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GMS Animal Flows FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific REPORT on Antimicrobial Usage and Alternatives for Prophylaxis and Performance Enhancement in Pig Populations in East and Southeast Asia Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) nor the Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific (APHCA) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. For correspondence, please contact: Senior Animal Production and Health Officer and Secretary of APHCA FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) 39 Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, THAILAND E-mail: [email protected] FAO Homepage: http://www.fao.org APHCA Homepage: http://www.aphca.org REPORT on Antimicrobial Usage and Alternatives for Prophylaxis and Performance Enhancement in Pig Populations in East and Southeast Asia Prepared by Timothée Vergne RVC Guillaume Fournié RVC Joanne Hardstaff RVC Barbara Tornimbene RVC Dirk Udo Pfeiffer RVC Joachim Otte FAO FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Bangkok, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 PIG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION .......................................... 3 REVIEW OF ANTIBIOTIC USE AND ALTERNATIVES TO ANTIBIOTIC USE IN THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION .................................................................................................................................... 10 Background ................................................................................................................................. 10 Use of antibiotics in East and Southeast Asia .............................................................................. 11 Use for therapy ............................................................................................................................. 12 Use for prophylaxis ....................................................................................................................... 12 Use for growth promotion ............................................................................................................ 13 Alternatives to antibiotics for prophylaxis and growth promotion .............................................. 14 Vaccination ................................................................................................................................... 14 Probiotics ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Plant based alternatives ................................................................................................................ 16 Other alternatives ......................................................................................................................... 17 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 18 A RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY TO IDENTIFY RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF POST WEANING DIARRHOEA IN INTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE PIG FARMS................................. 19 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 19 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 19 Overview of the risk assessment methodology ............................................................................ 19 Questionnaire development ......................................................................................................... 21 Model implementation and outcomes ......................................................................................... 22 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................ 23 Description of respondents........................................................................................................... 23 General results of the risk assessment ......................................................................................... 23 Variability among experts ............................................................................................................. 27 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 29 GENERAL CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 30 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 31 ANNEX: ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................... 35 i ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADFI Average daily food intake ADG Average daily gain APHCA Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific ETEC Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli FAO Food and Agriculture Organization G:F Gain to feed ratio Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic PWD Post-weaning diarrhea RVC Royal Veterinary College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Pr. Heiko Nathues, Dr. Barbara Wieland, Dr. Pablo Alarcon and Martina Velasova for piloting the online survey, as well as the respondents of the online survey. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pig production in East and Southeast Asia The demand for pork products has increased over the last decades, leading to a doubling of pig production in the last 20 years. Asia now accounts for more than 60 percent of global pig production with China alone raising around 50 percent of the pigs on the planet. While the global increase in the number of pigs between 2002 and 2012 has been estimated as 11.9 percent, most of the countries from East and Southeast Asia experience a much faster growth with some countries experiencing growth rates of more than 100 percent over that time period. Pig production systems are heterogeneous across the region. Whilst most pigs are raised in intensive and large production units in countries such as China, Japan or Thailand, small, extensive and often free-ranging backyard herds are responsible for most of the production in countries such as Cambodia, Myanmar or Lao PDR. The level and the pace of intensification of pig production is also very diverse between higher and lower income countries. While production is heavily intensified in the former, it is only starting to shift from traditional subsistence farming to specialised household operations in the latter. The intensification of pig production and the objective to produce more at reduced cost raise important questions regarding disease management. In Asia, control of infectious diseases is often based on the use of antibiotics, without appropriate supervision by veterinary authorities. In many countries, antibiotics can be obtained without prescription. Therefore, the development of antimicrobial resistance and the presence of antimicrobial residues in meat is an important issue in this region. Antibiotic use and alternatives for prophylaxis and growth promotion As in many places in the world, antibiotics are used in East and Southeast Asia for three purposes: therapeutic, preventive and growth promotion. For therapy, antibiotics are generally used at high doses for short periods of time on individual animals, in order to treat a specific disease. For prophylaxis, antibiotics are generally administered at high doses for short periods of time (for example after weaning or during transport) to groups of animals in order to prevent the occurrence of specific diseases. For growth promotion, they are also
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