Fauna and Flora Assessment Proposed Knopjeslaagte 115 High Density Development City of Tshwane, Gauteng Province
December 2018
For Nali Sustainability Solutions Pirate Ncube DRAFT [email protected]
By Enviro-Insight CC Samuel Laurence (Pr. Sci. Nat.) [email protected] Corné Niemandt (Pr. Sci. Nat.) [email protected]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction and Project Purpose ...... 5
2 Baseline Description ...... 5
2.1 Study Area ...... 5
2.2 Study Limitations ...... 5
3 Methods ...... 6
3.1 Desktop Survey ...... 6
3.1.1 Flora Assessment ...... 6
3.1.2 Fauna Assessment ...... 7
3.1.3 GIS ...... 8
3.2 Field Survey ...... 8
3.3 Species of Conservation Concern ...... 8
3.4 Impact Assessment ...... 9
DRAFT 3.4.1 Potential Flora Impacts ...... 9
3.4.2 Potential Fauna Impacts ...... 10
3.4.3 Impact Analysis ...... 10
4 Results ...... 11
4.1 Regional Vegetation ...... 11
4.2 Gauteng Conservation Plan ...... 13
4.3 Gauteng Environmental Management Framework ...... 14
4.4 Overview and Current Impacts ...... 16
4.5 Habitats and Flora ...... 18
4.5.1 Degraded Grassland ...... 19
4.5.2 Egoli Grassland ...... 20
4.5.3 Transformed ...... 22
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4.6 Floral Species of Conservation Concern ...... 24
4.7 Faunal species of Conservation concern ...... 25
4.8 Habitat Sensitivity ...... 26
5 Impact Assessment ...... 28
5.1 Impacts on Flora ...... 28
5.2 Impacts on Fauna ...... 31
6 Conclusion ...... 34
6.1 General Recommendations and Mitigations ...... 34
7 References ...... 36
8 Appendix ...... 38
8.1 Appendix 1: Georeferenced photographs taken during the fieldwork survey...... 38
8.2 Appendix 2: Flora species list ...... 45
8.3 Appendix 3: Mammal species list ...... 49
8.4 Appendix 4: Herpetofauna species list ...... DRAFT ...... 52
8.5 Appendix 5: Avifauna species list ...... 54
8.6 Appendix 6: Specialists Proof of Qualification and CV ...... 65
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Location of the study area...... 6
Figure 4-1: The study area in relation to the regional vegetation types (Mucina & Rutherford 2006)...... 13
Figure 4-2: The study area in relation to the Gauteng Conservation Plan (2014)...... 14
Figure 4-3: Gauteng Environmental Management Framework 2015...... 16
Figure 4-4: Current Impacts recorded within the development area...... 17
Figure 4-5: Specialist coverage (GPS tracks) and location of georeferenced photographs taken during the field survey...... 18
Figure 4-6: Delineated habitats within the study area...... 19
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Figure 4-7: Photographic evidence of Degraded Grassland habitat...... 20
Figure 4-8: Photographic evidence of Egoli Grassland Habitat...... 22
Figure 4-9: Transformed Habitat...... 23
Figure 4-10: Habitat sensitivity of the study area...... 27
LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1: Attributes of the Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation type 12
Table 4-2: Plant species recorded in the Degraded Grassland during the site visit. 20
Table 4-3: Plant species recorded in the Egoli Grassland Habitat 21
Table 4-4: A list of potential flora Species of Conservation Concern within the study area 24
DRAFT
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1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT PURPOSE Enviro-Insight CC was commissioned by Nali Environmental Solutions to perform an Appendix 6 Level Flora and Fauna Assessment for the proposed Knopjeslaagte 115 development, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The proposed development is for high density residential housing.
This report was carried out to conform under the auspices of an Appendix 6 level specialist assessment (NEMA, as amended on 7 April 2017) where the ecological characteristics of the site, potential and current impacts from the development were evaluated and mitigation measures where suggested to decrease the severity of the potential impacts.
2 BASELINE DESCRIPTION
2.1 STUDY AREA
The study area of 21.6 ha is located on portion 115 of the farm Knoppieslaagte 385-JR, City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng Province. The study area is directly west of Summit Road and can be accessed from this road via the N14. Mnandi road intersects the southern section of the study area and is located approximately 1.4 km east of Diepsloot West (Figure 2-1).
2.2 STUDY LIMITATIONS DRAFT It is assumed that all third party information acquired is correct (e.g. GIS data and scope of work); A Site Development Plan (SDP) showing the exact infrastructure was not provided/ evaluated and the assessment is thus based on development of the entire study area. The level of study did not warrant long-term trapping methods (i.e. small mammal trapping, herpetofauna trapping, camera trapping and night surveys) or a phytosociological delineation. The confidence in the assessment derived from the literature review and fieldwork data however is high due to the status quo of the study area, the location (disturbed area) and the size of the study area (relatively small).
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DRAFT
Figure 2-1: Location of the study area.
3 METHODS 3.1 DESKTOP SURVEY
3.1.1 Flora Assessment A literature review was conducted as part of the desktop study to identify the potential habitats and flora species of conservation concern (SCC) present within the study area. The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) provides an electronic database system, namely the Botanical Database of Southern Africa (BODATSA) (SANBI, 2018)1, to access
1 http://newposa.sanbi.org/
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distribution records on southern African plants2. This is a new database which replaces the old Plants of Southern Africa (POSA) database. The POSA database provided distribution data of flora at the quarter degree square (QDS) resolution; however, the BODATSA database provides distribution data as point coordinates. The literature study therefore, focussed on querying the database to generate species lists for the xMin, yMin 27.95°,-25.9°: xMax, yMax 28.20°,-26.06° extent (WGS84 datum) in order to increase the likelihood of obtaining a representative species list for the proposed study area.
The Red List of South African Plants website (SANBI, 2018)3 was utilized to provide the most current account of the national status of flora. Relevant field guides and texts consulted for identification purposes in the field during the surveys included the following:
Guide to grasses of Southern Africa (Van Oudtshoorn, 1999); Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of the Highveld (Van Wyk & Malan, 1998); Field guide to trees of southern Africa (Van Wyk & Van Wyk, 2013); and Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa (Bromilow, 2010).
Additional information regarding ecosystems, vegetation types, and SCC included the following sources:
The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006); and Red List of South African Plants (Raimondo et al., 2009; SANBI, 2016).
3.1.2 Fauna Assessment DRAFT The level of this study does not warrant intensive long term field sampling. Rather, conditions on site were evaluated during a rapid field assessment and placed into context with the regional vegetation type (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006), from which a series of conclusions and subsequent recommendations are derived to inform the development process.
Relevant databases, field guides and texts were consulted for the desktop and literature study included the following:
The online Virtual Museum (VM) facility of the Animal Demography Unit (ADU) of the University of Cape Town (http://vmus.adu.org.za) was queried for the presence of mammal (MammalMAP), reptile (ReptileMAP) and amphibian (FrogMAP) SCC within the 2528CC quarter degree grid cell (QDGC) in which the proposed development resides; Information relating to avifauna species of conservation concern (SCC) was obtained from the Southern Africa Bird Atlas Project (SABAP 2), Hockey et al. (2005) and Taylor et al. (2015); Mammal SCC information was obtained from Child et al. (2016); Reptile SCC information was obtained from Bates et al. (2014); and Amphibian SCC information was obtained from Du Preez and Carruthers (2017).
2 Data is obtained from the National Herbarium in Pretoria (PRE), the Compton Herbarium in Cape Town (NBG & SAM) and the KwaZulu-Natal Herbarium in Durban (NH) 3 http://redlist.sanbi.org/
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Species nomenclature follows the aforementioned references throughout this document except for herpetofauna where nomenclature for reptiles follows ReptileMAP (2018) as new distribution data and taxonomic changes have already occurred since publication of Bates et al. (2014). Similarly, the Frog Atlas of Southern Africa (FrogMAP, 2018) provides information on the geographic distributions of amphibians and keeps up-to-date with the latest taxonomic changes. The use of these online facilities is justified as it not only includes the latest verified publicly contributed data but also a complete record of the museum material in South Africa. The applicability of the information obtained from the literature sources was evaluated for the study area and the subsequent recommendations are to be used by the client in order to drive the development process in accordance with the relevant legislation.
3.1.3 GIS Existing data layers were incorporated into a GIS to establish how the proposed the study area and associated activities interact with these important terrestrial entities. Emphasis was placed around the following spatial datasets:
Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006); Gauteng Conservation Plan v3.3 (GDARD, 2014); and National List of Threatened Ecosystems (SANBI, 2011).
All mapping was performed using open source GIS software (QGIS)4.
DRAFT 3.2 FIELD SURVEY A site visit was performed on 11 December 2018 by a SACNASP registered ecologist where the botanical and the faunal aspects of the survey area were evaluated. The timing of the study (December 2018) represented mid wet-season conditions which was optimal, as per GDARD minimum requirements for Biodiversity Assessments (GDARD, 2014). During the field survey, the site was evaluated on foot and a series of georeferenced photographs were taken of the habitat attributes. The field surveys focused on a classification of the observed fauna, flora, habitats as well as the actual and potential presence of species of conservation concern in South African (either classified as Threatened by the IUCN (2017), protected by NEMBA (2014) or indeed other legislations applicable provincially or nationally). An analysis of the diversity and ecological integrity of the habitats present on site was also performed.
3.3 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN The Red List of threatened species generated by the IUCN (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) provided the global conservation status. However, regional conservation status assessments performed following the IUCN criteria were considered to be the most relevant and sourced for each group as follows:
Plants: Red List of South African plants version 20185 and Raimondo et al. (2009);
4 http://qgis.osgeo.org/en/site/
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Reptiles: Bates et al. (2014); Amphibians: Du Preez & Carruthers (2017); Mammals: Child et al. (2016); and Avifauna: Taylor et al. (2015).
The conservation status categories defined by the IUCN, which are considered here to represent species of conservation concern, are the "threatened" categories defined as follows: Critically Endangered (CR) - Critically Endangered refers to species facing immediate threat of extinction in the wild. Endangered (EN) - Endangered species are those facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild within the foreseeable future. Vulnerable (VU) - Vulnerable species are those facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term.
3.4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The following lists of impacts were evaluated against the data captured during the fieldwork to identify relevance to the study area. The relevant impacts were then subjected to a prescribed Impact Analysis methodology which is also described below. Mitigation measures were only developed for impacts deemed relevant on the basis of the Impact Analysis.
3.4.1 Potential Flora Impacts DRAFT 1. Loss, destruction and/or eradication of critically endangered/endangered plant species; 2. Impact on plant communities of particular scientific, conservation or education value; 3. Impact on sensitive plant ecological systems; 4. Decrease in bio-diversity of natural plant communities; 5. Possibility to enhance the spread of invasive and/or alien plants and declared weeds; 6. Threat to the ecological functioning of natural plant communities due to: Isolation of plant communities by destruction of habitat; Reduction in the effective size of habitat/community; and Physical destruction of the habitat. 7. Degradation of plant habitat through: Compaction of the topsoil through trampling, vehicles, machinery etc.; Introduction and/or spread of invasive alien species - creation of dispersal sites; and Potential for bush encroachment through disturbance of topsoil.
5 http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php
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3.4.2 Potential Fauna Impacts 1. Loss and/or displacement of critically endangered/endangered animal species; 2. Impact on natural communities of particular scientific, conservation or education value; 3. Impact on natural movement of species (flight pathways etc.); 4. Disturbance of non-resident or migrant species (birds over-wintering, breeding); 5. Decrease in bio-diversity of natural animal communities; 6. Decrease in availability and reliability of food sources for animal communities; 7. Possibility to introduce and/or enhance the spread of alien animal species; 8. Threat to the ecological functioning of natural terrestrial communities due to: Isolation of animal communities by destruction of habitat; and Physical destruction of the habitat. 9. Construction of barriers to animal movement or migration.
3.4.3 Impact Analysis Direct, indirect and cumulative impacts of the issues identified during the specialist investigations must be assessed in terms of the following criteria: • The nature, which shall include a description of what causes/caused the effect, what will be/ is affected and how it is affected. DRAFT • The extent, wherein it will be indicated whether the impact is local (limited to the immediate area or site of development) or regional, and a value between 1 and 5 will be assigned as appropriate (with 1 being low and 5 being high): • The duration, wherein it is indicated whether: o very short duration (0–1 years) – assigned a score of 1; o short duration (2-5 years) - assigned a score of 2; o medium-term (5–15 years) – assigned a score of 3; o long term (> 15 years) - assigned a score of 4; or o permanent - assigned a score of 5 • The consequences (magnitude), quantified on a scale from 0-10, where 0 is small and will have no effect on the environment, 2 is minor and will not result/ has not resulted in an impact on processes, 4 is low and will cause/ has caused a slight impact on processes, 6 is moderate and will result/ has resulted in processes continuing but in a modified way, 8 is high (processes are altered to the extent that they temporarily cease), and 10 is very high and results/ has resulted in complete destruction of patterns and permanent cessation of processes. • The probability of occurrence, which shall describe the likelihood of the impact actually occurring. Probability will be estimated on a scale of 1–5, where:
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o 1 is very improbable (probably will not happen), o 2 is improbable (some possibility, but low likelihood), o 3 is probable (distinct possibility), o 4 is highly probable (most likely) and o 5 is definite (impact will occur regardless of any prevention measures). • the significance, which shall be determined through a synthesis of the characteristics described above and can be assessed as low, medium or high; and • the status, which will be described as either positive, negative or neutral. • the degree to which the impact can be reversed (low, moderate, high). • Whether the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources (Yes/No). • Whether the impact can be mitigated.
The significance is calculated by combining the criteria in the following formula: S = (E+D+M) P S = Significance weighting E = Extent D = Duration M = Magnitude P = Probability DRAFT The significance weightings for each potential impact are as follows: 1 < 30 points: Low (i.e. where this impact would not have a direct influence on the decision to develop in the area), 2 30-60 points: Medium (i.e. where the impact could influence the decision to develop in the area unless it is effectively mitigated), 3 > 60 points: High (i.e. where the impact must have an influence on the decision process to develop in the area).
Assessment of impacts will be summarised in the following table format. The rating values as per the above criteria are included. In some instances, the impact will be similar for all alternatives, but a distinction will be made between impacts that are pertinent for a particular Alternative. The No Go Option will be included in the assessment.
4 RESULTS
4.1 REGIONAL VEGETATION The study area is situated within the Egoli Granite Grassland regional vegetation type (Table 4-1; Figure 4-1). The Egoli Granite Grassland is located in the most densely populated province (Gauteng) in South Africa. The Egoli Granite Grassland is endemic to Gauteng, poorly conserved and therefore highly threatened. The vegetation and landscape of this vegetation
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type is described as moderately undulating plains and low hills supporting tall, usually Hyparrhenia hirta dominated grassland, with some woody species on rocky outcrops or rock sheets. The rocky habitats show a high diversity of woody species, which occur in the form of scattered shrub groups or solitary small trees (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). This vegetation type has been classified as Endangered due (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). In addition, the development falls within a threatened ecosystem. Only approximately 3% is conserved (provincial conservation target is 24%) in statutory reserves (Diepsloot and Melville Koppies Nature Reserve). Other conserved areas include the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Gardens. More than two thirds of the vegetation unit has already undergone transformation mostly due to urbanisation, cultivation or by road construction. Current rates of transformation threaten most of the remaining un-conserved areas. There is no serious alien infestation in this unit, although species such as Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus sideroxylon, as well as exotic Acacia species, are commonly found.
Table 4-1: Attributes of the Egoli GraniteDRAFT Grassland vegetation type
Name of vegetation type Egoli Granite Grassland Code as used in the Book - contains space Gm10 Conservation Target (percent of area) from NSBA 24% Protected (percent of area) from NSBA 2.5% (+0.8%) Remaining (percent of area) from NSBA 31.8% Description of conservation status from NSBA Endangered Description of the Protection Status from NSBA Hardly protected Area (sq km) of the full extent of the Vegetation Type 1093.19 Name of the Biome Grassland Biome Name of Group (only differs from Bioregion in Fynbos) Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion Name of Bioregion (only differs from Group in Fynbos) Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion
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Figure 4-1: The study area in relation to the regional vegetation types (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).
4.2 GAUTENG CONSERVATION PLAN The Gauteng Conservation Plan v3.3 (GDARD, 2011) was developed to identify Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) and Ecological Support Areas (ESAs). According to the Gauteng C-Plan, the study area is located in a CBA: Important area with a small ESA towards the south-west of the study area (Figure 4-2). The C-Plan biodiversity features of the study area include Orange List plant habitat, Red List plant habitat and Primary vegetation. One Orange List plant species, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, consisting of approximately 25 individuals was recorded on site during the survey.
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Figure 4-2: The study area in relation to the Gauteng Conservation Plan (2014).
4.3 GAUTENG ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) decided to produce an Environmental Management Framework for Gauteng (GPEMF, 2015). The GPEMF replaces all other EMFs in Gauteng with the exception of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site which is incorporated within the GPEMF.
The objective of the GPEMF is to guide sustainable land use management within the Gauteng Province. The GPEMF, inter alia, serve the following purposes:
To provide a strategic and overall framework for environmental management in Gauteng; Align sustainable development initiatives with the environmental resources, developmental pressures, as well as the growth imperatives of Gauteng; Determine geographical areas where certain activities can be excluded from an EIA process; and Identify appropriate, inappropriate and conditionally compatible activities in various Environmental Management
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Zones in a manner that promotes proactive decision-making.
The Environmental Management Zones (EMZs) were derived from the desired state, the environmental sensitivity as well the unique control areas as identified in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the GPEFM. The EMZs were also presented to the Gauteng
Planning Forum6 where it was generally accepted as a suitable contribution to facilitate appropriate development in Gauteng. The EMZs also took the Gauteng Growth and Management Perspective (2014) into account and is therefore aligned to the general development policy for Gauteng.
Five EMZs were identified and overlaying those a further six Special Management Areas were identified where specific planning and policy measures are necessary to achieve the development objective of those areas. One of the Special Management Areas is the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (CoHWHS) for which a recent EMF has been completed. It was decided to incorporate that EMF within the GPEMF (the only other EMF to be incorporated as a whole).
The five EMZs are described in the sections below:
Environmental Management Zone 1- Urban Development Zone:
The intention with Zone 1 is to streamline urban development activities in it and to promote development infill, densification and concentration of urban development within the urban development zones as defined in the Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (GSDF), in order to establish a more effective and efficient city region that will minimise urban sprawl into rural areas. The boundary of this zone is the effective equivalent of an “urban edge” as envisaged by the Gauteng Spatial Development Framework and incorporated in the GPEMF. MultipleDRAFT and single residential land use are compatible with this zone. The study area is not located in this zone.
Environmental Management Zone 2- (High control Zone- within the urban development zone):
Sensitive areas within the urban development zone must be conserved and where linear development (roads etc.) cannot avoid these areas, a proper assessment and implementation of alternatives must be undertaken. Multiple and single residential land use are not compatible with this zone. The study area is not located in this zone.
Environmental Management Zone 3- High Control Zone- (outside the urban development zone):
Special control zones are sensitive areas outside the urban development zone. These areas are sensitive to development activities and in several cases also have specific values that need to be protected. The CBAs (Irreplaceable and important areas) and ESAs outside the urban development zone as defined in C-Plan 3.3 have been identified in this zone. Multiple and single residential land use are not compatible with this zone. Small patches of the study area occur within this zone.
Environmental Management Zone 4- Normal control zone:
The largest section of the study area occurs within this zone. This zone is dominated by agricultural uses outside the urban development zone as defined in the Gauteng Spatial Development Framework. No listed activities may be excluded from
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environmental assessment requirements in this zone. Multiple and single residential land use are not compatible with this zone. As the proposed development is for high density housing, it is not in line with the Gauteng Spatial Development Framework and is considered undesirable as it is mostly located in an area outside the urban edge.
Environmental Management Zone 5: Industrial and large commercial focus zone
The intention with Zone 5 is to streamline non-polluting industrial and large scale commercial (warehouses etc.) activities in areas that are already used for such purposes and areas that are severely degraded but in proximity to required infrastructure.
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Figure 4-3: Gauteng Environmental Management Framework 2015.
4.4 OVERVIEW AND CURRENT IMPACTS The study area current impacts include dirt roads, rubbish dumping, a graveyard, illegal sand mining and alien species (Figure
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4-4). This occurs on approximately 5.4 ha of the 21.6 ha study area. It was evident from the ground-truthing that the majority of the site is ecologically intact and comprised of indigenous secondary vegetation. The encroachment of Seriphium plumosum (bankrupt bush), was evident across the study area.
The specialist tracks as well as the location of the georeferenced photos taken during the field survey are shown in Figure 4-5. The georeferenced photographs (Appendix 1) serve to assist in both the site characteristics as well as the sensitivity analysis and provide lasting evidence for future queries. The specialist coverage was considered to be complete and all areas of the study area were clearly visible and accessible.
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Figure 4-4: Current Impacts recorded within the development area.
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Figure 4-5: Specialist coverage (GPS tracks) and location of georeferenced photographs taken during the field survey.
4.5 HABITATS AND FLORA Three structural habitat types have been identified, including Degraded Grassland, Egoli Grassland and Transformed (Figure 4-6). Each of the habitats is discussed in the sub-sections below.
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Figure 4-6: Delineated habitats within the study area.
4.5.1 Degraded Grassland The Degraded Grassland has been subject to ecological degradation over a period of time due to roads, rubbish dumping and alien species (Figure 4-7). Several graves were observed within this habitat which is not formally protected or maintained on a regular basis. The species composition of this habitat consists mostly of alien species and weeds. Dominant species recorded within this habitat include Melia azedarach, Ricinus communis, Solanum mauritianum, Melinis repens, Campuloclinium macrocephalum, Conyza bonariensis and Tagetes minuta. A list of plant species recorded during the survey is indicated in Table 4-2.
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Table 4-2: Plant species recorded in the Degraded Grassland during the site visit.
Growth form Species
Trees, shrubs and Acacia mearnsii, Asparagus laricinus, Eucalyptus sp., Lantana camara, Leonotis leonurus, Melia dwarf shrubs azedarach, Pinus patula, Ricinus communis, Seriphium plumosum, Solanum mauritianum, Tecoma stans, Vachellia karroo*
Graminoids Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis gummiflua, Melinis repens
Succulents Aloe greatheadii var. davyana*
Herbs and creepers Bryophyllum delagoense, Campuloclinium macrocephalum, Commelina africana, Conyza bonariensis, Datura ferox, Glandularia aristigera, Hibiscus microcarpus, Nidorella hottentotica, Plantago lanceolata, Richardia brasiliensis, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Tagetes minuta, Verbena bonariensis
Medicinal species are indicated with an asterisk (*). Alien species are indicated in bold.
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Figure 4-7: Photographic evidence of Degraded Grassland habitat.
4.5.2 Egoli Grassland The Egoli Grassland habitat is characteristic of the regional vegetation type, which is considered to be secondary grassland (Figure 4-8). The species composition of this habitat consist of indigenous species such as Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Aloe greatheadii, Hyparrhenia hirta, Cyanotis speciosa, Helichrysum spp., Eragrostis spp., Hilliardiella oligocephala, Nidorella hottentotica, Seriphium plumosum, Melinis repens, Cynodon dactylon and Ledebouria revoluta. A total of 56 species were
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recorded in this habitat (Table 4-3), of which two alien invasive species are listed as Category 1b invaders. One Orange List plant species, H. hemerocallidea, consisting of approximately 25 individuals was recorded on site during the survey.
Table 4-3: Plant species recorded in the Egoli Grassland Habitat
Growth form Species
Trees, shrubs and Asparagus laricinus, Elephantorrhiza elephantina*, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Pygmaeothamnus dwarf shrubs zeyheri, Searsia lancea, Seriphium plumosum, Vachellia karroo*
Succulents Aloe greatheadii var. davyana*
Graminoids Andropogon eucomus, Aristida canescens., Cynodon dactylon, Diheteropogon amplectens, Elionurus muticus, Eragrostis chloromelas, Eragrostis curvula, Eragrostis gummiflua, Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis nerviglumis, Melinis repens
Herbs and creepers Acalypha angustata, Albuca sp., Bergia decumbens, Campuloclinium macrocephalum, Chamaecrista comosa, Commelina africana, Conyza podocephala, Crinum cf. graminicola, Cyanotis speciosa, Dianthus mooiensis, Eriosema sp., Gerbera sp., Gnidia caffra, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Helichrysum cf. dasymallum, Helichrysum nudifolium, Helichrysum miconiifolium, Hibiscus
microcarpus, Hilliardiella oligocephala,DRAFT Hypericum aethiopicum, Hypoxis hemerocallidea*, Hypoxis iridifolia, Indigofera sp., Kohautia amatymbica, Ledebouria revoluta, Ledebouria ovatifolia, Nidorella hottentotica, Pachycarpus schinzianus, Pelargonium luridum, Pentanisia prunelloides, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala hottentotta, Raphionacme hirsuta, Senecio erubescens, Silene burchellii, Solanum sp., Sphenostylis angustifolia
Medicinal species are indicated with an asterisk (*). Alien species are indicated in bold.
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Figure 4-8: Photographic evidence of Egoli Grassland Habitat.
4.5.3 Transformed The Transformed habitat identified showed limited ecological functionality (Figure 4-9) and was characterised mostly by alien species and weeds. Transformed areas include surrounding build up areas including houses and brick walls, as well as the sand mining area located towards the north of the study area. It does however seem that this area can be rehabilitated and species composition can be returned to that of a secondary grassland.
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Figure 4-9: Transformed Habitat.
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4.6 FLORAL SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN One species, namely Hypoxis hemerocallidea, was observed within the study area. This species is declining in Gauteng due to being harvested for medicinal purposes. If approved, all individuals need to be relocated to a suitable habitat or taken to an institution such as SANBI or GDARD medicinal plants farm prior to construction activities.
A list of potential flora Species of Conservation Concern within the study area are indicated in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4: A list of potential flora Species of Conservation Concern within the study area
Species Conservation status Habitat description Present on site
Boophone disticha Declining – loss of habitat in Occurs in dry grassland and rocky areas No – recorded Gauteng and harvesting for (Flowering period: October – January) within 5km medicinal purposes radius
Eucomis autumnalis Declining – species threatened by harvesting Grows between rocks on mountain slopes, No – recorded for medicinal use in grassland areas particularly moist areas within 5km (Flowering period: November – April) radius
Habenaria mossii Endangered – as a result of rapid urban Open grassland on dolomite or in black Possible –
DRAFT expansion in Gauteng sandy soil. (Flowering period: March – survey outside April) flowering period
Hypoxis Declining – threatened by harvesting for the Occurs in a wide range of habitats, Yes hemerocallidea medicinal plant trade including sandy hills on the margins of dune forests, open, rocky grassland, dry, stony, grassy slopes, mountain slopes and plateaus. Appears to be drought and fire tolerant (Flowering period: October – February)
Kniphofia typhoides Near threatened – reports suggest extensive Associated with low lying wetlands and No – unsuitable declines in populations from habitat loss to coal seasonally wet areas in Themeda triandra habitats. mining, overgrazing by cattle and urban dominant grasslands on heavy black clay expansion. In Mpumalanga, habitat loss is soils, tends to disappear from degraded primarily mediated through alien plant invasion grasslands. (Flowering period: February – March)
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Lithops lesliei subsp. Near threatened – decline through extensive Primary habitat appears to be the arid No lesliei harvesting for the medicinal plant trade and grasslands in the interior of South Africa habitat loss from urban expansion and where it usually occurs in rocky places, agriculture growing under the protection of surrounding forbs and grasses. (Flowering period: March – June)
4.7 FAUNAL SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN Several fauna SCC species could potentially occur within the study area of which eight are briefly discussed below.
Serval Leptailurus serval – Near Threatened
The status of serval south of the Sahara is considered rare, but is still relatively widespread and abundant. Their inconspicuous nature may contribute to their perceived abundance and they are likely common within areas where suitable habitat exists. They have been found to recolonise and expand into new areas and this may be attributed to their tolerance towards farming and semi-urban land use practices given that sufficient food and cover exists. They show preference to grassland, wetland and riparian areas with tall grass. The species has been recorded in the adjacent QDS. The Near Threatened status of the species does not represent a fatal flaw.
DRAFT Southern African Hedgehog Atelerix frontalis – Near Threatened
Hedgehogs are listed as Near Threatened and although the species is common in urban environments and is affected by development, it is also found in low scrub and grasslands of varying degrees of quality, especially in the absence of dogs and other feral predators. With a loss of grassland habitat, it is likely that local hedgehog populations will be displaced or eradicated. The best course of action will be to allow for worker induction, which will report hedgehog presence and allow individuals to be safely relocated to more undisturbed areas. Mitigation measures are described in detail in the section below.
Giant Bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus – Near Threatened
The Giant Bullfrog is listed by Minter et al. (2004) as Near Threatened. This species has been recorded in the QDS 2528CC, 2527DD, 2627BB and 2628AA (FrogMap 2018) on which the study area resides; however, their ecological attributes (large amphibians which breed in seasonally inundated wetlands) are not pertinent to the vast majority of the surface area within the proposed development concession due to sub-optimal habitat. The species may migrate across the concession. Although GDARD has removed Giant Bullfrog from the list of trigger species, the Red List status as well as the association with wetland habitats warrants analysis. This species is expected to periodically occur on the study area as peripheral preferred habitat is present (albeit in limited surface area) and mitigation measures should be applied.
Striped Harlequin Snake Homoroselaps dorsalis – Near Threatened
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The species resides in termite mounds in Highveld grasslands. Termitaria must be removed with the greatest of care and relocated in situ in order to protect species residing within, especially striped harlequin snake. The species is expected within the Egoli Grassland Habitat.
Secretary Bird Sagittarius serpentarius - Vulnerable
This large bird of prey prefers open spaces within savanna, woodland, grassland and shrubland. Airfields, grazing paddocks and agricultural fields have also been shown to provide suitable habitat for secretary birds. Movements range from nomadic to sedentary, mainly related to the rainfall of the area. It may occasionally forage within the study area, but no permanent or residing populations are likely to occur within the study area.
African Marsh-harrier Circus ranivorus – Endangered
This species can be locally common despite Endangered status and will likely forage for mice and frogs adjacent to, but not within the study area. The associated NFEPA wetlands must not be affected in any way in order to preserve the foraging habitat of this species.
African Grass Owl Tyto capensis
Grass owls (listed as IUCN Vulnerable) are considered to be the most significant faunal trigger within the region. The species was not confirmed during the study period and the study area does not show representative breeding and foraging habitat for the species. DRAFT Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni
This migratory bird is often found in close proximity to human settlements, where it forages in natural / managed grasslands lacking intensively cultivated areas. The species is a colonial breeder and nests on old buildings or cliffs, tree holes and in some cases small rock piles. This species was not observed during the survey (due to the time of year and migratory habits of the species) although it is expected to roost within development footprint and may likely forage within the habitat units found within the study area. The breeding habitat is unsuitable. In addition, SABAP2 has shown that lesser kestrels have previously been recorded within the study area.
4.8 HABITAT SENSITIVITY Based on the fauna and flora observations during the fieldwork as well as the current impacts described above, each habitat type was evaluated in terms of its ecological sensitivity. This sensitivity is rated from very low, low, medium, medium-high to high, where very low sensitivity is considered ideal for development and high sensitivity areas are to be avoided by the development. As per GDARD requirements for biodiversity assessments version 3 (GDARD 2014):
All good condition natural vegetation must be designated as ecologically sensitive. The location and extent of all primary
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grassland (even if it is in a poor/degraded condition) must be mapped and designated as ecologically sensitive.
The majority of the study area has experienced some form of historical impact, mostly from agriculture activities. Accordingly, the grasslands on the study area are secondary but has recovered to such an extent that species composition and ecological functioning represent the regional vegetation type to an extent. Figure 4-10 shows the habitat sensitivity for the study area and confirms the presence of medium ecological sensitive areas within the study area.
DRAFT
Figure 4-10: Habitat sensitivity of the study area.
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5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 IMPACTS ON FLORA
Impacts on Flora
No SCC was observed during the survey. Many indigenous species, including medicinal species occur in the proposed development sites.
Potential Impacts. Applicable impacts are marked in bold:
1. Loss, destruction and/or eradication of critically endangered/endangered plant species;
2. Impact on plant communities of particular scientific, conservation or education value;
3. Impact on sensitive plant ecological systems;
4. Decrease in biodiversity of natural plant communities;
5. Possibility to enhance the spread of invasive and/or alien plants and declared weeds;
6. Threat to the ecological functioning of natural plant communities due to: Isolation of plant communities by destruction of habitat;
Reduction in the effective size of habitat/communityDRAFT ; and Physical destruction of the habitat. 7. Degradation of plant habitat through: Compaction or removal of the topsoil through trampling, vehicles, machinery etc.; Introduction and/or spread of invasive alien species - creation of dispersal sites; and Potential for bush encroachment through disturbance of topsoil.
Nature (Construction)
Removal of natural vegetation is required for construction of the proposed development and therefore this impact will be certain to occur during construction. Construction of the development will require soil compaction and the clearing of vegetation. Areas cleared of vegetation are prone to colonisation by alien and/or invasive pioneer plant species.
Nature (Operational Phase)
Areas cleared of vegetation are prone to colonisation by alien and/or invasive plant species.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE Rating of Impacts Without mitigation With mitigation
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Probability Definite (5) for removal of indigenous species. Highly probable (4) for removal of indigenous species.
Highly probable (4) for further establishment Improbable (2) for establishment of alien and/or invasive of alien and/or invasive pioneer plant species. pioneer plant species. Duration Permanent (5) Permanent (5) Extent Limited to the site (1) Limited to the site (1) Magnitude High (8) Minor (5) 70 (High) for removal of indigenous 44 (Moderate) for removal of indigenous vegetation vegetation 22 (Low) for establishment of alien and/or invasive 50 (Medium) for establishment of alien pioneer plant species Significance and/or invasive pioneer plant species Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility High High Irreplaceable loss of resources? No No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes OPERATIONAL PHASE Highly probable (4) for establishment of alien Improbable (2) for establishment of alien and/or invasive Probability and/or invasive pioneer plant species pioneer plant species Duration Permanent (5) Permanent (5)
DRAFT Extent Limited to the site (1) Limited to the site (1) Magnitude Minor (4) Minor (1) 40 (Medium) for establishment of alien 14 (Low) for establishment of alien and/or invasive Significance and/or invasive pioneer plant species pioneer plant species Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility Medium High Irreplaceable loss of resources? No No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes
In terms of the “no-go” alternative, or if the activity does not proceed, there will be no impacts as a result NO GO Option of construction activities.
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Mitigation (Construction Phase): Prior to construction activities, all Orange Listed species such as Hypoxis hemerocallidea must be removed and relocated as part of a search and rescue plan for the study area. An independent Environmental Compliance Officer must be appointed to oversee construction activities which comply with an Environmental Management Programme (EMPr). The EMPr should also address the Operational Phase and rehabilitation works where required. Only remove vegetation where absolutely necessary and restrict the size of disturbance (e.g. camps and storage areas) to the absolute minimum. The construction camp should be located within the study area; no construction activities may take place outside of the study area unless authorised to do so Areas cleared of vegetation must be monitored constantly and any germinating weeds and alien species must be removed before they are allowed to establish. If chemical control is required, this must be applied as per instructions and regulations. However, mechanical control for such a small area is preferable to chemical control. Chemical control close to a watercourse should be avoided. The construction camp must be located within the study area, on low sensitive areas. The surrounding natural environment may not be impacted on by the construction camp or construction activities. Prior to construction, all alien species must be removed from site in order to limit their spread during the construction phase. No open fires or harvesting of indigenous trees for firewood are permitted. Formalise access roads and make use of the existing or historical roads footprint, rather than creating new routes through naturally vegetated areas. Maintain site demarcations in position until the cessation of construction work. After construction, the land must be cleared of rubbish, surplus materials and equipment.
Mitigation (Operational Phase):
DRAFT Areas previously cleared of vegetation must be monitored constantly and any germinating weeds and alien species must be removed before they are allowed to establish. If chemical control is, this must be applied as per instructions and regulations. However, mechanical control for such a small area is preferable to chemical control. Chemical control close to a watercourse should be avoided. Plants used for landscaping purposes should be indigenous and preferably endemic or characteristic of the regional vegetation type. No alien invasive species may be used for landscaping purposes by law. Prior to construction, indigenous species such as Aloes can be removed and kept safe for later use. This will ensure the species survival and promote biodiversity and ecological functioning within the study area.
Cumulative impacts: Significant evidence of cumulative impacts on the Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation type from other developments/activities in the area is evident. Further construction and operation of the proposed development will contribute to cumulative impacts on vegetation. The Egoli Granite Grassland is under severe threat from urban development with limited protection. If this continues, this endangered grassland will be lost as habitat loss and fragmentation increases at an alarming rate.
Residual Risks: None anticipated provided that the mitigation measures are implemented.
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5.2 IMPACTS ON FAUNA
Impacts on Fauna
No faunal “trigger” species (listed as CR or EN by the IUCN) are expected to occur within the study area and therefore do not represent a fatal flaw, although the presence of some species of conservation concern is discussed.
Potential Impacts. Applicable impacts are marked in bold:
1. Loss and/or displacement of critically endangered/endangered animal species;
2. Impact on natural communities of particular scientific, conservation or education value;
3. Impact on natural movement of species (flight pathways etc.);
4. Disturbance of non-resident or migrant species (birds over-wintering, breeding);
5. Decrease in bio-diversity of natural animal communities;
6. Decrease in availability and reliability of food sources for animal communities;
7. Possibility to introduce and/or enhance the spread of alien animal species;
8. Threat to the ecological functioning of natural terrestrial communities due to:
Isolation of animal communities by destruction of DRAFThabitat; and Physical destruction of the habitat.
9 Construction of barriers to animal movement or migration.
Nature (Construction Phase)
Mechanical excavations and vegetation clearing may cause mortalities of a few fauna species, especially slow-moving fossorial reptiles and aestivating amphibians. Increased vehicle operation within the study area will increase the likelihood of collision with fauna resulting in road kill. Dust, noise and lighting at night will create disturbance for certain fauna species. Lights at night will attract insects, which in turn will attract predators (bats, frogs, geckos) that may then be at increased risk from collision with speeding vehicles from the main road. Walls may cause restrictions to faunal movement and in extreme cases fatalities.
Nature (Operational Phase)
Increased vehicle operation within the study area will increase the likelihood of collision with fauna resulting in road kill. Lights at night will attract insects, which in turn will attract predators (bats, frogs, geckos) that may then be at increased risk from collision with speeding vehicles from the main road.
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CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Rating of Impacts Without mitigation With mitigation
Probability Definite (5) Improbable (2)
Duration Permanent (5) Very short duration (2)
Extent Limited to site (1) Limited to site (1)
Magnitude Moderate (6) Minor (2)
Significance 60 (High) 10 (Low) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility No High Irreplaceable loss of resources? No No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes
OPERATION PHASE
Rating of Impacts Without mitigation With mitigation
Probability Highly Probable (4) Probable(3)
Duration Permanent (5) Long Term (4)
DRAFT Extent Limited to site (1) Limited to site (1)
Magnitude Moderate (6) Minor (2)
Significance 48 (Medium) 21 (Low) Status (positive or negative) Negative Negative Reversibility High High Irreplaceable loss of resources? No No Can impacts be mitigated? Yes
In terms of the “no-go” alternative, if the activity does not proceed, there will be limited impacts as a result of NO GO Option construction activities. However, the persistence of traffic and human pets is a hindrance to the existence and migration of fauna species, especially small mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
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Mitigation (Construction phase): Existing road infrastructure must be utilized during the construction and operational phase; Construction personnel must undergo induction to inform them of the EMPr. Construction personnel may not harm, disturb or kill any wildlife (Animal Protection Act no. 71 of 1962); Any development approved must acknowledge fauna species and allow them the opportunity to migrate, i.e. if an animal is encountered, the construction must cease until the animals move of their own accord or if necessary are captured and relocated by a professional registered zoologist; Construction activities must be restricted to daylight hours to prevent any disturbance to fauna at night such as floodlights or construction noises. Equipment with low noise emissions should be used as far as possible; A dust monitoring system will be implemented and water or dust control agents should be used to control excess dust; Reduce exterior lighting to that necessary for safe operation, and implement operational strategies to reduce spill light. Use non-UV lights where possible, as light emitted at one wavelength has a low level of attraction to insects. This will reduce the likelihood of attracting insects and their predators; Design lighting strategies that address or minimise items such as degree of spill light, use of ‘up lights’ and use of lights with red wavelengths. Down lighting is preferred as are lights with blue or green wavelength. This will reduce the likelihood of blinding avifauna; Planning for construction activities must take into account and timed according to the breeding season of Red Listed faunal species potentially occurring within the area. Therefore, a winter dry-construction is considered to be ideal. All vehicle speeds within the operational areas/private roads, should be limited. Speed restrictions need to be put in place on the main road to force vehicles to reduce speed at least 500 m before and after the proposed development. Pet management must take place within the estate, especially in relation to cats which should be banned.
Cumulative impacts: None DRAFT
Residual Risks: None
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6 CONCLUSION
The study area is situated in the endangered Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation type and CBA: Important area. One Orange List plant species, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, consisting of approximately 25 individuals was recorded during the survey. This does not present a fatal flaw and the species must be removed as part of a search and rescue plan prior to construction activities.
The majority of study area is located in Zone 4 (Normal control zone - dominated by agricultural uses outside the urban development zone) and a small faction within Zone 3 (High control zone - outside the urban development zone) of the GEMF. Neither of these zones is compatible for high density residential developments according to the GEMF. It is therefore suggested that site alternatives within Zone 1 (which is suitable for urban developments) are considered during the Basic Assessment process, or reasonable motivation is provided in order to continue with the proposed development.
As the study area has been disturbed historically due to agricultural activities, the grassland is considered secondary, but the species composition and ecological functioning is considered similar to the Egoli Granite Grassland. The study area is not homogenous regarding species composition and vegetation structure, as a total of 71 species were recorded for this grassland, of which 54 species are indigenous, consisting of grasses, forbs, geophytes, dwarf shrubs and a succulent.
Much of the study area is considered to have medium sensitivity. Most impacts can be mitigated, but the loss of secondary Egoli Granite Grassland is irreplaceable. The Egoli Granite Grassland is constantly under threat from urban development and
DRAFT the associated impacts. Human impacts on this sensitive ecosystem have resulted in an altered species composition, loss of many species, and a change from a species-rich grassland with high conservation value to a species-poor grassland with low conservation value. The conservation of the last remaining relicts of original Egoli Granite Grassland is essential (Bredenkamp, Brown & Pfab 2006). The Egoli Granite Grassland supports numerous Red Listed flora and fauna species, which will ultimately disappear along with its habitat. It is therefore requested that GDARD supply comments on the secondary Egoli Granite Grassland, given the high species richness and presence of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, independent of the level of disturbance or the number of alien species.
6.1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATIONS Appoint competent person (preferably SACNASP registered) to implement the EMPr and Environmental Authorisation conditions throughout all phases of development. The EMPr and EA should take into account all mitigation and recommendations as outlined for the entire specialist investigations conducted to date for the property area. The following recommendations are proposed:
The attached sensitivity map should be used as a decision tool to guide the layout design. Construction activities should preferably be restricted to areas identified with negligible or low conservation importance. Construction and operation activities on areas of high ecological importance and/or untransformed habitat types should be avoided
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(including surrounding areas). An overspill of construction activities into areas consisting of untransformed habitat types should be prohibited. The extent of the construction area should be demarcated on site layout plans, and no construction personnel or vehicles may leave the demarcated area except those authorised to do so. Those areas surrounding the development area that are not part of the demarcated development area should be considered as “no-go” areas for employees, machinery or even visitors and should be temporarily fenced (prior to construction whilst maintaining natural movement of fauna). In order to confirm the presence of Threatened or Near Threatened plant species, it is recommended that prior to any development that a search and rescue plan is compiled and carried out for the study area. In the event of any species of conservation concern being recorded during this, appropriate in situ and / or ex situ conservation measures should be developed and implemented as per guidelines and regulations. A pre- and post-construction alien and invasive plant eradication programme must be implemented along with a follow-up programme. The programme must be compiled by a qualified botanist/ecologist and the implementation thereof should be supervised by a qualified botanist/ecologist. Limit construction activities to daytime and week days. Construction should preferably take place in the winter months. Reinstate/rehabilitate as a continual process, as required. Where active rehabilitation/restoration is mandatory, it should make use of indigenous plant species, and preferably DRAFT of species native to the study area. The species selected should strive to represent habitat types typical of the ecological landscape prior to construction. Landscaping should make use of indigenous species. No alien invasive species may be used in landscaping by law. Intentional killing of any faunal species should be avoided by means of awareness programmes presented to the contractor. The contractor should be made aware of the conservation issues pertaining to the taxa occurring on the study area and the surrounding area. Any person found deliberately harassing any animal in any way should face disciplinary measures, following the possible dismissal from the site. All hedgehogs or bullfrogs discovered should be subject to the mitigation described below. Any animal taxa, especially those of conservation concern (as described in this report), exposed during the construction activities should be captured for later release or translocation to adjacent suitable habitat (along with consultation from the local conservation authorities). This must be done by a specialist SACNASP registered Zoologist.
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7 REFERENCES BATES, M.F., BRANCH, W.R., BAUER, A.M., BURGER, M., MARAIS, J., ALEXANDER, G.J. & DE VILLIERS, M.S. (EDS). 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
BREDENKAMP, G.J., BROWN, L.R., & PFAB, M.F. 2006. Conservation value of the Egoli Granite Grassland, an endemic grassland in Gauteng, South Africa. Koedoe 49(2): 59–66. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458.
BROMILOW, C. 2010. Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa. Briza Publications. Pretoria, South Africa.
CHILD, M.F., Roxburgh, L., Do Linh San, E., Raimondo, D., Davies-Mostert, H.T. (editors). 2016. Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa
DU PREEZ, L.H. & CARRUTHERS, V. (2017). Frogs of Southern Africa: A Complete Guide. 2nd Revised edition, Struik Nature.
FROGMAP 2018. The Southern African Frog Atlas Project (SAFAP, now FrogMAP). http://vmus.adu.org.za/
GDARD. 2014. GDARD requirements for Biodiversity Assessments Version 3. Published March 2014. GDARD: Biodiversity Management Directorate
GDARD. 2014. Technical Report for the Gauteng Conservation Plan (Gauteng C-Plan v3.3). Gauteng Department of
Agriculture and Rural Development: Nature Conservation Directorate.DRAFT 60 pages
HOCKEY, P.A.R., DEAN, W.R.J. & RYAN, P.G. (eds.) 2005. Roberts – Birds of Southern Africa, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
IUCN. 2018. The IUCN red data list website. Available at www.iucnredlist.org
MammalMAP. 2018. The Animal Demography Virtual Museum MammalMAP Project. University of Cape Town. http://vmus.adu.org.za.
MINTER, L.R., BURGER, M., HARRISON, J.A., BRAACK, H.H., BISHOP, P.J. & KLOEPFER, D. 2004. Atlas and Red Data Book of the frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SI/MAB Series #9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.
MUCINA, L. AND RUTHERFORD, M.C. (Eds.) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelizia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT. 2004 (Act 10 of 2004): General Notice 255, Gazette No 38600 of 31 March 2015. Threatened or protected species regulations.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT. 2004 (act 10 of 2004). Publication of lists of species that are threatened or protected, activities that are prohibited and exemption from restriction. General Notice 256, Gazette No
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38600 of 31 March 2015.
QGIS Development Team, 2018. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. URL http://qgis.osgeo.org.
RAIMONDO, D., VON STADEN, L., FODEN, W., VICTOR, J.E., HELME, N.A., TURNER, R.C., KAMUNDI, D.A. & MAYAMA, P.A. (eds). 2009. Red List of South African plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
ReptileMAP. 2018. The Southern African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA, now ReptileMAP). http://vmus.adu.org.za/
SABAP2 (South African Bird Atlas Project). http://vmus.adu.org.za/
SANBI. 2018. Botanical Database of Southern Africa (BODATSA) [dataset]. Retrieved from http://newposa.sanbi.org/
SANBI. 2018. Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1. Retrieved from http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php
SKINNER J.D. & CHIMIMBA, C.T. 2005. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion (New Edition). Cambridge University Press. South Africa.
TAYLOR, M.R., PEACOCK, F. AND WANLESS, R.M., 2015. The Eskom red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. VAN OUDTSHOORN F. 2004. Gids tot die grasse van Suider-Afrika. Second Edition. Pretoria. Briza Publikasies
DRAFT VAN WYK, B and MALAN, S. 1998. Field guide to the wildflowers of the Highveld. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. VAN WYK, B and VAN WYK, P. 1997. Field guide to trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town. Struik Publishers
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8 APPENDIX
8.1 APPENDIX 1: GEOREFERENCED PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN DURING THE FIELDWORK SURVEY.
7184 7185 7186 7187 7188
7189 7190 7191 7192 7193
7194 7195 7196 DRAFT 7197 7198
7199 7200 7201 7202 7203
7204 7205 7206 7207 7208
7209 7210 7211 7212 7213
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7214 7215 7216 7217 7218
7219 7220 7221 7222 7223
7224 7225 7226 7227 7228
DRAFT
7229 7230 7231 7232 7233
7234 7235 7236 7237 7238
7239 7240 7241 7242 7243
7244 7245 7246 7247 7248
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7249 7250 7251 7252 7253
7254 7255 7256 7257 7258
7259 7260 7261 7262 7263
DRAFT
7264 7265 7266 7267 7268
7269 7270 7271 7272 7273
7274 7275 7276 7277 7278
7279 7280 7281 7282 7283
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7284 7285 7286 7287 7288
7289 7290 7291 7292 7293
7294 7295 7296 7297 7298
DRAFT
7299 7300 7301 7302 7303
7304 7305 7306 7307 7308
7309 7310 7311 7312 7313
7314 7315 7316 7317 7318
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7319 7320 7321 7322 7323
7324 7325 7326 7327 7328
7329 7330 7331 7332 7333
DRAFT
7334 7335 7336 7337 7338
7339 7340 7341 7342 7343
7344 7345 7346 7347 7348
7349 7350 7351 7352 7353
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7354 7355 7356 7357 7358
7359 7360 7361 7362 7363
7364 7365 7366 7367 7368
DRAFT
7369 7370 7371 7372 7373
7374 7375 7376 7377 7378
7379 7380 7381 7382 7383
7384 7385 7386 7387 7388
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7389 7390 7391 7392 7393
7394 7395 7396 7397 7398
DRAFT
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8.2 APPENDIX 2: FLORA SPECIES LIST
Plant species recorded on the BODATSA database in the xMin, yMin 27.95°,-25.9°: xMax, yMax 28.20°,-26.06° extent (WGS84 datum). Species of conservation concern have been marked in red.
Scientific name IUCN Category6 Ecology
Afrosciadium magalismontanum LC Indigenous Exormotheca holstii Indigenous
Gnaphalium filagopsis LC Indigenous Cyperus sphaerospermus LC Indigenous Chlorophytum fasciculatum Indigenous
Agrostis eriantha LC Indigenous Cyperus congestus LC Indigenous Gladiolus crassifolius LC Indigenous Schoenoplectus leucanthus LC Indigenous Eriosema cordatum LC Indigenous Acalypha angustata LC Indigenous Corrigiola litoralis Indigenous
Ceropegia rendallii LC Indigenous Bulbostylis densa LC Indigenous DRAFT Cirsium vulgare Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Fuirena pubescens LC Indigenous Verbena aristigera Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Senecio inornatus LC Indigenous Cestrum parqui Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Pseudognaphalium oligandrum LC Indigenous Cyperus fastigiatus LC Indigenous Sesbania punicea NE Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive Orbea lutea LC Indigenous Aloe greatheadii LC Indigenous Habenaria mossii EN Indigenous Cuscuta campestris Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Trochomeria macrocarpa LC Indigenous Hypoxis argentea Indigenous
Senecio erubescens NE Indigenous Gomphrena celosioides Not Indigenous; Naturalised
6 VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern; NE = Not Evaluated;
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Nolletia rarifolia LC Indigenous; Endemic Solanum chenopodioides Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Cineraria lyratiformis LC Indigenous Isolepis fluitans LC Indigenous Artemisia vulgaris Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Lantana camara Not Indigenous; Cultivated; Naturalised; Invasive
Schoenoplectus muricinux LC Indigenous Maerua cafra LC Indigenous Pinus patula Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Pyracantha crenulata Not Indigenous; Cultivated; Naturalised; Invasive
Nidorella anomala LC Indigenous; Endemic Paspalum distichum LC Indigenous Eriospermum porphyrium LC Indigenous Schoenoplectus pulchellus LC Indigenous Setaria pumila LC Indigenous Tephrosia elongata Indigenous
Paspalum dilatatum NE Not Indigenous; Naturalised Tagetes minuta Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Tulbaghia leucantha LC Indigenous
Digitaria eylesii LC DRAFT Indigenous Aspidoglossum biflorum LC Indigenous Habenaria nyikana LC Indigenous Euphorbia sp.
Eleocharis dregeana LC Indigenous Kohautia amatymbica LC Indigenous Wahlenbergia banksiana LC Indigenous Gladiolus permeabilis LC Indigenous Graderia subintegra LC Indigenous Cordia caffra LC Indigenous Typha capensis Indigenous
Thesium costatum LC Indigenous; Endemic Heimia myrtifolia Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Bowiea volubilis Indigenous
Hypericum aethiopicum LC Indigenous Pontederia cordata Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Hypoxis hemerocallidea LC Indigenous Wahlenbergia undulata LC Indigenous Pycreus flavescens LC Indigenous
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Chironia purpurascens LC Indigenous Cyperus denudatus LC Indigenous Bergia decumbens LC Indigenous Habenaria schimperiana LC Indigenous Utricularia stellaris LC Indigenous Cyperus difformis LC Indigenous Delosperma sp.
Anagallis pumila Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Panicum hygrocharis LC Indigenous Lithops lesliei subsp. lesliei NT Indigenous Agrostis lachnantha LC Indigenous Heliotropium amplexicaule Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Iris pseudacorus Not Indigenous; Cultivated; Naturalised; Invasive
Cyperus esculentus LC Indigenous Asclepias aurea LC Indigenous Duchesnea indica Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Trifolium repens NE Not Indigenous; Naturalised Pycreus macranthus LC Indigenous Eragrostis heteromera LC Indigenous
Verbena bonariensis DRAFT Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Hypochaeris radicata Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Cheilanthes viridis Indigenous
Rumex crispus Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Eucomis autumnalis NE Indigenous Combretum sp.
Crassula capitella Indigenous
Persicaria lapathifolia Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Bidens pilosa Not Indigenous; Naturalised
Scirpoides burkei LC Indigenous Leobordea eriantha LC Indigenous Sporobolus africanus LC Indigenous Plectranthus neochilus LC Indigenous Polygala hottentotta LC Indigenous Arachis hypogaea NE Not Indigenous; Naturalised Juncus exsertus LC Indigenous Nasturtium officinale Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Boophone disticha LC Indigenous Monopsis decipiens LC Indigenous
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Kohautia caespitosa LC Indigenous Chamaecrista mimosoides LC Indigenous Hypericum lalandii LC Indigenous Commelina africana LC Indigenous Nemesia fruticans LC Indigenous Funaria hygrometrica Indigenous
Lasiosiphon capitatus LC Indigenous Bulbine angustifolia LC Indigenous Sacciolepis typhura LC Indigenous Rotheca louwalbertsii Indigenous; Endemic
Panicum schinzii LC Indigenous Pachystigma pygmaeum LC Indigenous Morus alba Not Indigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Brachystelma circinatum LC Indigenous Helichrysum caespititium LC Indigenous Asclepias brevipes LC Indigenous; Endemic Kniphofia typhoides NT Indigenous; Endemic Eriocaulon abyssinicum LC Indigenous
DRAFT
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8.3 APPENDIX 3: MAMMAL SPECIES LIST Mammals predicted to potentially occur within the study area. Species of conservation concern have been marked in red.
Conservation status Family Scientific name Common name Child et al., (2016)
Bathyergidae Cryptomys hottentotus Southern African Mole-rat Least Concern Bathyergidae Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae
Bovidae Aepyceros melampus Impala Least Concern Bovidae Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest
Bovidae Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok Least Concern Bovidae Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Least Concern Bovidae Connochaetes taurinus Blue Wildebeest
Bovidae Connochaetes taurinus taurinus Least Concern
Bovidae Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi Blesbok Least Concern Bovidae Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Endangered Bovidae Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope
Bovidae Hippotragus niger niger Vulnerable
Bovidae Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck
Bovidae Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus Least Concern DRAFT Bovidae Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer Least Concern Bovidae Oryx gazella Gemsbok Least Concern Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Least Concern Bovidae Redunca fulvorufula Mountain Reedbuck Least Concern Bovidae Sylvicapra grimmia Bush Duiker Least Concern Bovidae Syncerus caffer African Buffalo Least Concern Bovidae Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Least Concern Bovidae Taurotragus oryx oryx Cape eland
Bovidae Tragelaphus angasii Nyala Least Concern Bovidae Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Least Concern Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu Least Concern Canidae Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Least Concern Canidae Lycaon pictus African wild dog Endangered Canidae Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared Fox Least Concern Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus sp. Guenons
Cercopithecidae Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Least Concern Cercopithecidae Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Least Concern Cervidae Dama dama Fallow Deer Introduced
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Emballonuridae Taphozous (Taphozous) mauritianus Mauritian Tomb Bat Least Concern Erinaceidae Atelerix frontalis Southern African Hedgehog Near Threatened Equidae Equus grevyi Grévy's Zebra
Equidae Equus quagga Plains Zebra Least Concern Equidae Equus zebra hartmannae Hartmann's Zebra Vulnerable Erinaceidae Atelerix frontalis Southern African Hedgehog Near Threatened Felidae Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal Least Concern Felidae Leptailurus serval Serval Near Threatened Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable Galagidae Galago senegalensis Senegal Bushbaby
Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis Nubian Giraffe Least Concern Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa South African Giraffe Least Concern Gliridae Graphiurus (Graphiurus) murinus Forest African Dormouse Least Concern Herpestidae Atilax paludinosus Marsh Mongoose Least Concern Herpestidae Cynictis penicillata Yellow Mongoose Least Concern Herpestidae Herpestes sanguineus Slender Mongoose Least Concern Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius Common Hippopotamus Least Concern Hipposideridae Cloeotis percivali Percival's Short-eared Trident Bat Endangered
Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta SpottedDRAFT Hyaena Near Threatened Hyaenidae Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyena Near Threatened Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Cape Porcupine Least Concern Leporidae Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Least Concern Macroscelididae Elephantulus myurus Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew Least Concern Molossidae Mops (Mops) condylurus Angolan Free-tailed Bat Least Concern Molossidae Mops (Mops) midas Midas' Free-tailed Bat Least Concern Molossidae Tadarida aegyptiaca Egyptian Free-tailed Bat Least Concern Muridae Aethomys ineptus Tete Veld Aethomys Least Concern Muridae Aethomys namaquensis Namaqua Rock Mouse Least Concern Muridae Mastomys coucha Southern African Mastomys Least Concern Muridae Mastomys natalensis Natal Mastomys Least Concern Muridae Mus (Nannomys) minutoides Southern African Pygmy Mouse Least Concern Muridae Mus musculus musculus Least concern
Muridae Otomys angoniensis Angoni Vlei Rat Least Concern Muridae Otomys auratus Southern African Vlei Rat Near Threatened Muridae Rattus rattus Roof Rat Least Concern Muridae Rhabdomys pumilio Xeric Four-striped Grass Rat Least Concern Mustelidae Aonyx capensis African Clawless Otter Near Threatened
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Mustelidae Hydrictis maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Least Concern Mustelidae Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Least Concern Mustelidae Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Least Concern Nesomyidae Dendromus mystacalis Chestnut African Climbing Mouse Least Concern Nesomyidae Steatomys pratensis Common African Fat Mouse Least Concern Nycteridae Nycteris thebaica Egyptian Slit-faced Bat Least Concern Procaviidae Procavia capensis Cape Rock Hyrax Least Concern Pteropodidae Epomophorus wahlbergi Epomophorus wahlbergi Least Concern Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus capensis Cape Horseshoe Bat Least Concern Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat Least Concern Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus simulator Bushveld Horseshoe Bat Least Concern Sciuridae Xerus inauris South African Ground Squirrel Least Concern Soricidae Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew Least Concern Soricidae Crocidura silacea Lesser Gray-brown Musk Shrew Least Concern Soricidae Myosorex varius Forest Shrew Least Concern Soricidae Suncus infinitesimus Least Dwarf Shrew Least Concern Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Common Warthog Least Concern Suidae Potamochoerus porcus Red River Hog
Thryonomyidae Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Cane Rat Least Concern
Vespertilionidae Miniopterus natalensis NatalDRAFT Long-fingered Bat Least Concern Vespertilionidae Miniopterus schreibersii Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat Near Threatened Vespertilionidae Myotis tricolor Temminck's Myotis Least Concern Vespertilionidae Neoromicia capensis Cape Serotine Least Concern Vespertilionidae Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) rusticus Rusty Pipistrelle Near Threatened Vespertilionidae Scotophilus dinganii Yellow-bellied House Bat Least Concern Viveridae Genetta maculata Common Large-spotted Genet Least Concern Viverridae Civettictis civetta African Civet Least Concern Viverridae Genetta genetta Common Genet Least Concern Viverridae Genetta tigrina Cape Genet Least Concern
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8.4 APPENDIX 4: HERPETOFAUNA SPECIES LIST
Herpetofauna predicted to potentially occur within the study area. Species of conservation concern have been marked in red.
Group Family Scientific name Common name IUCN status
Reptiles Agamidae Agama aculeata distanti Distant's Ground Agama Least Concern Agamidae Agama atra Southern Rock Agama Least Concern Chamaeleonidae Bradypodion ventrale Eastern Cape Dwarf Chameleon Least Concern Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo dilepis Common Flap-neck Chameleon Least Concern Colubridae Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped Snake Least Concern Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg-eater Least Concern Colubridae Dispholidus typus typus Boomslang Least Concern Colubridae Philothamnus semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake Least Concern Cordylidae Cordylus vittifer Common Girdled Lizard Least Concern Cordylidae Smaug vandami Van Dam's Girdled Lizard Least Concern Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile Vulnerable Elapidae Hemachatus haemachatus Rinkhals Least Concern Elapidae Naja annulifera Snouted Cobra Least Concern Elapidae Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra Least Concern
DRAFT Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia Common Tropical House Gecko Least Concern Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Least Concern Gekkonidae Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Gecko Least Concern Gekkonidae Pachydactylus capensis Cape Gecko Least Concern Gerrhosauridae Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Least Concern Lacertidae Pedioplanis lineoocellata lineoocellata Spotted Sand Lizard Least Concern Lamprophiidae Aparallactus capensis Black-headed Centipede-eater Least Concern Lamprophiidae Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Stiletto Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Boaedon capensis Brown House Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Homoroselaps dorsalis Striped Harlequin Snake Near Threatened Lamprophiidae Homoroselaps lacteus Spotted Harlequin Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Lamprophis aurora Aurora House Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Lycodonomorphus inornatus Olive House Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Lycodonomorphus rufulus Brown Water Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Lycophidion capense capense Cape Wolf Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Prosymna sundevallii Sundevall's Shovel-snout Least Concern Lamprophiidae Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Grass Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Psammophis subtaeniatus Western Yellow-bellied Sand Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Psammophis trinasalis Fork-marked Sand Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Psammophylax rhombeatus Spotted Grass Snake Least Concern
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Lamprophiidae Psammophylax tritaeniatus Striped Grass Snake Least Concern Lamprophiidae Pseudaspis cana Mole Snake Least Concern Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus Eastern Thread Snake Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa galeata South African Marsh Terrapin Not evaluated Pythonidae Python natalensis Southern African Python Least Concern Scincidae Panaspis wahlbergi Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink Least Concern Scincidae Trachylepis capensis Cape Skink Least Concern Scincidae Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink Least Concern Scincidae Trachylepis varia sensu lato Common Variable Skink Complex Least Concern Testudinidae Kinixys lobatsiana Lobatse Hinged Tortoise Least Concern Testudinidae Kinixys spekii Speke's Hinged Tortoise Least Concern Testudinidae Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Least Concern Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops bibronii Bibron's Blind Snake Least Concern Typhlopidae Rhinotyphlops lalandei Delalande's Beaked Blind Snake Least Concern Varanidae Varanus albigularis albigularis Rock Monitor Least Concern Varanidae Varanus niloticus Water Monitor Least Concern Viperidae Bitis arietans arietans Puff Adder Least Concern Viperidae Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder Least Concern
Amphibians Bufonidae Schismaderma carens Red Toad Least Concern Bufonidae Sclerophrys capensis Raucous Toad Least Concern Bufonidae Sclerophrys garmani Olive Toad Least Concern DRAFT Bufonidae Sclerophrys gutturalis Guttural Toad Least Concern Hyperoliidae Hyperolius marmoratus Painted Reed Frog Least Concern Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Least Concern Microhylidae Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog Least Concern Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus natalensis Snoring Puddle Frog Least Concern Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Platanna Least Concern Ptychadenidae Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Amietia delalandii Delalande's River Frog Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Amietia fuscigula Cape River Frog Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Cacosternum boettgeri Common Caco Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bull Frog Near Threatened Pyxicephalidae Tomopterna cryptotis Tremelo Sand Frog Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Tomopterna natalensis Natal Sand Frog Least Concern
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8.5 APPENDIX 5: AVIFAUNA SPECIES LIST
Avifauna predicted to potentially occur within the study area according to SABAP1 and SABAP2. Species of conservation concern are indicated in red.
Scientific name Common name Conservation status Taylor et al. (2015)
Accipiter badius Shikra, Shikra Least concern Accipiter melanoleucus Sparrowhawk, Black Least concern Accipiter minullus Sparrowhawk, Little Least concern Accipiter ovampensis Sparrowhawk, Ovambo Least concern Accipiter tachiro Goshawk, African Least concern Acridotheres tristis Myna, Common Least concern Acrocephalus arundinaceus Reed-warbler, Great Least concern Acrocephalus baeticatus Reed-warbler, African Least concern Acrocephalus gracilirostris Swamp-warbler, Lesser Least concern Acrocephalus palustris Warbler, Marsh Least concern Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Warbler, Sedge Least concern Actitis hypoleucos Sandpiper, Common Least concern Actophilornis africanus Jacana, African Least concern DRAFT Afrotis afraoides Korhaan, Northern Black Least concern Agapornis roseicollis Lovebird, Rosy-faced Least concern Aix galericulata Duck, Mandarin Least concern Aix sponsa Duck, Wood Least concern Alcedo cristata Kingfisher, Malachite Least concern Alcedo semitorquata Kingfisher, Half-collared Near Threatened Alopochen aegyptiacus Goose, Egyptian Least concern Amadina erythrocephala Finch, Red-headed Least concern Amadina fasciata Finch, Cut-throat Least concern Amandava subflava Waxbill, Orange-breasted Least concern Amaurornis flavirostris Crake, Black Least concern Amblyospiza albifrons Weaver, Thick-billed Least concern Anas capensis Teal, Cape Least concern Anas erythrorhyncha Teal, Red-billed Least concern Anas hottentota Teal, Hottentot Least concern Anas hybrid Duck, Hybrid Least concern Anas hybrid Duck, Hybrid Mallard Least concern Anas platyrhynchos Duck, Domestic Least concern
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Anas platyrhynchos Duck, Mallard Least concern Anas smithii Shoveler, Cape Least concern Anas sparsa Duck, African Black Least concern Anas undulata Duck, Yellow-billed Least concern Anastomus lamelligerus Openbill, African Least concern Anhinga rufa Darter, African Least concern Anomalospiza imberbis Finch, Cuckoo Least concern Anser anser Goose, Domestic Least concern Anthoscopus minutus Penduline-tit, Cape Least concern Anthropoides paradiseus Crane, Blue Near Threatened Anthus caffer Pipit, Bushveld Least concern Anthus cinnamomeus Pipit, African Least concern Anthus leucophrys Pipit, Plain-backed Least concern Anthus lineiventris Pipit, Striped Least concern Anthus similis Pipit, Long-billed Least concern Anthus vaalensis Pipit, Buffy Least concern Apalis thoracica Apalis, Bar-throated Least concern Apus affinis Swift, Little Least concern Apus apus Swift, Common Least concern
Apus barbatus Swift, African Black DRAFT Least concern Apus caffer Swift, White-rumped Least concern Apus horus Swift, Horus Least concern Aquila ayresii Hawk-eagle, Ayres's Least concern Aquila pennatus Eagle, Booted Least concern Aquila spilogaster Hawk-eagle, African Least concern Aquila verreauxii Eagle, Verreaux's Vulnerable Aquila wahlbergi Eagle, Wahlberg's Least concern Ardea cinerea Heron, Grey Least concern Ardea goliath Heron, Goliath Least concern Ardea melanocephala Heron, Black-headed Least concern Ardea purpurea Heron, Purple Least concern Ardeola ralloides Heron, Squacco Least concern Asio capensis Owl, Marsh Least concern Aviceda cuculoides Hawk, African Cuckoo Least concern Balearica regulorum Crane, Grey Crowned Endangered Batis molitor Batis, Chinspot Least concern Bostrychia hagedash Ibis, Hadeda Least concern Bradornis mariquensis Flycatcher, Marico Least concern
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Bradornis pallidus Flycatcher, Pale Least concern Bradypterus baboecala Rush-warbler, Little Least concern Bubo africanus Eagle-owl, Spotted Least concern Bubulcus ibis Egret, Cattle Least concern Burhinus capensis Thick-knee, Spotted Least concern Buteo rufofuscus Buzzard, Jackal Least concern Buteo vulpinus Buzzard, Steppe Least concern Butorides striata Heron, Green-backed Least concern Calamonastes fasciolatus Wren-warbler, Barred Least concern Calandrella cinerea Lark, Red-capped Least concern Calendulauda sabota Lark, Sabota Least concern Calidris ferruginea Sandpiper, Curlew Least concern Calidris minuta Stint, Little Least concern Camaroptera brevicaudata Camaroptera, Grey-backed Least concern Campephaga flava Cuckoo-shrike, Black Least concern Campethera abingoni Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Least concern Campethera bennettii Woodpecker, Bennett's Least concern Caprimulgus pectoralis Nightjar, Fiery-necked Least concern Caprimulgus rufigena Nightjar, Rufous-cheeked Least concern
Centropus burchellii Coucal, Burchell's DRAFT Least concern Cercomela familiaris Chat, Familiar Least concern Cercotrichas leucophrys Scrub-robin, White-browed Least concern Cercotrichas paena Scrub-robin, Kalahari Least concern Certhilauda semitorquata Lark, Eastern Long-billed Least concern Ceryle rudis Kingfisher, Pied Least concern Chalcomitra amethystina Sunbird, Amethyst Least concern Charadrius hiaticula Plover, Common Ringed Least concern Charadrius pecuarius Plover, Kittlitz's Least concern Charadrius tricollaris Plover, Three-banded Least concern Chersomanes albofasciata Lark, Spike-heeled Least concern Chlidonias hybrida Tern, Whiskered Least concern Chlidonias leucopterus Tern, White-winged Least concern Chloropeta natalensis Warbler, Dark-capped Yellow Least concern Chrysococcyx caprius Cuckoo, Diderick Least concern Chrysococcyx klaas Cuckoo, Klaas's Least concern Ciconia abdimii Stork, Abdim's Near Threatened Ciconia ciconia Stork, White Least concern Ciconia episcopus Stork, Woolly-necked Least concern
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Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Starling, Violet-backed Least concern Cinnyris afer Sunbird, Greater Double-collared Least concern Cinnyris mariquensis Sunbird, Marico Least concern Cinnyris talatala Sunbird, White-bellied Least concern Circaetus cinereus Snake-eagle, Brown Least concern Circaetus pectoralis Snake-eagle, Black-chested Least concern Circus ranivorus African Marsh-harrier Endangered Cisticola aberrans Cisticola, Lazy Least concern Cisticola aridulus Cisticola, Desert Least concern Cisticola ayresii Cisticola, Wing-snapping Least concern Cisticola chiniana Cisticola, Rattling Least concern Cisticola fulvicapilla Neddicky, Neddicky Least concern Cisticola juncidis Cisticola, Zitting Least concern Cisticola lais Cisticola, Wailing Least concern Cisticola textrix Cisticola, Cloud Least concern Cisticola tinniens Cisticola, Levaillant's Least concern Clamator glandarius Cuckoo, Great Spotted Least concern Clamator jacobinus Cuckoo, Jacobin Least concern Clamator levaillantii Cuckoo, Levaillant's Least concern
Colius colius Mousebird, White-backedDRAFT Least concern Colius striatus Mousebird, Speckled Least concern Columba arquatrix Olive-pigeon, African Least concern Columba guinea Pigeon, Speckled Least concern Columba livia Dove, Rock Least concern Coracias caudatus Roller, Lilac-breasted Least concern Coracias garrulus Roller, European Near Threatened Coracias naevius Roller, Purple Least concern Coracina pectoralis Cuckoo-shrike, White-breasted Least concern Corvus albus Crow, Pied Least concern Corvus capensis Crow, Cape Least concern Corythaixoides concolor Go-away-bird, Grey Least concern Cossypha caffra Robin-chat, Cape Least concern Cossypha humeralis Robin-chat, White-throated Least concern Coturnix coturnix Quail, Common Least concern Coturnix delegorguei Quail, Harlequin Least concern Creatophora cinerea Starling, Wattled Least concern Crecopsis egregia Crake, African Least concern Crex crex Crake, Corn Least concern
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Crithagra atrogularis Canary, Black-throated Least concern Crithagra flaviventris Canary, Yellow Least concern Crithagra gularis Seedeater, Streaky-headed Least concern Crithagra mozambicus Canary, Yellow-fronted Least concern Cuculus canorus Cuckoo, Common Least concern Cuculus clamosus Cuckoo, Black Least concern Cuculus gularis Cuckoo, African Least concern Cuculus solitarius Cuckoo, Red-chested Least concern Cursorius temminckii Courser, Temminck's Least concern Cygnus atratus Swan, Black Least concern Cypsiurus parvus Palm-swift, African Least concern Delichon urbicum House-martin, Common Least concern Dendrocygna bicolor Duck, Fulvous Least concern Dendrocygna viduata Duck, White-faced Least concern Dendroperdix sephaena Francolin, Crested Least concern Dendropicos fuscescens Woodpecker, Cardinal Least concern Dendropicos namaquus Woodpecker, Bearded Least concern Dicrurus adsimilis Drongo, Fork-tailed Least concern Dryoscopus cubla Puffback, Black-backed Least concern
Egretta alba Egret, Great DRAFT Least concern Egretta ardesiaca Heron, Black Least concern Egretta garzetta Egret, Little Least concern Egretta intermedia Egret, Yellow-billed Least concern Elanus caeruleus Kite, Black-shouldered Least concern Emberiza capensis Bunting, Cape Least concern Emberiza flaviventris Bunting, Golden-breasted Least concern Emberiza impetuani Bunting, Lark-like Least concern Emberiza tahapisi Bunting, Cinnamon-breasted Least concern Eremomela usticollis Eremomela, Burnt-necked Least concern Eremopterix leucotis Sparrowlark, Chestnut-backed Least concern Estrilda astrild Waxbill, Common Least concern Estrilda erythronotos Waxbill, Black-faced Least concern Euplectes afer Bishop, Yellow-crowned Least concern Euplectes albonotatus Widowbird, White-winged Least concern Euplectes ardens Widowbird, Red-collared Least concern Euplectes axillaris Widowbird, Fan-tailed Least concern Euplectes capensis Bishop, Yellow Least concern Euplectes orix Bishop, Southern Red Least concern
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Euplectes progne Widowbird, Long-tailed Least concern Eupodotis senegalensis Korhaan, White-bellied Least concern Falco amurensis Falcon, Amur Least concern Falco biarmicus Falcon, Lanner Vulnerable Falco naumanni Kestrel, Lesser Vulnerable Falco peregrinus Falcon, Peregrine Least concern Falco rupicoloides Kestrel, Greater Least concern Falco rupicolus Kestrel, Rock Least concern Falco subbuteo Hobby, Eurasian Least concern Falco vespertinus Falcon, Red-footed Near Threatened Fulica cristata Coot, Red-knobbed Least concern Gallinago nigripennis Snipe, African Least concern Gallinula angulata Moorhen, Lesser Least concern Gallinula chloropus Moorhen, Common Least concern Glareola nordmanni Pratincole, Black-winged Least concern Glaucidium perlatum Owlet, Pearl-spotted Least concern Granatina granatina Waxbill, Violet-eared Least concern Gyps africanus Vulture, White-backed Endangered Gyps coprotheres Vulture, Cape Endangered
Halcyon albiventris Kingfisher, Brown-hoodedDRAFT Least concern Halcyon chelicuti Kingfisher, Striped Least concern Halcyon senegalensis Kingfisher, Woodland Least concern Haliaeetus vocifer Fish-eagle, African Least concern Himantopus himantopus Stilt, Black-winged Least concern Hippolais icterina Warbler, Icterine Least concern Hirundo abyssinica Swallow, Lesser Striped Least concern Hirundo albigularis Swallow, White-throated Least concern Hirundo cucullata Swallow, Greater Striped Least concern Hirundo dimidiata Swallow, Pearl-breasted Least concern Hirundo fuligula Martin, Rock Least concern Hirundo rustica Swallow, Barn Least concern Hirundo semirufa Swallow, Red-breasted Least concern Hirundo spilodera Cliff-swallow, South African Least concern Indicator indicator Honeyguide, Greater Least concern Indicator minor Honeyguide, Lesser Least concern Ixobrychus minutus Bittern, Little Least concern Ixobrychus sturmii Bittern, Dwarf Least concern Jynx ruficollis Wryneck, Red-throated Least concern
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Kaupifalco monogrammicus Buzzard, Lizard Least concern Lagonosticta rhodopareia Firefinch, Jameson's Least concern Lagonosticta rubricata Firefinch, African Least concern Lagonosticta senegala Firefinch, Red-billed Least concern Lamprotornis nitens Starling, Cape Glossy Least concern Laniarius atrococcineus Shrike, Crimson-breasted Least concern Laniarius ferrugineus Boubou, Southern Least concern Lanius collaris Fiscal, Common (Southern) Least concern Lanius collurio Shrike, Red-backed Least concern Lanius minor Shrike, Lesser Grey Least concern Larus cirrocephalus Gull, Grey-headed Least concern Leptoptilos crumeniferus Stork, Marabou Least concern Locustella fluviatilis Warbler, River Least concern Lophaetus occipitalis Eagle, Long-crested Least concern Lybius torquatus Barbet, Black-collared Least concern Macronyx capensis Longclaw, Cape Least concern Malaconotus blanchoti Bush-shrike, Grey-headed Least concern Megaceryle maximus Kingfisher, Giant Least concern Melaenornis pammelaina Flycatcher, Southern Black Least concern
Melierax gabar Goshawk, Gabar DRAFT Least concern Merops apiaster Bee-eater, European Least concern Merops bullockoides Bee-eater, White-fronted Least concern Merops hirundineus Bee-eater, Swallow-tailed Least concern Merops pusillus Bee-eater, Little Least concern Milvus aegyptius Kite, Yellow-billed Least concern Milvus migrans Kite, Black Least concern Mirafra africana Lark, Rufous-naped Least concern Mirafra cheniana Lark, Melodious Least concern Mirafra fasciolata Lark, Eastern Clapper Least concern Mirafra rufocinnamomea Lark, Flappet Least concern Monticola brevipes Rock-thrush, Short-toed Least concern Monticola rupestris Rock-thrush, Cape Least concern Motacilla aguimp Wagtail, African Pied Least concern Motacilla capensis Wagtail, Cape Least concern Motacilla cinerea Wagtail, Grey Least concern Motacilla clara Wagtail, Mountain Least concern Muscicapa striata Flycatcher, Spotted Least concern Mycteria ibis Stork, Yellow-billed Endangered
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Myioparus plumbeus Tit-flycatcher, Grey Least concern Myrmecocichla formicivora Chat, Anteating Least concern Nectarinia famosa Sunbird, Malachite Least concern Netta erythrophthalma Pochard, Southern Least concern Netta rufina Pochard, Red-crested Least concern Nilaus afer Brubru, Brubru Least concern Numida meleagris Guineafowl, Helmeted Least concern Nycticorax nycticorax Night-Heron, Black-crowned Least concern Oena capensis Dove, Namaqua Least concern Oenanthe monticola Wheatear, Mountain Least concern Oenanthe pileata Wheatear, Capped Least concern Onychognathus morio Starling, Red-winged Least concern Oriolus larvatus Oriole, Black-headed Least concern Ortygospiza atricollis Quailfinch, African Least concern Oxyura maccoa Duck, Maccoa Near Threatened Parisoma subcaeruleum Tit-babbler, Chestnut-vented Least concern Parus niger Tit, Southern Black Least concern Passer diffusus Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Least concern Passer domesticus Sparrow, House Least concern
Passer melanurus Sparrow, Cape DRAFT Least concern Passer motitensis Sparrow, Great Least concern Pavo cristatus Peacock, Common Least concern Peliperdix coqui Francolin, Coqui Least concern Pernis apivorus Honey-buzzard, European Least concern Petronia superciliaris Petronia, Yellow-throated Least concern Phalacrocorax africanus Cormorant, Reed Least concern Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant, White-breasted Least concern Philomachus pugnax Ruff, Ruff Least concern Phoenicopterus minor Flamingo, Lesser Near Threatened Phoenicopterus ruber Flamingo, Greater Near Threatened Phoeniculus purpureus Wood-hoopoe, Green Least concern Phylloscopus trochilus Warbler, Willow Least concern Platalea alba Spoonbill, African Least concern Plectropterus gambensis Goose, Spur-winged Least concern Plegadis falcinellus Ibis, Glossy Least concern Plocepasser mahali Sparrow-weaver, White-browed Least concern Ploceus capensis Weaver, Cape Least concern Ploceus cucullatus Weaver, Village Least concern
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Ploceus intermedius Masked-weaver, Lesser Least concern Ploceus velatus Masked-weaver, Southern Least concern Podica senegalensis Finfoot, African Vulnerable Podiceps cristatus Grebe, Great Crested Least concern Podiceps nigricollis Grebe, Black-necked Least concern Pogoniulus chrysoconus Tinkerbird, Yellow-fronted Least concern Polyboroides typus Harrier-Hawk, African Least concern Porphyrio madagascariensis Swamphen, African Purple Least concern Prinia flavicans Prinia, Black-chested Least concern Prinia subflava Prinia, Tawny-flanked Least concern Prionops plumatus Helmet-shrike, White-crested Least concern Prodotiscus regulus Honeybird, Brown-backed Least concern Psittacula krameri Parakeet, Rose-ringed Least concern Psophocichla litsipsirupa Thrush, Groundscraper Least concern Pternistis natalensis Spurfowl, Natal Least concern Pternistis swainsonii Spurfowl, Swainson's Least concern Pterocles gutturalis Sandgrouse, Yellow-throated Least concern Ptilopsis granti Scops-owl, Southern White-faced Least concern Pycnonotus nigricans Bulbul, African Red-eyed Least concern
Pycnonotus tricolor Bulbul, Dark-cappedDRAFT Least concern Pytilia melba Pytilia, Green-winged Least concern Quelea quelea Quelea, Red-billed Least concern Rallus caerulescens Rail, African Least concern Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet, Pied Least concern Riparia cincta Martin, Banded Least concern Riparia paludicola Martin, Brown-throated Least concern Riparia riparia Martin, Sand Least concern Rostratula benghalensis Painted-snipe, Greater Least concern Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird, Secretarybird Vulnerable Sarkidiornis melanotos Duck, Knob-billed Least concern Sarothrura rufa Flufftail, Red-chested Least concern Saxicola torquatus Stonechat, African Least concern Scleroptila levaillantii Francolin, Red-winged Least concern Scleroptila levaillantoides Francolin, Orange River Least concern Scleroptila shelleyi Francolin, Shelley's Least concern Scopus umbretta Hamerkop, Hamerkop Least concern Serinus canicollis Canary, Cape Least concern Sigelus silens Flycatcher, Fiscal Least concern
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Spermestes cucullatus Mannikin, Bronze Least concern Spermestes nigriceps Mannikin, Red-backed Least concern Sphenoeacus afer Grassbird, Cape Least concern Sporopipes squamifrons Finch, Scaly-feathered Least concern Spreo bicolor Starling, Pied Least concern Stenostira scita Flycatcher, Fairy Least concern Sterna caspia Tern, Caspian Least concern Streptopelia capicola Turtle-dove, Cape Least concern Streptopelia semitorquata Dove, Red-eyed Least concern Streptopelia senegalensis Dove, Laughing Least concern Struthio camelus Ostrich, Common Least concern Sturnus vulgaris Starling, Common Least concern Sylvia borin Warbler, Garden Least concern Sylvia communis Whitethroat, Common Least concern Sylvietta rufescens Crombec, Long-billed Least concern Tachybaptus ruficollis Grebe, Little Least concern Tachymarptis melba Swift, Alpine Least concern Tadorna cana Shelduck, South African Least concern Tchagra australis Tchagra, Brown-crowned Least concern
Tchagra senegalus Tchagra, Black-crownedDRAFT Least concern Telophorus sulfureopectus Bush-shrike, Orange-breasted Least concern Telophorus zeylonus Bokmakierie, Bokmakierie Least concern Terpsiphone viridis Paradise-flycatcher, African Least concern Thalassornis leuconotus Duck, White-backed Least concern Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris Cliff-chat, Mocking Least concern Threskiornis aethiopicus Ibis, African Sacred Least concern Tockus erythrorhynchus Hornbill, Red-billed Least concern Tockus nasutus Hornbill, African Grey Least concern Trachyphonus vaillantii Barbet, Crested Least concern Treron calvus Green-pigeon, African Least concern Tricholaema leucomelas Barbet, Acacia Pied Least concern Tringa glareola Sandpiper, Wood Least concern Tringa nebularia Greenshank, Common Least concern Tringa ochropus Sandpiper, Green Least concern Tringa stagnatilis Sandpiper, Marsh Least concern Turdoides jardineii Babbler, Arrow-marked Least concern Turdus libonyanus Thrush, Kurrichane Least concern Turdus smithi Thrush, Karoo Least concern
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Turnix sylvaticus Buttonquail, Kurrichane Least concern Turtur chalcospilos Wood-dove, Emerald-spotted Least concern Tyto alba Owl, Barn Least concern Tyto capensis Grass-owl, African Vulnerable Upupa africana Hoopoe, African Least concern Uraeginthus angolensis Waxbill, Blue Least concern Urocolius indicus Mousebird, Red-faced Least concern Urolestes melanoleucus Shrike, Magpie Least concern Vanellus armatus Lapwing, Blacksmith Least concern Vanellus coronatus Lapwing, Crowned Least concern Vanellus senegallus Lapwing, African Wattled Least concern Vidua chalybeata Indigobird, Village Least concern Vidua funerea Indigobird, Dusky Least concern Vidua macroura Whydah, Pin-tailed Least concern Vidua paradisaea Paradise-whydah, Long-tailed Least concern Vidua purpurascens Indigobird, Purple Least concern Zosterops virens White-eye, Cape Least concern
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8.6 APPENDIX 6: SPECIALISTS PROOF OF QUALIFICATION AND CV Specialist: Samuel Laurence
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Disclaimer
I Samuel Laurence Pr. Sci. Nat. (Ecology and Zoology) declare that the work presented above is my own and has not been influenced in any way by the client. At no point has the client asked me as a specialist to manipulate my results and the above methods has been carried out to the highest ecological standards.
Samuel Laurence Pr. Sci. Nat.
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I, Corné Niemandt Pr. Sci. Nat. (Ecological Science), declares that the work presented above is my own and has not been influenced in any way by the client. At no point has the client asked me as a specialist to manipulate my results. I consider myself bound to the rules and ethics of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP). I have the necessary qualifications and guidance from professional experts (registered Pr. Sci. Nat.) in conducting specialist reports.
Corné Niemandt M.Sc. Plant Science Pr. Sci. Nat.
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