- i

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN KABUPATEN LUWU

JULY 1983

CHECCHI / DMJM P7OJECT LUWU PALOPO, SOUTH SULAWESI INDONESIA I TABLE OF CONTENTS z

SECTION TITLE PAGE

1.0 Introduction ...... 1

2.0 Watershed Management - General Concepts 4 2.1 A Rationale for Management ...... 4 2.2 Components of a Management Program . . 5 2.2.1 Watershed management objectives. . .. 5 2.2.2 Technical elements ...... 6 2.2.3 Institutional elements ...... 7 2.2.3.1 The planning iunction ...... 7 2.2.3.2 The implementation function 8 2.2.3.3 The financing function ...... 8 2.3 Watershed Management in Indonesia. . . 9

3.0 Kabupaten Luwu - Existing Stuation . . 10 3.1 General Physical Description ...... 10 3.2 Population ...... 10 3.3 Land Use ...... 11 3.4 Water Resources...... 15 3.5 Forest Resources ...... 19 3.6 Government Agencies and Programs . . 21 3.6.1 Forest management...... 21 3.6.2 Agriculture ...... 23 3.6.3 Environmental projection ...... 25 3.6.4 Water resources...... 25 3.6.5 Bappeda ...... 26

4.0 Conclusions ...... 27 4.1 Present Watershed Conditions ..... 27 4.2 Present Planning and Management. . .. 27 4.3 Planning Data ...... 29 4.4 Technical Information...... 29 4.5 Laws and Regulations ...... 30 4.6 Projections ...... 31 4.7 Options for Management ...... 31

5.0 Recommendations...... 33 5.1 The Institutional Framework for Watershed Management ...... 33 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

SECTION TITLE PAGE

5.2 The Long-termPlan ...... 35 5.3 Near-term Recommendations...... 35 5.3.1 Forestry-related activity ...... 35 5.3.2 Agriculture-related activity . . ...36 5.3.3 Environmental management activity. . . 37 5.3.4 Data for planning...... 38 5.3.5 Water resources activity ...... 38 5.4 Program costs...... 39 5.4.1 Watershed management unit budget . . . 39 5.4.2 Associated agenby costs ...... 41 LIST OF TABLES

NUMBER TITLE PAGE ------1 Kabupaten Luwu - Population and Density by Kecamatan - 1982 10

2 Kabupaten Luwu - Land Use Data - 1980 14

3 Major Rivers of Kabupaten Luwu 16

4 Condition of Streamflow for Irrigation - North Luwu 18

5 Mean Rainfall by Month at Selected Stations in North Luwu 20

6 Watershed Management Unit 5-year Budget 40

LIST OF FIGURES

NUMBER TITLE PAGE ------­

1 General Map - Kabupaten Luwu 2

2 Kecamatan Boundaries 12

3 Upland Areas of Kabupaten Luwu 13

4 Proposed Administrative Structure 34 1. Introduction

Kabupaten Luwu is a regency in the province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is located in the northeastern part of the province at the northern eng of the Bay of Bone. The Kabupaten has an area of 25,144 km and a population of about 500,000. A general map of the Kabupaten is shown in Figure 1.

Kabupaten Luwu is the site of a multi-sectoral development project aimed at improving the living standards of the rural population primarily through the improvement of the factors which affect agricultural income. The major effort in the project has gone into improving the main road and irrigation systems and improving farming technology and practices, farming inputs hnd the availability of markets. With irrigated agriculture-principally rice - as the main focus, the overriding emphasis has been, up to this time, on the development of the lowland areas amenable to such activity. However, in the development of plans for future activities in the Kabupaten, it has been recognized that other sectors and other areas need to be considered, both from the standpoint of how they will affect ongoing programs and how they may contribute to long term, sustainable economic growth and an improving quality of life in the region.

In this respect, the watersheds of the region - their condition and the way they are utilized - will be of vital importance to such long term viability. Accordingly a short-term study was undertaken to investigate the current status of watershed management in the Kabupaten. The purpose of the study is to describe the existing situation with respect to the watersheds of Kabupaten Luwu, to provide a conceptual framework for watershed planning and management and to develop suggested activities and programs leading toward the use of improved watershed management in the region. This report is the product of that study.

The data and information used in the study were collected from several sources including a review of reports of watershed management activities in Indonesia and elsewhere, reports prepared as a part of Project Luwu, discussions with members of the Project staff and with officials of government agencies at the Kabupaten and Provincial levels. Field trips were taken to observe existing conditions of the rivers and current watershed utilization. And, finally, discussions were held with several private firms whose plans and programs may influence watershed utilization in the future. 0 10

/. iEBONE " .TOWU71

USITANDU K t A / L/i

BAY OF BONE ( I FIGURE 1 n KABUPATEN LUWU ' f BELOPA .....

LOR N'PONG ' JJUNG PAN1ANG The following sections contain a discussion of general considerations in watershed management, existing physical conditions and the management practices, a discussion of conclusions as to needs and recommendations for implementing activities to meet the needs.

-3­ 2. Watershed Management - General Concepts

2.1 A Rationale for Management

A watershed is a geographically defineO area consisting of the entire drainage area of a river. Every river has its own watershed, or catchment area with relatively easily definable boundaries.

As the name implies, all the precipitation that falls within a given watershed ultimately finds its way into that particular river. Anything that modifies the quantity, quality or distribution of surface water in the watershed will have an effect on the'streamflow in the river. A watershed is, in this sense, a natural ecological system within which interacting elements operate to give the watershed and the river their character. The topography, soil types, veqetation, elevation, rainfall and ground water all influence the nature of the watershed and the resulting streamflow. The natural system is dynamic. The runoff from rainfall erodes the soil and carries sediment into the river; plants and trees intercept the rainfall, take up moisture and bind the soil with their roots, retarding runoff. The watershed, even in its natural state. is constantly changing. Both floods and periods of low flow will occur with no help from man.

When, however, man decides that he needs to exploit the resources of the watershed, to use the land to grow crops, *to harvest the timber a'- to use and harness the streamflow, these changes are exacerbated. Removal of the forest cover reduces the capacity of the soil to retain the rainfall and release it overtime into the streams and rivers. This causes increased flooding, both in frequency and magnitude. It also causes lower and more prolonged low flows during periods of little rainfall. And, heavy rainfall on slopes unprotected by vegetation will increase the amount of soil erosion and corresponding silt loads carried in the river and deposited as sediment downstream in waterworks, irrigation systems and channels and harbors. These alterations are detrimental to both upstream and downstream inhabitants. Loss of soil through erosion will reduce soil fertility and require increasing inputs of fertilizer to maintain crop yields. And, in critical cases, erosion

1 This is somewhat over simplified because it ignores surface water - ground water interactions and losses due to evapotranspiration.

-4­ as abandonement of upland plots altogether, causes the out new productivity forces the farmer to seek decreasing soil or other employment. The natural rate of land It has been found formation is about 1 millimeter per year. that soil erosion from cultivating in Java, for example, 3 with no conservation measures ranges from crops on uplands 38 per year on slopes up to 50% and 23 to to 5 millimeters been per year on steeper slopes. It has also millimeters hectares of land estimated that there are over one million now useless even for on Java that is so eroded that it is subsistence farming. of soil in the upland also means increasing Loss and in loads downstreams, belhnd dams and weirs sediment increased irrigation canals. Increased sediment means costs for irrigation systems and also for maintenance and culverts. maintaining free flows through road bridges greater floods The changes in streamflows and resulting damage to irrigation systems, roads and can cause structural And, and communities along the banks of rivers. highways in supply and force extended low flows will cause shortages flow to seek other those usually dependent upon the river's or to curtail their water sources - at increased cost - productive activities. the upper Consequently, indiscriminate land use in social hardship to watershed can create severe economic and both in the uplands and in the lowlands. inhabitants exist, a with an awareness that these problems However, system and careful knowledge of the behavior of the overall interventions on that attention to the effects of proposed for his long term system, man can exploit the resources is the basic rationale economic and social advantage. This and watershed for environmental management in general management in particular.

2.2 Components of a Management Program planned and A watershed management program should be a framework providing adequate implemented within the to the needs of the people in the region, consideration the technical, basic natural system and its behavior and required to implement institutional and financial resources and maintain it.

2.2.1 Watershed Management Objectives is to The basic objective of watershed management land use develop, for the upland areas, productive

-5­ combinations that maintain the stability of the soils, keep sediment loads at acceptable levels and regulate streamflows to prevent increasing downstr am damages.

There may also be areas with environmental value such as unique or rare flora or fauna and landforms that society decides should be preserved for their ecological and social benefits rather than for economic exploitation.

2.2.2 Technical Elements

Planning for sound watershed management requires knowledge of the natural, social and economic systems involved. It requires inppts from many technical fields and needs to be carried out by a multidisciplinary team. The team should include members with good knowledge in soil conservation and water resource engineering, forestry, hydrology, agronomy, livestock, economics and legal and administrative institutions. The team should be able to draw upon a foundation of basic data that relates directly to the area for which the plan is being developed. The data should describe existing conditions within the watershed, including the topography, forests, soil types, hydrology and rainfall and present land use types, pattern and intensi- ties. Economic data will also be needed when selecting and evaluating specific alternative development activities. These include market data, prices and production costs.

Although good data is an essential element in the developwent of a sound program it is often not readily available in an up-to-date and useful form, especially in remote areas.

Another facet of this problem may be a lack of specific knowledge about the behavior of a part of the particular system being planned. The technical expert may need to test his particular knowledge under field conditions to be able to predict with any certainty how that system will behave. This is particularly true when dealing with the effects of new cropping packages, for example, and conservation practices that have not been used in that area.

Inadequate data and knowledge in areas important to the watershed program will form the basis for data collection and research activity during the initial phases of planning. Such activities are costly and time consuming, however, and care should be taken to be sure that only essential work is done in this regard.

It frequently is necessary and desirable to initiate the planning activity without waiting for the results of

-6­ an One approach is to develop research and data collection. "holding action" can be implemented as a interim plan which changes to the prevent serious or irreversibly-damaging often be to Such interim plans can resources of the watershed. and be accomplished by establishing quite effective and can the present general rules based upon enforcing some rather of the and the previous experience knowledge of the area team members. there needs to be a However it is accomplished: can become a of technical options which package,or packages, called management program. Often part of the watershed specific packages" they may include "technological engineering of land use, crops and/or combinations under specific appropriate for application structures apply to areas depending Different packages may conditions. land use and other soil condition, existing upon slope, varying levels of cost, They will also provide parameters. and economic return. Among resource protection, production, elements are: the more common technical with varying levels of 1. Forestry management protection; with as tree crops combined 2. Mixed practices such grass cover and animals; ground cover; 3. Perennials with permanent and 4. Contour or strip planting; gully plugs and other 5. Construction of terraces, structures.

2.2.3 Institutional Elements for data, though necessary Technical knowledge and not sufficient. Institutional management, are if the watershed must also be in place and responsibilities a mandates is expected to result in overall planning activity and its term benefit to the region workable program of long people. function 2.2.3.1. The planning a planning team earlier there should be As mentioned to develop the assigned responsibility with the specific may be resident in While the individual disciplines plan. agriculture and water several agencies - forestry, -7­ coordina­ for example, - the responsibility and resources, which has the tive leadership should be vested in one various technical capability and authority to collect the the team is multi ­ inputs and formulate the plan. When and multi-agency there is a greater disciplinary and all interests likelihood that all facets of the problem will be taken into account.

2.2.3.2 The implementing function partly shift The responsibility for implementing may agencies with direct from the planning agency to the various authority. The Forestry Department, legal and regulatory and Agriculture and Finance, Water Resources Ministries of will be have roles in the implementation. It others may all This if there is, again, one lead agency. most effective only may have no regulatory power. It may lead agency It should a coordinating and monitoring function. provide decision-makers and have a direct link to the top government status to gain the cooperation of all have enough area is participating agencies. When the geographical be established to sufficiently large a special unit may carry out the coordination and monitoring. developed for A watershed management program must be This can cause difficulty, as the entire watershed. do not watershed and administrative boundaries frequently will coincide. The type of program to be implemented this problem is to solve. The determine how difficult no a technical advisory program may cause implementation of tQ while a land use regulation may be impossible problem, should cover, and implement. As nearly as possible a plan or group of be implemlented in, an entire watershed, watersheds.

2.2.3.3 The financing function support for the planning, data Adequate financial is also and research, implementation and control collection organization and an essential part of the program. Each in the program needs to have a multi-year agency involved reflect budget with annual increments that realistically must be done for each year of the program. what can and arid include the costs of data collection Budgets will all support consultation (if needed), staffing and research, the program. There costs needed to develop and implement on the part of the funding authority should be a commitment the funds for the entire period at the time to provide should be program is initiated. Any funding limitations to keep the program taken into account during the planning within the bounds of "fundability".

-8­ 2.3 Watershed Management In Indonesia

Watershed management is not a new concept in Indonesia. Several large watershed management projects have been undertaken in the past decade. Major efforts, with international financial and technical assistance, were conducted in the Brantos, Solo, Jratunseluna and Citanduy River Basins and in the Yogyakarta Rural Development Project. These were all large, interdisciplinary and multi-agency projects. Several were initiated due to the severe degradation of the watersheds through indiscriminate clearing and cropping on steep lands. Serious over ­ population in the area forced farmers to cultivate land totally unsuited for annual crops.

It was found in those areas that, with rainfed cultivation and no conservation measures, soil was lost through erosion at the rate of 3 to 5 millimeters per year on slopes up to 50% (22.50) and 23 to 38 millimeters per year on slopes greater than 50 per cent . With the natural soil formation rate of about 1 millimeter per year it is plain that such losses soon lead to disastrous conditions in the uplands. And, a part of the problem is transferred downstream with higher, more frequent flooding and increased sediment loads in irrigation systems, impoundments, channels and harbors.

It was also found in the Solo project that the cost to rehabilitate critically eroded land would run up to 1 million Rupiah per hectare. This cost estimate was further corroborated in the Ciintanduy project. It appears that good planning and management before conditions reach a critical state is, by far, the preferred approach. While all these projects were on Java where conditions are quite different than in Luwu, they do illustrate the scope of the problem that can exist when nothing is done until conditions become critical.

In addition to these programs, a team of experts was recently formed to assess the present state of watershed management in Java. The team, formed under the auspices of USAID, prepared a report which provides a critique of current programs and offers suggestions designed to improve the efforts. While the study focuses only on Java, many of the findings and suggestions have relevance for watershed management in other parts of Indonesia as well.

-9­ 3. Kabupaten Luwu - Existing Situation

3.1 General Physical Description

Kabupaten Luwu, with an area of 25,149 km 2 is located in the northeastern part of the province of South Sulawesi. It borders the northern end of the Bay of Bone and contains 16 administrative units called kecamatans. The boundaries of these units are shown in Figure 2. The region is characterized by low, flat coastal plains for most of its length, backed by hilly, steep and, in some places, mountainous terrain. Soil data is available only for parts of South Luwu and the North Luwu Plain. The main highway traversing the area is located approximately on the boundary between the coastal plain and the uplands. In most areas these hills rise abruptly from the coastal plain. Much of the upland area is mountainous with elevations commonly over 1500 meters and a few peaks over 3000 meters above sea level. Figure 3 shows the approximate area of hilly uplands in the f'abupaten. The elevations shown on that sketch are in meters above sea level.

3.2 Population

Kabupaten Luwu had, in 1980, a population of 503,743, and in 1982 a population of 532,241. Table 1 contains the 1982 population and population density for each of the sixteen kecamatans. As one might expect, population densities are highest in areas near the highway and lowest in those kecamatans most distant from the road - Bastem and Limbong.

TABLE 1

KABUPATEN LUWU - POPULATION AND DENSITY BY KECAMATAN 1982

DENSITY 2 KECAMATAN POPULATION PEOPLE/KM2

Larompong 23,022 63.9 Suli 17,130 85.6 Bajo 37,129 62.7 Bastem 12,256 3.8 Bupon 49,237 65.6 Wara 60,405 317.9 Walenrang 70,974 38.8 Sabbang 3n,909 12.8 Limbong 10,651 4.3

-10­ DENSITY KECAMATAN POPULATION PEOPLE/KM -­~------­ 10.4 Masamba 28,493 18,708 23.4 Malangke 84.6 Bone Bone 53,487 31.912 18.0 Wotu 17.7 Mangkutana 37,188 24,976 11.6 Malili 10.0 Nuha 29,112

Source: Department of Industry, Luwu.

3,3 Land Use

Luwn occurs in most intensive land use in Kabupaten The that extend from coastal plain and in the river valleys the of that area is devoted plain into the mountains. Much the and to fish ponds. The to the growing of wet rice (sawah) irrigated by small, village level plain is extensively of Palopo and systems in South Luwu, to the south irrigation plus village systems in by several large irrigation systems North Luwu. land behind the plain Much of the steep and mo-untainous Clearing for agriculture is is still under forest cover . the hills, particularly occurring on the near slopes of around and to the south of Palopo. are in small plots Most of the plantings on the hills coffee and cocoa. Some and are used for cloves, with some there is little evidence this is on very steep land and of of any kind are used on that soil conservation measures these slopes. the population drops Further back ito the mountains is used for crops, it is substantially and, where the land type of farming on a small scale. mostly a subsistence of the forest still covers a large portion Primary a break down of the mountainous area. Table 2 contains each of the kecematais. broad categories of land use in generally pattern of land use, then, is The primary mountains with in the y°lains and forests in the agriculture but concentrating in areas villages scattere6 throughout, located departure from this pattern is near the road. One P.T. the shore of Lake Matano where in Kecamatan Nuha, on an open of INCO Ltd of Canada operates Inco, a subsidiary is virtually mine and smelter. This facility pit nickel for its employees. R good self contained with company towns

-11­ ("/ - A /

MASAMBA 10 0 N 7-AANGKLJTA iA %M, LIMBONG J

......

7SABBANG Jt\ BONE-2OIE33 WT U

J TOWUTI WALENRA I G MALANGKE MALILI LAKE

.//'" ; BAY OF BONE f .,_..- -"

"\ FIGURE 2 EMO -' KABUPATEN LUWL

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--- P.1E0 -. LVV!.N 4

SABN BO -BONE LW MEER TABLE 2

KABUPATEN LUWU - LAND USE DATA 1980

Total Irrigated Permanent Pasture/ Urban/ Area Agricultural Land Forest Grassland Village Hectares , Kecamatans (000 Ha) Land (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) Percapita

Larompong 36.0 10,517 1,402 9,008 134 1.68 Suli 20.0 6,148 3,596 9,572 1,071 419 1.25 Bastem 324.9 12,875 1,050 275,176 38,875 1,716 25.92 Bupon 75.0 16,651 8,401 4,784 625 1,701 1.57 Wara 19.0 2,954 897 8,473 1,700 2,578 .32 Walenrang 183.2 17,317 11,224 135,356 1,350 2,800 2.64 Sabbang 241.4 3.862 2,995 105,634 98 193 8.35 Limbong 244.3 9.948 1,928 161,690 3,668 202 22.81 Massamba 274.0 11,084 4,754 178,040 52,615 1,038 10.87 Malangke 80.0 4,520 1,500 19,800 1,455 1,533 4,49 Bone Bone 63.2 5,837 3,988 28,650 - 2,437 1.22 Wotu 177.3 6,048 1,368 70,147 10 910 6.64 Mangkutana 210.4 10,249 3,448 126,700 223 2,619 5.88 Malili 215.5 2,305 450 176,977 380 1,843 14.26 Nuha 291.0 1,249 586 288,859 921 399 10.10 Total 2,514.4 132,408 53,437 1,639,862 103,617 22,819 4.99 (ave)

Source: Derived from Data from BAPPEDA, Kapupaten Luwu.

1980 Population data. road, maintained by the company, extends from Malili to the facility, located at Soroako. P.T. Inco also maintains regular air service between Soroako and Ujung Pandang. Transportation in the Kabupaten is provided for the most part by the main highway which traverses the region from Larompong to Malili and from Wotu north into Central Sulawesi. Another road goes west from Palopo through the mountains to Kabupaten Tanah Toraja.

Secondary roads to outlying areas away from the highway are very few and in very poor condition. In most cases 4 wheel vehicles cannot go but a few kilometers from the highway. The two more remote kecamatans, Limbong and Bastem, can only be reached on foot or horseback. Large portions of the watersheds of the major rivers are extremely remote and difficult to reach. Development in those critically important areas has been, and continues to be slow.

In cerms of future land use a large oil palm estate is now being developed' in kecamatans Wotu and Masamba. The first planting is now underway and production will begin in about 2 1/2 years. The estate is being developed as a nucleus estate in which a portion of the area being planted will be turned over to smallholders when it starts to produce. The small - ho3ders would be trained in proper management techniques prior to that time. The company is now planning to construct one primary oil extraction mill to service the estate. The mill will be located near the highway on the Bungadidi River, about mid-way between Wotu and Bone Bone.

In another activity, exploration of copper-lead-zinc deposits has been underway in the mountains to the west of Batusitanduk in Kecamatan Walenrang. Should this prove feasible, a road would be ,constructed from the highway into the site and a separation and concentration mill would be constructed in the head waters of the Lamasi River.

Aside from those projects, no other specific future land use changes other than general increases caused by population growth can be identified at this time.

3.4 Water Resources

In Kabupaten Luwu there are many rivers and small streams emptying into the Bay of Bone. These rivers provide

-15­ cbaLa p.i agriculture in the for irrigated the people all the water of water needed by the majority Table 3 and also zrovide nearby villages. their banks and in areas living along their lengths, catchment the major rivers with that originate lists there are 22 riNers In North Luwu of these have and slcpe. to the Bay. Many mountains and flow that 15 kilometers in the areas and are less small, steep catchment of less than 100 have catchment areas long. Ten of them watersheds are Most of these smaller square kilometers. highway. quite near to the TABLE 3

I/ OF KABUPATEN TJUWU MAJOR RIVERS

Slope Length Catchrmen (Km % (Km) Area------River------39------883­ Larompong - 1. 105 38 Suli 38 2. 55 4.8 3. Paremang 59 4. Bajo 365 4.2 15 7.77.7 5. Batang 15 198 Makawa 42 12,8 6.7. Lamasi 15 29 29 3.5 3. 8. Tabu 52 0 Ampak 1.5 9. 13 40 Rongkong 7.2 10. 13 40 7,2 11. Baebunta 17 13 105 12.13. RaddaMasamba 855 4.3 1. aama38 12.7 8 24 14. Balease 29 8.8 14 126 15. Uraso 1 120 16. Lampuawa 16 12.6 19 10.2 17. Kanjiro 10 46 Bone Bone 5.8 18. 20 83 Bungadidi 26 82 19. 13 Bombalu 85 9.3 20. 18 21. Senggeni 190 7.5 33 2.0 22. Tomoni 53 1070 23. Kalaena 330 3.4 25 3.7 24. Angkor 41, 570 25. Cere Lng 59 26. Larona ------* Appioximated with incompleted data.

General, Irrigation. 1/ Source: Directorate

-16­ of the larger rivei.. are Most of the catchment areas the road in the very steep, located further inland from of Kecamatans Bastem, irregular mountainous terrain Masamba, Mangkutana, Nuha and Walenrang, Sabbang, Limbong, than half of the watershed Malili. (See Figure 2). More 1000 meters in elevation. area in North Luwu is above under irrigation is South Luwu most of the land In systems. Here with water through village level supplied small streams. The are 4 large rivers and numerous there on the western part of rise in the mountainous areas rivers Bastem which is mostly South Luwu, particularly in Kecamatan to 3000 meters high. mountainous, with peaks up are being taken *a the larger Streamflow measurement of Luwu by the Water Resources Division rivers of Kabupaten of that data of Public Works. On the strength the Ministry in North Luwu have that many of the small rivers it appears by the irrigation of low flow less than that needed periods or planned.i/ systems now in place, under construction, in August and SeptcI-bei, This will particularly be the case rainfall. There are plans the months of normally lower some of the larger rivers to underway to divert flows from irrigation schemes. Table 4 make up the deficits for the Luwu sub-project suppli.es. shows the plan for the North major land clearing in the Additional development with tend to prolong the low flow watersheds of these rivers will shortages. periods and may exacerbate the monthly in the rivers Sediment loads are also measured of measurements over the of North Luwu. On the basis in North Luwu except the past eleven months all the rivers loads.2/ This implies that Masamba are carrying low silt reasonably under control. upland erosion is, at this time, bridge crossings tends inspection of these rivers at Visual it should be noted to support this conclusion. However, observed following heavy that high silt loads have been sampling and casual rains in the mountains. Monthly enough to provide a good observation may not be frequent The Masamba River representation of actual conditions. exhibits uniform high silt loads. for the rivers of No silt measurements are available at the bridge South Luwu. However, visual inspection

Development for the Ilaco, "Master Plan, Irrigation 1/ March 1977, pp. 88-92. North Luwu Plain, Sulawesi Selatan", records. 2/ Irrigasi, Proyek Luwu monthly

-17­ TABLE 4 NORTH LUWU FOR IRRIGATION - CONDITIONS OF STREAMFLOW

Period Alternate Supply EstimatedShortage River Lamasi September Rong Rongkong September Rofgkofg Makawa September flow Tabu/Ampak Adequate flow Rongkong BalaeseBalaese Balaese Kanjiro Year Round August/September None Bone Bone Many months Lauwo/Bungadidi (Minor) Senggeni September Adequate Flow Tomoni Tomoni Kalaena September Tomon the Worth Development for Plan, irrigation "Master 1977, Ilaco. Source: Selatan" March Luwu Plan, Sulawesi are generally higher that silt loads the crossings indicates consistent with Luwu. This is and that in North more clearing here that there is north. observation here than to the previous on the near slopes planting of crops nearly all residents water supply, In terms of domestic directly from nearby Luwu gRt their water then from of Kabupaten to a stream is great, if the distance for washing of streams or, are heavily used wells. The rivers as well as consumption. shallow and waste disposal clothes, bathing where filtered and is in Palopo some The main exception a piped system with provided through treated water is taps. This system as well as public water is house connections of Palopo. The half the people estimated to supplies about River, which is the Mangkaluku until 1985. extracted from PaloPO's needs flow to meet has enough have an adequate river in the area undeveloped but no Another small, supply after that, to supplement the water have yet been prepared.I/ development plans tends to be highest in Kabupaten Luwu Precipitation from August through June and lowest millimeters from March through ranges from 1,736 annual rainfall October. Mean Luwu, South Economy of Kabupaten Project Luwu, "The J/ 1982 Page 131. Sulawesi", December

-18­ in Kecamatan Masamba. in Kecamatan Bajo to 3,611 millimeters of the North Luwu Plain is The mean rainfall for the whole per year. in The higher elevations about 2,900 millimeters about the mean annual amounts increase away from the coast elevation for each 500 meters increase in 800 millimeters hills. Table 5 shows to the orographic effect of the due selected stations in the mean monthly rainfall figures for Luwu plains.

3.5 Forest Resources a large part of Kabupaten Luwu As mentioned earlier, Office under forest cover. The Forestry is, at this time, of forest, most that there are 1,325,314 hectares estimates controlled. of which is government owned and variety of species Much of the forest contains a and softwoods, consisting of ebony, including hardwoods no and mixed timber. There has been mangrove, rattan good the forests and, therefore, no overall survey of of the forest resources. The majority inventory of the high quality. resources are not of particularly mixed timber in Bupon, for manager at the plywood factory The plant quality logs used indicated that most of the high example, the region. Meranti from by the plant come from outside Tenggara are used extensively Maluku and teak from Sulawesi are over 30 species of local for the facing veneer. There core material. hardwoods used for the interior are three The Forestry Office indicated that-there by private companies with forest concessions now operated about 660,000 hectares. Two licenses to harvest timber on active on about 173,000 hectares. of these concessions are for have aerial survey inventory data These companies may available. but, if so, it is not publicly their concessions, of the coastal all the forests, with the exception Nearly of rattan are in the mangroves and river bank growths shown as upland watersheds upland areas. Much of the area on Figure 3 is under forest cover. Forestry Office In terms of monetary values, the 1982 timber prices: provided the following data on -Rp 400,000/m3 1. Top quality ebony -Rp 120,000/m3 2. Kalappia Celibica -Rp 45,000/m3 3. #3 Mixed hardwood -Rp 35,000/m3 4. #4 Mixed hardwood

-19­ TABLE 5 STAT) iS IN MILLIMETERS AT S-LECTD MEAN RAINFALL BY MONTH IN KABUPATEN LIJ'gU a 00 4-)0 0 CL) E C0) Q 0

04

164 172 350 204 175 331 January 128 225 204 303 222 223 321 435 February 150 386 222 246 217 288 265 442 March 428 306 371294 445 227 318 362 397 391 311 April 323 316 361 257 21-9 188 250 271 237 258 JuneMay 178 196 233 242 July 140 188 233 229 262 194113 94 96 153 160 192 173 August 135 164 81 116 201 September 168 15 119 62 158 195 230 October 226 150 293 137 232 211 172 172 3,595 November 231 352 2,533 132 248 3,611 2,683 December 2,719 2,742 Total 1,736 in South Sulawesi of Rainfall Recording Engineers, "100 Years SOURCE: DHV Consulting 1979-1980: March 1981. However, without a survey and inventory, lithlc said about the o lerall c:.,A SC: value of forest resources in Kabupaten Luwu except that they cover an extensive area and are of significant economic potential.

3.6 Government Agencies and Programs 3.6.1 Forest Management The Ministry of Forestry, with provincial Ujung Pandang offices in and a local office and staff directly responsible in Palopo, is for managing the forest Kabupaten. Under areas of the present regulations all exploitation forest resources is supposed of to be done under license issued by the Forestry Office. There regulations are several specific which apply to the harvest These regulations of forest products. include a ban on harvesting area and limits in critical on the amount and size of logs At the present time harvesced. harvesting mangroves is prohibited except when clearing for a fishpond. And, certain areas in Nuha and Malili are closed to Limits the harvesting of rattan. of log size specify that certain reach a certain types of trees must size before they are cut. For the case of hardwood example, in logs such as ebony and terminalia gigantea, only trees with a trunk diameter of 60 centimeter or more can legally be cut. The implementation of these regulations of the exploitation and the control of forest resources are because of the difficult very large area of forest in and the small forestry the Kabupaten staff available to police activity. The large concessions are not because too difficult to handle, the restrictions can be built But, there :nto the licenses. is an extensivE: amount of "informal" of timber by individual harvesting both for firewood and for It appears to be common lumber. practice for farmers and others, during idle periods when no income the public in available, to go to forest to cut and sell wood. have no In many cases they good alternative source of income has led to turn to. This to some clearing of steep slopes should and areas that have been kept under forest cover. The Office of Forestry also plays a major reforestation of role in disturbed areas, which is a program to restore national scale the Nation's watersheds t".;ough reforestation and implementation measures. of soil conservation The National Regreening Program up to provide reforestation (P3RPDAS) was set and soil conservation assistance in the Nation's watersheds. Until very recently this program has been under the Ministry of Agriculture, through

-21­ the Director General for Forestry. Now with the reorganization it is in the new Ministry of Forestry. While it is a national program it has only recently started to have an influence outside of Java. It is assumed here that the reforestation effort in Luwu is a part of this program. In this respect, however, the new Ministry is still in the formative stages. Within the Ministry there is a Directorate of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation, a Directorate of Soil Conservation and a Directorate of Regreening and Shifting Cultivation Control all of which can have a strong influence on watershed management activities. Just how much remains to be seen. In Kabupaten Luwu the regreening effort is primarily aimed at reforestation on steep slopes. In 1980, 1981 and 1982 510 hectares were replanted with pine and ]antoro in kecamatan Bastem. In 1982/83 440 hectares were reforested in Limbong. Such programs cost about Rp. 40,000 per hectare.

Forestry also has a plan to reforest about 4,500 hectares in the steepland adjacent to the North Luwu irrigation projects. These slopes, located near the transmigrant villages were seriously damaged by cutting and clearing before any controls were applied. Reforestation in that area is expected to cost about Rp. 500 million over a 5-year period.

The Forestry Office has prepared a management plan for the forest in all of Luwu. This plan divides the forest into five categories as follows:

1. Absolutely protected for ecology, wildlife and preservation purposes - 173,750 Ha.

2. Protected for watershed managEment - 611,875 Ha. 3. Limited production forest - 381,561 Ila.

4. Regular production forest - 36,875 Ha.

5. Forest which can be converted to agriculture - 121,250 Ha.

The Forestry Office has prepared a map delineating the approximate boundaries of each category. These boundaries were drawn on the basis of best available data. With the lack of a forest inventory and the lack of data on soils, topography and elevation were the two more important parameters used in setting the boundaries.

-22­ the The stated purpose of the plan is to protect are available in the watersheds so that the water resources for the important proper quality, quantity and distribution now that would be downstream uses. The only areas in forest are: cleared for agriculture under that plan watershed of a. a small area in Bastem in the upper the Paremang River; in the b. a high, flat valley in upper Limbong flows watershed of the Betuwe River, which northwest out of Kabupaten Luwu; which drains c. a high flat valley in upper Masamba into Sulawesi Tengah; and Mangkutana in the d. an area of high valley in upper farthest reaches of the Kaleana watershed. remain as permanent All the other existing forest would what the ultimate forest. Although it is not clear just would be, forest fate of the "recular production" forest be subject to areas in categories 1 and 2 would not 3 forest would be exploitation at any level. Category cubic meters per harvested at a rate not to exceed 30 is the estimated hectare per year. (Apparently this sustained yield capability). in the protected Under the plan, all people living a house, land and a 6 forest areas would be relocated, given cost up to Rp 3 month supply of food. Relocation would 2060 families million per family. There are an estimated .ow residing in those areas. large part of the This relocation program comprises a 5-year planning period, Luwu Forestry Office budget for the started in 1984-85 1984-89, with relocation planned to be cost of over and continuing for 3 years at an estimat.ed 6,000 million Rupiahs. is still under At the time of this report, the plan yet become the consideration in Jakarta, and has not Official forest management plan for Luwu. -.6.2. Agriculture of effort in the Ministry of Agriculture The majority The inLuwu has been oriented toward the lowland farmer. programs, concentrated mostly on managing and improving

-23­ effect areas have little direct production in the irrigated However, there are two potentially on the watershed areas. watershed from the stand point of significant programs the rural extension program carried out by management. The material on the does provide educational center (REC) The effort is at the very subject of soil conservation. overtime as more but is expected to increase early stages, become available. and better training materials in the program is that activity The second significant coconut, clove oil Crops. Estate crops are office of Estate of a similar nature. pepper, cocoa and others grown palm, coffee, and are most suitably they are perennial crops of Usually than by small holder, because large operations rather processing in need for some form of initial costs and the to the small the beyond that available and marketing management falls under estate mentioned earlier farmer. The oil palm this office's program. are getting program small clove farmers Under this but there has been soil conservation practices advice on if the advice is used. liLtle follow-up to determine adoption of that there has been little Observation indicates conservation techniques. designed to improve soil One interesting measure partially in upland agriculture was conservation measures Governor instructed Luwuo In this case the implemented in Indonesia Rakyat to Estate Crops and Bank be the Office of to plant estate crops that farmers seeking loans require crop or other conservation to included a cover loans. The required as a condition for the measures in their plan, Once the loan was imposed but not followed-up. and requirement such specific practices, made it difficult to enforce is general, done so. the lenders have not, in concerned with the of Estate Crops is more The Office It is their belief that of larger operations. development are suitable for estate of the Luwu upland areas that many parts tea. They further feel particularly coffee and crops, on large estates without can be established would such crops the large companies who serious soil erosion because and would have the expertise undertake such projects The office to use the proper methods. financial resources specific requirements that they would include also indicated in operating plans. for soil and water protection

-24­ 3.6.3. Environmental protection

At the present time the Ministry of Environment program in Luwu is focused on protecting that portion of the forest designated as category one in the Forestry Plan. This area of 173,750 hectares is located in the northwestern part of Kecamatan Nuha. There are 6 staff members of this agency now in Luwu, all housed in Wotu. They indicated that they have no other duties at this time and that they lack manpower to expand their function.

They expect their main office in Jakarta will carry out a survey of the protected area to prepare a multi-use development plan for wildlife protection and, perhaps a national park.

As an additional duty, they have received a Ministerial decree that all rivers should have a forested conservation reserve 100 meters wide on each side of every river, presumably for their entire length. At this time they are unable to carry out this instruction or to undertake any environmental assessments or analyses. This office is governed by General Law Number 4, dated 1982 which provides a general statement about the need for environmental management and the responsibility of all citizens to protect and manage the environment and natural resources. That law scys what should be done, but does not set in place the mechanisms to do the job. The agency may be of more importance to watersheds and environmental management in the future a7 more specific authorities and responsibilities are assigned in decrees and regulations.

3.4. Water Resources

The Office of Hydrology, Directorate of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, is primarily a data collection agency. The agency collects, analyzes and publishes data for most of the large rivers in Kabupaten Luwu. For the most part, up to now, it has measured streamflows and sediment loads. They do have some data on chemical water quality dating back to 1977-78 which could be used in the future to determine the changes taking place in the rivers. This agency has no resource management authority or responsibility. However, it could play an important part in future planning by providing the capability to monitor the region's water resources and identify critical changes requiring corrective action. They would also be an important part of any regional development planning that might include upstream impoundments.

-25­ 3.6.5 BAPPEDA - The Regional Planning Office

There is a regional p)anning office in each province (Bappeda TK I). In addi-ion regional planning offices are now authorized at the Kabupaten level (Bappeda Tk II). In January 1982 Bappeda TK II Luwu was formed to assist the Bupati with the formation and evaluation of development policy in Kabupaten Luwu.

The implementation legislation outlines the general functions of Bappeda, which include:

Coordinating the planning of all government offices; Coordinating and conducting al research for planning;

Following the preparation of plan implementation;

Monitoring development progress.

Consequently, Bappeda is to conduct planning studies to assist the Bupati and the Governor in deciding on development policy to be carried out by the various government agencies. There are several divisions within Bappeda TK II including a Data and Reporting Division, an Economic Division, a Socio-Cultural Affairs Division and an Infrastructure Division. The last one include land use, natural resources and environment under its areas of responsibility. Much of the activity in these areas is still in the formative, early stages.

-26­ 4.0 Conclusions Watershed conditionls 4.1~pent areason Of~ ~- watershedsar in Kabupaten 4.1 Present resent t timee mostosdtio the There i areea At t h eI reasonaby goodrcondition.in s e d slopes some in rou at o center w-here lail Luwu ar on tep"n South LUU uo til ccurring arun population cnesweeidsrmnt sSm around the and is still 0 on someeplopes. has occurred, o n Nortl UWu, .ut corrective actlons are needed a s highway in N h e effort erou PalopO and neared thefor reclamationm ssivethemain-w--on efforn aroundo-pposedunposd totoo condtin. ond s on Java, where w n o theifort ss an d nforeclaatiagement .andr h Pree mai n petionroas ac cefs r expenditurein Luwu ca a n, arefocus. needed. onmprotectiona the laci of eco through good _.....est a damage s There k ias acs of the watersheds now The is still good nlostl of..por,ulation pressures. no great neeflo land available in hou agricultural ountaon rat tnhi tio and, thereforeshod rtie development, into the hills and mourntan ras tis Sto move further m b5 egation people infloW o people throughthis and should be evaluated cl qckly change Anyprojects major could quic carThe rivers reflect the good watershed conditions, only river where the Masamba is the especially in North Luwu silt loads. that shows consistently high in order of to rank the watershed of Luwu Any attempt that ali the rivers of leads to the conclusion importance living along them Luwu are important to the peopleand domestic Kabupaten for food production andco~5s~fpt using ion.-Rnkn the water In North Luwu the watersheds of the Lamasi, Rongk~ng, largest and supply the largest Balease and Kalaena are the North Luwu Plain of the irrigation needs in the portionirrigation projects. But all the rivers supply some and to even tLose with small catchment areas should be managed maintain this flow for downstream users. In fact, the more susceptiblce to damage smaller watersheds are the and with to the population centers because they are closest amount of clearing on the their small size, a small absolute large intrusion on that hills constitutes a relatively natural system. and Management 4.2 Present planning on the part of government There is a strong awareness watershedsgood of the importance of thepush for officials at all levels them. The strong for protecting and the need

-?7­ management comes down quite directly from the National level and this is probably due to what has already happened to the watershed in other parts of Indonesia, particularly Java.

At this time, efforts to properly manage the resources of the watersheds in Luwu are fragmented. Each agency has its own set of activities and priorities. Many of the institutional pieces necessary for developing a good watershed management program are here, but the overall perspective and framework needed to coordinate and manage the pieces and develop a systematic planning effort responsive to) the needs of the Kabupaten .is not yet 4 .n place. The Bappeda TK II Luwu office is the logical candidate agency to take on this role. Its stated objectives and responsibilities are consisten'- with watershed management planning needs but its staff and funding would need to be reinforced.

Of the government programs in place now, the Forestry activities are the most influential in the use of the watersheds. They have licensing procedures and rules and regulations regarding forest practices. But they have difficulty in controlling just what goes on in the forest areas. Unauthorized cutting and clearing are common. With the vast areas of forest, much of it with difficult access, policing is a difficult matter.

The forest management plan prepared by the Office of the Forestry and now under review in Jakarta is an ambitious plan. If approved and implemented it will essentially prevent development in most of the Kabupaten's watersheds c.d keep all the high land under forest cover. From an environmental and ecological point of view it appears to be a superior plan. If would guarantee that the rivers and streams would be maintained in their present condition. And, coupled with the reforestation efforts now underway and planned, it could lead to improved water resources overtime.

In the long run, however, the Forestry plan may be too restrictive. More productive use can be made of many of the upland areas without damaging the water resources or the soils of the area. New agricultural packages, tree crops, for example, in combination with permanent cover, useful as foi-age, could mean more productive use of the hilly areas in the long run if done properly. Not enough attention or serious consideration has been given to such alternatives. That attention will not be forthcoming in any systematic manner until a coordinated planning framework is in place and functioning.

-28­ In areas of privately held land, much of it is in small agricultural plots. Most small farmers do not have the technical knowledge or the financial. resources to do a proper soil conservation job. Agriculture,-through its Rural Extension Centers and the Estate Crops extension workers, can play a very important role in teaching these farmers the reasons for and methods of soil conservation. The REC program has started this on a limited scale, but now is only touching the surface. They need more training materials - films and slide shows, etc. - to get the message across.

The use of large-scale estate development in specific areas is promising. Large organizations, developing large areas will have more and better technical knowledge and resources with which to asbure proper initial preparation of the land and proper conservation and cultivation practices. The use of the nucleus estate concept, where a portion of the land is turned over the smallholders when it starts producing, also has a potential place in upland development. The crops raised in these enterprises are usually perennials which can be grown with permanent cover to prevent serious erosion.

The Office of Estate Crops has indicated that several large company would be ready to develop estates in the higher lands of Bastem and Limbong if and when an access road is provided. These higher elevations are well suited to coffee and tea and other crops requiring similar climatic conditions and having reasonably good export market. These potential productive activities should not be overlooked in the watershed planning approach, although the Bastem road was given a low priority.in the Luwu Road Program Study.

4.3 Planning Data

Data on soil capability, land use, and forest inventories is lacking for much of the Kabupaten. A good program of aerial photography, couple w-ith ground surveys and soil survey would substantially improve the data base upon which good plans can be established.

4.4 Technical Information

Most of the Agricultural research for Luwu has, up to nfw, concentrated on food crop production in the irrigated lands. There is a need for a systematic evaluation of technical agricultural options suitable for use on the steep and mountainous lands of Luwu. Information is needed on the various crop combinations suitable for the existing soils

-29­ various agro-climatic zones at the and the different for improved 1/. There also is a need elevations cultivation on various in terms of limits to can guidelines rules are available now which slopes. Some general be done to developments, but more must guide the early and what practices what the safe limits are, determine serious erosion on steep should be followed to prevent to now present policy attempts lands. For example, 50. With terracing annual crops on slopes over up to 15; discourage up to 70; perennials grass contour strips or up to 400 with good slope some commercial estates programs and In most of the watershed length and soil texture. for limit of 220 (50%) is used in Java an absolute slope cover on everything steeper. all crops, with forest in other regions experience and observations icvious agricultural packages that there are technical indicate of steeper land without seriously which will allow good use further water resources. This needs endangering the soil or study specific to Luwu conditions. in the hydrologic where little is known is Another area vegetation is watershed system when the behavior of the slopes without proper it is obvious that clearing and modified. erosion and enhances floods precautions causes massive water But the net effect on the drought conditions. to an oil palm from a forest zosystem resources of changing for example, is a grass fruit tree combination plantation or river flows are already In a watershed where the not clear. this will be an important for downstream users the marginal ahead with development in thing to know before going upper watershed.

4.5 Laws and Regulations appear statutory authorizations The existing laws and on public adequate for watershed management to be reasonably of the importance of the They reflect the awareness lands. One area where there are watersheds mentioned earlier. genera] law environmental control. The weaknesses now is in and setting up for environmental concern specifying the need of potentially the environmental assessment a case for However, under the projects is now in place. damaging placed at the local law this responsibility is present resources are extremely (Kabupaten) level where technical limited.

coastal of Luwu, outsi le of the 1/Over half of the land can create meters in elevation. This Plain is over 1000 practical climates and very different very different plains and lowlands. cropping patterns than the coastal

-30­ there are no means the present legal framework on Within good conservation management for requiring and enforcing extension education must be done through private land. This and personal persuasion.

4.6 Projections management are made to current watershed If no changes use continue, there current trends in land on the practices and but damaging clearing increasing small-scale routes. will be areas near transportation hills, especially in to steep North Luwu will be susceptible small watersheds of will be done The Most of the clearing severe modification. methods such as terracing, without proper conservation and erosion will or permanent cover, over contour strips increasing silt loads The rivers will carry continue. will change. time and the river flows will now in government ownership The high forest land if the plan for well protected, especially the be reasonably is implemented, for proposed by Forestry in the conservation with increasing population few years. However, there will be next economic activity, and increasing from the steep Kabupaten harvest more timber growing pressures to a living for people clear and plant to provide to lands and to will be very difficult farmers. This pressure limits on as small now has problems enforcing Where Forestry development resist. will be compoundec as cutting, the problems pressures increase. roads will be development continues, As the Luwu Kecamatans of Bastem, making the now remote accessible. improved, upper watersheds more and others in the will Limbong the high steep lands The problems of protecting increase. of conditions in the watershed Generally, while good, without a are now comparatively Kabupaten Luwu program that reflects well-balanced management healthy reasonably of the people for a present and future needs conditions will the environment, watershed economy and a healthy deteriorate. Management 4.7 Options for Watershed the watersheds different ways in which There are many These are perhaps better Luwu can be managed. of Kabupaten or intensity of management. classified as "degrees",

-31­ On one extreme alternatives there is In this always a "do-nothing­ chosen courses Option nature with respect and man take resources of to what their regulation the watershed is done with or control. without interventionfe the and least In the short from expensive Option run this one chosen to implement-and is the :easiest because it it often offers the maximum s the explo itation . short ter, ..­ h On the Other extreme alternative. there is a total preservation might In this option alter the environmental any and all would conditions activities which are be prohibited- of the watershed relativelyare elaivey The costs lolow also,alo because of implem needed r'o ipleenting studies will be and no judgements or surveys this option needed. It as to how resources are From a may be'difficult should be short term economic to enforce, Used has Point of however. little appeal view this alternative exploitation. as there would preferable In some cases be no resource Option in this is chosen attributes limited or unique as the that society areas with area until wishes to preserve special better data or to is available preserve an decisions. for good management Within these two Options which extreme there preservation. provide different is a continuum Just levels of exploitation of between them what constitutes and conscious is a matter an optimum selection for public policy point Option that and implementation to decide. seeks to of The to develop. provide this a management It requires optimum is more knowledge good data difficult base. It requires and a reasonable Views and objectives. the balancing of resources And it of conflicting to get requires the in the Planning greatest amount the long term, done and implemented. balanced done properly But plan will serve and implemented, meet their the people the economic needs well, helping resources base and maintain them to Naturally, and environment a good natural this is for sustained the Option recommended development. management in for watershed Kabupaten Luwu.

-32­ 5.0 Recommendations of managing the watersheds The recommendations for deals general categories. One Kabupaten Luwu are in two for the institutional framework with the establishment of deals with while the other category planning and management now, or very soon, items which should be underway specific and within existing agencies. under existing authorizations Management Framework for Watershed 5.1 The Institutional should management "unit" (WMU) A watershed planning and level. The WMU would be be set up at the kabupaten the implementa­ for developing and coordinating responsible and long term development tion of a plan for the protection with in Kabupaten Luwu, in balance of the watershed areas of the program and objectives the overall development Kabupaten. of operating should be established independent This WMU any related areas, line responsibilities in agencies with and cooperative working but it must have close communication agencies. relationships with those in the Kabupaten - Bappeda The Regional Planning Office the "home" of this unit. TK II - is recommended as be to coordinate function of the WMU will The primary working in parts of of all the agencies now the activities a central forum in which management and to provide watershed into an overall integrated can be brought together the parts a capable, inter­ WMU must be staffed with plan. The work closely with the team and be able to with disciplinary the WMU would be staffed agencies. Ideally, of operating agencies, primarily Ministry specialists from the line and Forestry, office of Environment Agriculture, Ministry of Bappeda. as the planning staff of Water Resources as well should form a possible then these specialists If this is not to work with the advisory and liaison committee At technical agency on a periodic basis. as well as their parent be unit the technical staff will this time it is assumed that must be agencies. The WMU director seconded from the line be a permanent line agencies. He should independent of all would work of Bappeda. Ideally he senior staff member advisor through the with a counterpart expatriate directly This Advisor should be development of the plan. a initial period. The WMU must have for at least a 3 year to available its own and should be able and operating funds of budget various activities through make proposals for funding and programs of data collection specific agencies so that -33­ FIGURE 4 UNIT WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE PROPOSED ADMINISTRATIV

BUPATI

BAP-D SUPPORT

F WLLF -AG/FOODC&OFC CONSLTANT R7SUE ARD FMREGREENING SG/ESTA'RE HYDROLOGY INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UNIVRSITIES

CONSULTANTS OUNIVERS UNIERSITIES/ UNIERSITIES!

CONSULTANTS CONSULTANTS -34- COMPANIES research can be carried out where needed to develop the watershed management plan. Figure 4 depicts the proposed administrative structure of the WMU.

5.2 The Long Term Plan

The WMU would develop the overall watershed management plan within a 5-year period. The planning period is governed to a large extent by the time needed to acquire data and research outputs. Following completion, approval and adoption of the plan the level of staffing and activity within the WMU may be reduced. The individual members of the planing team from the operating agencies should then concentrate on the implementation of those parts of the plan relevant to their own agencies. However, it is essential that the WMU continue to exist as a permanent base for watershed management within Bappeda. It would be responsible for coordinating the parts of implementation, act as a catalyst as necessary when and if progress in implementation slows down, monitor and report on the status of the implementation program in all the agencies and, over time, adjust plan elements if conditions change within the Kabupaten.

5.3 Near Term Recommendations

As an adjunct to the main planning process the WMU should immediately begin the task of coordinating, monitoring, and enhancing watershed management that is now underway or should be underway to prevent further deterioration of watershed conditions. Each relevant agency program should be reviewed in detail, and evaluated with respect to its relationship to other activities and the overall needs in watershed management, and assistance given to expedite those activities which are needed. The following items should be given attention in the near term.

5.3.1 Forestry-related activity

The Forestry office should implement the initial phase of its forest management plan. The area designated for park and wildlife in Northwest Nuha should be officially set aside as a preserve. However, the plan to relocate families now living in the areas designated as protected forest should be delayed until the WMU has a more balanced plan for managing the watersheds 1/. The forest management plan,

I/ The relocation program in general in South Sulawesi has been extremely slow. In their 1982 Annual Report Forestry indicated that of about 10,700 upland farmers slated for relocation only about 360 have been moved up to now.

-35­ as proposed, snould be considered a holding action for the near term, subject to modification on the basis of additional data and analyses.

The Forestry Office should strengthen its enforcement capability by adding additional forest police to control illegal informal harvesting of timber and clearing of steep slopes. Where such havestL1 g provides the only essential income to people, such as farmers between cropping seasons, the Forestry Office should consider setting up a program, such as a "Conservation Corp" to provide short term employment in forest management labor as a substitute source of income to these people.

The Forestry Office should also undestake a forest survey to provide a good data base in forest resources. The survey should be started now and should be completed within 3 years. If this time phasing proves impractical then areas for survey should be selected on a priority basis, in coordination with WMU needs.

Stream bank protection should be enforced and reforestation of improperly cleared slopes should be continued. The plan for reforesting 4,500 hectares in North Luwu should be implemented now.

The Forestry Office should cooperate with the Ministry of Agriculture in identifying and evaluation alternative tree and crop combinations which may be suitable for steep slopes and high elevations.

And, finally, the Forestry Office should assign a picfessional forester, familiar with Kabupaten Luwu and the Forestry Office's Plans and Program to the WMU as a permanent staff member.

5.3.2 Agriculture-related activity

The extension ar:.' training activity in : soil conservation initiat. by the Rural Extension Center in Luwu and by the Office of state Crops should be increased and given more support. They should be able to provide a more comprehensive program of soil conservation to the small farmer in the upland areas. This will require additional visual aids, such as slides and movies, and field demonstration in the use of simple effective measures.

Upland crop research programs should get under way immediately. The Ministry of Agriculture, through the Agricultural Research Institte and academic institutions,

-36­ upland agricultural packages, or should develop alternative on suitable to Luwu conditions and based farming systems, various agro-climatic conditions found at the various anticipated that in the mountains of Luwu. It is elevations can be done by review of a major portion of this research to and other on-going research projects, existing literature be some state of the art. There may determine the large scale field minor field investigations. No relatively at this time. trials and research are anticipated the Office of In keeping with this research activity, for future private Estate Crops should seek proposals estates where the land may be investment into large companies have indicated that several large suitable, Tbey and Limbong, invest in plantations in Bastem 'jre eager to proposals should for coffee and'tea. Concrete for example including details forthcoming for these enterprises, be for soil protection. of methods and devices to be use;d of serious erosion now exist Agriculture Where problems the small action to provide assistance to should take and reclamations in implementing soil conservation farmers remedies exceed the measures. Where the cost of needed capacity there should be individual farmers' financial available Serious considerations financial assistance for this to providing direct subsidies should be given the benefit of is reasonable because some of purpose. This user and, also will accrue to the downstream reclamation subsidies as a lowland farmers have been receiving because systems) while upland general practice (e.g. the irrigation farmers have received none. also assign a The Ministry of Agriculture should a permanent members of the professional agriculturalist as WMU. activity 5.3.3 Environmental Management be the Office of Environment should The activity of knowledge­ Kabupaten level. A staff member expanded at the should be environmental assessment procedures able in officers should be to Bappeda permanently. This assigned office of Environment to draw upon the Provincial level able as necessary. to provide technical assistance in the watersheds, All new proposed major developments should be subjected to an or on the river systems, be assessment. This assessment can environmental should be done by the multi-stage. An initial screening -37­ there indicate that this will case the in most caseslasting effects, in which localwill bestaff. no serious, long Should the indications be that serious assessment ceases. should be a more detailed assessment effects may occur then level, or with from the proN Lncial done with assistance experts in relevant fields. there should be aninitial users and As a starting point 1 -y heavy water re palm eneral oil mill on the Bungadidi plmof theol proposedmlls s t e sl dg willto b e the screeningnoriousPaR eir Rive.P poltmillsl ii aref thgwe waa ludge is returned wi b adequate treatment downstream users notoriousriver without Polluters faced with serious problems, officer should task the ,environmentalrelated to the As-a second and earlier studies the review the plans associated developments in potential copper mine and an extremely the Lamasi River is upper Lamasi because sounce for irrigation. important water ifo1 planning 5.3.4 In Daha additions to the forest inventory mentioned earlier

there is also a need to develop good data on soil conditions and riverh ) l capability land use and watershed p i g condit ions .­

of aerial survey and land use mapping should program will take time and it will be be undertaken immediately- It to both the agricultural sector costly, but it is essential and the forestry sector as well as the overall planning also be of use to may agencies outside the effort. If will be managed through Bappeda. WMU as well. This survey should out very should be carried capability survey A soil Ministry of direction and support of the soon under the LuwU. If that Some data now exists for South Agriculture. then the major survey effort data is reliable and sufficient Norh Luwu. the watersheds of should focus on Activity 5.3.5 Water Resources expand its river should of 'he office of Hydrology Luwu. The frequency lofit~ring program in Kabupaten should be increased to sediment and streamflow measurements conditions now and get a firmer understanding of watershedin the future. as the management plan is implemented a should be set up to sample Ideally, the sediment program distinct change in streamflow- river immediately following a not practical. At the least, At this time, however, this is

-38­ be increased to twice a frequency of sampling should be the rivers in South Luwu should month, and the four larger added to the sampling program.

5.4 Program Costs unit budget 5.4.1 Watershed management supporting the WMU over the The estimated costs for several developed on the basis of initial 5-year period were assumptions. on all the staff salaries program would support a. The even if professionals are its own budget. That is, their salaries are seconded from line agencies accounted for in the WMU budget. with Bappeda or in some tne WMU may be housed bo While space, it is assumed existiJng government office at reasonable market that the space is rented rates. out by the activities to be carried c. Extraordinary their own existing agencies will fall under line in the WMU budget. budgets and are not included may be substantial, especially However, these costs for data collection. purposes that the full is assumed for budget d. It work for the full five complement of staff would exceptions of the expatriate year period with the three employed for the first advisor who would be years only. be a need for assumed that there will e. It is also specific problem consultants to work on short term be the greatest research input would areas. This and is expected years of the planning in the early Consequently the off by the fourth year. to taper for each of the first includes 15 man-months budget in year 4 and year 5. three years and 6 man-months

budget estimate for contains the total basic Table 6 basis of this 5-year period. On the the WMU for the data collection it expected high costs of estimate an. the activity exceeds the the cost of this planning is clear that and also exceeds the capability for funding Bappeda local that outside assistance capability. It appears Provincial especially in the first to support this endeavor, is needed out and.fully funded foreign three years. A well thought -39­ TABL 6

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT UNIT 5-YEAR BUDGET

RECURRING COSTS

Staff Annual Cost (000 Rp) Director - 1 at Rp. 120,000/month 1,440 Professionals - 5 at Rp. 100,000/month 6,000 Technical - 2 at Rp. 80,000/month 1,920 Skilled - 2 at Rp. 75,000/month 1,800

Short-term Specialists 15 man--months/year at Rp. 120,000 1,800 (6 man-months/year in 4th and 5th year) Total Staff Costs 12,960

Travel - Per Diem 8,500 Vehicle Operation/Maintenance 18,000 Office Rent 2,500 office Supplies 10,000 Other Annual Costs 39,000

TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS 51,960

INITIAL COSTS

Furniture/Equipment 20,000 Vehicles 60,000 Total 80,000

EXPATRIATE ADVISOR U.S.$252,000

-40­ technical and financial assistance project watershed could put management in Kabupaten Luwu on a solid basis. 5.4.2 Associated Agency Costs Any major operating costs that will budgets during be incurred over most part, the planning normal be related period will, activities to data acquisition. for the can be important funded is not Just how these that data clear at this acquisition get time. it is planning period. underway early forest conditions Without good in the and resources data on current cannot and soil land use, proceed much capability beyond the planning conceptual stage. Econoniies can selecting be achieved in carefully the the data collection their importance areas to be surveyed by there in the management according to is no need at program. coastal this time to For example, plains for expand the data this planning base in the areas that will activity. findings defir~itely Furthermore, - such be set aside any not as preserves regardless of be surveyed for parks and the have for the initial wildlife, need good data later planning. They this should on for Providing may need to not be attributed a management to the plan, but watershed costs of developing management plan. the One of the initial areas planning team for decision where will be the selection by the WMU data collection of high program. should be priority areas The present initiated early Forestry 6,000 million in the for relocation Rupiah now budgeted forests would of families from by be better reprogrammed the protected current data for acquisition oil land use and of Kabupatenis resource conditions forest area as in the a part of the planning activity.

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