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Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards a Manual Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 55 WTP55 Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards A Manual Public Disclosure Authorized Technica, Ltd. Public Disclosure Authorized .... v z|jL ; < D-8 . , o r -_ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,--'_>,, -A.-yt' sj,~~ L XA,, r, .'"~ Public Disclosure Authorized *' / I~~~~~~ M: =X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~ Public Disclosure Authorized 2~~~~~I:L -OF RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 40. Plusquellec and Wickham, IrrigationDesign and Management: Experience in Thailand and Its GeneralApplicability No. 41. Bord na M6na, Fuel Peat in Developing Countries No. 42. Campbell, Administrative and OperationalProcedures for Programsfor Sites and Services and Area Upgrading No. 43. Simmonds, FarmingSystems Research: A Review No. 44. de Haan and Nissen, Animal Health Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: Alternative Approaches (also in French, 44F) No. 45. Sayers, Gillespie, and Queiroz, The InternationalRoad Roughness Experiment: Establishing Correlationand a CalibrationStandardfor Measurements No. 46. Sayers, Gillespie, and Paterson, Guidelinesfor Conducting and CalibratingRoad Roughness Measurements No. 47. Segura, Guidelinesfor Evaluating the Management Inforrnation Systems of Industrial Enterprises No. 48. Tschannerl and Bryan, Handpumps Testing and Development: Proceedings of a Workshop in China No. 49. Gunnerson and Stuckey, Anerobic Digestion: Principlesand Practicesfor Biogas Systems No. 50. Turtiainen and Von Pischke, Investment and Finance in Agricultural Service Cooperatives No. 51. Shuval and others, Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Technical Solutions No. 52. Armstrong-Wright, Urban Transit Systems: Guidelines for Eramining Options (also in Spanish, 52S) No. 53. Bamberger and Hewitt, Monitoring and Evaluating Urban Development Programs: A Handbook for ProgramManagers and Researchers (also in French, 53F) No. 54. Bamberger and Hewitt, A Manager's Guide to "Monitoringand Evaluating Urban Development Programs:A Handbookfor ProgramManagers and Researchers" (also in French, 53F; Spanish, 53S; and Chinese, 53C) No. 55. Technica, Ltd., Techniquesfor Assessing IndustrialHazards: A Manual No. 56. Silverman, Kettering, and Schmidt, Action-Planning Workshops for Development Management: Guidelines No. 57. Obeng and Wright, The Co-composting of Domestic Solid and Human Wastes No. 58. Levitsky and Prasad, Credit GuaranteeSchemesfor Small and Medium Enterprises No. 59. Sheldrick, World Nitrogen Survey No. 60. Okun and Emst, Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: A PlanningManual No. 61. Gorse and Steeds, Desertification in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa No. 62. Goodland and Webb, The Management of Cultural Property in World Bank-Assisted Projects: Archaeological, Historical, Religious, and Natural Unique Sites No. 63. Mould, FinancialInformation for Management of a Development FinanceInstitution: Some Guidelines No. 64. Hillel, The Efficient Use of Water in Irrigation:Principles and Practicesfor Improving Irrigation in Arid and Semiarid Regions (List continues on the inside back cover) WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 55 Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards A Manual Technica, Ltd. __-_ =~~~~~- 0 _ I. -~ .. ' ; -'S The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright 0 1988 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing June 1988 Second printing February 1990 Technical Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank, and are circulated to encourage discussion and comment and to communicate the results of the Bank's work quickly to the development community; citation and the use of these papers should take account of their provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The most recent World Bank publications are described in the catalog New Publications, a new edition of which is issued in the spring and fall of each year. The complete backlist of publications is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions; it is of value principally to libraries and institutional purchasers. The latest edition of each of these is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W, Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A, or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'1ena, 75116 Paris, France. Technica, Ltd., London specializes in hazard and risk assessment and accident prevention in petrochemical and chemical installations. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Techniques for assessing industrial hazards. (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7454 ; no. 55) Bibliography: p. 1. Industrial safety--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Technica, Ltd. (London, England) II. Series. T55.T36 1988 363.1'16 86-11135 ISBN 0-8213-0779-7 Abstract This manual, developed for use in assessing World Bank/IFC development proposals, provides guidelines for the identification of the potential hazards of new or existing plants or processes in the chemical and energy industries, and for the assessment of the consequences of the release of toxic, flammable or explosive materials to the atmosphere. It presents a structured, simplified approach for identifying the most serious potential hazards and for calculating their effect distances or damage ranges. It is the intention that by presenting a simplified approach, this manual should be amenable to use by engineers and scientists with little or no experience of hazard analysis. Further analysis with a view to mitigation of the hazards identified may be appropriate in many cases; at this stage it may be necessary to seek the advice of a specialist. The basic procedure in a hazard analysis is: identify potential failures, calculate release quantities for each failure, and calculate the impact of each release on people and property. For large plants this can become highly complex, and therefore a simplified method is presented, in which the analysis has been divided into 14 steps. A spreadsheet technique has been devised to permit the analyses to be carried out on a programmable calculator or personal computer. After the introductory material, this manual oudines the 14 steps which make up the hazard analysis. Chapters describing the details of the analysis follow. Chapter 3 covers choice of representative failures, and discusses the different forms which a release can take, all of which should be considered by the analyst. Chapter 4 describes the simplified models for calculating the consequences of a release; these include models for calculating discharge rates, jet dimensions, pool dimensions, dispersion behavior, and toxic, flammable or explosive impacts. Chapter 5 gives guidance on ordering and presenting the results for on-site and off-site hazards. Chapter 6 suggests ways in which the consequences, frequency and impact of the identified events may be reduced. An appendix is included giving the "World Bank Guidelines on Identifying, Analysing and Controlling Major Hazard Installations in Developing Countries"; this suggests threshold quantities for plant inventories above which a major hazard assessment is recommmended, outlines what such an assessment should include, and gives guidance on emergency plans and restrictions on development in the vicinity of the installation. Dl FOREWORD The World Bank / Intemational Finance Corporation (IFC) appraises and supervises the industrial developments which it sponsors. As part of these functions it is required to evaluate the hazard which a development might represent to the people and environment outside its boundaries. It is also required to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the measures taken to control this hazard. To assist in this evaluation the Office of Environmental and Scientific Affairs has drawn up "The World Bank Guidelines for Identifying, Analysing and Controlling Major Hazard Installations
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