Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding

“I am sorry to see the termination of the Danish initiative, but Malaysia has now graduated. The initiative has showcased effective cooperation between developed and developing countries over a period of two decades, despite differences in culture, legal systems and philosophies. The cooperation was not only government to government but also between industries, NGOs and other stakeholders. For Rio+20 the aspect of technologies, implementation, resources and capacity building for the less developed countries cannot be emphasised enough if we are serious in wanting to leave a better world to our children.”

ISBN 978-967-11161-0-4 Xxxxxxxx About The Book This book is an attempt to describe a unique and by subsequent developments, such as the and hugely successful 16 year cooperative Kyoto Protocol. These were vital factors, but effort by Malaysia and Denmark, which in the end, the work had to be carried out by addressed a large number of environmental individuals or groups of individuals, if the big About The Book issues of both local and worldwide concern. picture perspective was to have any value. The book illustrates how an approach to problems which incorporate mutual respect for This book is very much concerned therefore each country’s basic humanity, an awareness with the actions of Malaysian and Danish of each other’s strengths and expertise, a individuals, from ministers to private citizens, mutual preparedness to learn and to discuss trying to identify specific environmental issues, issues, to arrive at mutually agreed aims and to work together to define a shared appreciation methods, and then to carry those through of the issues and to establish projects to tackle together, can yield truly valuable results. those issues. Those individuals had then to continue to work together, over extended The authors of this book were asked to periods of time, to bring the projects to fruition. provide an objective outsiders point of view. Any conclusions drawn or observations made The authors’ conclusion that this cooperative are therefore, unless otherwise attributed, initiative has been successful is supported by those of the authors. They were given free the fact that so many of the individual projects access to all documents and also to the are continuing without need of support, and by Rio de people who were involved, whether they were the degree to which the project has impacted Janeiro operatives or beneficiaries, or in many cases on the legislative structure surrounding such both. The research involved formal interviews things as energy policy and waste policy, of many people, from government ministers at federal and state level. Contacts made to individual beneficiaries of one or other of between Danish and Malaysian people during the many projects. It also involved reading of the initiative are continuing to prosper, including past publications, study of project reports, a number which are yielding conventional examination of correspondence and visiting economic benefits as well as maintaining a the projects themselves. focus on environmental benefits.

This effort was initiated at a time when worldwide This book describes a very small sample taken political and social direction was beginning from a huge programme. The projects should to be favourable towards environmental be studied for some of the individual initiatives, considerations. Public interest and awareness but they are also examples of how a mutually were heightened by the 1992 United Nations respectful approach will produce outcomes of Conference on Environment and Development lasting value.

02 DENMARK

DENMARK About The Book

MALAYSIA

PERLIS MALAYSIA KEDAH

PENANG KELANTAN Coastal Pulau Kapas Zone PERAK TERENGGANU SOUTH CHINA SEA

SABAH PAHANG Kuantan SELANGOR

N. SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR

SARAWAK 03 Kuching

No part of this publication shall be reproduced in any form, or by any means, graphic, electronic or mechanical, including, inter alia, photocopying, recording, filming or photographing nor shall it be retained in any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission of the authors.

Published by Royal Danish Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.malaysia.um.dk

in cooperation with the Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia

Executive Editor / Photocrafter Suchen SK

Writers R. Renshaw, Lone Friis Larsen

Sub-Editor Margret Renshaw

Layout and Design by Suchen SK, Jeffery Chiak Kian Wei

Printed and bound in Malaysia by LC Premier Prints Sdn Bhd (951217-M) No.30-2, Jalan SR 1/9, Taman Serdang Raya, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

ISBN 978-967-11161-0-4

First Edition June 2012 600 copies

www.suchens.com

Economic Planning Unit Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia Contents 58 Disposal of Bulky Waste 09 Forewords 63 Household Home Composting Programme 65 Turning Trash into Treasure

68 Central Hazardous Waste Centre for Peninsular Contents 12 Introduction Malaysia (Kualiti Alam) 72 Environmentally Hazardous Substances 74 Biodiversity Conservation 14 The Beginnings 77 Management for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Peat Swamp Forests and Associated Water Regimes in Malaysia 22 Early Days in Malaysia 78 Study on Extraction and Processing of Forest Residues and Small Dimension Logs 83 Management of Maliau Basin Conservation Area 24 Examples & Initiatives 88 Edible Bird Nest Harvesting 24 Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Urban 91 Implementation of Obligations under the Ramsar Environmental Management System (UEMS) Convention - Tasek Bera Ramsar Site project In Sarawak 93 MENGO 31 Addressing Rural Sanitation at a Rural 94 Community Based Natural Resource Management Boarding School in Sarawak Facility in Malaysia 32 Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zone of Sabah 94 The Upper Moyong and Upper Papar Area Initiative 38 Energy Policy 96 Nenggiri River Basin 42 MECM Low Energy Office (LEO) Building, 98 Partnership Facility Programme 46 Green Energy in Architecture. 99 Production of Steam Boiler Co-gen Plants 47 Capacity Building for Malaysian Industry and Academia 102 Capacity Building in Research and Education on in EE Building design. Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources 48 Clean Development Mechanism - The Kyoto Connection Management 50 Solid Waste Management 54 Solid Waste Management Community Initiatives Fund 54 Public Participation in Solid Waste Management on The Achievements Pulau Kapas 104 110 Fact Sheet 112 Publications 113 Acknowledgements 114 Abbreviations

07 Storebælt (the Great Belt Bridge), Denmark

08 Foreword by the Danish Minister for the Environment At the Rio Conference in 1992 the great through local capacity building in and create a cooperation based on challenges of the 21st century were environmental administrations and mutual interests in an environmental recognized. Long-term environmental institutions, improving environmental perspective. strategies were needed to achieve investments and by raising awareness sustainable development. As a direct on environmental issues and solutions. This book illustrates the build-up of a follow-up the Danish Cooperation The assistance was concentrated where productive and rewarding relationship Forewards for Environment and Development environmental development was most between Malaysia and Denmark and the (DANCED) was established in 1994 urgent, in rapidly developing countries product of close ties between individuals. within the Ministry for the Environment. such as Malaysia, who had their own These ties today contribute to the natural resources. opening of doors which is a prerequisite DANCED was created to assist at a time when the world faces the effects developing countries like Malaysia in Malaysia was aware of the environmental of climate change, of natural resources promoting environmental conservation problems it was facing, but needed the becoming more scarce and of an ever of natural resources; sustainable use experience and the knowledge to handle growing global population. Those that Minister for the Environment of energy; and preventing air, water them. From the outset the DANCED fostered THE COOPERATION and made Ida Auken and soil pollution. This was realized strategy was to pass on experience it happen were real visionaries. Foreword by the Danish Minister for Development When the Ministry of Foreign Affairs This book clearly illustrates that the sustainability and development (DANIDA) took over the Danish Malaysian program would not have been possible is crucial if we are to address the Environmental Cooperation Program in if it hadn’t been for the support and challenges of preserving a habitable 2001 from the Ministry of the Environment openness of the Malaysian people to planet and seek greater disparity a good and effective cooperation between new ideas. Add to this the contribution in the distribution of wealth in a Denmark and Malaysia was already well of the civil society working in the field workable and long-term manner. established. The many projects became with local communities, acting as engulfed in an environmental programme facilitators of dialogue and showing how Although the programme has now encompassing countries in South East sustainability is linked to the challenge been terminated, Denmark and Asia. of development and to obtaining greater Malaysia are today working together access to a better quality of life. in a continued cooperation. The During the 16 years of cooperation Danish- Malaysian Environmental 127 projects were implemented with This book is an eye-opener. The Cooperation Programme (ECP) concrete results for the Malaysian programme components were very laid the groundwork. The strong Minister for Development Cooperation environment and positive effects for diverse. Not all of them ended up as relations between Malaysia and Christian Friis Bach Malaysian society. The completion of the intended. Some changed format others Denmark continue to develop at Biodiversity Component and the Solid snowballed. They have one aspect the institutional and the commercial Waste Component in 2010 marked the in common: that understanding that level. Our COOPERATION stands as end of an era. the relation between environmental an example for the future.

09 Putrajaya, Malaysia

010 Forewords

Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop

Foreword by the EPU

I would like to congratulate the Government of Denmark, Denmark has strengthened the capacities of place that needs to be sustained by members especially the Royal Danish Embassy in Kuala Lumpur Malaysian institutions in addressing the impact of of society in their daily lives in order to ensure for publishing this inspiring book to commemorate the climate change through mitigation and adaptation continuous improvement for the environment. It is 16 years of cooperation between the Government of efforts, with the financial provision and transfer of hoped that the book will instigate and stimulate our Malaysia and the Government of Denmark through technology from Danish institutions and corporate imagination to guide us towards the appropriate the Environmental Cooperation Programme (ECP). bodies. While Malaysia has been taking its own actions. The Danish Co-operation for Environment and initiative to combat the adverse effects of climate Development (DANCED) followed by the Danish change, we could not have done it alone and with Finally, on behalf of the Government of Malaysia, International Development Assistance (DANIDA) more effectiveness without the support of Denmark. I would like to record our appreciation to the to Malaysia which officially ended on September Government of Denmark for its assistance and 2010 has proven to be a valuable intervention in the This book will be a good reflection for all of us as partnership provided in the areas of environment support of high-level capacity building at the policy it illustrates the immense challenges that Malaysia and development. It is my hope that the networking and planning levels. faced in addressing environmental improvement established between Malaysian and Danish officials and developments. It also demonstrates the broad during the period of the cooperation will continue to The partnership that Malaysia has had with range of measures and practices already put in flourish between two countries for mutual benefits.

011 Introduction Introduction

This book celebrates a hugely successful cooperative management or development. Nobody has sole was incorporated into both the 7th Malaysia Plan and effort between Malaysia and Denmark to promote possession of all of the answers. The work has, from the Danish Strategy for Environmental Assistance. environmental improvement and development in the outset, involved both Malaysian and Danish input, Malaysia for the benefit of all. It records a unique each bringing to the process whatever strengths it In 2001 DANCED was taken over by the Danish approach to environmental assistance from one country possesses, but with a common goal in mind, a better International Development Assistance, DANIDA, a to another, one based on a deeper appreciation and life for future generations. department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, following understanding of world citizenship than that of merely a change of government. The final ‘phase out’ part providing expertise and support. Danish environmental cooperation with Malaysia of the cooperation, from 2003 to 2010, was then was given direction and impetus as a result of an structured based on 5 themes: There are many highly motivated people in the world understanding between Malaysia’s former Minister of • Environmental Planning and Strategy who are struggling to find ways of helping each other. Environment, Science and Technology, Tan Sri Law • Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Many of these efforts are very successful and are to Hieng Ding, and Denmark’s former Minister for the • Solid Waste Management be applauded. However, quite a number struggle to Environment and Energy, Svend Auken. Mr Auken • Environmentally Hazardous Substances maintain momentum because their terms of reference had established Danish Cooperation for Environment • Biodiversity are too narrow; they do not address the root causes and Development, DANCED within his ministry, of the problems that they are trying to solve. The joint and in 1994 DANCED and the Malaysian Economic The projects described in this book were often conceived Danish-Malaysian approach has addressed precisely Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, signed generally within one or other of these themes, but that issue, consistently relating efforts to improve a memorandum of understanding on environmental boundaries between them were frequently blurred, and peoples long term environmental future to issues of cooperation. there were also other principles involved. For example, shorter term human need, and to the need for the full Danish assistance laid great stress on the concept involvement of all who are to carry the process forward. From 1994 to 1998 emphasis was on the mutual of capacity-building amongst both participants and identification of projects and initiatives based on beneficiaries, through the method of working hand-in- The project is marked by an understanding that the Malaysia’s immediate needs, and then on the hand and sharing technical and social knowledge, rather future of our planet, as well as that of the people implementation of these projects. The second phase than having one party provide tangible contributions who populate it, cannot be determined by a one of the programme, from 1999 to 2001, organised the whilst the other received them. This imperative way, proprietorial approach to either environmental initiatives under a more structured programme which permeated through most of the projects.

012 Introduction

This book constitutes an attempt to describe the to be representative. Where relevant, the descriptions by groups and individuals not necessarily involved in essence of the process and its outcomes. It was give some links to other projects, not all of which are the original work. The cooperation between commercial a complex process which had to keep sight of the necessarily part of this programme, but which have companies started by this programme has borne fruit basic motivations behind the entire undertaking whilst some form of synergy with it. in many areas both directly, in the form of continuing discussing the individual initiatives. It is primarily a visual commercial enterprise, and indirectly in that contacts text. About two thirds is made up of photographs. The chapter titled “The Achievements” provides a made and trust established under the auspices of They can say so much more than can words in a limited brief overview and analysis of the achievements of the project are resulting in joint initiatives outside its space. The book is intended to be enjoyed by the the Danish-Malaysian initiative. Some of the most immediate umbrella. reader; it is at the same time intended to inform. It is important achievements are intangible, but these structured so that it can be consumed in small doses; are arguably amongst the most important. They DANCED-DANIDA have also been very active in other open it anywhere or follow the structure of the book are concerned not so much with the immediate, countries, for instance Thailand and South Africa, so from start to finish. measurable outcomes of the projects. They are not all lessons learned from the cooperation should be concerned with the long term beneficial influence of considered peculiar to the Malaysian experience. There Whilst Malaysia has a number of unique features, the project on the too long delayed drive to halt the is no doubt that many particulars are uniquely Danish or concerns about environmental degradation and security deterioration of the planet, and to improve the quality Malaysian, especially in respect of getting to grip with are shared by every society on earth. The chapter titled: of life for a large proportion of its population. the often very different Malaysian and Danish ways of “The Beginnings”, provides an introduction to these getting things done. But arguably the most important wider themes and the processes and philosophies Although the basic work of DANCED and DANIDA in outcome of all is the demonstrable one that mutual which were brought to bear in the setting up and Malaysia has been completed, there remains much respect, even where there is sometimes disagreement, development of the projects. work to do. As was always intended, the processes and a determination between two parties to understand initiated by this project are continuing on many fronts. each other in order to define and achieve a worthwhile Most of the book is devoted to the actual work on the In some cases, the work done has formed the basis common objective, can produce wonderful results. ground. This is after all the most important part of the for Malaysia-wide legislation, ensuring that the lessons The entire environmental cooperation is testament to cooperation. The projects described in the chapter learned will become integral to the country’s future the fact that two different cultures can successfully titled “Examples and Initiatives” do not come close direction. Other more ground-level initiatives have come together to produce an outstanding result, to to dealing with all of the work, but they are intended taken on a life of their own and they are being copied the credit and benefit of both.

013 The Beginnings Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding Over the last half century or so, let us say from wealthy nations to less wealthy ones, there since Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” of 1962, is an equally long history of those same wealthy The Beginnings which illustrated the previously unrecognized nations remaining wealthy and the others relationship between unfettered consumption remaining less so. Mere transfer of funds has and the wider quality of life, there has been a not necessarily produced a structural change growing awareness that we are in grave danger in the recipient’s condition. There is no reason of damaging the planet, to the point where all of to suppose that mere transfer of environmental our lives will be affected for the worse. improvement mechanisms will engender a different outcome. Svend Auken It became apparent to many people that continued thoughtless exploitation of what is The growing realization of the interrelationship left of the natural world could only leave it a between these observations has seen the poorer place. But there was an added dash of historical relationship between givers and irony. What would remain of our world might, receivers take on a graver, but interestingly if we were not very careful, serve the rich and different, aspect. This aspect has of course powerful somewhat less well than they might always been there, but few had noticed, have imagined. They also need clean air and certainly very few with the power to act. It was water and a planet stocked with healthy flora becoming clear that no matter where the wealth, and fauna. the knowledge or the resources came from or went to, we all continue to share the resulting Increasingly the issue of the environment environment, whether we like it or not. It has moved from an informed citizens’ agenda to the become clear that there has to be a structural world’s formal institutions, to the point when, change in the relationships between “givers” in May 1969, the United Nations Secretary- and “receivers”; there has to be real cooperation General, U Thant expressed the view that the at every level, because the consequences of planet had only 10 years to avert environmental a failure to bring about structural changes to disaster. Since then there has been a steady, if some will have a profound impact on the rest not always smooth, growth in awareness that as well. we have a problem. This truth was recognised in the title of “Our A second observation on recent human history, Common Future”, otherwise known as “The now being more widely understood, is that, Brundtland Report” from the World Commission although there is a long history of assistance on Environment and Development in 1987.

014 Rio de Janeiro Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, addresses the conference

This report brought into common usage the phrase (UNCED) was organised in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This instrument arising from this process was the “sustainable development”. It acknowledged for conference became, as it was intended to become, Convention on Biological Diversity, a matter close the first time at this level of influence that the earth’s the catalyst for many environmentally based initiatives to the consciousness of both Malaysian and Danish resource base is finite, that we are using it up, that we around the world, both Government and NGO based. participants and which would influence many of the all share it, and that there is no way of replacing much subsequent joint initiatives. of it. The fact that more than 100 of the 170 or so participating governments were represented at During those years of debate and argument, the The central precept from “Our Common Future” the conference by their heads of state is evidence then Danish Minister of the Environment, Svend addresses this issue directly and bears constant that the issue was at last being taken seriously in Auken, was one of the first national leaders who repeatition: high and in some instances, accountable places. took steps to proactively relate development and Some might suggest that the fact that there were the environment. Our Common Future and the Earth “Sustainable development is development that meets 2,400 non-governmental representatives invited to Summit gave the issue an international and national the needs of the present without compromising the the conference, and that the 16,000 or so people profile which could be used as a platform for action. ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. attending the NGO Global Forum at the same time had consultative status at the conference, showed At the Rio conference funding was requested by The report advocates that overriding priority be a wider understanding that this matter was far the developing countries to address environmental given to the poor, and also illustrates the fact that too important to leave to Governments alone. The problems. The Danish Parliament responded the impact of all of our actions affects and is affected conference became popularly known as “The Earth by allocating ½% of the Danish GNP to a new by everybody else. Summit” and it led, not without loud and sometimes ‘Environmental and Disaster Relief Facility’ (EDRF). acrimonious debate, to an agreement on the 1994 Svend Auken convinced the Ministry of Finance The document was the basis for widespread debate United Nations Framework Convention on Climate to entrust his ministry with a large portion of the and was the core around which the United Nations Change, and from there to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol funds for the initial implementation of environmental Conference on Environment and Development which was finally ratified in 2005. An important assistance, with focus on growth economies, and

016 A plenary session in the main hall of the Kyoto International Conference Center The Beginnings

Growing awareness has brought attention to places like Sembulan water village in Sabah

as a result he became the mastermind behind the necessary, but unless all of the participants understood was not allowing itself to be cajoled into any particular establishment of DANCED, the Danish Cooperation and were involved in the real solutions, the underlying political grouping, whilst being prepared to cooperate for Environment and Development within his Ministry. issues would not be affected. It would be necessary with other countries where benefits were to be found. to develop a strategy in which everybody would be The country had successfully taken control of its own The juxtaposition of developmental and environmental contributors to the reversal in environmental decline. economic future. factors in the genesis of DANCED clearly addressed This in turn meant that any recipients of assistance had the concerns that were raised in “Our Common Future”. to be in a position to grasp the opportunity to build The direct impact of environmental damage to Malaysia The scene was set for the Danish government to push on that assistance themselves. DANCED therefore had been illustrated by an annual haze, which during at an already opening door. decided to target ‘fast-developing countries’ on those years covered large areas of Malaysia for parts the grounds that their potential for damage would of the year. This haze appeared to arise out of crop An early recognition of the new organisation was that be increasing, making it vital that protection of the burnings in adjacent countries, and was exacerbated success had to be measured by much more than just environment play a role. Also, less developed countries by the rising number of motor vehicles in the country. the alleviation of current difficulties. It had to yield were likely to be less environmentally aware and would It was clear evidence of the international nature of the results which would help remove the causes and not be in a position to deal with the issue. issue. It was also clear evidence of the interconnected consequences of environmental degradation well into nature of environmental and economic issues because the future, indeed for the life of the planet. Malaysia was, during those years, already doing much the crop burning was, like the issue of the replacement to help itself. There had been a number of five year of rainforest with oil palm or the growth of motor One thing was clear from the historical record: providing economic plans, some aspects being more successful traffic, directly related to the economic well-being of cash resources might well be admirable and indeed than others, but they were coherent plans. The country the people.

018 Historical townhouse in Melaka, among several preserved UNESCO sites in Malaysia

019 The then Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir cooperation, and in itself a recognition of Bin Mohamad, was gaining a reputation the interconnectedness of environmental for independent plain speaking and and economic issues in people’s lives. for refuting simplistic interpretations Thus was born the relationship which of economics and of history. He was led to Denmark and Malaysia, both one of the first government leader in government and people, in effect any country to force recognition of the choosing each other as partners in an interconnectedness of people, politics, environmental cooperation which would economics and the environment, pointing provide long term benefits to all, by out that it was the developed economies tapping into currents of thought which which had historically profited most from were complementary between the two

The Beginnings the destruction of rainforest and ocean, countries. and who were responsible for most of the world’s pollution up to that point. In 1994, DANCED dispatched a group of government and private consultants to The world’s rainforests and oceanic Malaysia to investigate possibilities for environments had been exploited with cooperative use of Danish assistance. insufficient eye on the future over many Although this group was well briefed decades, but in Malaysia there remained on the broad direction of the Danish vast tracts of forest and huge unspoiled initiative, they were given wide discretion areas of ocean which would benefit and significant resources to examine all from protection. There was also a strong kinds of possibilities for the application emphasis on education and self reliance of the ideas. Members of the group in a large section of the population. travelled widely all over Malaysia, taking their own ideas to potential partners, Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding, Malaysia’s and seeking ideas already held by Minister for Science, Technology and Malaysians which might be a good fit Environment, had already developed with DANCED’s objectives. The fact that a good relationship with Svend Auken the group was seen by Malaysians as from Denmark and the Rio conference offering cooperative assistance rather gave the spur and the opportunity to than criticism contributed considerably turn ideas into action. to the success of this process.

This combination of influences and Some of the initiatives which were chosen opportunities resulted in the idea of became major success stories, some cooperation between Malaysia and less so in themselves, but even they had Denmark being considered at cabinet lessons to offer. Some remained relatively level within the Malaysian government. small scale and localised, others had The idea was given the support of the a much wider significance, influencing Malaysian Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia’s legislative programme so Prime Minister’s Department, a key that the lessons learned could be widely factor in the subsequent success of the applied.

020 Changing the land in Sarawak Living with the land - Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah

Some resulted in spin-off enterprises which Environment Ministry in Copenhagen, with the The success of the project is evident from the fact continued with a life of their own. Almost all resulted Danish Ambassador taking a more direct role. There that cooperation continues without the need for in raised awareness of the interconnectedness of were inevitably changes in emphasis, but most of outside support. Some initiatives continue unaided people, politics, development and environment. the work carried on as before. by any outside agencies, some maintain Danish contacts and cooperation because it works. All A change of government in Denmark led to the The programme was always intended to have will continue to be Malaysian, and the initiatives initiatives started under DANCED being taken over a limited time span and the third phase of the have in many cases become real contributors by DANIDA, the Danish International Development programme was therefore also designed as the to the improvement in social, economic and Assistance, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. phase-out programme. After all, if it had to continue environmental conditions, in a manner which will The staff of DANIDA in Malaysia now looked to forever, it would have been a form of failure, just benefit many more than the targeted groups, by the Danish embassy in Kuala Lumpur for more another sticking plaster. The direct involvement by having a respect for the environment which is support and resources rather than to a separate DANIDA has now come to an end. shared by all.

021 Early Days in Malaysia

In February 1994, DANCED launched a mission to Malaysia to establish a formal agreement on environmental cooperation. As the former Director of DANCED says “It was dramatic times and DANCED at the time consisted of only three people!” The new organization, inexperienced in development work, and with no established counterpart in Malaysia, was under close scrutiny by the Danish government and DANIDA, but with excellent technical and environmental knowledge, and their progressive strategy on capacity building, they took on the challenge of establishing a national Early Days in Malaysia assistance programme in Malaysia and of finding viable projects using the considerable resources available to them, before the year end.

The initiation mission almost fell at the first hurdle by failing to understand the role of the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia’s centralized agency in charge of bilateral agreements, going instead to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. With help from the Danish embassy and the ambassador at that time, Henning Kristiansen, DANCED hired a local coordinator and was swiftly redirected to the new Environmental Section in EPU. According to Dato’ Sri Dr Ali Hamsa, former staff of EPU “the biggest achievement was DANCED coming into our main central agency, and EPU taking it as a responsibility. If EPU says sustainable development, then the whole country adopts it. It is easier to bring the message for national transformation when you start from the center.”

Despite this chaotic start, and EPUs initial scepticism, a second DANCED mission comprised of a small group of handpicked Danish consultants was welcomed to Malaysia. In the following months, DANCED was in a race to build contacts, identify Malaysian needs and priorities, and to specify projects, whilst at the same time attempting to persuade EPU to give their immediate consent to the programme. DANCED entered into a great rapport with EPU and with several other ministries; they quickly learned to understand local ways and as stated by the Director of DANCED; “the programme was started up very fast and it was not perfect but it hit home and we cooperated as colleagues and friends”.

After visits from Denmark’s Ministry for the Environment, Svend Auken and a Danish Parliament delegation, any residual concerns diminished.

022 Discovering the forest 2 While the programme was yet to effectively kick off, the Malaysian Authorities had no difficulty convincing the Danish delegations of its potential. The Malaysians’ eagerness to participate and a subsequent vote of 4 3 confidence in the Danish Parliament cemented support. The DANCED-Malaysia programme was no longer under scrutiny. Early Days in Malaysia

Many circumstances contributed to the successful 5 establishment of the DANCED mission, including the excellent relationships between DANCED and EPU and between the Ministers of Environment in both countries, who made common cause at the 1992 Rio Conference. The local DANCED coordinator knew who could make the greatest impact. As a result, planning meetings were attended by influential Malaysians, granting DANCED easy and friendly access to Ministers, Secretaries General and Directors General. DANCED was allowed considerable flexibility and, with little bureaucracy, was able to make decisions quickly. The Danish embassy gave full support to the programme making it a great 6 example of the benefits of inter-ministerial cooperation in foreign affairs. Most important was the timing. As Datuk Himmat Singh, himself one of many successful EPU ‘alumni’ of the programme, has commented; “the timing was fantastic. There was a new [environmental] section in the EPU and we had assistance. From my perspective, from a guy who was in EPU when it started, 1 it was godsend.”

In fact the receptiveness was mutual as evident from Mr Muthusamy Suppiah, former programme coordinator, in EPU’s description of the relationship with DANCED:

Picture Caption • Photo 2 and left page: Visit to FRIM canopy walk with “DANCED was transparent and we were allowed our Danish Minister for the Environment and Energy, Svend point of view. Of course there were requirements in Auken. DANCED but they have always been flexible. Because • Photo 3 and 4: Dinner during Svend Auken’s visit to Malaysia. they were new, they were also in the learning process, • Photo 5: Meeting between representatives of DANCED- which made it easy to deal with them, and they were Malaysia and DANCED-Thailand in 1997. • Photo 1 and 7: EPU-DANCED Seminar, held during also able to develop close relationships with the people DANCED’s first projects identification mission to involved. DANCED had a good system. In my personal Malaysia in 1994. • Photo 6: EPU-DANCED Seminar Dinner. experience, they were very receptive and that is the kind of thing that makes cooperation better and better.” 7

023 Examples and Initiatives

This chapter describes some of the many Environmental cooperation also included parallel Examples and Initiatives achievements that came out of the cooperation themes concerning support to NGOs and their between Denmark and Malaysia. There are far too Community Based Natural Resource Management many remarkable instances to be able to mention all projects and a Partnership Facility Programme (PFP) in the space available, but these samples provide an aimed at partnering Danish technology with local idea of what was achieved through the years. Some manufacturers. of the descriptions are of specific projects, where the opportunities for and impacts on individuals is to the fore, others describe the development of ideas, in some cases leading to new legislation A number of projects encompassed more than one affecting many individual projects, not necessarily theme. One such project, which might fall as much associated with DANCED and DANIDA. Overall the under the heading Environmental Planning and environmental cooperation involved everything from Strategy as under Solid Waste, Waste Water and River grass root level projects to national initiatives, and Quality Management, was the capacity building has benefitted individuals on all levels within the sector of environment. Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Urban Environmental Management System During the DANCED years each project was chosen (UEMS) project in Sarawak. to complement Malaysian needs and programmed according to Malaysian Plans. When DANIDA took This major undertaking had a dual purpose: it over, individual projects were organised under the attempted to establish an (Urban) Environmental Environmental Cooperative Programme (ECP) and Management System (EMS) looking into every divided into five themes or components; Renewable step of the cycle from planning and goal setting, Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE); Solid Waste to implementing, monitoring, and reporting and Management (SWM); Environmentally Hazardous eventually reassessing goals and measures. It was Substances (EHS); Biodiversity (BioD); and the to have this system codified in state legislation and Integrated cross sectorial component Environmental also to carry out the practical implementation in Planning and Strategy (EPS). However there were two specific areas; Solid Waste and Waste Water. many crossover areas where more than one of these There was a large element of capacity building in this was involved. project.

024 Examples and Initiatives

025 The People

The importance of human relationships to the success of any complex undertaking, and the fact that difficulties can be overcome with goodwill, was clearly shown by these initiatives in Sarawak. For example, an inauspicious start with an earlier Coastal Zone Management Project in Sarawak, where there was a more limited meeting of minds, can profitably be contrasted with this later Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) initiative in Sarawak. The collaboration which developed between the Danish project leadership and the Sarawak Authorities, who Examples and Initiatives eventually took full ownership of the SUD project, was so successful that DANCED went on to authorize a follow-up project, continued by DANIDA, for a physical implementation of the EMS System for Solid Waste, Waste Water and River Quality.

The Sarawak State Planning Unit (SPU) agreed to the SUD project following a trip to Denmark where members had been impressed with the interrelation between the various components of the Danish planning system. A Danish Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) for the project was placed on the newly established Natural Resources and Environment Board and quickly built a strong working-relationship with its leader, YB Dato’ Dr James Dawos Mamit. While initially under some scrutiny by the state authorities, persistence and increasing understanding of the local system by the Danish consultant resulted in greater goodwill from the Sarawak State Secretary and from SPU.

This initiative is an example of the importance of building confidence between sometimes disparate personalities and viewpoints. It also illustrates the importance of local decision makers having confidence in the CTA’s expertise and ability to solve problems, and of the CTA’s understanding and respect for the local system.

026 Sarawak River flowing through Kuching027 The Projects

The SUD project was initially concerned with baseline studies to understand existing conditions, so that realistic objectives and measures could be formulated for action wherever improvement was found to be necessary. The means could then be identified to sustain the work.

Water quality surveys focusing on the Sarawak River and its feeder streams measured odour, life in the sediments and heavy metal concentrations. The water

Examples and Initiatives cycle was clearly found to be a problem on a number of levels, concerning quality and quantity.

Traditional sewer systems allow oxygen to enter the soil along the sewer pipes, causing degradation to peat soil which forms the base of Kuching outskirts, Testing the water so a pilot project made use of low flush toilets and localized organic waste water treatment. Grey water was led to a new treatment plant integrated into a local park, while black water was transported to treatment plants outside the city. The method was so effective that the plant produced drinking quality water and it was documented that introducing this system on a larger scale would lead to a considerable improvement in the water quality of the Sarawak River. This was the first project of its kind and demonstrated an effective alternative to traditional sewer systems. It reduced water consumption, and improved effluent control, so preserving and improving water quality in Kuching.

Camouflaged water treatment plant From waste water to drinking water

028 Among the fish found in Kuching Rivers, the toadfish ‘Halophryne hutchinsi’ proved to be a new record in Malaysia and was only first identified in 1998 as originating from Philippines and Indonesia.

Related projects included an example of the “polluter When a concession for management of solid pays” principle by having grease collection charges waste from households was awarded to a private levied on eateries and the publication of a book contractor by the State Government, the team classifying species and populations of fish in Sarawak initiated a number of pilot projects to maintain the River, a valuable biodiversity issue spinoff from a momentum towards real solutions. For example primarily waste water based project. a pilot project on voluntary domestic composting was promoted in a hundred households. This Malaysia’s first comprehensive solid waste study was resulted in a 20% reduction in waste collection carried out as part of the SUD project, documenting costs from the involved households. As a by-

types of waste from households, industries, product it would reduce CO2 emissions from construction sites and the like and examining existing transport and from the decomposing of organic waste handling practices. This data allowed the state matter at landfills, whilst also reducing artificial government to effectively plan for the future. fertilizer demand.

029 The projects efforts also resulted in a treatment plant for used tires, which, when not properly dealt with often store stagnant water, making them breeding grounds for mosquitos thereby posing a risk of dengue and malaria. It was decided to levy a tax on new imported tires to pay for their collection costs at the end of their useful lives.

To ensure sustainability of all the projects, the cabinet adopted the new Integrated Environmental Planning System and incorporated the newly learned planning Examples and Initiatives principles into the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance. The Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB) was then restructured accordingly. A new environmental database, GeoEnviron, was set up to systemise and share the large amounts of new data. The uploading of data became compulsory for all involved state agencies. Sarawak’s institutions Tires stacked up for treatment are covered to prevent mosquitos from breeding have undoubtedly discovered the benefits of a central shared database, to which many parties contribute freely, in informing their decisions.

To paraphrase the Danish Chief Technical Advisor for this project, the success of the project lay in the ability to incorporate the thinking behind the DANIDA project activities into the existing work of the agencies. The project had to be highly flexible and had to adapt to the constantly changing priorities of the agencies. It was an example of “change management intervention” within a political and administrative framework with the external consultant acting as a facilitator.

This project covered almost all of the objectives in DANIDA’s portfolio. It ranged from small scale efforts like domestic composting, through to contributing to the framing of state government policy. It was a prime example of the value of shared objectives arrived at with open minds. It also illustrated the interconnectedness of many aspects of modern living and the impact of each on the other.

030 Examples and Initiatives

Biogas tanks

An interesting, and initially unintended, variation on the issues of both waste and energy was demonstrated by

Addressing Rural Sanitation: Ecosan at a rural boarding school in Sarawak, Malaysia.

This started out as a pilot project on ecological sanitation, carried out at SMK Tebakang, a boarding school in the interior of Sarawak. It became an unexpected innovative success with the establishment of the first functional biogas flush-toilet in Malaysia – a unique development. The septic tanks at the school were ineffective and waste water was polluting the river, causing an unhygienic environment. Inspired by an ancient Chinese design, the school constructed a new ultra-low water consumption canal toilet system, utilising just one daily flush to wash all the black- water into a local biogas plant for treatment. Oil, grease and other kitchen waste is also digested in the same biogas plant. Apart from resolving the original issue of hygiene, the school benefits from the supply of biogas; it contributes to its own energy needs. The biogas was initially used for cooking but is now providing the students with hot showers and to cap it all, the fertiliser produced serves a new orchard of fruit trees.

Former Danish Ambassador Borge Petersen inspecting rural sanitation efforts

031 Malaysia has a very long coastline and a very long history of involvement with the sea. It depends on, and has responsibility for, a huge coastal zone around peninsular Malaysia, and the island of Borneo.

Coastal management has to include management of the land as well as of the sea because of the interconnectedness of the two. Rivers, coastal development, the effects of land-use changes, forestry, drainage policy and agriculture policy all impact on the sea, as do fishing policies, recreational uses and seaborne transportation. Examples and Initiatives Reconciling all of these factors is complex within any country. When one takes into account the fact that the seas around Malaysia’s coasts are also shared with other countries, the complexities multiply.

In the process of consolidating and developing work already taking place an

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

was initiated in Sabah in 1994. It was funded by DANCED and the Sabah State Government.

Sabah based project research found that the main problems revolved around the absence of coherent and integrated management and policies, a lack of public awareness or participation and gaps in the enforcement of existing regulations. This issue is not peculiar to Malaysia. In the 1990s, many academics and UN organisations promoted Integrated Coastal Zone Management in order to overcome these specific issues. They identified the need for “increasing public participation in coastal management” and “the strengthening and enforcement of regulations” as being key to any success.

The intention was to rectify these problems through a system of task forces composed of representatives selected from government agencies and private stakeholders so that the Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zone of Sabah could be achieved by coherent and integrated management. The process was intended to bring together those responsible in an environment where problems, issues and actions could be addressed in a co-ordinating forum, with access to institutional and professional expertise. It was also to create awareness of the issues and to promote training and technology transfer from external consultants. This was clearly a complex undertaking.

032 Xxxxxxxx

Coastal livelihood in North Sabah033 Coastal livelihood in Langkawi

034 This integrated approach was new to most Malaysians and turned out to be very difficult to manage. For example, Task Force No. 1, charged with Determination of the Coastal Zone in Sabah, was made up of 13 separate government departments. Task Force No. 2, responsible for Environmental Management research, had 18 government and institutional participants. Task Force No. 3 (10 participants) was the high tech section responsible for Management- and Geographic Information

Systems (MIS/GIS), whilst Task Force No. 4 (18 participants) dealt Examples and Initiatives with Application of Environmental & Computerised Tools for Spatial Planning.

The participants produced an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, which included shoreline management, institutional and policy proposals and environmental, administration and spatial planning initiatives. There were many dedicated contributors to and enthusiasts supporting the project, and many valuable lessons were learned, but the actual implementation of many aspects of the policy recommendations was not clearly established at this time.

The process was found to be very complex and mechanisms were sometimes not found which could effectively brought together the myriad interests involved. It was arguably overambitious, but it is difficult to see how the consideration of Malaysia’s coastal zone could be made any simpler.

The multi-faceted approach to problem solving adopted by the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project was found to be effective in the case of, for example, the federal solid waste management initiatives and the Sarawak sustainable urban development programme. This work engendered some necessary thought processes and it is clear from Sabah’s improving land management, drainage systems, sea frontage control, marine park policies and effluent control mechanisms that some of the ideas took root. It is probable that this initiative will be taken up again, not by DANIDA, but by Malaysians. It therefore constitutes a success in the seeding of important ideas and in capacity building.

Coastal livelihood in Johor 035 Title xxxx

036 Coasted livelihood ...... Examples and Initiatives

...... under threat 037 Examples and Initiatives

There are two aspects to the issue of the opportunities identified were in fact implemented. example and to enhance the capability of both public and private sectors in reaching national development Energy Policy The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency plan objectives. The outcome was an important Component of the Malaysian-Danish environmental increase in capacity in national energy planning, which are exercising the minds of the world: energy initiative dealt with resource mobilisation for the development of incentive structures, regulatory availability and pollution arising out of energy usage. implementation of renewable energy and energy measures and important institutional development. Both were addressed under this programme. efficiency in national development plans and looked to increase consideration of integrated resource Malaysia and Denmark are both signatories to the There were many individual initiatives under the energy planning in policy development and programmes. UNFCCC and have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. heading, too many for a detailed analysis in this The energy component of the Malaysia-Denmark book. They all however had the common objective of Primary objectives were to improve integrated programme was seen to present opportunities to identifying how to make better use of all energy sources resource planning across the energy sector generally make use of the Clean Development Mechanism available now and in the future, and how to ensure that to demonstrate the viability of the approach by under the Kyoto agreement to attract valuable

038 Xxxxxxxx

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

foreign investment. Among the areas targeted were other architects and engineers in the field of energy the issue had its place in national energy planning. greenhouse gas abatement studies, baseline studies, efficiency, helping to change the prevailing “high cost” The intention was now to establish a stronger emission inventories, mobilisation of the private sector perception of incorporating low energy concepts into foundation for national planning and decision- and support for NGO and civil society participation. their designs. making on energy.

A number of Danish and Malaysian consultants were The Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) work was a Some of the success of this process can be seen in involved in the energy component of the programme, continuation of a previous project, IRP-1, originally the low energy buildings which have benefitted from and these connections have continued to develop designed as a capacity building and training project, this work. Beyond these particular examples, some beyond the immediate demands of DANIDA’s targeting Malaysian Energy Centre (currently known of the lessons learned were incorporated into the 9th involvement. The connection established with IEN as Malaysian Green Technology Corporation or Malaysia Plan. This led to the establishment of the Consultants for instance has contributed not only GreenTech Malaysia) and other Government staff Energy Information Bureau to disseminate energy to specific buildings for the now Ministry of Energy, and related institutions and companies. With information and contributed to the development of Green Technology and Water, but to the education of Danish assistance, IRP-1 has helped to ensure that training and university courses in energy planning.

039 The programme made contributions to the Uniform Building By- Laws and helped establish standards for energy efficiency in future government buildings by including Energy Efficiency features in the costing of new public buildings.

The many successes arising out of the cooperation within the energy sector include drafting of Energy Efficiency (Electricity) Regulations to promote Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management (EE/DSM) amongst

Examples and Initiatives the larger electricity consumers in Malaysia; contribution of renewable energy factors to Malaysia’s “5th Fuel Strategy” a guidebook to assist the EE/DSM team to conduct advertising and promotion campaigns; a guide to demonstration projects for High efficiency Motors and Energy Household Energy Efficiency Labels Efficient Refrigerators; a ‘’Building Energy Benchmarking Tool (BEBT)’’ to facilitate the use of EE in buildings; a database of the energy indices (EI) for different types of commercials buildings; an Energy labelling scheme for rating of the industrial motors and an Energy labelling scheme for household appliances. Capacity building in Malaysia’s energy sector especially through the Malaysia Energy Centre has significantly enhanced integrated resource planning and has established connections, both formal and informal, across government departments and private sector participants and disciplines to facilitate its continuing development.

As part of a larger project aimed to establish a Centre for Education and Training for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Malaysia, DANIDA, together with Universiti Sains Malaysia and The Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia initiated a 6 year project in 2000 involving an

Eco Van

to promote awareness of renewable energy and energy efficiency to a broad variety of target groups from the general public to the private and public sectors. The colourful Eco Van has toured the country demonstrating aspects of energy efficiency such as solar panels for home appliances and the use 100% recycled palm-oil as fuel.

Eco Van at the International GreenTech & Eco Products Exhibition & Conference (IGEM) 2010

040 Examples and Initiatives

Solar panels on top of the eco van

Eco van at the IGEM 2010 041 Principles of energy efficiency were incorporated into the design of the new

MECM Low Energy Office (LEO) Building,

which is a model for Malaysia’s building sector. Lessons learned here are being used to strengthen Malaysia’s energy efficiency capacity by incorporation into mechanisms such as building codes, and through the spreading of knowledge to architects, engineers and planners. Energy efficiency was built into all aspects of the design of the building. Examples and Initiatives The site itself was adapted by making use of greenery and water to reduce the “heat island” effects of a more typical fully hardened landscape. This approach can decrease outdoor temperatures by as much as 3 degrees, so reducing the energy needs for cooling the building. Within the site special attention way paid to the orientation and detailing of the building. For example by orienting windows primarily to the north and south, less direct heating from the sun’s rays enters the building from any point in its east-west arc.

Heat insulation of the building itself was improved by using aerated lightweight concrete blocks for wall construction and incorporating four times the usual thickness of roof insulation. A second canopy was mounted to shade the roof immediately affecting the interior of the building.

Within the building, computer simulations showed that electricity consumption could be reduced by more than half by using more energy efficient lighting systems, cooling systems and office equipment.

042 LEO Building Putrajaya Examples and Initiatives

043 Low Energy Commemorative Stamps

043 To reduce electric lighting loads the use of daylight inside the building had to be maximised, whilst limiting sun strike to areas liable to transfer heat energy into the building. Punched hole windows and shading louvers to curtain wall windows were used to achieve this as far as possible.

All of the comfort factors associated with a building’s use were investigated: air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, air movement, activity levels and even the clothing that occupants wore in response to the conditions they found in the building. The building design was developed to optimise these variables with the minimum practicable energy intake, keeping temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees to maintain comfort, and hence

Examples and Initiatives working efficiency, whilst avoiding any need to increase clothing to fight the chills.

Air movements in and out of the building had to be controlled to provide adequate air changes whilst minimising loss of cooled air or gain of high temperature air, both of which have ramifications for power use. The requirements in any part of the building had to vary depending on equipment in the office, activity levels and effects of external conditions through sun strike or weather and so a degree of intelligent control was necessary.

Because of the number of variables, a comprehensive energy management system was essential. Many of the factors were dealt with by the use of sophisticated sensors supported by a computerised control system used to control the building’s systems. For instance in the LEO building, a daylight responsive control system is combined with a motion detector to automatically shut off lighting and reduce cooling load in unoccupied offices. The adoption of separate air handling units for each floor, which were in turn divided into smaller units under the control of variable air volume dampers, has made a fine degree of temperature control possible.

This effort in design has to be complemented by an effective building management to ensure that all of the systems are properly used and maintained. Efficiency is all. An Energy Management Officer was employed to take responsibility for day to day energy management and to demonstrate the building and its systems to visitors so that the lessons learned could be widely disseminated. Conventional indoor lighting

044 Natural redirected daylight at the Diamond Building in Putrajaya

045 Malaysia and Denmark’s, commitment to make a significant contribution to carbon the field of reductions.

Green Energy in Architecture As a result much effort has gone into the dissemination of green ideas to the as well as in cooperation and capacity Malaysian building industry, including building within the field, can be the idea that the advantages of illustrated by the mutually beneficial reduction of whole life costs of buildings involvement of IEN Consultants with the as opposed to just capital costs are development of this field in Malaysia worthwhile. The fact that some “green” over the years. IEN Consultants was input to building design in Malaysia has originally a proprietorship established moved from a subsidised base, using by a Danish Chief Technical Advisor for example Danish funding for the LEO

Examples and Initiatives involved in the identification of energy Building and European Union funding for projects in Malaysia. When the company the Green tech Office Building, to a fully took on the LEO Building projects it Malaysia funded base in the case of the gained recognition in Malaysia and IEN so-called “Diamond Building” indicates Consultants managed to build up a team some success in changing attitudes to of consultants, most of them Malaysian, operating costs vs capital costs ascribed who with their experience on the LEO to “Green Buildings”. Building, became known further afield. This helped gain further commissions Improved energy efficiency is on such projects as the Green Tech already recognised by the Malaysian Building and what has become known government to be more important than as The Diamond Building in Putrajaya. mere certification under the Green Building Index (GBI) scheme. That “Green Buildings” are perceived to be scheme therefore carries tax and stamp expensive, both because of the costs duty benefits to encourage the real of employing the expertise necessary application of green ideas in the design to develop and refine the building and operation of buildings. and system designs, and because of the relatively high capital costs of Beyond this, IEN Consultants is now green technology items. It takes time involved with a UNDP funded project, for reduced operating costs, which with the Ministry of Works, to promote low come with reduced energy usage, to carbon buildings in Malaysia. It is hoped, counterbalance the increased capital amongst other things that it will lead to a investment and this has been a significant building code by 2015 specifying much brake on development worldwide. lower carbon footprints even than the However, given that approximately 40% LEO Building or the Diamond Building. of worldwide carbon emissions come from buildings, it is clear that the there is a need for the “greening” of buildings to

Modern sunshade 046 Diamond Building in festive season lighting Another major area of involvement was in

Capacity Building for Malaysian Industry and Academia in EE Building design.

The objective of the scheme, which was implemented by the Ministry of Energy, Communications

and Multimedia (now Ministry of Energy, Green Examples and Initiatives Technology and Water), was to develop capacity in the optimisation of energy efficient building design. This was done through training sessions, seminars, specific analysis of existing buildings and design development of new buildings. A key partner in this endeavour was the Public Works Department (JKR) and there was close cooperation with Schools Division and Healthcare Division, so the lessons learned were comprehensive, and the dissemination of the results widespread.

The project produced reports outlining design strategies for new buildings, making lessons learned from the LEO Building described above available to practitioners and academics across Malaysia. The project also produced reports on “Energy Efficiency Promotion: Lessons Learned and Future Activities”, and undertook an evaluation of JKR design standards.

The project certainly raised awareness and improved the country’s knowledge base regarding energy efficiency in buildings and made recommendations to Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water and JKR to set up demonstration offices, a very successful example of which was in Wisma Damansara.

Traditional sunshade Rungus Longhouse, Sabah

047 Whilst the Kyoto Protocol cannot fully proposed project involves the installation of define the issue of environmental a Complete Stirred Tank Reactor to replace challenge, it is taken to be at least a the existing open anaerobic wastewater consensual framework within which it can lagoons, the biogas from which is to be be dealt with. Danish efforts in the field of used in the existing boiler, generating both environmental improvement have taken process steam and electricity which is used advantage of some of the mechanisms set in the palm oil mill. The process involves in motion by Kyoto. One of those is the the acceleration of the natural process of biological breakdown of plant waste to Clean Development Mechanism - produce methane, and the capture and The Kyoto Connection. utilisation of the gas.

Known universally as CDM, the process is United Plantations were the first palm oil intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions mill in the world to receive Roundtable of globally by encouraging environmental Sustainable Palm Oil certification, supported improvement initiatives across national by palm oil mill owners, retailers, consumer Examples and Initiatives boundaries, enabling mutually beneficial organisations and NGOs such as WWF. The transfer of assets between nations. It is new projects are expected to reduce CO2 intended to be a form of trade in the age old emissions by 35-40.000 tons per year. manner, but with benefits beyond the purely short term economic ones. Denmark was in This area has contributed much to the capacity a position to make use of this mechanism building objectives of the assistance. There for the Malaysian venture by Supporting has been a technology transfer component, development of CDM projects and an administrative component in the process purchasing Certified Emission Reductions of obtaining the CDM support, and also (CERs). a private sector integration component. DANIDA assisted Malaysia in building a CDM has influenced the approach to complete CDM system and an administration alternative energy sources in Malaysia. to handle CDM projects, no matter what DANIDA was instrumental in the development sector was involved. With the closing of the of 15 CDM related initiatives whereby the first Kyoto Protocol commitment period at money from carbon credits bridged the the end of 2012, and a lack of international financial “viability gap” to fund development agreement on a continuation of the economic of the projects. The CDM initiative included mechanism, the future of CDM remains projects concerned with waste management uncertain. and energy production from palm oil mill waste. Bio energy plant projects have become more viable with CDM, but where these A particularly apt example concerns the plants are located near the national grid contract between the Danish Energy Agency there may now be scope for contribution and United Plantations for a new methane to the wider energy needs through feed-in to energy CDM project. DEA and United tariffs, a procedure for which was enacted Plantations already cooperate on two CDM in Malaysia in December 2011. projects involving palm oil biomass and biogas energy at a palm oil mill. The new

048 Oil palm residue Palm Oil Energy from effluent at United Plantations Examples and Initiatives

The cooperation brought about some major achievements by combining Danish experience and expertise with Malaysian priorities in the field of

Solid Waste Management.

In the mid-1990s a decision was made to federalise the waste sector in Peninsular Malaysia, taking responsibility away from the municipalities, and three concessioners were assigned the responsibility of waste collection. As the drafting of legislation was a lengthy process, concessioners had to work on 1-year agreements with each local authority. Their fees were based on the amount previously spent by the municipalities on waste collection. These short-term agreements inhibited long-term thinking and prevented the concessioners from making investments and updating their collection system, so limiting their effectiveness.

In February 2006 DANIDA became involved in the drafting of new legislation with the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to speed up the process. It had become clear that, to be effective, the regulatory framework had to cover every aspect of the waste sector including industry, business, construction sites, waste treatment and so on. As a result, the legislation, passed by government in August 2007, went considerably beyond matters concerning the existing concessioners, who had only been in charge of household waste. Regulations were prepared for such things as the obligations and rights of the waste generators, licensing of operators and approval of waste facilities.

050 Old vs new ways of rubbish collection051 Implementation involved a new federal administrative institution, with local offices within Examples and Initiatives the municipalities employing 1400 people. An entire Department of Solid Waste Management was established to control and manage the waste sector. Peninsular Malaysia was divided into some 160 scheme areas, each with its own treatment and disposal facilities. The three original concessioners were granted 25-year concessions for waste collection and public cleansing, making forward planning and investment feasible.

Control of the system was by Key Performance Indicators for the concessioners and for landfill operators, deficiencies resulting in fines, warnings and ultimately loss of scheme areas or total termination. A complex price adjustment system, adaptable to efficiency gains over time, was negotiated to account for changes over the 25 year lifespan of each concession.

The new concessions came into force at a signing ceremony in Putrajaya on 19th September 2011. The enactment of one law for the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, transferring all aspects of solid waste management from the municipalities to the federal government, became the first of its kind in the world.

Solid waste collectors

052 Solid Waste Concession Agreement Signing Ceremony in Putrajaya, 19th September 2011

053 In 2006, DANIDA established a In 2008, with support from the Community Initiatives Fund, the Marang Solid Waste Management District Council initiated a programme to Community Initiatives Fund deal with this issue on the small resort island of Pulau Kapas. The strategy in collaboration with the Ministry of involved curbing littering by visitors and Housing and Local Government. Ten residents through a ‘friends of Pulau community projects by Local Authorities Kapas’ campaign and managing bulky around Peninsular Malaysia were waste by educating and empowering initiated, to make public participation an local resort operators in its handling and inherent component of an improved solid disposal. waste management system. The 16 month programme became very

Examples and Initiatives The projects chosen were concerned successful in promoting educational with a range of issues including waste awareness as well as in the clean-up reduction, recycling, home composting, activities themselves. It involved the bulky waste management and participation of local operators and the cleanliness. Illegal dumping, composting, waste collection contractor, Malaysia glass recycling, the recycle bank and Nature Society (MNS) in Terengganu, island cleansing are all part of this fund. along with schools and universities.

Amongst the most interesting of these The resort operators stopped dumping projects was the their redundant furniture, electrical appliances, building waste and the like Public Participation in Solid on remote areas of the island when Waste Management on Pulau they found that a common waste Kapas. management system reduced their costs significantly and enhanced their primary One of Malaysia’s many truly Asian asset, the pristine island. With assistance characteristics is its plethora of idyllic from DANIDA, the local authorities were tropical islands. The pristine beaches able to strengthen the regulatory and backed by virgin forest interspersed with contractual requirements of the resorts coconut palms and rustic kampongs and the contracted waste collector. are a major feature of Malaysia’s very important tourist industry. To maintain This community initiative made a major this asset, we have to keep our islands contribution to a cleaner Kapas and is clean; not a simple matter when tourists a model of waste management through increase island populations enormously direct community engagement. It has for parts of the year with the resulting been successful in making the island a quantities of waste threatening to better place to live, and in helping the overwhelm the local islanders’ resources economy by providing the very thing for its disposal. that the customer wants: clean islands.

Glass recycling 054 Morning waste collection at Pulau Kapas 055 Taking it away Examples and Initiatives

In the aim to involve a wider range of stakeholders a “Friends of Pulau Kapas” campaign was launched on 14th March 2009. It was attended by approximately 160 people. The launch activities included a colouring competition for 30 primary school students and 30 secondary school students. This competition was based on a drawing from the educational colouring book printed for the occasion.

Pulau Kapas 057 The problem of illegal dumping bears on the larger issues of the

Disposal of Bulky Waste.

This problem is not of course peculiar to Malaysia. However, Malaysia’s ever growing, more affluent population and its associated waste, makes it a significant and increasing problem in many areas of the country.

Apart from the unsightliness of casually, or sometimes not so casually, discarded waste, there are issues of public health, pollution, disruption of drainage paths, Examples and Initiatives disturbance of vegetation and wildlife, contamination of soil and groundwater, encouragement of pests, injury to people and many others. The real and perceived quality of life of most Malaysians is directly impacted by this problem.

This was such a serious issue that the Community Initiatives fund decided to support two projects to deal with this problem. These initiatives fall under the Disposal of bulky waste sonorous title of:

Mobilising the Public to Avoid Illegal Dumping of Bulky and Green Waste – Establishing Scheduled Waste Collection and Civic Amenity Site for Bulky Waste

Both the Melaka Historic City Council (MBMB) and the Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) wanted to discourage illegal dumpsites by providing more easily accessible legal and manageable avenues for disposal of bulky waste. Both authorities were aware that for any initiative to succeed in the long term, provision of legal disposal opportunities would not be enough. It would be necessary to instil awareness and foster cooperation among the waste generators, mostly households and small businesses, and within the waste disposal industry. The two municipalities adopted different approaches to essentially the same problem.

058 Solid Waste Management Component

Unacceptable ways of disposal of waste at a food court in Kota Baharu, Kelantan 059 Examples and Initiatives to thereduction ofillegaldumping. schemes are expanding,andare already contributing trial areas isexpectedtograduallyincrease. Both the initiativegoesonand participationwithinthe change thehabitsandattitudes of thepublic,but domestic wastecontrol. Itwillclearlytaketimeto demonstrate thepotentialoftheseapproaches to Whilst notuniversal,participationwassufficient to commitment andparticipationofthewastegenerators. dispose of bulky waste and both needed the Both oftheseinitiativesoffered awaytoproperly bulky wastecollectedfarexceededexpectations. supportive of the new system and the amount of for donationtocharity. Mostresidents were very Chi, also joined in by collecting recyclable materials Up, CleanUp’approach. TheBuddhistNGO,Tzu contractor, withencouragementfrom Melaka’s ‘team responded positivelytothepleaassistwaste The servicewasfree towastegenerators,who and word ofmouth. schedules through thedistributionofflyers,notices, businesses were givendetailsofcollection points and employed tomanagethesystem.Houseownersand business involvedand15wastecontractorswere specified area. Thiswasanopportunitytogetlocal for bulkywaste,green wasteandrecyclables ina They introduced a scheduled collection system Melaka HistoricCityCounciltookadifferent approach. fully utilised. articles andflyerstomakesure thatthefacilitywas using educationaltalks,signboards, newspaper ready, theauthoritystartedaninformationcampaign and householdhazardous waste.Whenthesitewas waste, andwouldalsoprovide forrecyclable material The sitewastodealwithgreen wasteandbulky for peopletodisposeoftheirbulkywastethemselves. businesses, tomakeiteasierandmore convenient Civic AmenitySite,opentoalllocalresidents and Shah Alamdecidedtoestablishaneasilyaccessible 060 Civic AmenitySite inShahAlam Examples and Initiatives

061 Illegal mosquito repellant Examples and Initiatives Stages ofhousehold composting One approach available to authorities is to encourage the reduction of waste at source, both by a reduction of waste production and by the encouragement of waste producers to make effective use of the waste themselves. In the case of organic waste for example, there is the possibility of using material as compost.

With support from the Solid Waste Management Examples and Initiatives Community Initiatives Fund, Petaling Jaya City Council (MBPJ) initiated a programme aimed at promoting home composting of food and garden waste:

Household Home Composting Programme – Petaling Jaya

Fifty three households initially joined in the programme on a voluntary basis. They were given instruction by, among other associations, the Centre of Environment, Technology and Development, Malaysia (CETDEM) in the composting process.

By the end of the 18 month programme, it was established that home composting in 100,000 homes could reduce waste by as much as 50,000 tonnes per year, more than a third of the waste collected in MBPJ in 2008. Most participants continued composting after the project’s formal completion, gaining free fertilizer and soil conditioner, and all expressed enthusiasm for getting more people involved. In their ambition to maximize the compost production MBPJ included all food and animal waste in the programme. Occasional misunderstandings about the methods were rectified as they arose and the result was a successful pilot project which established methods and identified potential problems from which other such projects could learn.

As one project participant explains: “I learned to compost and got free fertilizer for my plants and vegetables. After I started, five neighbours got inspired to join in the project. My neighbour did not know that composting is so easy. It also helps you to save money and the environment.”

063 064 Examples and Initiatives

Turning Trash into Treasure

As with composting, every opportunity to re-use waste reduces the need for collection and disposal. Penang, one of Malaysia’s fastest developing states, is dealing with increasing amounts of solid waste and this is impacting on the life of the island’s limited landfills. Penang turned this problem into a long term opportunity by making use of the resources of schools to help with recycling, whilst at the same time raising awareness among the students.

065 Recycling Bank in SMK Seri Balik Pulau, Penang Title xxxx

066 EPU visit to Penang school recycling project in 2007 Examples and Initiatives

Official launch of School Recycling Bank in Penang

In 2007 the Solid Waste Management Community The banks were simple cabins on school grounds, run Initiatives Fund decided to support the by students who were trained by volunteer teachers or “Environmental Champions”. The teachers took charge Penang Recycling Bank Programme. of liaising with the recycling contractor for collection and sales and kept up a close partnership with the Recycling banks, implemented in a primary and a external consultant and technical advisor (SERI). As secondary school, were set up in such a way as to stated by one of the teachers: “This is our way and a encourage school children to recycle by providing very rewarding way of giving something back to the them with a monetary incentive. As in a real-life bank, community as well as protecting the environment.” students could deposit their recyclables into a named account and, depending on the weight of their deposit, More than 2000 students and teachers participated in have points credited to their bank books. The points this simple yet effective 1-year programme, which was would then be translated into monthly cash payments. and remains a remarkable success. There was a clear The NGO who led the work on the ground, Penang change in attitudes and behaviour among students Environment Working Group (PEWOG), ran awareness who were encouraged to become “little teachers” in demonstrations to teach the processes of recycling and their households. There was of course the correlating to provide students with a more holistic understanding advantage of clean and tidy schools and a reduction in of the world around them and of people’s impact on lost recyclable waste. that world. Recycling Bank savings book

067 There had been correspondence between Malaysia and Denmark on the subject of hazardous waste since the 1980s with Danish consultancy companies carrying out feasibility studies. This led to the Danish Ministry for the Environment assisting the Malaysian Ministry of Science and Environment in the design of a

Central Hazardous Waste Centre for Peninsular Malaysia (Kualiti Alam),

based on the model of the Danish Kommunekemi Facility but adapted to Malaysian conditions. A Danish consultancy firm carried out all the initial analysis and studies necessary to implement the project and also assisted in the construction. Examples and Initiatives A Malaysian company, Kualiti Alam, was awarded a 15 year concession in 1995 making them responsible for the construction of the $100 million waste treatment plant and then for collecting and treating all hazardous waste in peninsular Malaysia.

Kualiti Alam initiated the huge undertaking with DANCED expert assistance in 1996. Under DANCED’s capacity building brief, Kualiti Alam staff were trained in the safe collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste and in the operation, safety, environmental control and maintenance of the plant. DANCED also assisted in the 1997 start-up of the facility and assisted in the operation and maintenance of the plant. Staff members were trained in waste evaluation, marketing and the implementation of a Waste Tracking System. After completion of operation manuals, guidelines and procedures the plant achieved an ISO 14001 certification.

In order to manage the hazardous waste system in Malaysia, the project supported the then Ministry of Science Technology and Environment (MOSTI) in capacity building of their staff with Danish expertise from the Danish Ministry for the Environment and other organisations.

The Kualiti Alam plant has been operating with great success and around 100,000 tons of hazardous waste is being treated every year. Within a year of opening, the plant had to be expanded and two treatment plants were delivered by a Danish company. In 2007 Kualiti Alam supported by the Danish company, decided to build a Malaysian engineered incineration plant. The plant became a success and is now being exported in other countries.

068 Kualiti Alam hazardous waste centre, a major investment and a vital learning facility 069 070 Kualiti Alam has developed from being a new business, with little knowledge in the field of hazardous waste treatment, to being a very professional and experienced company raising environmental standards in Malaysia and contributing expertise to others, even outside Malaysia.

This is a prime example of the excellent results that were achieved in the field of capacity building as a result of Denmark establishing a cooperative relationship with Malaysian counterparts. The project is also an example of a support program that has developed into a commercial success for Danish companies who have supported the Malaysian Government in improving the environment, paving the way for continuing support of the municipal solid waste sector.

071 A prime example of the excellent results that can be achieved in the field of capacity building occurred when DANIDA established an excellent cooperative relationship with Malaysian counterparts from the Department of Environment and from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in studying

Environmentally Hazardous Substances.

Department of Environment (DOE) staff was given access to Danish expertise in the management of hazardous chemical substances both through training and through actual implementation of management systems and assessment schemes. Staff from other related agencies, Examples and Initiatives institutions, industries and NGOs also received training.

Over three years starting 2006, the team that was to carry out the project aimed at developing a strategic approach to chemical management and the implementation of a scheme for the notification and registration of Environmentally Hazardous Substances (EHS). A pilot scheme for the assessment of human and environmental risks associated with various chemicals was also developed to determine priorities and focus for the future action plans.

The timing of the project was fortuitous as the management of hazardous substances was becoming a key issue on the ASEAN agenda, and it was clear that cooperative control across the region was going to yield the best results. DANIDA and DOE together formulated a national plan, “Strategies and priorities in EHS management”, which led to an agreement on the management of chemicals on a long term inter-agency coordinating basis.

A registration system, containing a long list of substances based on EU standards, was initially implemented on a voluntary basis. Many individual companies were helped to organise their EHS data for registration, and so were able to trade more easily with countries outside the region. DANIDA assisted Malaysia in drafting of legislation which, although not yet implemented, will enable Malaysia to move ahead with the control of EHS.

072 Examples and Initiatives Examples and Initiatives Malaysia’s forests are amongst its crowning glories. Not only are they objects of wonder, they constitute an enormous reservoir of carbon and are the habitats of a hugely diverse range of flora and fauna. They are also home to many indigenous peoples and local communities whose traditional knowledge constitutes one of the country’s big assets.

Biodiversity Conservation

is of course one of the keys to the health of any single part of the ecosystem and this was a significant part of the thinking within the programme from the outset.

Sustainable management of biodiversity, by its very nature, has to involve the cooperation of a wide range of interests, ranging from those who are directly interested in such matters, such as forestry, wildlife and marine departments to the seemingly more prosaic interests of infrastructure authorities, land rights authorities, the food industry, the fishing industry and Malaysia’s very important palm oil industry. As in the coastal zone management initiatives described earlier, this wide range of interests, often operating with different but equally imperative goals, makes it very difficult to establish an overarching mechanism to ensure that the need to maintain diversity is incorporated into the operation of each interest group.

074 Kuala Selangor peat swamps, Malaysia A 1997 DANCED project revealed a number of inconsistencies in the way protected areas were accounted for. There were even conflicting gazette notifications for certain areas. In 2006 the Malaysian Government and DANIDA initiated an ambitious biodiversity conservation project. One of the activities of the project was to make an

authoritative Master List of Protected Areas. This Examples and Initiatives was the first such listing in Malaysia. Integrating this list with land use data from the Ministry of Agriculture made possible the first habitat assessment for representativeness of Protected Areas in Peninsular Malaysia

When the Forestry Department was moved from the Ministry of Primary Industries to the New Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in 2004, the forestry sector became increasingly focused on conservation and sustainable forest management. This enabled the project to successfully propose the establishment of a Forestry and Biodiversity Division to promote an integrated approach.

The tiger, Malaysia’s national animal, was widely promoted as an icon to raise public consciousness. Tigers are an instantly recognizable but diminishing feature of the Malaysian wilderness and they are dependent on large contiguous land areas to survive. New mapping of Peninsular Malaysia by the project proved that although ‘wildlife reserves’ solely covered by the Wildlife Act covered 10.5% of the Malaysia land area, a 5% increase from 1997, they were in pockets around Peninsular Malaysia and needed to be connected to provide sufficient usable space for the tigers as well as other fauna.

Using the iconic tiger in this way helped to propel the whole biodiversity issue further into public consciousness as well as onto the agendas of interested organisations.

The Malayan Tiger

075 A major achievement of the The vision has been applied in biodiversity project is the the introduction of “Smart Green Common Vision on Biodiversity Infrastructure” which includes, endorsed by the National for example, for the construction Biodiversity and Biotechnology of viaducts for wildlife crossings Council and by the Deputy Prime of roads. A Central Forest Spine Minister in 2009. DANIDA took (CFS) Masterplan has also been part in a major drafting exercise adopted taking into account to prepare the documentation environmental and biodiversity which would incorporate this needs. The Wildlife Department strand of thinking into Malaysian is looking to protect wildlife policy, in effect providing a corridors, under state control, rallying point for biodiversity to avoid wildlife encroachment management. The 10th Malaysia into plantations and a 7 km buffer Examples and Initiatives Plan established the budget for zone has recently been approved a study on the establishment of in the state of Johor. a National Biodiversity Center providing for the elevation of The new economic model biodiversity priorities. presented by the Prime Minister identified biodiversity A Technical Committee for as having a huge potential for Biodiversity Planning and wealth creation. To strengthen Management was formed during the science policy interface the project and extensive capacity for biodiversity management, building was carried out in both Malaysia is building on DANIDA’s the Ministry of Natural Resources recommendation and looking into and Environment and in EPU to the establishment of a National unify biodiversity planning. Biodiversity Center which will be of value to both state and federal Promotion of biodiversity governments. The biodiversity protection and enhancement is center will increase focus on being continued by the Malaysian traditional knowledge as a new government. The Common Vision bio-perspective. If traditional on Biodiversity, which has also plant knowledge could lead created interest in Indonesia, has to valuable drug research and been disseminated among key development, for example, then agencies and a new practical the economic and social value of guide for policy makers is now the forests would also favour their under preparation. preservation.

076 Close up of the Peat Swamp Forest

Sustainable forest management is one of the most Reserve in Sabah, to strengthen institutional and important factors in maintaining Malaysia’s biodiversity. public awareness and cooperation in husbanding of These types of consideration led to support for the this great asset. Denmark assisted in identifying and establishing systems, processes and techniques which Management for Conservation and Sustainable help prevent the drying out of these Peat Swamp Forests Use of Peat Swamp Forests and Associated and contribute towards the global conservation of their Water Regimes in Malaysia (PSF and AWR). extensive biodiversity.

Malaysia was helped by DANIDA to establish a Efforts were also carried out to improve management foundation for decision makers in the management and methods of the involved agencies and to enhance inter- conservation of peat forests and their water regimes. agency cooperation, whilst assisting in developing forest Assistance was given through the Ministry of Primary management and hydrological management strategies. Industries and the State Project Offices in the Pekan Capacity building and awareness raising activities were Permanent Forest Estate Pahang, and the Klias Forest also key components.

Silver Leaf monkey 077 The project created awareness of the threats residues, the by-products of logging and timber arising out of lowering of the water table processing activities. This material includes through drainage, and also of the greater threat small dimension logs and mill residues, which to the water regime because of the removal of could be used as raw material for paper, forest cover. These are probably the primary fibreboard and the like and can potentially reasons for widespread periodic peat forest be as valuable as normal logs. It was initially fires. The project established that rehabilitation thought possible that a greater use of forest of severely degraded peat land is very costly and residues might result in less forest being water management strategies were developed logged. However this idea did not bear closer to reduce unnecessary drainage, disturbance examination as the additional extraction of natural flow of groundwater, peat subsidence of small dimension logs was perceived to and drying out of the top peat layer. be a bonus extraction rather than as an improvement in land efficiency. Both the Klias and Pekan Forest Reserves Examples and Initiatives are isolated remnants of peat swamp forest Forest residues were not being processed situated on a larger peat deposit, so the project and utilised prior to this, in part because also suggested the gazettal of adjacent state processing mills then in use were geared only land as protection forest. Those areas are to processing large logs of uniform shape. important for the hydrological integrity of the The simple expedient of introducing smaller protected areas themselves and in any case mobile primary processing enabled small harbour different vegetation to that found logs to be processed onsite and brought out further inside the peat dome structures. with the larger logs. The process was found to be worthwhile and several concessionaires As well as dissemination of information in adapted this technology, but the utilisation technical reports, the Project presented of forest residues did not come to substitute hydrology and sustainable forest management the extraction of large logs. There were also issues in local workshops and seminars efforts to convince the concessionaries to log organized by the Project and UNDP’s Global lesser used species but this was overtaken by Environment Facility (GEF). The project was reality because these species automatically completed in May 2005. increased in value as forest available for logging was reduced.

In response to the changing perceptions, In 1997 DANCED became involved, in the DANCED changed course to undertake Terengganu region of Peninsular Malaysia, in additional training activities, not part of the a project aiming to optimise the utilisation of projects original design, aimed to teach forest products titled: loggers how to employ directional felling, reducing damage to adjacent trees and Study on Extraction and Processing of avoiding unnecessary destruction of other Forest Residues and Small Dimension vegetation. The project introduced a mobile Logs. training plan for the loggers, who could not leave work to go to a training centre, to teach The approach was to make better use of forest directional felling onsite.

078 Xxxxxxxx

Malaysian Rainforest 079 Three people were sent to Denmark for an intense training course, after which two specialized four- wheel drive vehicles, able to penetrate the forests, and equipped with a variety of logging machinery, were built in Malaysia. Two mobile training units were then established to teach the loggers the new felling techniques. Examples and Initiatives

The new onsite training methods were well received by everyone from the loggers and concessionaries to the Terengganu State Forestry Department and the Forestry Department Headquarters (FDHQ), and more mobile training units have since been established.

Overall the project ended up having a great impact on the forestry sector, and on the operational aspect of the Department, which saw the need to review procedures and guidelines and to work together with the private sector. The industry was also made aware of the need to review its own remuneration system for loggers and the economic incentives needed to improve technologies and techniques.

Mobile Training Unit

080 Examples and Initiatives

081 White Bellied Fish Eagle Examples and Initiatives

Proboscis Monkey

082 Maliau Basin in Sabah is one of the many natural wonders of Malaysia. Known as “Sabah’s Lost World”, it is a haven of

biodiversity. Sabah EPU had, from a very early stage in the DANCED Examples and Initiatives programme, taken an interest in biodiversity management issues. When Maliau Basin became the subject for possible coal mining activities, DANCED in cooperation with Yayasan Sabah (Sabah Foundation) and with active assistance from Sabah State NRM, built on the earlier work and initiated a project titled:

Satellite image of Maliau Basin Management of Maliau Basin Conservation Area.

The project aimed at conserving Maliau Basin and its enormous biodiversity for the benefit, not only of Sabah, but all of Malaysia and the international community. It is a unique geological formation surrounding the Maliau River, presenting major opportunities for hydrological studies, research on local climate, evaluation of the significance of the forest as a ’carbon-sink’ and for biodiversity studies.

The work included establishment of a proper management structure for the Conservation Area, to include Yayasan Sabah, the Sabah Forestry Department, Wildlife Department as well as other affected agencies and interest groups.

High resolution aerial images were taken of the Maliau Basin Conservation Area and 110,000 ha of the surrounding buffer- zone areas which were used to develop a 1:12,000 scale map. These images provided a unique and detailed tool for future studies and management of MBCA and its buffer-zones. Satellite photos were also acquired for detailed biodiversity and botanical mapping, identifying 12 classes of forest vegetation.

A new facility, the Maliau Basin Studies Center’, for conservation, research, education and ecotourism purposes was established at the edge of the basin. A MoU was signed between the Maliau Basin Management Committee and Harvard University, for collaboration in the field of botany. This reflected MBCA’s status as an important area for ecological research and monitoring.

083 084Pygmy Elephants out at night along the Kinabatangan River Examples and Initiatives Hornbill Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower in bloom the world’s Rafflesia, Extensive efforts were put into raising awareness of the need for long-term conservation of MBCA by encouraging media coverage of the area not only in Malaysia, but also in TV- films broadcast in Denmark and Sweden.

A Research & Development Division was established within Yayasan Sabah, which was given responsibility for Maliau’s management. This group was also responsible for research and development activities both national and international. Four former ‘Conservation Management Trainees’ were employed on the project in 1999/2000 to work on this brief.

There was a significant capacity building content in establishing a Geographic Information System (GIS) facility Examples and Initiatives and database, and in enhancing, with Danish assistance, the capacity of Sabah Foundation and other agencies to develop and implement the comprehensive ‘Maliau Basin Conservation Area Strategic Management Plan (2003-2012)’, completed by Sabah Foundation in 2003 and subsequently endorsed by the PSC and MBSC. This Plan was forwarded with recommendations from the chairman of the management committee to Yayasan Sabah and subsequently to the Chief Minister’s Department, Office of Natural Resources along with a proposal to nominate the MBCA as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

This work has led to the long-term protection of 65,000 ha of untouched rainforest as well as a 70,000 ha buffer zone of ‘sustainable managed’ rainforest around it.

There remain threats to the Maliau Basin area associated with the use of the surrounding land areas which impact on Maliau itself and there have been continuing concerns about the possible exploitation of coal reserves. However, the Chief Minister of Sabah has reiterated the Government’s stand that Class One forest reserves or environmentally sensitive areas are off limits to any prospecting or mining activities.

086 The 38m high Takob Akob Falls Examples and Initiatives

His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark and Ybhg. Tan Sri Datu Khalil bin Datu Haji Jamalul, J. P., Director of Yayasan Foundation laying their hands in wet cement to mark the ground breaking ceremony of the Maliau Basin Studies Centre on 17th March 2002. The official opening took place in January 2011.

087 Examples and Initiatives

Counting the nests for sustainable harvesting

An important illustration of the relationship between convincing the harvesters of the mutual benefits a part of a much wider initiative to support the human beings and the issue of biodiversity is given by management plan for the sustainable harvesting of wildlife master plan implementation through edible bird’s nests was developed and implemented improved management of “Totally Protected Areas” Edible Bird Nest Harvesting, in Bukit Sarang and later in Niah, both with great in Sarawak. Similar efforts were carried out in success. The plan, which involved leaving a fixed Sabah where Danish assistance provided effective which is a significant part of the local economy share of the nests for hatching, rapidly produced capacity building to Sabah Wildlife Department in some areas. Harvesting was causing severe an increase in birds and subsequently in nests for to promote sustainable management of Sabah’s depletion of the black nest swiftlet population. harvesting. wildlife resources. Despite the challenge of setting up co-management processes without any precedents and of The bird nest harvesting management plan was

088 Bukit Sarang, Sarawak, Malaysia 089 Some aspects of the biodiversity issue can be helpful in engaging the public in environmental matters. One of the many ways to achieve this, as part of the environmental cooperation initiative, was by funding the printing and translation of a large number of publications in languages relevant to the targeted readers. This served to engage people’s attention, leading to the possibility of a greater awareness and an understanding of their own roles and their own potential in improving the world around them.

An instance of this was the biodiversity conservation project’s translation from English to Bahasa Malay of the executive summary of the Examples and Initiatives

National Tiger Conservation Action Plan 2008-2020.

This became a good example of a small contribution making a big impact as the Action Plan could now reach a much wider audience and become a useful tool for state government officials. Tiger conservation was not directly part of the Biodiversity Component, but after recognising its relevance and importance, the biodiversity project also allocated money for successful tiger workshops which received a lot of attention.

This type of assistance is not unique to the biodiversity component. Denmark funded printing and translation of relevant documents in every field of the environmental cooperation.

090 Examples and Initiatives

On 10th November 1994, Malaysia became a It carried out training and education programmes, the first successful Ecotourism Management Plan. contracting party to the Convention on Wetlands boundary identification and gazettal and development The Semelai ecotourism project remains popular and of International Importance especially as Waterfowl guidelines for the buffer zone. A major success for continues to receive a lot of visitors. Habitat, known as the Ramsar Convention. Tasek this project was in the inclusion and integration of the Bera in the state of Pahang was designated as indigenous people into the site management process The Tasek Bera Ramsar Site has become a point of Malaysia’s first Ramsar Site. To help make wise use and the promotion of cooperative management reference and both the Integrated Management Plan of its wetland resources, DANCED became involved activities. and the Ecotourism Management Plan have been in the replicated in other similar areas. Ramsar Sites have The project initially experienced resistance from since been established in the states of Sarawak, Implementation of Obligations under the the Orang Asli Semelai community, who feared that Johor and Sabah, and the clear connection with small Ramsar Convention - Tasek Bera Ramsar Site. the site designation would disturb their way of life communities and the wider rights of the Orang Asli has and take away their land. The project leader actively meant that MENGO member organisations have been Through successful cooperation the project involved the community and suggested responsible closely involved in many cases. A second Ramsar site established an Integrated Management Plan for ecotourism as an alternative livelihood, made possible is now being established in Sabah solely funded and the Ramsar Site and in doing so gave positive through proper site management. The project was managed by the local communities and assisting encouragement to other states to replicate the instrumental in training the Semelai, who proved to be NGOs. initiative. very innovative, setting up a website and establishing

Tasik Bera

091 Examples and Initiatives

Orang Asli settlement

NGO publications funded by the environmental programme

092 Living with the natural environment in Cameron Highlands Malaysia has long had a coterie of individuals and NGOs involved in environmental awareness and improvement work. Without such grass-root involvement, no amount of external pressure and even support will make a meaningful difference to individual lives. Many of Malaysia’s local NGOs lacked both resources and expertise when the

Danish-Malaysian initiative began so they became a high Examples and Initiatives priority for assistance. As well as providing direct support to individual NGOs, DANIDA provided funds for and impetus to

MENGO, an acronym for “Malaysian Environmental NGOs”, which was formed to improve the effectiveness of NGOs by sharing ideas, sharing sources, providing complementary support systems, and also to provide a more effective conduit between the NGOs and the Malaysian Government. Membership of MENGO ranged from very small special interest groups, such as the Malaysian Karst Society, through well-established community organisations such as PACOS, Partners of Community Organisations Sabah, to local branches of major international organisations such as the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

DANIDA supported this Civil Society from 2001 until 2010. Its brief covered 5 focus areas: • Urban Environment and Sustainable Consumption and Production • Climate Change • Biodiversity: Gender and Indigenous Peoples • Responsible and Accountable Governance with People’s Participation • Ecosystem Approach Applied to Natural Resource Management

093 Funding was provided for a secretariat participating groups were spread widely which, as well as fulfilling a coordinating and across peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and assisting role, became a powerful conduit Sabah under the heading between the NGOs and the Government, providing a voice in the corridors of power. Community Based Natural Resource This influence was highly effective, and was Management Facility in Malaysia, influential in having NGO matters formally supported in Malaysia’s 9th five Year Plan. but the very nature of the work meant that the focus was on local issues. This CBNRM Many of the NGOs within MENGO are facility aimed at enhancing the capacity of concerned with supporting the Malaysian NGOs in influencing sustainable development policies and practices related Rights of Indigenous People. to natural resources management and biodiversity conservation. DANIDA funded 8

Examples and Initiatives This chimed in well with Denmark’s historical initiatives through the CBNRM facility, some concerns about vulnerable indigenous of which had previously been supported peoples, starting nearer home with by the European Commission through their Greenland. Minority indigenous peoples Small Grants Programme for Operations everywhere are liable to have land rights to Promote Tropical Forests (TGPPTF). An issues, including land use, ownership rights example of CBNRM is and effective stewardship. This stewardship is intimately bound up with the issue of The Upper Moyong and Upper biodiversity as well and DANIDA funded and Papar Area Initiative, guided a number of biodiversity initiatives through the medium of MENGO. led by PACOS in Sabah. This initiative concerned 19 villages situated on and One very successful example was focused on around the Moyog and Papar rivers. The biodiversity and the management of natural traditional communities were faced with resources by local people in Sabah under the need to preserve the existing forest the leadership of the PACOS Trust. PACOS and river resources in the face of a growing had been set up with the primary objective of population, whilst at the same time serving protecting and enhancing land rights and other the needs of nearby Kota Kinabalu, for which interests of the indigenous peoples of Sabah, the area was, and remains, a primary water putting a high value on the participation of source. The objectives behind this work women as well as men. This was a philosophy were identified as enhancing cooperation already amenable to the wider objectives of in protecting the natural resources in and both DANIDA and MENGO. around these 19 villages, and strengthening the capacity of the communities to manage The Sabah initiative included as an objective and protect those resources themselves, at the preservation and application of traditional the same time maintaining the biodiversity knowledge as well as that of developing of the area. This work led to much greater methods of improving the husbandry of dialogue and cooperation between the the country’s natural resources. Similar various villages.

094 An orang asli demonstrating his forest skills Examples and Initiatives Moyong River Some of the villages became learning state government. There are now patrol centres for specific issues, such as “tagal”, boats, supplied by the Kelantan Fisheries Examples and Initiatives or traditional medicine. All benefited Department helping to guard the interests from the introduction of these issues in of the local population who have planted community pre-schools. Another spinoff thousands of seedlings to improve the river was the introduction of cooperative banks. home-stay facilities in Kampong Kipouvo and Kampong Togudon which linked the Other funded NGO projects in Peninsular economic benefits of tourism to the issue Malaysia were aimed at empowering Orang of biodiversity. Asli communities in biodiversity protection on their ancestral lands. For example The programme appears also to have in Southern Perak, the Semai ethnic engendered a greater sense of self communities were helped in their struggle to confidence in the communities, which have maintain the forest as their source of fresh begun to recognise their rights, and to water, herbs and raw materials for crafts and understand their ability to influence potential other indigenous products. infringements of those rights. An example of this is evident in the mobilization of opinion, MENGO was very active in promoting its both men and women, opposed to the vision and those of its individual members proposed Kaiduan dam in Upper Papar. both during and after any of its programmes. A notable feature was its production of Another example is the assistance given to high quality booklets from which other the Orang Asli of the people could learn not only what MENGO and the NGOs had done, but how to take Nenggiri River Basin, those lessons and apply them to their own circumstances. Two out of many examples in taking some control over their own are “Taking the Green Path” and “Journeys environment and making use of it in their Taken Lessons Learned”, both of which sum own economic interests. The initiative up a very wide range of individual projects. promoted better interaction between the local population and the Kelantan

Former Danish Ambassador Lasse Reimann visiting a NGO project in Kalimantan

096 DANIDA funded Biodiversity Conservation Project involving SEMAI (Friends of Ecotourism and Conservation of Beautiful Nature) Orang Asli of Ulu Geroh, Perak. From left the Chairman of SEMAI, Orang Asli dancers, ex-Perak State EXCO, Mr. Sivansen and the Village Headman.

097 One of the opportunities arising out of the Malaysia-Denmark cooperation was clearly that of building relationships between components of the two countries’ private sectors. This aspect was a major part of the

Partnership Facility Programme.

This programme, started by DANCED in 1996, was first jointly implemented with the Commercial Section of the Danish Embassy and later with the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) as the focal point.

The objective of the Partnership Facility Programme (PFP) was to promote and support Danish-Malaysian private sector Examples and Initiatives cooperation and participation in environmental assistance by strengthening local companies working in the energy and environment sectors. By facilitating the transfer of environmental goods, services and know-how, the programme also aimed to increase Danish investment in and trade with Malaysia.

There were two types of PFP projects: Preparation Projects which involved the match-making of potential partners followed by the development of a well-defined business-plan, in some cases encompassing a demonstration plant and Implementation Projects carried out according to an already agreed business plan as the final stage leading to an operation on normal commercial terms.

To ensure sincere commitment to the cooperative venture, PFP projects were subjected to a list of criteria including the means to contribute at least ten percent of necessary investment. Apart from mandatory audited accounts, acceptable credit reports and demonstration of prior expertise and experience in the particular field of the proposed project, a project had to demonstrate the potential to become commercially sustainable and was required to identify specific measurable environmental impacts. Rigorous application of such standards ensured that any pleas for additional time on such grounds as “the market was not ready” were not entertained. Agreed deadlines were enforced and serious participants usually found a way to comply, as would be necessary in any Enco Deaerator Enco steam drum commercial undertaking.

098 Examples and Initiatives

Enco Biomass Fuels Feeding System Enco Stokers

Although a few projects had to be terminated due Production of Steam Boiler Co-gen Plants Danstoker Boilers under license from Volund to internal problems between the partners, the for Combustion of Waste Products from Danstoker A/S but with little success, as the industry programme experienced great success with the Palm Oil Production, continued its reliance on old-fashioned but cheap approval of 27 projects between 1998 and 2007. technology which was considerably below what PFP accelerated the adoption of Danish technology a project which runs with success to this date. the partners could offer. By the mid-1990s, more used to preserve and protect the environment and to than 300 palm oil plants were operating in Malaysia, mitigate and abate negative environmental impacts. Partnerships take time to develop and constant all notorious for causing environmental pollution, By aligning PFP to the Malaysia Plans and its sectoral cooperation, consideration and communication is emitting unacceptable levels of large particles and policies, the prospect for a friendly political and needed to overcome the obstacles and challenges. carbon monoxide. regulatory environment was improved. This partnership between Malaysia’s Enco Systems S/B (Formerly Enco Engineering), which opened in Unable to persuade a single palm oil mill to introduce The PFP projects all contributed to the establishment the 1970’s as a service company to the growing boiler the modern European boilers and combustion of ties which will in turn contribute to further industry, and the Danish registered B&W Volund A/S technology, the partners agreed to prepare a new cooperation in the future. It is not within the scope or (formerly Ansaldo Volund) is a perfect example of this and less expensive design, adapted for the Malaysian the space constraints of this book to describe all of exaciting road to success. market. By standardizing production locally the them, but they gave opportunity for involvement and partners sought to reduce their price to counter partnerships between many Danish and Malaysian Prior to becoming the first project under the DANCED the expected rise in market prices caused by companies. PFP Programme, the partners had difficulties in enforcement pressures. However, with insufficient entering the boiler market. In 1993 Enco Systems resources to open the market for the new technology Among the examples of PFP projects is the started manufacturing modern energy efficient the partners shelved the project in 1996.

099 With the emergence of DANCED’s PFP programme, the actively promote and sell their steam boiler co-generation partners decided to take the opportunity to develop a plants to both Malaysia and Thailand. concept which included both economic and environmental aspects. In February 1997, the partners agreed to resume Enco’s involvement with the Danish environmental a long-term cooperative venture and were officially programme became even more beneficial when the accepted into the DANCED programme. cooperation between DANIDA and Enco Energy Systems S/B later resulted in the first Malaysian CDM project With DANCED’s assistance the partnership focused on registered with UNFCCC Executive Board in February 2006. the development and marketing of an environmentally desirable technical concept for energy production based on Other examples of successful projects include Vapour the utilisation of biomass (fibres and shells) from the palm Recovery Systems for Petronas by Titan Sdn. Bhd. and oil production as fuel. The project was very successful. The Cool Sorption A/S, Management of Non-Revenue Water first partnership demonstration unit was commissioned in and Waterworks Energy Reduction by Taliworks Sdn. Bhd. June 2000 and continues to operate with success. and Odense Vandselskab A/S and Total Water Management Examples and Initiatives Solutions and Sewerage Treatment Facilities in Malaysia by The new co-generation plants improve efficiency rates Ranhill Utilities Bhd. and Geo-servEx A/S. while reducing carbon monoxide and particle emissions. The energy efficient system also provides a 20% to 30% These contacts and partnerships were valuable for the increase in power generation potentially enabling the oil projects themselves, but potentially more importantly, palm mills to become Independent Power Producers, for the on-going opportunities they represent. Although providing power for the public grid. DANIDA is now formally a closed chapter in the Malaysia- Denmark story, many of these relationships are continuing With the majority of Malaysia’s palm oil plants still using at a commercial or academic level. In some cases, the outdated technology, the authorities have placed restrictions Danish companies now have permanent representation in on new plants and ordered boilers to be replaced in existing Malaysia. ones. The introduction of locally adapted technology from Enco Systems and W&B Volund has made it possible to achieve great environmental benefits and Enco continues to

Ranhill Utilities Berhad and Geo-servEx A/S (DGE) teamed up in 2008 with the objectives to introduce and test an operational 0100 sewerage Masterplan and to rehabilitate two sewerage treatment plants using Danish technology. An aerial view of Ranhill’s Semangar Water Treatment Plant in Johor. A fully-automated plant using the latest water treatment technology 0101 Examples and Initiatives

Rice threshing after the rice dance Learning about rubber processing, Kampung Sadir

All of the projects undertaken by the programme building in education and research, and to develop These curricula have been accepted by UNIMAS as had a degree of capacity building involved, for both human resources in Denmark and in countries one of the university’s niche areas and UNIMAS Malaysian and Danish participants. Some however receiving Danish assistance. now strives to qualify as a regional Centre of were more directly focussed on capacity building Excellence in the study of natural resource either through cooperative methods of working, The SLUSE programme promotes sustainable management. industrial training or more directly, in the education development and addresses environmental sector as in the case of the project titled: issues, much in line with the “integrated and The joint field course between Malaysian and holistic approach in addressing environmental and Danish students is considered one of the highlights Capacity Building in Research and Education resource issues to attain sustainable development” of the SLUSE programme. The course allows for on Sustainable Land Use and Natural encouraged in Malaysia’s Development Plan. intercultural exposure and academic discourse Resources Management (SLUSE-UNIMAS), between the students and provides them with The project succeeded in setting up two multi- the opportunity to apply classroom knowledge The Malaysian SLUSE programme arose from the disciplinary Academic Masters Programmes at in interdisciplinary studies of natural resource cooperation established between University Malaysia UNIMAS in Sarawak: management to real-life issues. Sarawak (UNIMAS) and the Danish University 1) Master of Environmental Management Consortium for Environment and Development - focused on Development Planning and; Recent fieldtrips include: “Sustainable livelihood in –Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource 2) Master of Environmental Science Tema Mawang” and “From Traditional to Modern Management (DUCED-SLUSE). DUCED–SLUSE was - focused on Land Use and Water Resource Practice – Livelihood Strategies of the Villagers of established to enhance interdisciplinary capacity Management. Kampung Pueh”.

0102 Examples and Initiatives

Trying on a traditional East Malaysian costume

According to the Danish representative in the Malaysian SLUSE steering committee who also acts as a field course coordinator: “The SLUSE project was ground-breaking in bringing Danish and Malaysian students together for intensive field work and by building highly sustainable Master’s level educational programmes in Malaysia - after 14 years of operation the SLUSE field courses are more popular than ever.”

The SLUSE programme has enabled joint research projects between UNIMAS and DUCED-SLUSE teachers. The programme also provides the opportunity for human resource training and development to ensure that managers and decision makers have good grounding in the principle of sustainable development and natural resource environment. Training is offered to mid-career professionals from NREB, DOE, and other relevant institutions.

In response to the 8th Malaysia Plan, a joint initiative between SLUSE, Malaysian universities, government and non-government organisations, known as the Malaysian Network for Capacity Building in Integrated Water Resource Management (MyCapNet), has led to the development of a common (national) curriculum for Masters of Environmental Science in IWRM, a great spin-off contribution by the SLUSE programme.

Ketua Gawea decorating a Danish student 0103 The Achievements

The Danish-Malaysian Environmental Cooperation Capacity building can clearly be seen to have enabled Himmat Singh, former EPU staff and now the Secretary Programme has made a significant contribution to the Malaysians to carry the ideas forward, developing them in General of Ministry of Works expressed it, “I represent lives of many individuals, to the social and legislative their own ways. Examples range from the establishment capacity building”. environment within which individuals work, and to the of entirely new institutions and departments and environment itself. Some of these differences affect improved environmental performance of existing One of the mechanisms influenced by the Danish- individuals directly others less so. All are valuable. institutions, to training provided within the private Malaysian cooperation has been in the assistance given sector, the establishment of training centres, setting to relatively small NGOs who have been involved in often Immediately visible project successes, where the output of up of environmental academic master programmes, to local matters. The funding and direction of local NGOs a group of people can be perceived as a physical change, smaller activities empowering local communities and is always difficult and the environmental programme The Achievements include cleaner rivers in Sarawak, the improvement in land people to act for an improved environment. As Datuk helped by facilitating MENGO, a body which continues productivity by composting, the successful development to co-ordinate the efforts of groups like PACOS, Water of an architectural business specialising in energy efficient Watch Penang, EPSM and others. Cross seeding of buildings, reductions in illegal dumping, the protection of ideas through MENGO helps spread expertise to where a biodiversity haven in Sabah, the controlled harvesting it is needed, avoids unnecessary duplication of effort, of bird nests and many more. For some programmes, provides a debating centre for the development of ideas such successes would be more than sufficient to justify which might otherwise lack impetus and provides a the work which has gone into them. They are significant. conduit for ideas between the operatives on the ground For Denmark and Malaysia however, as well as being and both state and federal government. valid in their own right, they also constitute early evidence of the success of some of the overall obejectives which These examples, along with many more, mean that underpin the initiative. the need for focussed assistance will be lessened over time. The capacity building input has not just been a For the environmental wellbeing of Malaysia, there has process of data and equipment transfer it has been to be a permanent change for the better. The individual a cooperative process of assisting in the modes of project successes are important, but without a much thinking which will lead to new initiatives, long after deeper set of changes, they would remain isolated DANIDA has departed. instances of good work, possibly to fade away over time. This Environmental Cooperation Programme set A significant part of the capacity building has been in the out from the beginning to achieve much more than that. construction of knowledge networks. The connections The intention was always to positively influence the between Denmark and Malaysia which were initiated are social environment as well as the physical environment not just an historical event. Those connections still exist, to such an extent that the individual projects would and are already leading to commercial ventures which clearly become precursors to much more. The need no external guidance. They justify themselves likelihood of any individual community, industry, NGO and are self sustaining. The PFP initiative was a major or municipal initiative expanding and developing into catalyst in bringing about various joint ventures and greater things has been increased by two components many of those associations will continue to thrive. All of not usually seen in overseas aid programmes the the projects gave rise to both personal and professional determined focus on capacity building and the input relationships which endure, to the benefit of both to Malaysia’s wider social and legislative programme. countries.

0104 The Achievements

Left to right: The XIII King of Malaysia Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water, YB Dato’ Sri Peter Chin Fah Kui, Danish Ambassador Svend Waever, Deputy Head of Mission, Helle Sejersen Myrthue and Managing Director of IEN Consultants, Poul Erik Kristensen at IGEM 2010

0105 Whilst never a primary objective the initiative has encouraged significant transfer of technology which has been of benefit to both countries. Transfer of technology has not been merely a handing over of equipment, but a process of education, leading to joint Malaysian and Danish development of original ideas. For example, at Kualiti Alam the original plant was a copy of Danish originals, but the extension works are an amalgamation of Danish and Malaysian design. The result is a new design involving technology which can be developed and sold both domestically and internationally. The Achievements

Casual collaboration continues between the Danes and Malaysians

By becoming involved in country wide issues such for solid waste management, a comprehensive as waste management, control of hazardous managed system has been made possible which not substances, land and coastal management, the only meets Malaysian needs, but is an example to environmental programme had a significant influence others in the region. on some parts of the legislative process, assisting the Government to direct, enable and control Another such example is that of Environmentally country-wide initiatives. A prime example is in the Hazardous Substances. DANIDA helped to draft field of Solid Waste Management where DANIDA legislation which allows for a common system of was directly involved in the drafting of new legislation registration and control of hazardous substances to with the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. accord with European Union systems. Along with the By adding an element of Danish planning expertise obvious benefits within Malaysia itself, the adoption to the Malaysian government’s knowledge of its of an internationally recognised approach overcomes own social and economic circumstances, a process a significant barrier with trade partners who insist

Remainding Danish compactors to be sent to Sabah for already begun in the mid-1990’s by the Malaysian on accountable processes with control on such community based projects later this year government’s decision to federalise responsibility substances.

0106 The Achievements

The editing team gaining insight into the thoughts of former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, twenty years down the line from the first Rio Conference

From the outset, the Danish approach to Malaysia Department. He joined EPU in 1997 when DANCED was report their findings back to Malaysian agencies differed from others in that there was a greater just starting the mid-term review of the 7th Malaysia who would then determine, in consultation with the understanding and respect for Malaysia and Malaysians. Plan and so has had long involvement. Dato’ Seri Dr Danish experts, how best to make use of the data and Former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad Ali Hamsa has expressed the view that DANCED and implement any proposals that came from them.” has commented “We knew of your interest, we knew DANIDA had a well-planned system whereby they that you were very positive about this thing, you are became involved early, engaged in detailed discussions The degree of trust engendered on all sides by this not just talking about it, you are not criticising us and adapted their ideas to local needs and opinions attitude, and the fact that the trust continued throughout for pollution but instead you want to help us reduce before establishing detailed programmes. “The Danish the cooperation is further illustrated by the fact that pollution, and that was very much appreciated.” proposals had “buy-in” they did not come in and say the Malaysian participants were kept fully aware of ‘you must do this’. The need was seen from the local the Danish funding position and any requirements or This major factor in the success of the Danish-Malaysian point of view. They adopted and adapted. When any conditions which might have been imposed on that environmental programme was reiterated by Dato’ Danish agency carried out any study of needs and funding. All parties were able to suggest how best to Seri Dr Ali Hamsa, now the Director General of the opportunity, they would involve and seek advice from use the available funding and the Danish donors were Public Private Partnership Unit under Prime Minister’s their Malaysian partners in the process. They would very flexible in determining allocations.

0107 This contrasts with the more traditional approach to in the service of the common idea. This mutual assistance, where the overseas agency might all too enthusiasm resulted in a sort of snowball effect The Achievements often be tempted to provide what it sees fit, without because people were encouraging each other to sufficient understanding of either the real needs or build without inhibition on what went before, no the real expertise already in place within the country. matter where any particular idea originated. The process avoided potentially damaging competition Malaysia became a participant in the Danish between interest groups by including everybody initiative, in part because there was already ability and taking account of their views throughout the and an enthusiasm to move forward in improving process. the environment. The injection of Danish expertise and perspective has had the effect of advancing The result of that process is that Malaysia is now Malaysia’s abilities in this field more quickly at the forefront of Asian thinking in the area of than might otherwise have been the case, but it environment, already passing on the benefit of was moved on by both Denmark and Malaysia. their more advanced knowledge and experience A frequently voiced opinion from within the to neighbouring countries. government departments, in this case from Dato’ Dr Nadzri bin Yahaya, Director General of National Solid As Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding, former Minister of Waste Management under the Ministry of Housing Science and Environment states: and Local Government, is that “Without DANIDA it might still have happened but it would have taken “I am sorry to see the termination of the Danish a longer time. With DANIDA’s cooperation we had initiative, but Malaysia has now graduated. The a dedicated team full time, working hand in hand initiative has showcased effective cooperation with our people”. This is in keeping with the original between developed and developing countries objectives of injecting a dash of expertise, direction over a period of two decades, despite differences and confidence into an already receptive Malaysia. It in culture, legal systems and philosophies. is a fully mutual achievement. The cooperation was not only government-to -government but also between industries, NGOs The cooperative nature of the whole programme, and other stakeholders. For Rio+20 the aspect characterized by a mutual definition of the issues to of technologies, implementation, resources and be dealt with and of the approaches to be adopted capacity building for the less developed countries to deal with them, encouraged everybody involved cannot be emphasised enough if we are serious in to stretch their personal resources and abilities wanting to leave a better world to our children.”

0108 3 Remora hitching a ride with a Green Turtle in Sabah Malaysia Xxxxxxxx

0109 Malaysian- Danish Environmental Cooperation Fact Sheet

Duration: DANIDA and EPU: 6. Technical Assistance to Department of Environment in relation to the 16 years, 1994–2010 3rd Country Programme (2002 - 2006): Mutual Government agreement to Implementation of an Integrated Treatment Facility for Scheduled Wastes (TA focus the final phase of cooperation on five areas namely: to DOE on KA) Rationale: • Environmental Planning and Strategy 7. Technical Assistance and Training regarding Operation and Maintenance at In response to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the • Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (and CDM) Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd (TA to KA thru KKIM) Danish Parliament in 1993 allocated funds to set up the Environment and • Solid Waste Management 8. Pig Waste Management Project, Penang (Pig Waste Management) Disaster Relief Facility (ERDF). Danish bilateral environmental assistance to • Environmentally Hazardous Substances Malaysia was initiated as part of this facility to promote transfer of environmental • Biodiversity Conservation Pollution Theme: Energy technology and know-how to an environmentally conscious nation experiencing 1. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE) Component, Malaysian- rapid growth. Total Number of Projects: Danish Environmental Cooperation Programme (ECP), 2003 – 2006 127 projects (G-G, NGOs, PFP and Small Grants) 2. Technical Assistance on Demonstration Project Preparation for Clean A MoU was signed between the former Ministry of Environment, Science and Development Mechanism in Malaysia (CDM Projects) Technology, Malaysia and the former Ministry for the Environment and Energy, Total Funding: Total amount of funding in Malaysia amounted to more than 3. Capacity Building in the Energy Commission and Related Key Institutions on Denmark on 13 June 1994. DKK 600 million (RM 375 million) Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management (DSM Project) 4. Technical Assistance on Capacity Building for Clean Development Mechanism Objectives:

Fact Sheet Partnership Facility Programme (PFP): (CDM) Secretariat at Malaysian Energy Centre (PTM) (CDM at PTM) Overall objective: To contribute to the restoring of environment in accordance Objective: To introduce Danish technology and know-how and adapting it to the 5. Capacity Building in Integrated Resources Planning at Government and with the recommendations of the UNCED Conference (Agenda 21). local market conditions for the benefit of the environment, the society and the Related Agencies (IRP) Malaysian business partners. 6. Centre of Education and Training for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Aims: To work in close cooperation with the government, particularly the Number of Projects: 27 projects (CETREE) Economic Planning Unit, to build local capability in environmental administration Value: total value of the programme amounted to DKK 80 million with Danish 7. Support to Development of a Strategy for Renewable Energy as Fifth Fuel (5th and organization, by offering transfer of expertise and skills as well as government contribution amounting to DKK 59.7 million on average or 75% of Fuel Strategy) environmental technology to Malaysia enabling them to find local solutions to total project value. 8. Support to Development of Energy Efficiency Strategy (EE Strategy) environmental problems. 9. Energy Efficient Design Building for MECM as Key Demonstration Building for NGO Projects: Energy Use Performance and Environmental Qualities in Malaysia (LEO To support state, regional and national authorities in efforts that integrate Total Number of NGO Projects: 44 grants/projects Building) environmental considerations into the overall planning process. - Design of LEO Building, Phase I PROJECTS SUPPORTED UNDER THE MALAYSIAN-DANISH - Inputs to Detailed Design of LEO Building, Phase II To select projects on the basis of their ability to provide long-term and holistic ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME 1994-2010 - Capacity Building for Malaysian Industry and Academia in EE design solutions to environmental problems with special emphasis on: Building • The improving of environment awareness at all levels of society. POLICY FOCUS: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 10. Follow up on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Strategies in Malaysia • Strong elements of local ownership and participation. Ecosystem Cluster: Urban Ecosystem (Follow up to EE and RE) • Comprehensive approaches in selected geographical areas within the country. Programme Theme: Urban Environment POLICY FOCUS: NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT • Active involvement of local communities, NGOs, public and private sectors 1. Solid Waste Management (SWM) Component, Malaysian-Danish Ecosystem Cluster: Forest and labour market organisation. Environmental Cooperation Programme (ECP), 2003 – 2006 • Feasibility and sustainability. 2. Implementation of Urban Environmental Management System (UEMS) in Programme Theme: Forest & Biodiversity Kuching, Sarawak (UEMS Sarawak) 1. Biodiversity Conservation (BioD) Component, Malaysian-Danish Environmental Partners: 3. Capacity Building in Education, Training and Research in Industry and Urban Cooperation Programme (ECP), 2003 – 2006 Malaysian Programme Coordinator: EPU, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Areas, Malaysia (MUCED I& UA) 2. Multipurpose Forestry in a Changing Society (Twinning between Malaysian and Minister’s Department 4. Economic Approaches to Sustainable Development (EAs to SD) Danish Institutions) Danish programme Coordinators: DANCED (Danish Co-operation for 5. A Study to Determine the Origins, Formation and Composition of Aerosol 3. Management of Maliau Basin Conservation Area (Maliau Basin) Environment and Development)/Ministry for the Environment and Energy Haze in Malaysia (Haze Study) 4. Capacity Building in Education and Research on Sustainable Land Use and DANIDA (Danish International Development Assistance/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building in the Economic Planning Natural Resources Management in Malaysia (SLUSE – UNIMAS) Other Partners: Federal, State and Municipal institutions in Malaysia, private Unit (Capacity Building of EPU) 5. Support to Wildlife Master Plan Implementation through Improved industries, community organisations and other non-governmental organisations. 7. Capacity Building and Human Resource Development for the Department of Management of Totally Protected Areas, Sarawak Environment (DOE) (Capacity Building of DOE) 6. Capacity Building for the Wildlife Department, MTDEST, Sabah Country Programmes: 8. Sustainable Urban Development, Sabah (SUD Sabah) 7. Masterplan and Capacity Building and Strengthening of the Protected Area DANCED and EPU: 9. Sustainable Urban Development, Sarawak (SUD Sarawak) System of Peninsular Malaysia (Masterplan for PAs) 1st Country Programme (1994 - 1998): Activities were based on mutual 10. Capacity Building for the Environmental Conservation Department (ECD), 8. Sabah Biodiversity Conservation Project (Sabah Bio-D) agreements on proposed project activities. Ministry of Tourism Development, Environment, Science and Technology 9. Preparation of a Management Plan for the Johore Mangrove Swamp Forests 2nd Country Programme (1999 - 2001): Launched on the basis of mutually (MTDEST), Sabah (Capacity Building of ECD) (Johore Mangroves) agreed priorities as stated in the 7th Malaysia Plan and the Strategy for Danish 11. Integrating Environmental Issues into Spatial Planning – 10. Study on Extraction & Processing of Forest Residues & Small Dimension Logs Environmental Assistance. Local Plans in Sabah (Environmental Local Planning) (Forest Residues) Areas of Focus of the two Programmes: 11. Sustainable Management of the Peat Swamp Forest (PSF), Peninsular Malaysia • Urban Development and Industrialisation Programme Theme: Pollution (Peat Swamp) • Sustainable Use of Energy 1. Environmentally Hazardous Substances (EHS) Component 12. Nature Education and Research Centre, Endau Rompin National Parks, Johore • Agriculture 2. Cleaner Technology for Improved Efficiency and Productivity of the Malaysian (NERC Endau Rompin) • Forests and Wood Resources Industry (CT for Efficiency & Productivity) 13. Collaboration on Biodiversity between Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) and • Biological Diversity 3. Environmental Improvements in Wood Processing Enterprises, Peninsular Danish Universities (UMS Bio-D) • Coastal Zones Malaysia (ENWIND) 14. Management of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Capacity Building & Human Resources • Water Resources 4. Danced Support through Chemcontrol A/S to Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd (KA) (TA Development (Krau Wildlife) • Industrial Pollution to KA thru CC) 15. Integrated Conservation and Development, Perlis State Park (Perlis State Park) 5. Promotion of Cleaner Technology in the Malaysian Industry (CT at SIRIM) 16. Management for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Peat Swamp Forests & Associated Water Regimes in Malaysia (PSF and AWR)

0110 Malaysian- Danish Environmental Cooperation Fact Sheet

Ecosystem Cluster: Freshwater 18. Wetlands Conservation and Wise Use at Kuala Gula (WI - Malaysia 6. Sustainable and Safe Groundwater Extraction (Implementation Project) Programme) [NIRAS A/S, Denmark and Ocned Water Technology Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Programme Theme: Water Resources 19. A Community-based Approach to Conservation and Development in Ulu 7. Management of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and Waterworks Energy 1. Integrated River Basin Management in Peninsular Malaysia (IRBM) Padas, Sabah (WWF, Malaysia & WWF, Denmark) Reduction (Implementation Project) [Odense Vandselskab A/S, Denmark and 2. Capacity Building and Human Resources Development for Integrated 20. Mobilizing Malaysians on Climate Change (CETDEM) Taliworks (Langkawi) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Catchment Planning in the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Sabah 21. A Community-Based Approach to Sustainable Environmental Management in 8. Water Resource Management (Implementation Project) [WaterTech a/s, Malaysia (CB Sabah DID) Cameron Highlands (WWF, Malaysia & REACH) Denmark and Hatimuda Sdn Bhd Malaysia] 3. Implementation of Obligations under the Ramsar Convention (Tasek Bera) 22. A Strategy and Programme for Danced Support to Environmental NGOs in 9. Sustainable Shrimp Aquaculture Technology (Implementation Project) [Danaq (Tasek Bera Ramsar Site) Malaysia (MENGO Support Unit) –Phase 1 amba, Denmark and Sarawak Plantation Berhad, Malaysia] 4. River Rehabilitation Project, Melaka (Melaka River Rehabilitation) 23. Indigenous Participation at the 7th Conference of Parties to the Convention 10. Ozone Treatment of Palm Oil Wastewater Effluents in Malaysia on Biological Diversity (PACOS/JOAS) (Implementation Project) [Bio-Aqua as, Denmark and Sarawak Plantation

Ecosystem Cluster: Coastal 24. Population Status and Conservation of the Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus. Berhad, Malaysia] Fact Sheet (Copenhagen Zoo/PERHILITAN) 11. Fabrication and Sale of Band Filter Systems in Malaysia (Implementation Programme Theme: Water Resources 25. Building Sustainable Communities: Fourth Community Organising Training Project) [FlowTech A/S, Denmark and Aquakimia Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] 1. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (PACOS) 12. Demonstration Project for Vapour Recovery Systems in Malaysia based at 26. Holistic Environment Programme for Schools (TrEES) Melaka TTLR Terminal (Implementation Project) [Cool Sorption A/S, Denmark POLICY FOCUS: INTEGRATED AND CROSS SECTORAL 27. Project on Awareness Raising in Sandakan (Lions Club) and Titan Sdn Bhd Malaysia] 28. Highlands Development and Environmental Considerations: Implications for 13. Sustainable Shrimp Aquaculture Technology Malaysia (Start-up Facility 1. Environmental Planning and Strategy Component, Malaysian-Danish Media (AIDCOM) Project) [Danaq amba, Denmark and Sarawak Plantation Bhd, Malaysia] Environment Cooperation Programme 2003-2006 (EPS Component) 29. Seminar on Local Communities and the Environment II (EPSM) 14. Development of Consultancy Services within Sustainable Forestry and FSC 2. Enhancement of Role of Environmental Journalism in Malaysia (Env 30. Environment Camp for Young Leaders (MYC) Certification in Malaysia (Implementation Project) [VISKon ApS, Denmark and Journalism) 31. Paya Indah – The Malaysian Wetland Sanctuary (MWF) MJS Services Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] 3. Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Capacity Building and 32. Community Recycling Programme (TrEES) 15. Demonstration Project: Destruction of CH4 from Ulu Tiram Landfill Implementation (MEAs – CB and Implementation) 33. Seminar on Local Communities and the Environment (EPSM) [GasCon, Denmark & Southern Waste Management S/B, Malaysia] 34. Identification and Promotion of Practices for Environmentally Friendly 16. Innovative and Cost Effective Approach to Industrial Wastewater Treatment POLICY FOCUS: SMALL GRANT & NGO PROJECTS Sustainable Aquaculture (INFOFISH) (Start-up Facility Project) [Flowtech A/S, Denmark and QT Environmental 35. Workshop on the Development of Programmes of Cooperation in Education Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Small Grant & NGO Projects & Research on Environmental Management & Technology between 17. Fabrication and Sale of AVC Sludge Dewatering Systems in Malaysia 1. Civil Society Sub-Component (under Biodiversity Component) (MENGO Malaysian and Danish Universities (UM) [Simon Moos Maskinfabrik A/S, Denmark (SMM) and Aquakimia Sdn Bhd, Support Unit, MSU) – Phase Three 36. CANSEA Secretariat Operations in Malaysia until end 1997 (CETDEM) Malaysia] 2. Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Facility (under 37. Promotion of Conservation Awareness and Environmental Education of 18. Transfer of Know-how concerning Design, Production and Sale of BioRecco Biodiversity Component) Highland of Forests Frasers Hill (WWF Malaysia) Aerators (Implementation Project) [Lind Jensen Maskinfabrik A/S, Denmark 3. Strengthening Community Based Initiatives on Natural Resource 38. National Conference on Climate Change (UPM) & Leong Bee & Soo Bee Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Management and Biodiversity Protection for Upper Moyog and Upper Papar 39. Assistance to the Ramsar Technical Working Committee (WIAP) 19. Production of Energy Saving Light Control Devices [Servodan A/S, Denmark Area 40. A Forum for NGO (MNS) & Newtronics (M) Sdn Bhd] 4. Community-Based Watershed Conservation and Promotion of Biodiversity 41. Workshop on Hazardous Household Waste (ENSEARCH) 20. Steam Boiler Co-gen Plant for Combustion of Waste Products from Palm Protection through Enrichment Planting and Sustainable Use in Northern 42. National Conference on The State of the Malaysian Environment (CAP) Oil Production in Malaysia [Babcock & Wilcox Vølund ApS, Denmark & Enco Region of Sabah 43. National Review of Environmental Quality Management in Malaysia: Towards Systems S/B] 5. Sustainable Development and Conservation through the Community-based the Next Two Decades (LESTARI) 21. Steam Boiler Co-gen Plant for Combustion of Wood Wastes [Euro Therm Ecotourism (CBET) Programme 44. Assessment of Renewable Energy Work in Malaysia (CETDEM) A/S & Visdamax (M) Sdn Bhd] 6. Catalyzing Indigenous Community Initiatives on Sustainable Natural Resource 22. Development of Consultancy Services within Sustainable Forestry and FSC Management and Biodiversity Conservation in Sarawak Listing of Other Supported Projects Certification in Malaysia (Start-up Facility Project) [VISKon ApS, Denmark and 7. Empowering the Temiar Orang Asli Communities for Natural Resource 1. List of Grant Support to NGOs to Prepare Project Documents MJS Services Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Management in the Nenggiri River Basin 2. List of Small Grant Capacity Building Projects 23. Reduction of Steel Dust Emission, Recycling and Energy Conservation and 8. Biodiversity Conservation Involving the Orang Asli Semai of Ulu Geroh, Perak Green Accounting with the Objective of Obtaining ISO 14001 EMS [Dansteel 9. Empowering the Semai Community in Biodiversity Protection through DANISH PARTNERSHIP FACILITY PROGRAMME Engineering A/S & Amsteel Mills Sdn Bhd] Watershed Conservation at their Ancestral Land in Kampung Chang Sungai 24. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Industrial Product Development and Cleaner Gepai, Perak Introduction Technology [Institute for Product Development (IPU), DTU Denmark & Yomart 10. Promoting Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: Biodiversity Partnership Projects under Implementation & Start-up Environmental Systems (M) Sdn Bhd] Conservation that involves Indigenous Peoples 1. Solid Waste Management Data Reporting and Quality Assured System in 25. Implementation of Environmental Information System [Geokon Ebb A/S, 11. Environmentally Hazardous Substances (EHS): Consumer Education and Malaysia (Implementation Project) [Veksebo Miljørådgivning Aps, Denmark Denmark & Yomart Environmental Systems (M) Sdn Bhd] Outreach by Consumers Association of Penang (CAP) and Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia] 26. Consultancy Service on Mathematical Modelling, Monitoring and Control 12. Demonstration & Documentation Centre for Sustainable Energy Solutions for 2. Total Water Management Solutions and Sewerage Treatment Facilities in Systems for Integrated Environmental Management [Water Consult ApS, Urban Households (Demo & Doc Centre for SE) Malaysia (Implementation Project) [Danske Geo-servEx a/s, Denmark and Denmark & Kawaka Cesar Sdn Bhd] 13. A Strategy and Programme for Danced Support to Environmental NGOs in Ranhill Utilities Berhad, Malaysia] Malaysia (MENGO Support Unit) – Phase 2 3. Biological Wastewater Treatment Technology (Implementation Project) Listing of Other Supported Projects 14. Administrating Environmental Law: community Support and Action (SAM) [BioKube A/S, Denmark and Water Care Vision Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] 1. List of Projects supported for Preparatory & Feasibility Studies 15. River Basin Initiative: Community Participation in River Management (GEC) 4. Environmental Protective Thermal Waste Treatment in Malaysia 2. List of Projects supported for Match-making Visits 16. Occupational Health and Safety Programme for Malaysian Workers in (Implementation Project) [Envikraft A/S, Denmark and Bennova Mechanical Electronic and Construction Industries (OHS in Electronic and Construction Engineering Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] Industries) 5. Anaerobic Treatment of Organic Heavily Polluted Wastewater Systems 17. MNS’s Centre for Environmental Training, Research and Education (CENTRE) (Implementation Project) [EnviDan A/S, Denmark and Darco Water Systems Project Towards Capacity Building, Awareness and Conservation (MNS Sdn Bhd, Malaysia] CENTRE)

0111 Publications Yayasan Sabah,DANIDA.2003.ManagementofMaliau BasinConservationArea Sabah,Malaysia,CompletionReport Presentation Universiti MalaysiaSarawak,UNIMAS. 2010.UniversityCollaborationonEducationandResearch withinSustainableLandUse andNaturalResource Management (SLUSE)inMalaysia(SLUSE-M).Powerpoint Universiti MalaysiaSarawak,UNIMAS.2009.SLUSE(SustainableLand UseandNaturalResource Management)MastersProgramme. PowerpointPresentation Traeholt, Carl.2010. KeepingOurIslandClean:PublicParticipationinCleanlinessandSolidWaste MalaysiaandDANIDA Managementon PulauKapas.MinistryofHousingandLocalGovernment, MalaysiaandDANIDA Government, Sorensen, CarinaandGyrup,Sine.2010.Composting:ClosingtheLoopatHome-AHousehold HomeCompostingProgramme inMajlisBandarayaPetalingJaya(MBPJ).MinistryofHousingandLocal SK, SuchenandRenshaw, Bob.2010.Wonderland…Beyond andDANIDA thebin.MinistryofHousingandLocalGovernment Oh, CeciliaandGregory, Rick.2001.Malaysian-DanishEnvironmental Cooperation–17CaseStories.MinistryofEnvironment andEnergy. Copenhagen Ministry ofNaturalResources andEnvironment, andtheDevelopmentProcess. Malaysia.2008.ACommonVisiononBiodiversityinGovernment Putrajaya Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Denmark/DANIDA.2010.SWMComponent,CompletionReport Ministry ofForeign Affairs,from Denmark/DANIDA.2010.LessonsLearned Projects underthePartnershipFacilityProgramme inMalaysia,FinalReport.PEResearch Sdn.Bhd.,PetalingJaya, Selangor Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Denmark/DANIDA.2009.EHSComponent,CompletionReport Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Denmark.2009.ReviewAideMemoire (RAM),Malaysia-Denmark:Environmental Cooperation,FinalJointAnnualReview, March 2009 Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Denmark/DANIDA.2003.EvaluationofDanishEnvironmental AssistanceinSoutheastAsia Ministry ofForeign Affairs andMinistryofEnvironment andEnergy, DANIDA/DANCED. 1996. StrategyforDanishEnvironmental Assistance.SalomonandRoussellAS.Copenhagen Ministry ofEnvironment andEnergy, Denmark/DANCED. 1999.Malaysian-DanishCountryProgramme forCooperationinEnvironment Assistance,1999-2001.Frederiksberg BogtrykkeriA/S.Copenhagen Ministry ofEnvironment andEnergy, Denmark/DANCED. 1999.ADanishContributiontoaCleanerWorld. ‘MiljøDanmark, Nr. 6‘Danskmiljøbistand’.Copenhagen Ministry ofEnvironment andEnergy, Denmark/DANCED. 1998.SectorEvaluationofCapacityDevelopmentActivitiesTargeting UrbanEnvironment inThailandandMalaysia Ministry ofEnvironment, Denmark,DanishEnvironmental Protection Agency. 1994.PolicyguidelinesforDANCED.’OrienteringfraMiljøstyrelsen’, Nr. 7,1994.Copenhagen MENGO. 2010.Taking the Green Path–MENGO’s InitiativesTowards SustainableDevelopment.KualaLumpur MENGO. 2010.PreservinginCommunity-BasedNaturalResource theLifeline:LessonsLearned ManagementinMalaysia.KualaLumpur MENGO. 2010.IndigenousRights-Development,LandandIdentity:LawsPoliciesRelatingtotheofPeoplesinSabah.PetalingJaya,Selangor MENGO. 2010.RighttoLandHeritage:LawsandPoliciesRelatingtheRightsofIndigenousPeoplesinSarawak.PetalingJaya,Selangor Marie Sigvardt. 2010.Addressing RuralSanitation:EcologicalSanitationataBoarding SchoolinSarawak,Malaysia.NaturalResources andEnvironment Board, SarawakandDANIDA Malaysian PrimeMinister’s Department,EconomicPlanning Unit. 1996.SeventhMalaysiaPlan,1996-2000.NationalPrintingCompanyofMalaysia.KualaLumpur Malaysian PrimeMinister’s Department,EconomicPlanning Unit. 2001.EighthMalaysiaPlan,2001-2005.NationalPrintingCompanyofMalaysia.KualaLumpur Malaysian PrimeMinister’s Department,EconomicPlanning Unit. 2006.NinthMalaysiaPlan,2006-2010.NationalPrintingCompanyofMalaysia.KualaLumpur Malaysian PrimeMinister’s Department,EconomicPlanning Unit. 2010.Tenth MalaysiaPlan,2011-2015.NationalPrintingCompanyofMalaysia.KualaLumpur Ir. Tai KahKeeandJaeger, MichaelR.1999.StudyonExtractionandProcessing ofForest ResiduesandSmallDimensionLogs,PeninsularMalaysia.Vol. 1.Forestry DepartmentPeninsularMalaysia.KualaLumpur MalaysiaandDANIDA Melaka. MinistryofHousingandLocalGovernment, Eco-Ideal ConsultingSdn.Bhd.2010.MobilisingthePublictoAvoid IllegalDumpingofBulkyWaste: EstablishingScheduledBulkyWaste CollectionandCivicAmenitySite–Experiencesfrom ShahAlamand Department ofWildlifeandNationalParksPeninsularMalaysia.2008.TigerActionPlanforKualaLumpur 2006.UrbanEnvironmentalDANCED, SarawakGovernment. ManagementSystem(UEMS)INKuching,Sarawak,CompletionReport 2002.SustainableUrbanDevelopment,Sarawak,CompletionReport DANCED, SarawakGovernment. DANCED, EPU,PrimeMinister’s Department.2001.Malaysian-DanishCountryProgramme forCooperationinEnvironment andSustainableDevelopment(2002-2006).Frederiksberg BogtrykkeriA/S.Copenhagen Carson, Rachel.1962.SilentSpring.HoughtonMifflin. Boston Chin Tuck Yuan andHavmollerPalle.1999.SustainableManagementofPeatSwampForest inPeninsularMalaysia,Volume II:Impacts,Forestry DepartmentPeninsularMalaysia.KualaLumpur Chin Tuck Yuan andHavmollerPalle.1999.SustainableManagementofPeatSwampForest inP 0112 Publications Acknowledgement

The Team would like to personally thank The Team would like to personally thank (cont.)

H.E. Svend Weaver and Helle Sejersen Myrthue from the Royal Danish Embassy Kuala Lumpur and the EPU, Prime Rahmah Bt. Ashari – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia Minister’s Department for giving us the opportunity of putting this book together Sivaneswaran Ramachandran – Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia Søren Beck – Owner of Beck Consult Sdn. Bhd. / Former CTA And (In Alphabetical Order) Sonja Hagen Mikkelsen – Former CTA SMK Seri Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang Dato’ Sri Dr Ali Hamsa – Director General of Public Private Partnership Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. Thomas Chia Boon Hwa Adelaine Tan – Coordinator of Global Environment Centre / MENGO Thilde Bech Bruun – SLUSE Coordinator, University of Copenhagen Ahmed Norhafiz Mohd Dahalan – Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. Veena Manchanda –United Nations Photo Library Allen Ng – Managing Director of Enco Systems Sdn. Bhd. Dr Waidi Sinun – Group Manager, Conservation and Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Andreas de Neergaard – SLUSE, University of Copenhagen Yasmin bt Ramli – Pos Malaysia Berhad Acknowledgement Anne Lasimbang – Executive Director of Pacos Trust Yii Tan Chang – Managing Director of PE Research Sdn. Bhd. Awang Muzaiddin Bin Ahat – MENGO Coordinator Y.M. Raja Datuk Zaharaton binti Raja Zainal Abidin – Former Director of Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Azmanuddin Haq Ahmad – Managing Director of Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. Department, Malaysia H.E. Børge Petersen – Ambassador of Denmark to Malaysia (2004-2008) Dato´ Carl Bek-Nielsen – Vice Chairman & Executive Director of United Plantations Berhad Carolyne Tang – Environmental Control Officer, Natural Resources and Environment Board, Sarawak Carsten Ranico – Director of Carsten Ranico & Partners Cheng Cheng Kee – Enco Systems Sdn. Bhd. Ch’ien C. Lee – Wild Borneo Christian Schriver – Director of CSConsulting and Management / Former CTA Dave Singh Elsebeth Tarp – Senior Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark Faraanida Mobin – Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia Photography & Images Gregers Reimann – Associate Director of IEN Consultants Gorm Jeppesen – Former CTA Image on page 8, courtesy of Colorbox.com Datin Hajah Hanili bt Ghazali – Senior Principal Assistant Director, Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Image of Svend Auken on page 14, courtesy of Folketinget.dk Resources and Environment, Malaysia. Image of Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding on page 14, courtesy of Tan Sri Law Hieng Ding Dato’ Halipah binti Esa – Former Director General of Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia Images of Rio de Janeiro on page 14 and 15, by G. Balangalibun Hans Carl Jacobsen – Former CTA Image on page 16, courtesy of UN Photo Hans Ulrik Skotte Møller – Former CTA Mr Henrik Rytter Jensen – Country Manager of Danish Energy Management / Image on page 17, by Frank Leather, courtesy of UN Photo Former CTA Images on page 28 and 31, courtesy of NREB Datuk Himmat Singh – Secretary General of Ministry of Works, Malaysia Images on page 29, by Ch’ien C. Lee Ib Larsen – Former CTA Images on page 30, courtesy of Soon Hun Yang Inge-Marie Lorenzen Holst – Former Environmental Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, Stamps Image on page 43, courtesy of Pos Malaysia Berhad Y.B. Dato’ Dr James Dawos Mamit – Deputy Minister of Tourism Malaysia Image on page 46, courtesy of ACICC Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Juliet John Image on page 66, by Lillian Friis Hansen Kamarul Zaman Abd. Kadir – President of Core Competencies Sdn Bhd Image of recycling bank launch on page 67, courtesy of NREB Kim Wiese – Senior Manager at Babcock and Wilcox Volund A/S Image on page 68, courtesy of Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. Kristine Juul – SLUSE, Roskilde University Mobile training unit image on page 80, courtesy of Terengganu Forestry Training Centre H.E. Lasse Reimann – Ambassador of Denmark to Malaysia (1997-2004) Maliau Basin satellite image on page 83, courtesy of Yayasan Sabah Y.B. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Law Hieng Ding – Former Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia Maliau Basin aerial view on page 83, by S. Yorath Lee Khong Lin – Lam Spray Painting Workshop Maliau Basin Takob Akob Falls image on page 86, by Klaus E. Fiedler Lee Sung Ho – CEO of Jusin Enterprise (M) Sdn. Bhd. Maliau Basin Ceremony images on page 87 by Ag. Mokti Ag. Tuah Lily Hor Yin Heng – Former Project Coordinator for DANCED and DANIDA, RDE Images on page 88 and 89, by Ib Larsen Loh Poh Chen Images on page 91, courtesy of NRE and PERHILITAN Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad – Former Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981- 2003) Image of former Ambassador Lasse Reimann on page 96, by of Inge-Marie Lorenzen Holst Marie Sigvardt – Former DANIDA Consultant Images of steam boiler co-gen plant on page 98 and 99, courtesy of Enco Systems S/B Martin Bek-Nielsen – Executive Director of United Plantations Berhad Images on page 100 and 101, courtesy of Ranhill Utilities S/B Mette Laustsen – Danish Parliaments Information Department Rice threshing image on page 102, by Esben Holme Bendixen Michael Rankenberg Jæger – Former CTA Rubber processing image on page 102, courtesy of Torben Birch-Thomsen Mogens Straarup – Former CTA East Malaysian costumes image, on page 103 by Robert Malong Mogens Dyhr-Nielsen – Former Director of DANCED (1994 to 1999) Ketua Gawea image, on page 103 by Kelvin Egay Muthusamy Suppiah – National Coordinator of Global Environment Facility’s Small Grant Programme, UNDP Malaysia. Image on page 108, courtesy of Eric Madeja of Treasure Images Sdn. Bhd. Dato’ Dr Nadzri bin Yahaya – Director General, Department of National Solid Waste Management, Certain photos on waste taken from ‘Wonderland… beyond the bin’ Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia United Nations Photo Library, UN Reference Team - Dag Hammarskjöld Library Nagulendran Kangayatkarasu – Deputy Undersecretary, Biodiversity Management and Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia Norani Bt. Ibrahim – Director of Corporate And International Service, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia Ole Mertz – SLUSE Coordinator, Copenhagen University Birgitte Dreyer, Jacob Dyrby, Julie Winther, Kirstine L.S. Nielsen, Ooi Diang Ling – Former Project Coordinator for DANCED and DANIDA, RDE / DANIDA Consultant Meshahlani Kanesan and Milad Javadi from Poul Erik Kristensen – Managing Director of IEN Consultants / Former CTA The Royal Danish Embassy Kuala Lumpur for their help and support PUM Cullet Sdn.Bhd

0113 Abbreviations

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations JKR Public Works Department (Malaysia) AWR Associated Water Regime LEO Low Energy Office BEBT Building Energy Benchmarking Tool MBMB Melaka Historic City Council BioD Biodiversity MBPJ Petaling Jaya City Council CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management MBCA Maliau Basin Conservation Area CDM Clean Development Mechanism MBSA Shah Alam City Council CER Certified Emission Reduction MBSC Maliau Basin Steering Committee CETDEM Centre of Environment, Technology and Development, Malaysia MEE Ministry for the Environment and Energy (Denmark) CFS Central Forest Spine MENGO Malaysian Environmental NGOs CTA Chief Technical Adviser MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark) DANCED Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development (MEE) MIS Management Information System DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance (MFA) MNS Malaysian Nature Society DEA Danish Energy Agency MOU Memorandum of Understanding DOE Department of Environment (Malaysia) MTED Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development (Sabah) DUCED Danish University Consortium for Environment and Development MUCED Malaysian University Consortium for Environment and Development ECD Environmental Conservation Department (Malaysia) NGO Non-governmental Organisation ECP Environmental Cooperation Programme NRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Malaysia) EDRF Environmental and Disaster Relief Facility (precursor to EPSF) NREB The Natural Resources and Environment Board (Sarawak) EE Energy Efficiency PACOS Partners of Community Organisations Sabah EE/DSM Energy Efficiency & Demand Side Management PEWOG Penang Environment Working Group EHS Environmentally Hazardous Substances PFP Partnership Facility Programme EI Energy Indices PSC Project/Programme Steering Committee EMS Environmental Management System PSF Peat Swamp Forest EPS Environmental Planning and Strategy REEE Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency EPSF Environment, Peace and Stability Facility RDE Royal Danish Embassy EPSM Environmental Protection Society Malaysia SLUSE Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource Management EPU Economic Planning Unit (Malaysia) SMK Secondary School (Malaysia) EU European Union SPU State Planning Unit (Sarawak) FDHQ Forestry Department Headquarters SUD Sustainable Urban Development FMM Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers SWM Solid Waste Management FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia TGPPTF Small Grants Programme for Operations to Promote GBI Green Building Index Tropical Forests GEF Global Environment Fund (UNDP) UEMS Urban Environmental Management System G-G Government to Government UN United Nations GIS Geographic Information System UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management UNDP United Nations Development Programme IGEM International GreenTech & Eco Products Exhibition & Conference UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural IRP Integrated Resource Plan Organization ISO International Organization of Standardization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

0114 0115 1994 - 2010 The Team researcher / writer Lone friis larsen writer For more information, visit www.suchens.com. For more R. renshaw

Managing EDITOR / photocrafter

Front Cover Photo - Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Suchen SK The Team