in W. Ross. temperate distribution. Native (change -0.03). The P. vulgare aggregate References: Atlas (15a), Hultén & Fries mapped here consists of diploid P. cambricum, (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Meusel et al. tetraploid P. vulgare and hexaploid P. (1965), Page (1997). interjectum, and their hybrids. Although the R. J. COOKE segregates were described by Shivas (1960) 82 Polystichum aculeatum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1217 232 1970-86 C 185 19 pre 1970 C 219 63 Alien 1987-99 C 30 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 10

Hard Shield-fern This evergreen species is characteristic of range. 0-760 m (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). mountain gorges and steep wooded river Native (change +0.54). There is little change in valleys where it grows in thin but damp, mildly the distribution of this species, other than in acidic to base-rich soils between rocks and in S.E. England where it appears to have crevices. It also grows in the grikes of decreased since the 1962 Atlas. limestone pavement, on shady mortared walls, Eurasian Temperate element. on hedge-banks, and around cave entrances and References: Atlas (13b), Dupont (1962), mine shafts. It is rarely plentiful in S. England, Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & Suominen usually occurring as scattered individuals and (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Page (1997). only becoming common in the north of its T. D. DINES Polystichum aculeatum x P. setiferum (P. x bicknellii) 83

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 67 15 1970-86 C 94 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 20

Polystichum x bicknellii An evergreen fern that can occur as sporadic often overlooked as one of its parents. The individuals whenever the parents meet. It is increase in records since it was mapped by found in rocky woodlands, gorges, on stream Jermy et al. (1978) is due to better recording banks and in disused quarries. This hybrid is a rather than a genuine increase in occurrence. calcicole and is often associated with disturbed Apparently frequent in those areas of Europe sites. Generally lowland, but reaching 420 m at where both parents occur. Esgair Hir (Cards.). References: Page (1997), Stace (1975). Native. P. x bicknellii is almost certainly more T. D. DINES widespread than indicated by the map; it is 84 Polystichum lonchitis

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 111 12 1970-86 C 26 3 pre 1970 C 44 5 Alien 1987-99 C 20 1970-86 C 30 pre 1970 C 10

Holly-fern This evergreen species is a calcicole, growing were lost to collecting before 1930, there has in well-drained, cool and moist positions at the been little evidence of a change in the base of cliffs, on rocky ledges, and particularly distribution since the 1962 Atlas. in stabilised boulder-scree. It also grows in Circumpolar Boreal-montane element, with a deep grikes of limestone pavements. P. disjunct distribution. lonchitis is a poor competitor, but is long-lived References: Atlas (13c), Curtis & McGough once established. From 180 m at Inchnadamph, (1988), Hultén & Fries (1986), Jalas & W. Sutherland, but generally above 600 m and Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Meusel reaching 1150 m in the Breadalbanes (Mid et al. (1965), Page (1997). Perth). T. D. DINES Native (change -0.76). Although some sites Polystichum munitum 85

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 1 1970-86 0 pre 1970 0

Western Sword-fern

A large evergreen fern with an erect rhizome only known site in the wild in 1980 (Surrey). which grows on the bank of a shady, sunken Native of western N. America, where Pteridium lane in Surrey, where it was self-sown from aquilinum is the only fern that rivals it in plants in a nearby derelict garden. abundance. It extends from Yukon and British Reproduction is by spores. Lowland. Columbia south to Guadaloupe Island, Mexico. Neophyte. P. munitum is only occasionally References: FNAEC (1993b), Leslie (1981b). grown in British gardens, where it has been T. D. DINES cultivated since 1839. It was first recorded at its 86 Polystichum setiferum

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 1067 686 1970-86 C 101 11 pre 1970 C 91 51 Alien 1987-99 C 80 1970-86 C 40 pre 1970 C 10

Soft Shield-fern

This semi-evergreen fern is a moderate records for this species than in the 1962 Atlas; calcicole, occurring in shaded deciduous these can be attributed to more efficient woodland, hedgerows, lane banks and sheltered recording and there is little evidence for a streamsides, and also in the peaty bottoms of change in its distribution. grikes in limestone pavement. It grows on a Submediterranean-Subatlantic element. wide range of soil types, from those derived References: Atlas (13a), Hultén & Fries from sands to clays, but prefers sloping or well- (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. drained ground. Generally lowland, but (1978), Page (1997). reaching 305 m on Walla Crag (Cumberland). T. D. DINES Native (change +1.47). There are many more Pteridium aquilinum 87

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 2581 933 1970-86 C 48 3 pre 1970 C 70 28 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Bracken A deciduous fern of moorland, hill pasture and hectares of agricultural land annually. This other habitats on acidic soils. It is most expansion is not apparent at the 10-km scale as vigorous when growing on deep loam, sands or the species was almost ubiquitous in the 1962 alluvium and is rare on base-rich soils. 0-585 m Atlas. (Lochnagar, S. Aberdeen), and probably higher Circumpolar Temperate element. elsewhere. References: Atlas (6b), Cody & Crompton Native (change -0.71). P. aquilinum increased (1975), Grime et al. (1988), Hultén & Fries markedly in the 20th century, apparently in (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. response to more intensive sheep grazing and (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1982, more frequent burning of hill vegetation. In the 1997), Smith & Taylor (1995). 1970s it was invading more than 10,000 A. C. JERMY 88 Pteris cretica

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Alien 1987-99 16 1970-86 14 pre 1970 5

Ribbon Fern

An evergreen or semi-evergreen rhizomatous 1950 (Berks.). It is increasing. found established on walls in areas with a Widespread in tropical and warm-temperate moist, frost-free micro-climate, often on regions of the Old World; extending north as a outhouses, culverts and wells. Reproduction is native to S. Europe. by spores, but populations are sometimes short- References: Grenfell (1983), Jalas & lived. Lowland. Suominen (1972), Jermy & Camus (1991), Neophyte. First cultivated in Britain in 1820, P. Kent (1963). cretica is very commonly grown as a T. D. DINES houseplant and was first recorded in the wild in Selaginella kraussiana 89

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 45 19 1970-86 C 15 7 pre 1970 C 67

Kraus's Clubmoss A perennial, moss-like herb which grows in abundant weed in the shady corners of woodland and moist, shaded grassland. It is greenhouses. It was first recorded in the wild in naturalised in gardens, churchyards and damp Camborne (W. Cornwall) and Tullaghan (Co. valleys near the sea. At Landewednack (W. Leitrim) in 1917. It has spread slowly since it Cornwall) a population first recorded in 1922 was first mapped by Jermy et al. (1978). was badly hit by summer drought in 1975 and Native of C. & S. Africa; locally naturalised in 1976 but recovered slowly thereafter. Lowland. S.W. Europe and the W. Mediterranean region. Neophyte. S. kraussiana was introduced to Reference: Jalas & Suominen (1972). cultivation in Britain in 1878 and is often an C. D. PRESTON 90 Selaginella selaginoides

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 754 183 1970-86 C 103 19 pre 1970 C 131 86 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Lesser Clubmoss A small, perennial, moss-like herb which is destruction. In the uplands, however, there is characteristic of damp, base-rich sites where little evidence for any significant change in its there is little competition. Typical habitats distribution. include dune-slacks, fens, flushes, mires, wet Circumpolar Boreal-montane element. cliffs and ledges, and short upland grassland. 0- References: Atlas (2b), Hultén & Fries (1986), 1065 m (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. (1978), Native (change -0.47). S. selaginoides was Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997). eliminated from lowland sites in Britain, A. C. JERMY & T. D. DINES mainly before 1930, by drainage and habitat Thelypteris palustris 91

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 81 18 1970-86 C 13 10 pre 1970 C 77 26 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 20

Marsh Fern A perennial fern of open or recently wooded remarkably tenacious where natural succession fen or open carr, where the soil is permanently has occurred, and has been re-found in several wet and organic, but not too acidic. It is a of its stations after many decades. There have characteristic component of Phragmites- been few losses since the 1962 Atlas. Cladium fen, but also persists as vigorous Circumpolar Temperate element, with a colonies in fen Alnus woods or Salix carr. disjunct distribution. Generally lowland, but formerly at 335 m References: Atlas (14a), Hultén & Fries (Braemar, S. Aberdeen). (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Native (change -0.35). T. palustris declined (1978), Page (1997), Stewart et al. (1994). before 1930 due to drainage, but it can be R. J. COOKE 92 Trichomanes speciosum (gametophyte)

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 160 0 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Trichomanes speciosum (gametophyte) The gametophyte of T. speciosum grows deep the gametophyte was overlooked in the wild in clefts, crevices and natural rock hollows on a until 1989, when it was identified in N. range of acidic to neutral rocks. Such sites are England. Recent fieldwork has revealed an dark (less than 1% ambient light) and are often extensive, but still under-recorded, distribution. humid, being located on sea-cliffs, river-cliffs Gametophytes occur within the European range or streamsides, or are kept damp through soil of the sporophyte, but also extend eastwards to capillary action. 0-530 m (Moel yr Ogof, C. Europe. Caerns.). References: Page (1997), Rumsey et al. (1990, Native (change for species +2.23). Although 1998), Wigginton (1999). first described from cultivated material in 1888, F. J. RUMSEY Trichomanes speciosum (sporophyte) 93

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 12 20 1970-86 C 05 pre 1970 C 830 Alien 1987-99 C 10 1970-86 C 10 pre 1970 C 00

Killarney Fern A rhizomatous fern, restricted to humid, winter- populations. Other extant sites in S.W. Wales, warm sites. The sporophyte occurs only in Cumbria and N.E. Yorkshire are not mapped constantly damp, shaded localities, usually on here, and there are rumours of other sites acidic, but often base-flushed rocks, rarely on elsewhere. damp humic banks, and exceptionally as an Oceanic Temperate element; confined to epiphyte. 0-420 m (Caerns.). Macaronesia, W. Europe and N. Italy. Native. This species has declined due to References: Atlas (5c), Curtis & McGough collecting and habitat disturbance. One site has (1988), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. been lost since the 1962 Atlas, but recent (1978), Page (1997), Wigginton (1999). fieldwork has revealed several new F. J. RUMSEY 94 Woodsia alpina

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 15 0 1970-86 C 30 pre 1970 C 40 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Alpine Woodsia W. alpina grows on the steep, free-drained, bare suffered a serious decline through collecting in faces of calcareous rocks, including pumice the 19th century. New sites have been tuffs, basalts, mica- and hornblende schists, discovered since the 1962 Atlas, and current slates and limestones. Sites are very free- populations appear to be relatively stable. draining, with little competition. From 525 m to Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane element. 975 m on Ben Lawers (Mid Perth). References: Atlas (10d), Hultén & Fries Native (change +0.11). First reported from (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Snowdonia in 1790, current populations of W. (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), alpina are probably relics from more Wigginton (1999). widespread populations in post-glacial times. It T. D. DINES Woodsia ilvensis 95

No. of 10 km2 occurrences Native GB IR 1987-99 C 70 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 70 Alien 1987-99 C 00 1970-86 C 00 pre 1970 C 00

Oblong Woodsia An evergreen fern, growing in cracks and century. Some older records (e.g. in fissures in cliffs and crags on rocks ranging Cumberland) may be erroneous. Re- from calcareous tuffs and hornblende schists to introductions in Scotland and Teesdale are not more acidic tuffs, grits and shales. Sites are mapped. very free-draining, with little competition. Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane element. Reproduction is probably mostly vegetative. References: Atlas (10c), Hultén & Fries From 365 m to 760 m (Cumberland). (1986), Jalas & Suominen (1972), Jermy et al. Native (change -0.10). Current populations of (1978), Meusel et al. (1965), Page (1997), W. ilvensis are probably relics of a more Wigginton (1999). widespread post-glacial distribution. It suffered T. D. DINES serious declines due to collecting in the 19th 98 References

Alston, A.H.G. 1949. Equisetum ramosissimum as a British plant. Watsonia, 1: 149-153. Atlas see Perring & Walters (1962). Atlas Supp. See Perring & Sell (1968). Bolòs, O de & Vigo, J 1984. Flora dels Països Catalans, I. Introducció. Licopodiàces- Capparàcies. Barcelona: Editorial Barcino. Byfield, A. & Pearman, D. 1996. Dorset’s disappearing heathland flora. London: Plantlife and Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of birds. Callaghan, T.V., Svennson, B.M. & Headley, A.D. 1986. The modular growth of Lycopodium annotinum. Fern Gazette 13: 65-76. Cody, W.J. & CromptonC.W. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. 15. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55: 1059-1072. Cody, W.J. & Wagner, V. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 49. Equisetum arvense L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 61: 123-133. Curtis, T.G.F. & McGough, H.N. 1988. The Irish Red Data Book. I. Vascular Plants. Dublin: Stationery Office. Dupont, P. 1962. La flore atlantique européenne. Documents pour les cartes des productions végétales serie Europe-Atlantique, vol. 1 Toulouse: Faculté des Sciences. FitzGerald, R. & Jermy, C. 1987. Equisetum ramosissimum in Somerset. Pteridologist 1: 178- 181. FNAEC (Flora of North America Editorial Committee) 1993b. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2 Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms. New York: Oxford University Press. Gilbert, O.L. 1970. Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 118 Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woynar. Journal of Ecology 58: 301-313. Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G. & Hunt, R. 1988. Comparative Plant Ecology. London: Unwin Hyman. Halliday, G. 1997. A Flora of Cumbria. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster. Headley, A.D. & Callaghan, T.V. 1990. Modular growth of Huperzia selago (Lycopodiaceae: Pteridophyta). Fern Gazette 13: 361-372. Hultén, E. & Fries, M. 1986. Atlas of north European vascular plants north of the Tropic of Cancer, 3 vols. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. Jalas, J. & Suominen, J. (eds). 1972. Atlas Florae Europaeae, Volume1. Helsinki: Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo. Jermy, A.C., Arnold, H.R., Farrell, L. & Perring, F.H. 1978). Atlas of ferns of the British Isles. London: Botanical Society of the British isles and British Pteridological Society. Jermy, A.C. & Camus, J.C. 1991. The illustrated field guide to ferns and allied plants of the British Isles. London: Natural History Museum. McClintock, D. 1975. The wildflowers of Guernsey. London: Collins. McHaffie, H. (S.) 1999. Athyrium distentifolium var. flexile: an endemic variety. Botanical Journal of Scotland. 51: 227-236. Marren, P.R. 1983. The history of Dickie’s fern in Kincardineshire. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 44: 157-164. Marren, P. (R.) 1999. Britain’s rare flowers. London: T. & A.D. Poyser. 99

Meusel, H. Jäger, E. & Weinert, E. 1965. Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora, Volume 1, 2 vols. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Mitchell, A.F. 1972. Conifers in the British Isles. A descriptive handbook. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Page, C.N. 1982. The history and spread of bracken in Britain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 81B: 3-10. Page, C.N. 1997. The ferns of Britain and Ireland, edn. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page, C.N. & Barker, M.A. 1985. Ecology and geography of hybridization in British and irish horsetails. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86B: 265-272. Parks, J.C., Dyer, A.F. & Lindsay, S. 2000. Allozyme, spore and frond variation in some Scottish populations of the ferns Cystopteris dickieana and Cystopteris fragilis. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 37: 83-105. Paul, A.M. 1987. The status of Ophioglossum azoricum (Ophioglossaceae: Pteridophyta) in the British isles. Fern Gazette, 13: 173-187. Perring, F.H. & Walters, S.M. (eds.) 1962. Atlas of the British flora. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. Perring, F.H. & Sell, P.D. (eds.) 1968. Critical supplement to the Atlas of the British Flora. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. Preston, C.D. & Croft, J.M. 1997. Aquatic plants in Britain and Ireland. Colchester: Harley Books. Rich, T.C.G., Richardson, S.J. & Rose, F. 1995. Tunbridge Filmy-fern, Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (hymenophyllaceae: Pteridophyta) in South-East England in 1994/1995. Fern Gazette, 15: 312-63. Rich, T.C.G. & Jermy, A.C. 1998. Plant crib 1998. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles. Richards, P.W. & Evans, G.B. 1972. Biological Flora of the British Isles, No. 126. Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. (pp. 245-258). Hymenophyllum wilsonii Hooker (258- 268). Journal of Ecology 60; 245-268. Rumsey, F.J. 1997. Asplenium viride Hudson (Aspleniaceae) in Greater London. Watsonia, 21: 367-378. Rumsey, F.J., Jermy, A.C. & Sheffield, E. 1998. The independent gametophyte stage of Trichomanes speciosum Willd. (Hymenophyllaceae), the Killarney Fern and its distribution in the British Isles. Watsonia, 22: 1-19. Rumsey, F.J., Sheffield, E. & Farrar, D.R. 1990. British filmy-fern gametophytes. Pteridologist 2: 40-42. Scott, M., Scott, S. & Sydes, C. 1999. A Scottish perspective on the conservation of pillwort. British Wildlife, 10: 297-302. Smith, R.T. & Taylor, J.A. (eds.) 1995. Bracken: an environmental issue. International Bracken Group Special Publication no. 2. University of Leeds Printing Service. Stace, C.A. (ed.) 1975. Hybridization and the flora of the British Isles. London: Academic Press. Stewart, A., Pearman, D.A. & Preston, C.D. (comps & eds.) 1994. Scarce plants in Britain. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Tennant, D.J. 1996. Cystopteris dickieana R.Sim in the central and eastern Scottish Highlands. Watsonia, 21: 135-139. Wigginton, M.J. (comp & ed.) 1999. British Red Data Books. 1. Vascular plants, edn 3. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee 100 Alphabetical List of Maps Of the Ferns & Fern Allies, Native Species & Neophytes Adiantum capillus-veneris 3 Equisetum pratense 50 Anogramma leptophylla 4 Equisetum ramosissimum 51 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 5 Equisetum sylvaticum 52 Asplenium marinum 6 Equisetum telmateia 53 Asplenium obovatum 7 Equisetum variegatum 54 Asplenium onopteris 8 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 55 Asplenium ruta-muraria 9 Gymnocarpium robertianum 56 Asplenium septentrionale 10 Huperzia selago 57 Asplenium trichomanes 11 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 58 Asplenium trichomanes subsp.pachyrachis 12 Hymenophyllum wilsonii 59 Asplenium trichomanes subsp.quadrivalens 13 Isoetes echinospora 60 Asplenium trichomanes subsp.trichomanes 14 Isoetes histrix 61 Asplenium viride 15 Isoetes lacustris 62 Athyrium distentifolium 16 Lycopodiella inundata 63 Athyrium filix-femina 17 Lycopodium annotinum 64 Athyrium flexile 18 Lycopodium clavatum 65 Azolla filiculoides 19 Matteuccia struthiopteris 66 Blechnum cordatum 20 Onoclea sensibilis 67 Blechnum spicant 21 Ophioglossum azoricum 68 Botrychium lunaria 22 Ophioglossum lusitanicum 69 Ceterach officinarum 23 Ophioglossum vulgatum 70 Cryptogramma crispa 24 Oreopteris limbosperma 71 Cyrtomium falcatum 25 Osmunda regalis 72 Cystopteris dickieana 26 Phegopteris connectilis 73 Cystopteris fragilis 27 Phyllitis scolopendrium 74 Cystopteris montana 28 Phymatosorus diversifolius 75 Dicksonia antarctica 29 Pilularia globulifera 76 Diphasiastrum alpinum 30 Polypodium cambricum 77 Diphasiastrum complanatum 31 Polypodium interjectum 78 Dryopteris aemula 32 Polypodium interjectum x vulgare 79 Dryopteris affinis 33 Polypodium vulgare 80 Dryopteris affinis x filix-mas 34 Polypodium vulgare sens.lat. 81 Dryopteris carthusiana 35 Polystichum aculeatum 82 Dryopteris carthusiana x dilatata 36 Polystichum aculeatum x setiferum 83 Dryopteris cristata 37 Polystichum lonchitis 84 Dryopteris dilatata 38 Polystichum munitum 85 Dryopteris expansa 39 Polystichum setiferum 86 Dryopteris filix-mas 40 Pteridium aquilinum 87 Dryopteris oreades 41 Pteris cretica 88 Dryopteris remota 42 Selaginella kraussiana 89 Dryopteris submontana 43 Selaginella selaginoides 90 Equisetum arvense 44 Thelypteris palustris 91 Equisetum arvense x fluviatile 45 Trichomanes speciosum (gametophyte) 92 Equisetum fluviatile 46 Trichomanes speciosum (sporophyte) 93 Equisetum hyemale 47 Woodsia alpina 94 Equisetum hyemale x variegatum 48 Woodsia ilvensis 95 Equisetum palustre 49 Index of Common Names

Adder's-tongue 70 Irish Spleenwort 08 Pillwort 76 Alpine Clubmoss 30 Issler's Clubmoss 31 Polypodies 81 Alpine Lady-fern 16 Jersey Fern 04 Polypodium x mantoniae 79 Alpine Woodsia 94 Kangaroo Fern 75 Polypody 80 Australian Tree-fern 29 Killarney Fern 93 Polystichum x bicknellii 83 Beech Fern 73 Kraus's Clubmoss 89 Quillwort 62 Black Spleenwort 05 Lady-fern 17 Ribbon Fern 88 Bracken 87 Lanceolate Spleenwort 07 Rigid Buckler-fern 43 Branched Horsetail 51 Land Quillwort 61 Rough Horsetail 47 Brittle Bladder-fern 27 Least Adder's-tongue 69 Royal Fern 72 Broad Buckler-fern 38 Lemon-scented Fern 71 Rustyback 23 Chilean Hard-fern 20 Lesser Clubmoss 90 Scaly Buckler-fern 42 Crested Buckler-fern 37 Limestone Fern 56 Scaly Male-fern 33 Dickie's Bladder-fern 26 Mackay's Horsetail 48 Sea Spleenwort 06 Dryopteris x complexa 34 Maidenhair Fern 03 Sensitive Fern 67 Dryopteris x deweveri 36 Maidenhair Spleenwort 11 Shady Horsetail 50 Equisetum x litorale 45 Male-fern 40 Small Adder's-tongue 68 Field Horsetail 44 Marsh Clubmoss 63 Soft Shield-fern 86 Fir Clubmoss 57 Marsh Fern 91 Southern Polypody 77 Forked Spleenwort 10 Marsh Horsetail 49 Spring Quillwort 60 Great Horsetail 53 Moonwort 22 Stag's-horn Clubmoss 65 Green Spleenwort 15 Mountain Bladder-fern 28 Tunbridge Filmy-Fern 58 Hard Shield-fern 82 Mountain Male-fern 41 Variegated Horsetail 54 Hard-fern 21 Narrow Buckler-fern 35 Wall-rue 09 Hart's-tongue 74 Newman's Lady-fern 18 Water Fern 19 Hay-scented Buckler-fern 32 Northern Buckler-fern 39 Water Horsetail 46 Holly-fern 84 Oak Fern 55 Western Sword-fern 85 House Holly-fern 25 Oblong Woodsia 95 Wilson's Filmy-Fern 59 Intermediate Polypody 78 Ostrich Fern 66 Wood Horsetail 52 Interrupted Clubmoss 64 Parsley Fern 24 101 Index of Common Names

Adder's tongue 70 Holly Fern 82 Parsley Fern 24 Least 69 Japanese 22 Pillwort 76 Small 68 Horsetail Polypodies 79 Beech Fern 73 Branched 51 Polypody 81 Bladder-fern Field 44 Common 80 Brittle 27 Great 53 Intermediate 78 Dickie's 26 Mackay’s 48 Southern 77 Mountain 28 Marsh 49 Quillwort Bracken 87 Rough 47 Common 62 Buckler-fern Shady 50 Land 61 Broad 38 Shore 45 Spring 60 Fen 37 Variegated 54 Royal Fern 72 Hay-scented 32 Water 46 Rustyback 5 Narrow 35 Wood 52 Sensitive Fern 67 Northern 70 Jersey Fern 2 Shield-fern Rigid 43 Kangaroo Fern 75 Hard 82 Scaly 42 Killarney Fern 92, 93 Soft 86 Mountain 41 Kraus's Clubmoss 89 Spleenwort Clubmoss Lady Fern 18 Black 3 Alpine 30 Alpine 17 Maidenhair 12 Fir 57 Newman’s 19 Forked 11 Interrupted 64 Lemon-scented Fern 71 Green 16 Issler’s 31 Limestone Fern 56 Irish 8 Lesser 87 Maidenhair-fern 1 Lanceolate 7 Marsh 63 Male-fern 40 Sea 6 Stag's-horn 65 Mountain 41 Tree-fern, soft 29 Cretan Brake 88 Scaly 33 Wall-rue 9 Filmy Fem Marsh Fern 91 Woodsia Tunbridge 58 Moonwort 23 Alpine 94 Wilson's 59 Oak Fern 55 Oblong 95 Hard-fern 22 Limestone 53 Water Fern 19 Hart's-tongue 10 Ostrich Fern 66