Indian J. Agric. Res., 38 (1) : 8· 14, 2004 DISTRIBUTION OF POMEGRANATE SHOTHOLE BORER, XYLEBORUS PERFORANS (WOLLASTAN) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTHERN KARNATAKA* S.B. Jagginavar and L. Krishna Naik Department of Agricuhurill Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad • 580 005, India ABSTRACf The survey made in the pomegranate gardens of Northern Karnataka revealed that the incidence of shothole borer,· Xyleborus perforans was found in the gardens With more than 3 years old. The maximum incidence of 47.20 per cent wilting of pomegranate plants was observed at 8 year old garden of Ankalagi location in Bagalkot district fol1owed by 7 year old garden (43.87%) at Sharadal (BagalJ«>t district). The correlation between garden age and per cent wilting of pomegranate plants revealed significantly positive relationship (r=65814), indicating that garden age is directly related to the shothole borer incidence. The per cent pomerganate plant Wilting due to shothole borer surveyed at Northern Karnataka Districts was ranged from 11.33 to 47.20 at Bagalkot, 11.22 to 29.68 at Bijapur, 2.00 to 6.66 at Belgaum, 4.48 to8.13 at Koppal, 2.66 to 5.46 at Bellary, 2.28 to 5.60 at Raichur and 0.00 to 0.17 at Gulbarga.
INTRQDUCfION Bijapur, Bagalkot and pockets of Belgaum, The shothole borer, Xyleborus Raichur. Bellary and Koppal districts of Perforans Wollastan (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) Nothern Karnataka, the study was confined to a polyphagous insect is found distributed in th~ selected taluks of these districts. A roving Burma, India (Beeson 1916, Chandra and survey was undertaken in the districts during Ahmed, 1985; Krishnasamy etal, 1991 and 1998-99 at fruit development stage in order Chandra, 1981), Malaysia (Beaver, 1990), to know its presence in the pomegranate London (Speyer, 1923), Uganda (Cowdey, gardens. Preliminary data on age of the garden, 1918), Surinam (Reyne, 1919 and Le Pelley, variety grown, irrigation system employed and 1968), Fiji (Paine, 1934 and Lever, 1940), soil types were also collected. Per cent Australia (Brimblecombe, 1951 and Wylie and incidence of the pest was recorded by selecting Shanshan, 1976) and Hawaji (Oi etal, 1991). 25 plants from each garden randomly at each Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has been location. The observations were made on total recorded as a new host of shothole borer in number of plants and the plants showing . Maharashtra (Mote 1991). During the last one shothole borer infestation. The severity was decade, this pest has been observed in severe assessed based on the number of shotholes form in pomegranate gardensdamaging main recorded per 4 x 4 cm area, on stem at the trunk and branches at Maharashtra (Mote and ground level. Further, the data was analysed Tambe, 1991) and Karnataka (Krishna Naik and used for interpretation. and Nandihalli, 1996). No information on its RESULTS AND DISCUSSION distribution in pomegranate growing areas in ~ The observations made on the Karnataka is available. Thl;!refore, the efforts distribution of the pest·in the pomegranate were made to investigate on this aspect, to gardens of Northern Karnataka, revealed that make use further in management of the pest. the pest was noticed in the gardens which were MATERIAL AND METHODS of more than 3 years than in freshly planted or Since Pomegranate is cultivated in young gardens (1 to 3 years) in all the locations • Part of Ph.D. thesis submitted by the senior author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India. Vol. 38, No, 1. 2904 9 visited irrespe~tiveof· source .of seedlings, Ukanapalli a~ KatahaIli (5.00), Gigera (4.72), varietal differenc~, Soil type and irrigation Hirebaganal (4.45), Hattl (4.00), Yalawandi system followed by the farmers (Table 1).(2.35), Agalkera (2.50) and Alawandi (2.00) . Maximum percertt Wilting of pomegranate locations. InMustagi taluk, highest plant wilting plants ·was observed in 8 year old garden was at locations, Mandalmari (6.45) followed (47.20%) at Ankalagi followed by 7 year old by Nedalkoppa (4.48). garden (43.87%) at ShardaL of Bagalkot In Bellary district, the locations of the district. The correlation studies made between highest per cent pomegranate plant wilting due the garden age and per certt wilting of plants .to sh6thole borer was observed at KoUegal showed the positive and significant relationship (5.46) followed by Biranayakana halli (5.28), (r=0.65814) indicating that the age of the Guggrati (4.77), Janankunty (4.73), Y. Budihal garden is directly proportionalto the per cent (3.59) and Korlagundi (3.00). In Hagari incidence of shothole borer. These observations bommanahalli taluk, 2.66 to 4.90 per cent are inagreement with the findings of Krishna. plants were wilted due to the pest attack in ~aikahd.Nandihalli (1996) and also of Tambe different village visited. In Raichur district, in .arid Mote (1997). The preference of the insect Lingasugur taluk, highest wilting due to to the older garden may be attributed to the shothole borer incidence recorded at Askihal more woody content artd less of succulancy (5.60%llocation followed by Bogapur(4.40%). required for theirfeeding and breeding. In Gulbarga district, there was no wilting of In Bagalkot district, the highest plant pomegranate plants obserVed due to shothole wilting due to the shothole borer was observed borer attack in the gardens surveyed excepting at Ankalagi (47.20%) followed by Sharadal in Choudapurarea, where very low incidence (43.87%), Kaladagi '(32.06%), of Bagalkottaluk (0.17%) of the insect pest was recorded. while in Badami taluk, it was highest at Badami In most of the pomegranate gardens (32.06%) followed by Ugalwat (31.62%), surveyed different parts of Northern Karnataka, Halakurki (28.86%), Kadarakoppa(21.80%) the extent of plant wilting without shothole and Katageri (11.33%) locations (Table 1). In borer incidence was negligible and ranged from Bijapurdistrict the highest per cent wilting due 0.0 to 3.57 per.cent with highest at Kharjage to shothole borer was noticed at Bijaragi of Afzalpur taluk of Gulbarga district. However, (29.68) of Bijapur taluk which was followed, similarfactswere also reported by Krishna Naik by Jumnal (19.75), Tikota (16.02) and Hitmalli and NandihaUi (1996) on pomegranate wherein (10.72) locations. In Basavanbagewadi taluk, . the incidence varied from 8.30 to 40.30 per it was highest at Ukkali (12.50), followed by centwith an average of 27.61 per cent. When Utnal (12.00), Mulwad (11.37) and Managuli such plants were subjected for laboratory (11.12) locations. In Belgaum district the investigations, the presence of the fungus, pomegranate cultivation is mostly confined to Verticiffium sp. was evidenced as the causal Athani taluk. Incidence of plant wilting due to organism for wilting (Alka Pande, personel the pest in Athani taluk ranged from 2.00 to communication). Further, in the districts of 6.66 per cent with the highest incidence at Dharwad and Bidar the commercial cultivation Kottalagi and Kakamari. In Koppal district, in of pomegranate was not observed during survey Koppal taIuk, highest per cent plant wilting due period. Hence the question of the distribution to shothole borer was observed at Halahalli and intensity of shothole borer does not arise (8.13) followed by Katralli (8.05), Bagenagar on pomegranate. (7.86), Kunikeri (7.75), Waratanal (5.63), An average number of shotholes .... Table 1. Distribution and intensity of pomergranate shothole borer, X perforans in Northen Karnataka (1998-99) 0 Location Source of Variety Soil type • Method of Age of the Plant population Percent plants showing wilting No. 01 shothoJes/4x4 em area ofstem District Taluklvillage seedlings irrigation garden in orchard symptoms due to (Average of 2S plants) (Years) SHBwith SHB Without Active Dead Total discoiOuration . witha"ut SHB discolouration ._-.--- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -12. 13 14
Bagalkot
Ankalagi Jalt Ganesh ROd and Drip and 3-8 400-3500 oand 47.2 0 0.65 to 3 0-3.43±0.46 ().().40±0.41 Q-3.83±0.72 Medium black flooding Kalandagi Jalt Ganesh Red Drip 4-6 1506-3000 14.73-32.9 0 0 2.93±1.79- 0.40±0.49- 4.03±1.47.- Z 3.91±1.37 1.l0±0.28 4.40±0.90 0 Sharada; Jalt Ganesh Red and Drip 6-7 800-2200 28.443.87 0 0 3.96±2.26- 0.19±0.40- 4.92±2.28- ~ Medium black 5.93±h37 0.96±O.28 6. 12±1.39 Dl» Govankoppa Jalt Ganesh Medium black Drip 14 15
Mulawad Tikota Ganesh Red Drip 6 450 8.44 0 0 3.36±1.60 0.5O±0.5 3.86±1.l2 Bijjaragi Ganesh Medium black Drip 4 675 10.66 0 0 3.06±1.09 1.45±0.51 4.51±0.91 Horticulture Ga~ Red Drip 2-6 800-900 0-11.37 0 0-0.55 0-2.66±0.89 0-2. 14±0.35 0-4.8D.±0.94 Dept. A~ani
Kottalagi BUur Ganesh Black and Red • Flooding 4-5 750 2.00-3.33 0 O· 1.00±0.37- 0.85±0.35- 1.85±0.83- Dl and Drip 1.93±1.l6 1.13±0.63 3.06±088 5'" Telsang Bilur Ganesh Red Flooding 5 600 6.33 0 0 2.00±0.75 O.73±0.45 2.73±0.79 c Kakamari Bilur Ganesh Black and Red Aooding 3.5-6 300-900 3.33-5.77 0 0 1.06±0.45- 0.27±0.45- 1.33±0.61- » and Drip 3.26±1.57 1.40±0.73 3.81±1.09 3: BannuT Bilur Ganesh Red Drip 3.5 900 2.77 0 0 0.83±0.63 0.53±0.51 1.36±0.71 Aigah BUur Ganesh Red Drip 3.5-4.5 400-650 2.50-600 0 0 1.60±0.73- 0.80±0.77- 2.60±0.98- 2.66±1.11 1.00±0.37 3.46±0.99 Koppal
Kunikeri Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Aooding 8 400 7.75 0 0.00 3.38±1.45 o56±0.49 3.94±0.% Hirebaganal Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 6 2895 4.45 0 0.00 2.5O±0.88 1.0±0.28 3.60±1.12 KutakanahaDi Own field Ganesh Red Drip 2 500 0.00 0 0.40 0 0 0 Yalawandi Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 4 2930 2.35 0 0.00 1.13±0.35 0.87±O.34 2.00±0.65 Bagenagar Hort.Dept. Ganesh Medium black Flooding 6 1500 7.86 0 0.00 3.06±1.09 1.47±0.51 4.53±0.91 ~ Halahalli Hort.Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 7 1500 8.13 0 0.00 2.67±0.89 2.14±0.35 4.81±0.94. (.oJ Gigera Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 6 1800 4.72 0 0.00 1.47±0.51 1.20±0.41 2.67±1.04 .00 Katahah Tikota Ganesh Red Drip 6 1800 5.00 0 0.00 1.117±0.51 1.13±0.51 3.00±1.06 Z IrakaJgudda Tikota Ganesh Red Drip 7 4500 4.00 0 0.00 2.30±0.88 0.96±0.15 3. 26±0.59 9 Katralli Tikota Ganesh Red Drip 6 1465 7.71 0 0.00 1.18±0.49 1.42±0.62 2.60±1.63 ..... 0.00 2.33±1.23 0.33±0.48 2.66±1.06 Tikota Arakta Red Drip 6 1465 8.05 0 l\:l Hatli Tikota Ganesh Red Drip 4-5 1000-3000 2.00-4.00 0 0.00 1.63±0.85- 0.60±0.50- 2.23±1.10- 0 6 2.33±1.04 1.01±0.03 2.80±0.92 .0.., "0 Ukanapa/li . Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 6 3000 5.00 0 0.00 2.39±1.14 0.07±0.25 2.46±1.l6 ~ r- Waratanal Tikota Ganesh Medium black Drip 7 3000 5.63 0 0.00 2.10±1.15 1.06±0.25 316±1.05 Alawandi Tikota Ganesh Medium black Drip 4 1500 2.00 0 0.00 1.03±0.11 o83±0 36 1.86±1.22 Tikota Arakta Medium black Drip 2 1500 0.00 0 0.73 0 0 0 Kustagi Nedalkoppa Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 1.5-0 1800-7500 0-4.48 0 0.066 0-3.54±1.23 0-1.l1±0.03 0-3.80±1.03 Vajrabandi Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 3-8 1172-3809 0-4.72 0 0.00-0.25 0-2.87±0.83 Q-l.OO±0.10 _0-320±1.27 Hort. Dept. Arakta Red Drip 3 300 0.00 0 0.33 0 0 0 Narebanji Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 5 1500 5.66 0 0.00 1.56±0.94 0.23±O.41 l.79±1.14 Hort.Dept. Arakta Red Drip 3 600 0.00 0 1.33 0 0 0 BalIotagi Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 5 1500-3600 3.86-5.26 0 0.00 1.40±0.91- 0.30±0.45- 1.80±0.94- 1.51:±0.84 0.40±0.50 1.81±1.l4 Gummageri Hort.Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 3 1200 0.00 0 0.16 0 0 0 Gotur Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 5 1500 5.26 0 0.00 1.15±0.40 51±0.51 1.66±0.72 Mandalmari Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 8 2930 6.45 0 0.00 2.53±1.50 1.00±0.37 3.53±1.2 BeUary Janankunty Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red and Drip 3-6 1781-6163 0.00-4.73 0 0-0.27 0-1.50±0.86 0-0.70±0.45 Q-1.86±0.74 Medium black Alakundi Hort. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 2-6 994-2700 0.00-4.44 0 0 0-1.21±0.56 o l.OO±0.37 0-221±1.l5 (Contd...... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 r..:>
Y.BiJdihaI Hart. Dept. Ganesh Medium black Drip 4-5 1699-2780 1.87+3.59 0 0 0.86±0.37- 0.3O±0.48- 1.16.tO.M 1.03±0.11 0.82±0.36 1.85±1.22 Havambavi Hart. Dept. Ganesh Medium bIaclt Drip 2-8 900-2100 0.()().5.28 0 ().().11 0-1.61±0.85 ().().58±0.36 0-2.19±1.10 Boranayakanah Hart. Dept. Ganesh Medium black Drip 3 2276 0.00 0 0.21 0 0 0 atli KolIegaI HOlt. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 8 879 5.46 0 0 1.40±0.91 0.39±0.50 1.79±0.94 .KorIagundl Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 6 2030 3:00 0 0 1.07±0.25 0.46±0.46 1.53.tO.63 Kuragod Hart. Dept. Ganesh Medium black Drip 2 2890 0.00 0 0.41 0 0 0 llOl Guggratti Hart. Dept. Ganesh . Medium black Drip 8 2890 4.77 0 0 1.26±0.26 1.00,10.46 2.26+1.27 ~. H. BommanahaIIi Mullukere HOlt. Dept. Ganesh Medium black Drip 6 600 4.00 0 0 1.35±0.95 0.28±O.48 1.63±1.03 ~ Chintrapalll Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Medium black Drip 5 . 1465 3.20 0 0 0.89±0.81 0.57:1;0.49 1.46±0.74 Z Anandanadevan Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Medium black Drip 2 1022 0.00 0 0.39 0 0 0 ahaDi ~ Gaddikere HOlt. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 4-6 421-1232 2.67'3.65 0 0 106±0.4&- 0.27±0.4&- 1:33.tO.61- c.... 1. 18±0.56 0.73±0.59 1.91;tO.59 0 Ramanagar Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Red Drip 3 891 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 C AnekaI Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Medium black Drip 6 886 3.83 0 0 1.16±0.25 0.45.±0.5 1.61±0.51 ~ BachgaJdanaha Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Medium black Drip 2 1450 0.00 0 0.13 0 '0 0 Hi F: Chintrapalli Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 8 2813 4.90 0 0 1.SO;tl.07 0.31.tO.47 1.8l±O.6O ~ ~ HOlt. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 5 1022-2436 266-2.73 0 0-1.53 1.46±0.91- 1.33±0.51- 2,79±0.48- 1.53.tO.63 1.4O;tO.82 . 2.93.tO.35 l..ingaqur e> BOgapur Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 5 250 4.40 0 0.00 O.95±0.25 O.4;tO.5 1.35±O.97 Bayyapur Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 3-4 32&-480 0.00-3.12 0 0.0().().92 0-1.l4±0.35 ().().87±0.34 0-2.01±O.65 ~ Mattur Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip and 3-5 300-860 0-3.72 0 0.0().().66 0-1.98,11.02 0-1.02.tO.07 0-3.00±1.06 Flood ~ AskihaI Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 5 250 5.60 0 0.00 1.00±0.65 1.2.tO.94 2.2±0.86 .~ MudagaI Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 3 200 0.00 0 0.50 0 0 0 ~ :c Anwari Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 4 350 ·2.28 0 0.00 1 14±0.91 0.71.tO.45 1.85.±1.12 C :;0 ;q Talekat Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 2.5 280 0.00 0 0.71 O' 0 0 Kirwadi Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red and Black Drip 4 200 3.00 0 0.00 1.2±0.56 0.73±0.59 1.93±0.59 . Basapur Hart: Dept. Gaoesh Red and Black Drip 3 350 0.00 0 0.85 0 0 0 ~ GejjaIagudda Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Red and Black F\ooding 5 300 6.00' 0 0.00 1.66±0.89 0.98;tO.75 2.64±0.97 ~ GuIaburga :I: BiJakundi Hart. Dept. Ganesh Medium Black Drip 2 6000 0-90 2 2.00 O' 0 0 Hadagi/ar AkIuose Gaoesh Medium Black Drip 3 960 0.00 0 2.50 0 0 0 Hadagiharvetli Hart. Dept. Arakta Medium black Drip 2 16000 0.00 0 1.43 0 0 0 AkIuose Ganesh Medium Black Drip 3 2000 0.00 0 3.15 0 0 0 @ KhandaI Akkx>se Ganesh Medium Black Drip 3 100 0.00 0 2.00 0 0 O. ~ A1za/pur C KhaJjagi Hart. Dept. Gaoesh Red Drip 1 780-2660 0.00 0 0.12-3.57 ,8 0 0 BaIuIgi Hart. 0eJ!l. Gaoesh Red Drip. 3 1000 0.00 0 3.10 0 0 0 ~ Choudapur Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 2 2280 0.17 . 0 0.00 0.62;tO.09 0 0.62.tO.09 MashyaI Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 5 250 0.00 O· 0.80 0 0 0 IliodadaI Hart. Dept. Ganesh Red Drip 3 1900 0,00 0 1.05 0 0 0 SHB - Shothole borer. Vol. 38. No.1. 2004 13 ranged from 2.73±1.39 in different gardens by Mote and Tambe (1991), who also reported of Bagalkot district from 0 to6.03±1.40 in higher number (21 to 43 holes per 30 cmstem Bijapurdistrict; from 1.33±0.61t03.81±1.09 height) of shotholes occurring at the same in Belgaum district; from 0 to.4.81±0.94 in .. height of the plant from the ground level· due Koppal district; from 0 to 2.93±0.35in &llary to the inSect, X lornJcatus. Stahel (1917) made district; from 0 to 3.00±1.06in RaiChur district .similar. observation on .Erythrina shade.trees and from 0 to 0.62±0.09 inGulbarga district. where inK p.erlorcmsbored holes were found However, as mentioned earlier, the as high as 24-32 inches from the ground level pomegranate plants in all the gardens were free on the base of the stem which also supports of infestation, which were of less than three the present findings. Lapelley (1968) who also years of age in all the locations surveyed. The reported the X perforans attacking coffee up correlation studies between age of the plant to 32 inches height from the ground, which is and total number of shotholes per 4 x 4 cm also in agreement with the present area. of stem indicated significantly positive investigation. Observations on the number of relationship (r=0.50950). As the age of the .deadshotholes per 4 x4 cm area on stem of garden increased, the number of shotholes per pomegranate plants of more than three years . unit area also increased. Number of active of age rnaged from 0.40±0.41 (Ankalagi) to shotholes per 4 x 4 cm area on stem recorded ,I.91±0.70 (Badami) in Bagalkot district; at different places ranged from 2.00±0.75 0.20±0.74 (Hitnalli) to 1.93±0.25 (Hitnalli) (Katageri) to 5.93±1.37 (Shardal in Bagalkot in Bijapur district; 0.27±0.45 (Kakamari) to district; L63±0.73 (Utnal) to 5.83±1.38 1.13±0.63 (Kottalagi) in Belgaum district; (Hittnalli) in Bijapur district; 0.83±0.63 0.07±0.25 (Ukanpalli) to 2.14±0.35 (Bannur) to 3.26±1.57 (Kakamari) in Koppal (Halahalli) in Koppal district; 0.27±0.45 district; 0.75±O.42 (Janankunty) to 1.61±0.85 (Gaddikere) to 1.40±0.82 (Ankasamundra) in (Havambavi) in Bellary district; 100±0.65 Bellary district and 0.40±O.50(Bogapur) to (Askihal) to 1.98±1.02(Muttur) in Raichur 1.20±0.94(Askihal)in Raichurdistrict. There distrIct and· O. 62±O.09 (Choudapur) in were no deadshothol~ noticed In the gardens Gulbarga district. Similar studies were made of Gulbarga district. REFERENCES Beaver. 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