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Sentence Structure of African-American Vernacular English

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Sentence Structure of African-American Vernacular English SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH A THESIS BY NADRASIAH HERYANA REG. NO. 140705126 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, NADRASIAH HERYANA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : October 22, 2018 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : NADRASIAH HERYANA TITLE OF THESIS : SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF AFRICAN- AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : October 22, 2018. vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahirahmannirahim. Assalamu’alaikum Wr, Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin. All praises and thanks be to the Almighty Allah SWT for all the blessings, guidance, health and easiness that are necessary to accomplish this thesis. Shalawat and Salaam may always be granted to our prophet Muhammad SAW. The most special thanks I dedicate to my beloved family. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my beloved parents and bestfriends, H. Heryanto and Hj. Murianna Sinulingga for their endless and unconditional love, never-ending supports both material and spiritual contributions, as well as continuous prayers and patience that I am forever indebted to. I would also like to express my gratefulness to my beloved brothers, Hasby Hernando and Habib Hernando, and sister, Klara Dienul Majd for their constant motivations, and all the laughs and memories that we share together. I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum for her kindness, knowledge, patience, encouragement and precious time during the process of my thesis’ completion. I would also like to send my biggest thank to co-supervisor, Ely Hayati Nasution, S.S., M.Si for her kindness, guidance, helps, and advices to help me finish writing this thesis. I would like to give much appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, the head of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D, the secretary of English vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D, and all the lecturers of English Department for their guidance, supports and suggestions during my academic years. I would also like to thank all the academics and administrative staffs, specially Mr. Kirno (Bang Kibot), for their contributions and helps in fulfilling my thesis’ preparation and administrative support. I would like to give massive thanks to my bestfriends, Inas, Nadila, Nadya, Widya and Windy for always giving me love, supports and advices, lifting me up when I am down, and cheering me on to finish this thesis. I would also like to thank my fellow friends in English Literature, especially those of class C namely Felicia, Hannah, Lidya, Suci, Ollak and Riska for their helps and motivations as well as the memes, jokes and laughs that we share together over the course of time of our college life. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who is important to the successful of this study. I am really grateful to have them supporting and encouraging me in the process of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank the readers who are willing to spare their time to take a look at this study and I hope this study can give valuable informations and can be used as a reference for an upcoming research. This study, however, is far from perfect. Therefore, the constructive thoughtful suggestions and criticsm are wholeheartedly welcomed for the better improvement of this study. Medan, October 22, 2018 Nadrasiah Heryana Reg. No. 140705126 viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyze the sentence structures of AAVE and how they differ from the ones in SAE. It was descriptive qualitative research by using Barry Jenkins’ screenplay entitled Moonlight as the main source of data and the five selected rap song lyrics as the supporting ones by applying the method of rewrite rules in tree diagram analysis by means of three theories of syntax namely PSG (Phrase-Structure Grammar), TGG (Transformational Generative Grammar), and CG (Constructional Grammar). Thus, 70 data are selected in which 50 sentences are directly obtained from Act 1-3 in the screenplay by using Bungin’s formula, and 20 sentences are taken evenly from the five song lyrics. The data of the study were limited to only declarative and interrogative simple sentences, and were focused on the three distinctive grammatical features of AAVE namely copula absence, double negation, and uninflected verb. These three features represent the differences between AAVE and SAE, i.e. 1) AAVE is copulaless, while SAE is with copula, 2) AAVE permits the use of two negators in one sentence, while AAVE only allows one, and 3) AAVE uses bare verbs for all subjects and often concord singular subject with plural verb or vice versa, while SAE follows the subject-verb agreement rule where the singular subject must agree with the singular verb and so do the plurals. The finding of the study shows that the sentence with declarative form is more dominant than the interrogative one with the percentages 78.5% and 21.4% respectively, and also displays that the sentence with copula absence as its feature has the most prominent occurrence with the percentage 61.4%, followed by the sentence with uninflected verb with 24.2%, and the one with double negation with 14.2%. Keywords: AAVE, SAE, sentence structure, tree diagram analysis, copula absence, double negation, uninflected verb. ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur kalimat AAVE dan bagaimana struktur tersebut berbeda dari struktur kalimat SAE. Skripsi ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan skenario Barry Jenkins berjudul Moonlight sebagai sumber data utama dan lima lirik lagu rap tertentu sebagai sumber data pendukung dengan menerapkan metode rewrite rules yang ada di dalam analisis diagram pohon dengan menggunakan tiga teori sintaks yaitu PSG (Phrase-Structure Grammar), TGG (Transformational Generative Grammar), dan CG (Constructional Grammar). Dengan demikian, 70 data dipilih di mana 50 kalimat diambil langsung dari Act 1-3 yang ada di skenario tersebut dengan menggunakan rumus Bungin, dan 20 kalimat diambil secara merata dari lima lirik lagu rap. Data penelitian skripsi ini dibatasi dengan hanya memfokuskan pada tipe kalimat sederhana deklaratif dan interogatif saja, dan juga memusatkan pada tiga ciri gramatikal AAVE yaitu ketiadaan copula, negasi ganda, dan kata kerja tidak berinfleksi. Ketiga fitur ini mewakili perbedaan antara AAVE dan SAE, yaitu 1) AAVE tidak ber-copula, sementara SAE memiliki copula, 2) AAVE memungkinkan penggunaan dua negator dalam satu kalimat, sementara AAVE hanya memperkenankan satu negator saja, dan 3) AAVE menggunakan kata kerja tidak berinfleksi untuk semua subyek kalimat dan sering memasangkan subyek tunggal dengan kata kerja jamak ataupun sebaliknya, sementara SAE mengikuti kaidah perjanjian subyek-kata kerja di mana subyek tunggal harus dikombinasikan dengan kata kerja tunggal dan begitu pula dengan bentuk jamak. Penemuan penelitian menunjukkan hasil bahwa kalimat dengan bentuk deklaratif lebih dominan daripada bentuk interogatif dengan masing-masing persentase 78,5% dan 21,4%, dan juga menampilkan bahwa kalimat dengan ciri gramatikal ketiaadaan copula memiliki tingkat frekuensi yang paling menonjol di antara yang lain dengan persentase 61,4%, diikuti oleh kalimat dengan ciri gramatikal kata kerja tidak berinfleksi yaitu 24,2% dan kalimat dengan ciri gramatikal negasi ganda yaitu 14,2%. Kata kunci: AAVE, SAE, struktur kalimat, analisis diagram pohon, ketiadaan copula, negasi ganda, kata kerja tidak berinfleksi x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .................................................................................. v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ix ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. x TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF DIAGRAMS ............................................................................................
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